Utigurs: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Latest revision as of 10:58, 10 December 2024

Utigurs were Turkic nomadic equestrians who flourished in the Pontic–Caspian steppe in the 6th century AD. They possibly were closely related to the Kutrigurs and Bulgars.^[1]

Etymology

The name Ut(r)igur, recorded as Οὺτ(τ)ρίγουροι, Οὺτούργουροι and Οὺτρίγου, is generally considered as a metathesized form suggested by Gyula Németh of Turkic *Otur-Oğur, thus the *Uturğur mean "Thirty Oğurs (tribes)".^[2] Lajos Ligeti proposed utur- (to resist),^[3] while Louis Bazin uturkar (the victors-conquerors), Quturgur and qudurmaq (the enrages).^[4]

There has been little scholarly support for theories linking the names Kutrigur and Utigur to peoples such as the Guti/Quti and/or Udi/Uti, of Ancient Southwest Asia and the Caucasus respectively, which have been posited by scholars such as Osman Karatay,^[5] and Yury Zuev.^[6]^[7] No evidence has been presented that the Guti moved from their homeland in the Zagros Mountains (modern Iran/Iraq) to the Steppes, and they are widely believed to have spoken an Indo-European (rather than Turkic) language. The Udi were mentioned by Pliny the Elder (Natural History, VI, book, 39), in connection with the Aorsi (sometimes jointly as the Utidorsi),^[8] the Sarmatians and a Scythian caste/tribe known as the Aroteres ("Cultivators"), who lived "above the maritime coast of [Caucasian] Albania and the ... Udini" on the western shores of the Caspian Sea.^[7] Neither is there general acceptance of Edwin G. Pulleyblank's suggestion that the Utigurs may be linked to the Yuezhi – an Indo-European people that settled in Western China during ancient times.^[9]

History

The origin of relative tribes Utigurs and Kutrigurs is obscure.^[4] Procopius wrote that "Beyond the Sagins dwell many Hunnish^{[nb 1]} tribes. The land is called Evlisia and barbarians populate the sea-coast and the inland up to the so-called lake of Meotida and the river Tanais. The people living there were called Cimmerians, and now they are called Utigurs. North of them are the populous tribes of the Antes."^[12] They occupied the Don-Azov steppe zone, the Kutrigurs in the Western part and the Utigurs towards the East.^[4]

Procopius also recorded a genealogical legend according to which:

...in the old days many Huns, called then Cimmerians, inhabited the lands I mentioned already. They all had a single king. Once one of their kings had two sons: one called Utigur and another called Kutrigur. After their father's death they shared the power and gave their names to the subjected peoples, so that even nowadays some of them are called Utigurs and the others - Kutrigurs.^[12]

This story was also confirmed by the words of the Utigur ruler Sandilch, "it is neither fair nor decent to exterminate our tribesmen (the Kutrigurs), who not only speak a language, identical to ours, who are our neighbours and have the same dressing and manners of life, but who are also our relatives, even though subjected to other lords".^[12]

Agathias (c. 579–582) wrote:

..all of them are called in general Scythians and Huns in particular according to their nation. Thus, some are Koutrigours or Outigours and yet others are Oultizurs and Bourougounds... the Oultizurs and Bourougounds were known up to the time of the Emperor Leo (457–474) and the Romans of that time and appeared to have been strong. We, however, in this day, neither know them, nor, I think, will we. Perhaps, they have perished or perhaps they have moved off to very far place.^[13]

When the Kutrigurs invaded the lands of the Byzantium Empire, Emperor Justinian I (527–565) through diplomatic persuasion and bribery dragged the Kutrigurs and Utigurs into mutual warfare.^[14]^[15] Utigurs led by Sandilch attacked the Kutrigurs who suffered great losses.^[15] According to Procopius, Agathias and Menander, the Kutrigurs and Utigurs decimated one another,^[15] until they lost even their tribal names.^[12] Some Kutrigur remnants were swept away by the Avars to Pannonia, while the Utigurs remained in the Pontic steppe and fell under the rule of the Türks.^[16]

Their last mention was by Menander Protector, who recorded among the Türk forces that attacked Bosporos in 576 an Utigur army led by chieftain Ανάγαιος (Anagai, Anağay).^[17]^[18] Bosphoros fell to them c. 579 AD.^[19] In the same year, Byzantine embassy to the Türks passed through the territory of Ἀκκάγας (Akagas,^[20] Aq-Qağan^[17]), "which is the name of the woman who rules the Scythians there, having been appointed at that time by Anagai, chief of the tribe of the Utigurs".^[17]^[18]

Notes

^ The ethnonym of the Huns, like those of Scythians and Türks, became a generic term for steppe-people (nomads) and invading enemies from the East, no matter of their actual origin and identity.^[10]^[11]

