Llyn y Fan Fach: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Lake in south Wales}} |
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| caption_bathymetry = |
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| type = [[reservoir]], [[natural lake]] |
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| type = [[reservoir]], [[natural lake]] |
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| outflow = [[River Sawdde]] |
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|pushpin_map=Wales Carmarthenshire |
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| max-depth = {{convert|29|m|abbr=on}} |
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| elevation = {{convert|506|m|abbr=on}} |
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'''Llyn y Fan Fach''' ([[Welsh language|Welsh]] meaning " |
'''Llyn y Fan Fach''' ([[Welsh language|Welsh]] meaning "little lake (near) the peak")<ref>{{cite book |last1=Owen |first1=Hywel Wyn |last2=Morgan |first2=Richard |title=Dictionary of the Place-names of Wales |date=2007 |publisher=Gomer Press |location=Llandysul |isbn=9781843239017 |page=300 |edition=First}}</ref> is a lake of approximately {{convert|10|ha|acre}} on the northern margin of the [[Black Mountain (range)|Black Mountain]] in [[Carmarthenshire]], South [[Wales]] and lying within the [[Brecon Beacons National Park]]. The lake lies at an altitude of approximately {{convert|1660|ft}}, immediately to the north of the ridge of the [[Carmarthen Fans]]. It is the smaller of two lakes within this mountain massif: the slightly larger [[Llyn y Fan Fawr]] is about {{convert|2|mi}} to the east. |
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==Geology== |
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The lake is overlooked by several prominent mountain peaks, especially [[Picws Du]] and [[Waun Lefrith]]. Waun Lefrith is formed from the sandstones and mudstones of the Brownstones Formation of the [[Old Red Sandstone]] laid down during the [[Devonian period]]. Its southern slopes are formed from the hard-wearing sandstones of the overlying Plateau Beds Formation which are of upper/late Devonian age. It is those rocks which form vertical crags along the top edge of the scarp. The northern face of Waun Lefrith was home to a [[glacier]] during the ice ages which gouged out the [[cirque|cwm]] in which Llyn y Fan Fach now sits. This empties via the [[Afon Sawdde]] into the [[River Towy]]. The southern slopes drain via the Twrch Fechan, the Nant Menyn and Nant Lluestau into the [[Afon Twrch]] and so into the [[River Tawe]].<ref>British Geological Survey 1:50,000 map sheet 213 'Brecon' & accompanying sheet explanation</ref> |
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Large [[moraine]]s occur to the east of the summit at the base of the scarp, and below the prominent peak of [[Picws Du]] as well as those damming the Lake. |
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==Legend of Llyn y Fan Fach== |
==Legend of Llyn y Fan Fach== |
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[[ |
[[File:Llyn y Fan Fach (1323880314).jpg|thumb|300px|left|The lake with [[Picws Du]] in the foreground]] |
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A [[folklore]] [[legend]] is connected with the lake, known as the [[Lady |
A [[folklore]] [[legend]] is connected with the lake, known as the [[Lady of the Lake]]. In the folk tale,<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/wfb/wfb03.htm folk tale]</ref> a local young man, son of a widow from Blaen Sawdde (near [[Llanddeusant, Carmarthenshire|Llanddeusant]]) agreed to marry a beautiful girl who arose from the lake, with the condition that he would not hit her three times. He complied easily because the girl was so beautiful, and they were happy for years putting up a house in Esgair Llaethdy near [[Myddfai]], and bringing up a family there. The girl had very special cattle, traditionally still kept at [[Dinefwr Castle|Dinefwr]], [[Llandeilo]],<ref>''The Welsh Academy Encyclopedia of Wales'', p. 128, Printed 2008, University of Wales Press, Cardiff, {{ISBN|978-0-7083-1953-6}}</ref> and other animals. But over time the man did hit his wife three times. Reasons for why he hit her vary, from the wife laughing at a funeral or crying at a wedding. Regardless, she had to go back to the lake according to the promise, taking the cattle with her. Among the cattle was a team of four oxen which were ploughing at the time. They followed too, plough and all, and, “they say, to this very day you may see a well-marked furrow running right across Myddfai mountain to the edge of Llyn-y-Fan-Fach, which proves this story is true.”<ref>{{Cite book|title=Legend Lands|last=Great Western Railway|publisher=Spottiswoode, Ballantyne & Company|year=1922|location=London|pages=31}}</ref> But the mother returned sometimes to help and instruct her sons, and in particular one called [[Rhiwallon]] (in some versions Rhiwallon is the name of the young man who marries the fairy girl). In due course Rhiwallon and the other sons went to the court of [[Rhys Gryg]] of [[Deheubarth]], where they became famous doctors<ref>{{Cite book|title=Legend Lands|last=Great Western Railway|publisher=Spottiswoode, Ballantyne & Company|year=1922|location=London|pages=31}}</ref> who are known today as the [[Physicians of Myddfai]].{{citation needed|date=March 2012}} A number of their medical formulae remain in the Welsh manuscripts. |
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==Reservoir== |
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The lake was enlarged by the construction of a dam during [[World War I]] to provide an additional water supply to [[Llanelli]], the population of which had grown by 34% between 1901 and 1911. Project approval in 1912 was followed by the start of construction two years later. Labour was initially provided by some 175 [[navvy|navvies]] but harsh working conditions resulted in their departure and replacement with over 150 [[conscientious objector]