References

^ Golden, Peter Benjamin (1990). "The peoples of the south Russian steppes". The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 256–284. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521243049.011. ISBN 9781139054898. Sometime about A.D. 463 a series of nomadic migrations was set off in Inner Asia... Archeological and literary evidence permits us to place the homeland of these newcomers, the Oghur tribes, in Western Siberia and the Kazakh steppes... The Oghurs were part of a large Turkic tribal grouping known in Chinese sources as the Tieh-lê, who were to be found in Inner Asia as well The fluidity of the situation in the steppes is mirrored in our sources, a kaleidoscope of dissolving and reforming tribal unions... Although some of the antecedents of this important migration are still unclear, there can be no doubt that the 0ghur tribes now became the dominant element in the Ponto-Caspian steppes. The term Oghur denoted "grouping of kindred tribes, tribal union" and figures in their ethnonyms: Onoghur, Saraghur, etc. The language of these Oghur tribes, which survives today only in Chuvash, was distinct from that of Common Turkic. In 480 we find our earliest firm notice on the Bulghars ("Mixed Ones"), a large conglomeration of Oghur, Hunnic and other elements. In addition, we have reports about the activities of the Kutrighurs and Utrighurs who appear in our sources under their own names, as "Huns" and perhaps even as "Bulghars." Their precise relationship to the latter cannot be determined with any certainty, but all three clearly originated in the same Hunno-Oghur milieu.
^ Golden 2011, p. 71, 139.
^ Golden 2011, p. 139.
^ ^a ^b ^c Golden 1992, p. 99.
^ Karatay 2003, p. 26.
^ Zuev 2002, p. 39.
^ ^a ^b Plinius, Gaius (1996). Naturkunde, Buch VI, Geographie: Asien. Walter de Gruyter. p. 36. ISBN 9783050061849.
^ John Bostock (ed.). "Pliny the Elder, The Natural History". Perseus Project. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
^ Zuev 2002, p. 21, 39.
^ Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. p. 99. ISBN 9781400829941. Like the name Scythian up to the early medieval period, the name Hun became a generic (usually pejorative) term in subsequent history for any steppe-warrior people, or even any enemy people, regardless of their actual identity.
^ Dickens, Mark (2004). Medieval Syriac Historians' Perceptionsof the Turks. University of Cambridge. p. 19. Syriac chroniclers (along with their Arab, Byzantine, Latin, Armenian, and Georgian counterparts) did not use ethnonyms as specifically as modern scholars do. As K. Czeglédy notes, "some sources... use the ethnonyms of the various steppe-peoples, in particular those of the Scythians, Huns and Türks, in the generic sense of 'nomads'".
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d D. Dimitrov (1987). "Bulgars, Unogundurs, Onogurs, Utigurs, Kutrigurs". Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie. Varna. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Golden 1992, p. 98.
^ Golden 1992, p. 99–100.
^ ^a ^b ^c Golden 2011, p. 140.
^ Golden 2011, p. 140–141.
^ ^a ^b ^c Golden 1992, p. 100.
^ ^a ^b Golden 2011, p. 91.
^ Golden 1992, p. 131.
^ Zuev 2002, p. 62.

Sources

Golden, Peter Benjamin (1992). An introduction to the History of the Turkic peoples: ethnogenesis and state formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 9783447032742.
Golden, Peter B. (2011). Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes. Editura Academiei Române; Editura Istros a Muzeului Brăilei. ISBN 9789732721520.
Karatay, Osman (2003). In Search of the Lost Tribe: The Origins and Making of the Croatian Nation. Ayse Demiral. ISBN 9789756467077.
Zuev (2002). Early Turks: Essays of history and ideology. Almaty: Daik-Press.

[12] The ethnonym of the Huns, like those of Scythians and Türks, became a generic term for steppe-people (nomads) and invading enemies from the East, no matter of their actual origin and identity.^[10]^[11]

[1] Golden, Peter Benjamin (1990). "The peoples of the south Russian steppes". The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 256–284. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521243049.011. ISBN 9781139054898. Sometime about A.D. 463 a series of nomadic migrations was set off in Inner Asia... Archeological and literary evidence permits us to place the homeland of these newcomers, the Oghur tribes, in Western Siberia and the Kazakh steppes... The Oghurs were part of a large Turkic tribal grouping known in Chinese sources as the Tieh-lê, who were to be found in Inner Asia as well The fluidity of the situation in the steppes is mirrored in our sources, a kaleidoscope of dissolving and reforming tribal unions... Although some of the antecedents of this important migration are still unclear, there can be no doubt that the 0ghur tribes now became the dominant element in the Ponto-Caspian steppes. The term Oghur denoted "grouping of kindred tribes, tribal union" and figures in their ethnonyms: Onoghur, Saraghur, etc. The language of these Oghur tribes, which survives today only in Chuvash, was distinct from that of Common Turkic. In 480 we find our earliest firm notice on the Bulghars ("Mixed Ones"), a large conglomeration of Oghur, Hunnic and other elements. In addition, we have reports about the activities of the Kutrighurs and Utrighurs who appear in our sources under their own names, as "Huns" and perhaps even as "Bulghars." Their precise relationship to the latter cannot be determined with any certainty, but all three clearly originated in the same Hunno-Oghur milieu.

[FOOTNOTEGolden201171,_139-2] Golden 2011, p. 71, 139.

[FOOTNOTEGolden2011139-3] Golden 2011, p. 139.

[FOOTNOTEGolden199299-4] Golden 1992, p. 99.

[FOOTNOTEKaratay200326-5] Karatay 2003, p. 26.

[FOOTNOTEZuev200239-6] Zuev 2002, p. 39.

[Pliny-7] Plinius, Gaius (1996). Naturkunde, Buch VI, Geographie: Asien. Walter de Gruyter. p. 36. ISBN 9783050061849.

[8] John Bostock (ed.). "Pliny the Elder, The Natural History". Perseus Project. Retrieved 1 October 2015.

[FOOTNOTEZuev200221,_39-9] Zuev 2002, p. 21, 39.

[10] Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. p. 99. ISBN 9781400829941. Like the name Scythian up to the early medieval period, the name Hun became a generic (usually pejorative) term in subsequent history for any steppe-warrior people, or even any enemy people, regardless of their actual identity.

[11] Dickens, Mark (2004). Medieval Syriac Historians' Perceptionsof the Turks. University of Cambridge. p. 19. Syriac chroniclers (along with their Arab, Byzantine, Latin, Armenian, and Georgian counterparts) did not use ethnonyms as specifically as modern scholars do. As K. Czeglédy notes, "some sources... use the ethnonyms of the various steppe-peoples, in particular those of the Scythians, Huns and Türks, in the generic sense of 'nomads'".

[Origin-13] D. Dimitrov (1987). "Bulgars, Unogundurs, Onogurs, Utigurs, Kutrigurs". Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie. Varna. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[FOOTNOTEGolden199298-14] Golden 1992, p. 98.

[FOOTNOTEGolden199299–100-15] Golden 1992, p. 99–100.

[FOOTNOTEGolden2011140-16] Golden 2011, p. 140.

[FOOTNOTEGolden2011140–141-17] Golden 2011, p. 140–141.

[FOOTNOTEGolden1992100-18] Golden 1992, p. 100.

[FOOTNOTEGolden201191-19] Golden 2011, p. 91.

[FOOTNOTEGolden1992131-20] Golden 1992, p. 131.

[FOOTNOTEZuev200262-21] Zuev 2002, p. 62.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[nb 1]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[10]

[11]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Historical ethnical group}}
-[[File:NE 600ad.jpg|thumb|300px|Europe in 600 AD, showing the Utigurs and their neighbors.]]
+[[File:NE 600ad.jpg|thumb|300px|Eastern Hemisphere in c. 600 AD.]]
-'''Utigur''' or '''Bulgar Vund''' (vh'ndur, Vanand) is the name used by historians and geographers like [[History of Armenia (Movses Khorenatsi)|Moses Horenaci]], [[Procopius of Caesarea|Procopius Caesariensis]] and his continuators, [[Agathias|Agathias of Mirena]], [[Menander Protector]], and [[Theophylact Simocatta]] in the 6th century to refer the eastern branch of the Hunno-[[Bulgars]] who were the successors of the Hunnic empire along the coasts of the [[Black Sea]] in [[Patria Onoguria]].<ref>"The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe", 2013, Hyun Jin Kim, page 57: "After a period of chaos following Attila's death, dualism again reasserted itself in the succession of Dengitzik and Ernak (west and east respectively). The successor to the Hunnic Empire in the east, or rather probably the coninuation, also featured two wings, the Kutrigurs(west) and the Utigurs(east), ruled presumably by Ernak's descendants.", https://books.google.hr/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC&q=utigurs#v=snippet&q=utigurs&f=false</ref> The late antique historians  use the names of Huns, Bulgars, Kutrigurs and Utrigurs as interchangeable terms,<ref>"The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe", Hyun Jin Kim, page 256: " Thus in our sources the names Kutrigur, Bulgar and Hun are used interchangeably and refer in all probability not to separate groups but one group.", https://books.google.hr/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC&q=utigurs#v=snippet&q=utigurs&f=false</ref><ref>Cafer Saatchi , Early Mediaeval identity of the Bulgarians, page 3 : " The early Byzantine texts use the names of Huns, Bulgarians, Kutrigurs and Utrigurs as interchangeable terms. There the Bulgarians are represented as identical, they are a part of Huns or at least have something common with them. The khans Avtiochol and Irnik, listed in the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans today are identified with Attila and Ernach.", http://www.academia.edu/10894065/Early_Mediaeval_identity_of_the_Bulgarians</ref><ref>Classification of the Hunno-Bulgarian Loan-Words in Slavic, Antoaneta Granberg, Introduction : " (2) the data are insufficient to clearly distinguish Huns, Avars and Bulgars one from another;" https://www.academia.edu/683028/Classification_of_the_Hunno-Bulgarian_Loan-Words_in_Slavonic</ref><ref>"SOME REMARKS ON THE CHINESE "BULGAR"", 2004, SANPING CHEN:  " In fact contemporary European sources kept equating the Bulgars with the Huns. At the very least, the Hun-Bulgar connection was much more tangible than the Hun-Xiongnu identification. "  http://www.bulgari-istoria-2010.com/booksBG/Sanping_Chen_SOME_REMARKS_ON_THE_CHINESE_BULGARIAN.pdf</ref><ref>"History of the Later Roman Empire", J.B. Bury: " '''<nowiki>The Kotrigurs, who were a branch of the Hunnic race, occupied the steppes of South Russia, from the Don to the Dniester, and were probably closely allied to the Bulgarians or Onogundurs — the descendants of Attila's Huns — who had their homes in Bessarabia and Walachia. They were a formidable people and Justinian had long ago taken precautions to keep them in check, in case they should threaten to attack the Empire, though it was probably for the Roman cities of the Crimea, Cherson and Bosporus, that he feared, rather than for the Danubian provinces. As his policy on the Danube was to use the Lombards as a check on the Gepids, so his policy in Scythia was to use another Hunnic people, the Utigurs, as a check on the Kotrigurs. The Utigurs lived beyond the Don, on the east of the Sea of Azov, and Justinian cultivated their friendship by yearly gifts. ", http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/20*.html#ref39 </nowiki>'''</ref><ref>Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire, Jennifer Lawler, " Utigurs - Hunnic tribe that lived on the east steppes of Don, related to the Bulgars", стр. 296  https://books.google.hr/books?id=sEWeCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA296&dq=utigurs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAjgUahUKEwi427LD25zHAhVEECwKHc3wDFQ#v=onepage&q=utigurs&f=false</ref><ref>"Great Walls and Linear Barriers", Peter Spring, " In 460 the Huns split into the Onogurs, Utigurs and Kotrigurs.",  стр. 199 https://books.google.hr/books?id=OfmxBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA199&dq=utigurs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCEQ6AEwATgoahUKEwia2MPL75zHAhVEhywKHcRYDHg#v=onepage&q=utigurs&f=false</ref><ref>"A history of the First Bulgarian Empire", "Book I THE CHILDREN OF THE HUNS " ''Steven Runciman''''',''' ''стр. 5, "'' On Attila’s death, his empire crumbled. His people, who had probably been only a conglomeration of kindred tribes that he had welded together, divided again into these tribes; and each went its own way. One of these tribes was soon to be known as the Bulgars.'''"'''  http://www.promacedonia.org/en/sr/sr_1_1.htm</ref> thus prompting some modern historians to coin the term Hunno-Bulgars.<ref>Pritsak, 1982: pages: 435, 448-449</ref> According to [[Procopius]], [[Agathias]] and [[Menander]] Utigurs and their relatives [[Kutrigurs]] were [[Huns]], they were dressed in the same way and had the same language.<ref>O. Maenchen-Helfen, The World of the Huns, page 378 : " In one instance we are explicitly told that the Kutrigur and Utigur, called Huns by Procopius, Agathias, and Menander, were of the same stock, dressed in the same way, and had the same language. ", http://www.kroraina.com/huns/mh/mh_1.html</ref><ref>"The Hunno-Bulgarian Language, 2008,  Antoaneta Granberg,  Göteborg University: " The Hunno-Bulgarian language was formed on the Northern and Western borders of China in the 3rd-5th c. BC. The analysis of the loan-words in Slavonic language shows the presence of direct influences of various language-families: Turkic, Mongolian, Chinese and Iranian. The Huns and Proto-Bulgarians spoke the same language, different from all other "barbarian" languages. When Turkic tribes appeared at the borders of the Chinese empire in the 6th c., the Huns and Proto-Bulgarians were no longer there. It is important to note that Turkic does contain Hunno-Bulgarian loans, but that these were received through Chinese intermediary, e.g. Hunnic ch’eng-li ‘sky, heaven’ was borrowed from Chinese as tängri in Turkic. The Hunno-Bulgarian language exhibits non-Turkic and non-Altaic features. Altaic has no initial consonant clusters, while Hunno-Bulgarian does. Unlike Turkic and Mongolian, Hunno-Bulgarian language has no initial dental or velar spirants. Unlike Turkic, it has initial voiced b-: bagatur (a title), boyla (a title). Unlike Turkic, Hunno-Bulgarian has initial n-, which is also encountered in Mongolian: Negun, Nebul (proper names). In sum, Hunno-Bulgarian language has no consistent set of features that unite it with either Turkic or Mongolian. Neither can it be related to Sino-Tibetian languages, because it obviously has no monosyllabic word structure.",  http://www.centralasien.dk/joomla/images/journal/DSCA2008.pd</ref> Most historians consider Utigurs and Kutrigurs as successors of the Hunnic empire  in the east, on the territory of modern-day Ukraine, where the Huns retreated after the death of [[Attila]].<ref>The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Volume 4, Edward Gibbon, page 537: " And both Procopius and Agathias represent Kotrigurs and Utigurs as tribes of Huns. There can be no doubt Kutrigurs, Utigurs and Bulgars belong to the same race as the Huns of Attila and spoke tongues closely related, - were in fact Huns. They had all been under Attila's dominion", https://books.google.bg/books?id=j83oF6YQI68C&dq=utigurs&q=utigurs#v=snippet&q=utigurs&f=false</ref><ref>"The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe", 2013, Hyun Jin Kim, https://books.google.bg/books?id=fX8YAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9&source=gbs_toc_r&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=utigurs&f=false, page 57, page 138, page 140-141, page 254 : " That the Utigurs and Kutrigurs formed the two main wings of the same steppe confederacy is proved by the foundation legend told by Procopius regarding the ethnogenesis of the two tribal groupings. He states that before the formation of both entities  power in the steppe was concentrated in the hands of a single ruler ( presumably he is referring here to Ernak, son of Attila ), who then divided the power/empire between his two sons called Utigur and Kutrigur "</ref><ref>Justinian and Theodora, Robert Browning, page 160 : "The Huns of Attila, and their descendants the Bulgars, the Kutrigurs and the Utigurs, were pastoral peoples of the steppe and semi-desert lands of central Asia, who had been driven westwards in search of new pastures by a combination of factors. The progressive desiccation of their ancient home, and in particular of the Tarim Basin, reduced the grazing land available. ", https://books.google.bg/books?id=gOIMSWMtow0C&pg=PA158&dq=utigurs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAzgKahUKEwiRrunKvo7HAhWrF9sKHSH-A6o#v=onepage&q=utigurs&f=false</ref> [[Menander Protector]] mentioned an Utigur leader in the latter 6th century called [[Sandilch]].<ref>Menandri Fragmenta. Excerpta de legationibus. - Ed. C. de Boor. Berolini, 1903, p. 170</ref> Later these  [[Bulgars]] of the Eurasian steppes had come under the control of the [[Western Turkic Kaghanate]] and were also known as '''[[Onogurs|Unogundur]]'''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Justinian and Theodora|first=Robert|last=Browning|publisher=Gorgias Press LLC|year= 2003|ISBN=1-59333-053-7}}</ref><ref>Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland,
+'''Utigurs''' were [[Turkic people|Turkic]] [[Eurasian nomads|nomadic equestrians]] who flourished in the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe]] in the 6th century AD. They possibly were closely related to the [[Kutrigurs]] and [[Bulgars]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter Benjamin |author-link=Peter Benjamin Golden |date=1990 |title=The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia |chapter=The peoples of the south Russian steppes |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=256–284 |isbn=9781139054898 |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521243049.011 |quote=Sometime about A.D. 463 a series of nomadic migrations was set off in Inner Asia... Archeological and literary evidence permits us to place the homeland of these newcomers, the Oghur tribes, in Western Siberia and the Kazakh steppes... The Oghurs were part of a large Turkic tribal grouping known in Chinese sources as the Tieh-lê, who were to be found in Inner Asia as well The fluidity of the situation in the steppes is mirrored in our sources, a kaleidoscope of dissolving and reforming tribal unions... Although some of the antecedents of this important migration are still unclear, there can be no doubt that the 0ghur tribes now became the dominant element in the Ponto-Caspian steppes. The term Oghur denoted “grouping of kindred tribes, tribal union” and figures in their ethnonyms: Onoghur, Saraghur, etc. The language of these Oghur tribes, which survives today only in Chuvash, was distinct from that of Common Turkic. In 480 we find our earliest firm notice on the Bulghars (“Mixed Ones”), a large conglomeration of Oghur, Hunnic and other elements. In addition, we have reports about the activities of the Kutrighurs and Utrighurs who appear in our sources under their own names, as “Huns” and perhaps even as “Bulghars.” Their precise relationship to the latter cannot be determined with any certainty, but all three clearly originated in the same Hunno-Oghur milieu.}}</ref>
-, Volume 3, page 459 : "... Utigur and Unnugari are used as common synonyms for the same tribe. Again, the Unnugari are also called Unugunduri and Unungunduri.", https://books.google.bg/books?id=m_6zAAAAIAAJ&q=utigurs&dq=utigurs&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y</ref> In the early 7th century, Khan [[Kubrat]] of the [[Dulo clan]] was "ruler of the Unogundurs" and the founder of [[Old Great Bulgaria]].<ref>Nisephorus Patriarcha. Breviarium. Ed. C. de Boor, p. 24</ref>
+==Etymology==
-The [[Bulgars|Bulgar]] ancestors of the Utigurs represented the Pontic-Kuban part of the [[Hun Empire]], and were ruled by descendants of [[Attila]] through his son, [[Ernakh]].{{sfn|Runciman (Book I THE CHILDREN OF THE HUNS)|1930|p=4|ps=: "Attila was proudly called cousin, if not grandfather, by them all. Of all these claims, it seems that the Bulgars’ is the best justified; the blood of the Scourge of God flows now in the valleys of the Balkans, diluted by time and the pastoral Slavs."}}<ref>"The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe", 2013, Hyun Jin Kim, page 140 :" The same is likely to have been the case among the Utigurs and Kutrigurs who under Attilid rule had even more justification for claiming the imperial mantle of the Huns of Europe.", https://books.google.hr/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC&q=utigurs#v=snippet&q=utigurs&f=false</ref>
+The name ''Ut(r)igur'', recorded as {{lang|grc|Οὺτ(τ)ρίγουροι}}, {{lang|grc|Οὺτούργουροι}} and {{lang|grc|Οὺτρίγου}}, is generally considered as a metathesized form suggested by [[Gyula Németh (linguist)|Gyula Németh]] of Turkic ''*Otur-[[Turkic tribal confederations|Oğur]]'', thus the ''*Uturğur'' mean "Thirty Oğurs (tribes)".{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=71, 139}} [[Lajos Ligeti]] proposed ''utur-'' (to resist),{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=139}} while [[Louis Bazin]] ''uturkar'' (the victors-conquerors), ''Quturgur'' and ''qudurmaq'' (the enrages).{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=99}}
+There has been little scholarly support for theories linking the names Kutrigur and Utigur to peoples such as the [[Gutian people|Guti/Quti]] and/or [[Udi people|Udi/Uti]], of Ancient [[Southwest Asia]] and the [[Caucasus]] respectively, which have been posited by scholars such as Osman Karatay,{{sfn|Karatay|2003|p=26}} and [[Yury Zuev]].{{sfn|Zuev|2002|p=39}}<ref name="Pliny">{{cite book |last=Plinius |first=Gaius |author-link=Pliny the Elder |date=1996 |title=Naturkunde, Buch VI, Geographie: Asien |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eADoBQAAQBAJ |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |pages=36 |isbn=9783050061849}}</ref> No evidence has been presented that the Guti moved from their homeland in the [[Zagros Mountains]] (modern Iran/Iraq) to the [[Steppes]], and they are widely believed to have spoken an [[Indo-European language|Indo-European]] (rather than Turkic) language. The Udi were mentioned by [[Pliny the Elder]] (''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'', VI, book, 39), in connection with the [[Aorsi]] (sometimes jointly as the ''Utidorsi''),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137 |title=Pliny the Elder, ''The Natural History'' |editor=John Bostock |work=[[Perseus Project]] |access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref> the [[Sarmatians]] and a [[Scythian]] caste/tribe known as the ''Aroteres'' ("[[Farmers|Cultivators]]"), who lived "above the maritime coast of [Caucasian] [[Caucasian Albania|Albania]] and the ... Udini" on the western shores of the [[Caspian Sea]].<ref name="Pliny"/> Neither is there general acceptance of [[Edwin G. Pulleyblank]]'s suggestion that the Utigurs may be linked to the [[Yuezhi]] – an Indo-European people that settled in [[Western China]] during ancient times.{{sfn|Zuev|2002|p=21, 39}}
-==Etymology and Origin==
-[[Yury Zuev]] and some modern [[Bulgaria]]n scholars  identify the Bulgar Utigurs as one of the tribes of the [[Yuezhi]].<ref>Yu. A. Zuev, EARLY TURKS: ESSAYS on HISTORY and IDEOLOGY, p.38   and p.62 : " The Utigurs of Menandr are Uti, associated with Aorses of the Pliny "Natural history" (VI, 39). The word Uti was a real proto-type of a transcription Uechji < ngiwat-tie < uti (Pulleyblank, 1966, p. 18) "</ref><ref>http://www.protobulgarians.com/Kniga%20AtStamatov/Prarodina.htm</ref><ref>http://www.bulgari-istoria-2010.com/booksBG/P_Golijski_Tarim_i_Baktria.pdf</ref> According to [[Yury Zuev]] and [[Edwin G. Pulleyblank]] the Utigurs of Menandr are Uti, and the word Uti was a real proto-type of a transcription [[Yuezhi]] < Uechji < ngiwat-tie < uti.<ref>Pulleyblank, 1966, p. 18</ref>
-The [[Huns]] and proto-Bulgarians practiced circular type of [[artificial cranial deformation]]<ref>Paleoneurosurgical aspects of Proto-Bulgarian circular type of artificial skull deformations, Journal of Neurosurgery, http://thejns.org/doi/abs/10.3171/2010.9.FOCUS10193</ref> and it can be used to trace the route that the Huns took from north China to the Central Asian steppes and subsequently to the southern Russian steppes.<ref>Tracing Huns from East to West, L.T. Yablonsky, Cranial vault modification and foreign expansion</ref><ref>Khodjaiov 1966; Ginzburg & Trofimova 1972; Tur 1996</ref> The people who practiced annular artificial cranial deformation in Central Asia were [[Yuezhi]]/Kushans.<ref>"The Kushan civilization",  Buddha Rashmi Mani, page 5:
- "A particular intra-cranial investigation relates to an annular artificial head deformation (macrocephalic), evident on the skulls of diverse racial groups being a characteristic feature traceable on several figures of Kushan kings on coins.", https://books.google.bg/books?id=J_YtAAAAMAAJ&q=kushan+deformation&dq=kushan+deformation&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y</ref>
-<ref>The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe, Hyun Jin Kim,page 33</ref><ref>http://www.dandebat.dk/eng-dan11.htm</ref> The recurve bow was brought to Bactria by Yuezhi around 130 BC <ref>Senior, R. Indo-Scythian Coins and History,London, 2001, p.xxvii</ref> and according to [[Maenchen-Helfen]] some of their groups migrated far to the west and were present in the steppes north of the Caucasus and on the shores of the Black Sea as early as 1st century BC.<ref>The Yüeh-Chih Problem Re-Examined, Otto Maenchen-Helfen,  Journal of the American Oriental Society Vol. 65, No. 2 page 81  http://www.jstor.org/stable/593930?seq=11#page_scan_tab_contents .</ref> The taxonomic analysis of the artificially deformed crania from 5th–6th Century AD (Hun-Germanic Period) found in Northeastern Hungary showed that none of them have any Mongoloid features and all the skulls belong to the  Europid "great race" but further identification was impossible.<ref>Artificially Deformed Crania From the Hun-Germanic Period (5th–6th Century AD) in Northeastern Hungary, Mónika Molnár, M.S.; István János, Ph.D.; László Szűcs, M.S.; László Szathmáry, C.Sc., http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/823134_4</ref>
-The Huns, Bulgars and part of the Yuezhi share some common burial practices as the narrow burial pits, pits with a niche and the northern orientation of the burials.<ref> "Khazaria in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries", Boris Zhivkov , page 30,   https://books.google.bg/books?id=7Du2CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA30&dq=yuezhi+deformation&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDAQ6AEwA2oVChMI1qLS7L71xwIVBLgaCh0FjwTZ#v=onepage&q=yuezhi%20deformation&f=false </ref>The clothes of the Yuezhi depicted on Bactrian Embroidery<ref>Yuezhi on Bactrian Embroidery from Textiles Found at Noyon uul, Mongolia Sergey A. Yatsenko Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow, page 41, paragraph 2 : " The basic color gamma of the depictions is a combination of red/rose and white, which is characteristic for the Bactrian Yuezhi. Furthermore, there is a definite symmetry of these two basic colors. Thus, if an individual has a red caftan, then his shoes are also red but he has white trousers and a
-white belt, and, on the other hand, if he has a white caftan and shoes, the
-trousers and belt are red.", http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/vol10/srjournal_v10.pdf </ref> are almost identical to the traditional Bulgarian costumes made nowadays.<ref>http://www.shevitsa.com/</ref>
 ==History==
+The origin of relative tribes Utigurs and [[Kutrigurs]] is obscure.{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=99}} [[Procopius]] wrote that "Beyond the Sagins dwell many [[Huns|Hunnish]]{{refn|group="nb"|The ethnonym of the Huns, like those of Scythians and Türks, became a generic term for steppe-people (nomads) and invading enemies from the East, no matter of their actual origin and identity.<ref>{{cite book |last=Beckwith |first=Christopher I. |author-link=Christopher I. Beckwith |date=2009 |title=Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ue8BxLEMt4C |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=99 |isbn=9781400829941 |quote=Like the name Scythian up to the early medieval period, the name Hun became a generic (usually pejorative) term in subsequent history for any steppe-warrior people, or even any enemy people, regardless of their actual identity.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Dickens |first=Mark |date=2004 |title=Medieval Syriac Historians' Perceptionsof the Turks |url=https://www.academia.edu/436106 |publisher=University of Cambridge |pages=19 |quote=Syriac chroniclers (along with their Arab, Byzantine, Latin, Armenian, and Georgian counterparts) did not use ethnonyms as specifically as modern scholars do. As K. Czeglédy notes, "some sources... use the ethnonyms of the various steppe-peoples, in particular those of the Scythians, Huns and Türks, in the generic sense of 'nomads'".}}</ref>}} tribes. The land is called Evlisia and barbarians populate the sea-coast and the inland up to the so-called lake of [[Sea of Azov|Meotida]] and the river [[Don River (Russia)|Tanais]]. The people living there were called [[Cimmerians]], and now they are called Utigurs. North of them are the populous tribes of the [[Antes (people)|Antes]]."<ref name="Origin">{{cite book |author=D. Dimitrov |date=1987 |chapter=Bulgars, Unogundurs, Onogurs, Utigurs, Kutrigurs |title=Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie |url=http://www.kroraina.com/p_bulgar/p_bulg1a.htm |work=kroraina.com |place=Varna}}</ref> They occupied the Don-Azov steppe zone, the Kutrigurs in the Western part and the Utigurs towards the East.{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=99}}
-According to Procopius, there was a nation of Huns living to the east of the Sea of Azov and north of the Caucasus, the king of these Huns had two sons, Kutigur and Utigur. The king referred by Procopius is most probably Ernak, the third son of Attila. After the death of the king, the two sons divided the people into two tribes. Analyzing the chronicles of the antique historians [[Vasil Zlatarski]] concludes that the name Bulgar was used for both tribes, but in  6th century the tribal names were preferred by the Eastern Roman Empire due to the different policy it had toward these two tribes.<ref>Васил Н. Златарски
-История на Първото българско Царство, page 75</ref> In the middle of 6th century the Emperor [[Justinian]], being attacked by the Kutrigurs under their leader Chinialus, bribed their relatives the Utigurs lead by [[Sandilch]] to attacked the Kutrigurs in the rear. The resulting internecine war between the two tribes weakened them and made them vulnerable to the Avar attack shortly after that.<ref>The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe, Hyun Jin Kim,page 142, https://books.google.bg/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC&pg=PA132&dq=Utigur+attila&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAGoVChMIs9-UmKyQxwIVBKJyCh0V0wQM#v=onepage&q=Sandilch%20&f=false</ref>
+Procopius also recorded a genealogical legend according to which:
-By 568CE some Kutrigurs groups came under the control of the [[Pannonian Avars|Varchonites]] who were migrating to Pannonia and was also known as Avars. The eastern Bulgar groups along the northern coasts of the Black sea, the Utigurs, were conquered by the [[Western Turkic Kaghanate]] (who were violently opposed to the [[Pannonian Avars]]).{{sfn|Runciman (Book I)|1930|p=10}} Due to civil war the Western Turks retreated back into Asia no later than 583 CE according to Zlatarski.
+{{bquote|...in the old days many Huns, called then Cimmerians, inhabited the lands I mentioned already. They all had a single king. Once one of their kings had two sons: one called Utigur and another called Kutrigur. After their father's death they shared the power and gave their names to the subjected peoples, so that even nowadays some of them are called Utigurs and the others - Kutrigurs.<ref name="Origin"/>}}
+This story was also confirmed by the words of the Utigur ruler [[Sandilch]], "it is neither fair nor decent to exterminate our tribesmen (the Kutrigurs), who not only speak a language, identical to ours, who are our neighbours and have the same dressing and manners of life, but who are also our relatives, even though subjected to other lords".<ref name="Origin"/>
-Kubrat's Utigurs defeated the Avars in alliance with [[Byzantium]] and reunited the Utigurs and Kutrigurs into a single Crimean Bulgar confederation in Patria Onoguria renamed as "[[Old Great Bulgaria]]"
+[[Agathias]] (c. 579–582) wrote:
-After Kubrat's death in 665AD, his empire was divided<ref>Runciman, Book I, The Children of the Huns, page 16-17</ref> when his appointed heir Batbayan submitted to the Khazars of Kubrat's second son [[Kotrag]] who settled Batbayan's army at the confluence of the [[Volga]] and [[Kama]] rivers where they founded a Khanate known as [[Volga Bulgaria]].<ref>Heritage of Scribes: The Relation of Rovas Scripts to Eurasian Writing Systems, Gábor Hosszú, Rovas Foundation, 2012, ISBN 9638843748, [https://books.google.bg/books?id=TyK8azCqC34C&pg=PA287&dq=kotrag+khan&hl=bg&sa=X&ei=n4GKVav1IoOMsgHriICwDQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 287.]</ref>
+{{bquote|..all of them are called in general Scythians and Huns in particular according to their nation. Thus, some are Koutrigours or Outigours and yet others are Oultizurs and Bourougounds... the Oultizurs and Bourougounds were known up to the time of the Emperor [[Leo I the Thracian|Leo]] (457–474) and the Romans of that time and appeared to have been strong. We, however, in this day, neither know them, nor, I think, will we. Perhaps, they have perished or perhaps they have moved off to very far place.{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=98}}}}
-Other sons of Kubrat carried the Utigur name to the Danube and [[Pannonia Secunda]] by April 677. Some submitted to a restored Avar Kaghan, while others rebelled moving south to the [[Pelagonia]]n plain under the leadership of [[Tervel]]'s Uncle, [[Kuber]] in alliance with Khan Asparukh's Utigurs<ref>national Historical and Archeological Reserve Madara, Sofia 2009, Pecham valdex, p.26</ref> who  successfully occupied the southern banks of the Danube following the [[Battle of Ongal]]. Kuber's Utigurs displaced some of the populations that had already settled in the region of Macedonia, and intermingled with the populations that remained. Following the Battle of Ongal, Asparukh settled a portion of the Utigur Bulgars in [[Moesia]], to establish the state which would become modern [[Bulgaria]]. In the 8th century, the Kuber Bulgars merged with [[Asparuh]]'s Bulgars who had by the late 7th century already taken both sides of the [[Danube River]].
+When the Kutrigurs invaded the lands of the Byzantium Empire, Emperor [[Justinian I]] (527–565) through diplomatic persuasion and bribery dragged the Kutrigurs and Utigurs into mutual warfare.{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=99–100}}{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=140}} Utigurs led by Sandilch attacked the Kutrigurs who suffered great losses.{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=140}} According to Procopius, Agathias and Menander, the Kutrigurs and Utigurs decimated one another,{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=140}} until they lost even their tribal names.<ref name="Origin"/> Some Kutrigur remnants were swept away by the [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]] to Pannonia, while the Utigurs remained in the Pontic steppe and fell under the rule of the Türks.{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=140–141}}
-==See also==
-*[[History of Ukraine]]
-*[[History of Bulgaria]]
-*[[Kutrigurs]]
-*[[Huns]]
-*[[Old Great Bulgaria]]
-*[[Sabirs]]
-*[[Volga Bulgaria]]
-*[[Bulgars]]
+Their last mention was by [[Menander Protector]], who recorded among  the Türk forces that attacked [[Cimmerian Bosporus |Bosporos]] in 576 an Utigur army led by chieftain Ανάγαιος (Anagai, Anağay).{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=100}}{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=91}} Bosphoros fell to them c. 579 AD.{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=131}} In the same year, Byzantine embassy to the Türks passed through the territory of Ἀκκάγας (Akagas,{{sfn|Zuev|2002|p=62}} Aq-Qağan{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=100}}), "which is the name of the woman who rules the [[Scythians]] there, having been appointed at that time by Anagai, chief of the tribe of the Utigurs".{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=100}}{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=91}}
-==References==
-{{reflist}}
-=== Sources ===
+==See also==
+* [[Kutrigurs]]
-* {{Cite book |last=Runciman |first=Steven |authorlink=Steven Runciman |title=A History of the First Bulgarian Empire |publisher=G. Bell & Sons, London |year=1930 |url=http://www.promacedonia.org/en/sr/index.html}}
+* [[Onogurs]]
+* [[Bulgars]]
-==External links==
+==Notes==
+{{Reflist|group="nb"}}
+==References==
+{{Reflist}}
+;Sources
+* {{cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter Benjamin |author-link=Peter Benjamin Golden |date=1992 |title=An introduction to the History of the Turkic peoples: ethnogenesis and state formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East |publisher=[[Harrassowitz Verlag|Otto Harrassowitz]] |place=[[Wiesbaden]] |isbn=9783447032742 |url=https://www.academia.edu/12545004}}
+* {{cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |author-link=Peter Benjamin Golden |date=2011 |title=Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes |publisher=Editura Academiei Române; Editura Istros a Muzeului Brăilei |isbn=9789732721520 |url=https://www.academia.edu/9609971}}
+* {{cite book|last=Karatay|first=Osman|date=2003 |title=In Search of the Lost Tribe: The Origins and Making of the Croatian Nation |publisher=Ayse Demiral |isbn=9789756467077 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h_Qu1ywX0-wC}}
+* {{cite book |last=Zuev |year=2002 |title=Early Turks: Essays of history and ideology |place=Almaty |publisher=Daik-Press}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Utigurs}}
-[[Category:Bulgars]]
+<!--Categories-->
-[[Category:Late Antiquity]]
+[[Category:Turkic peoples]]
+[[Category:Migration Period]]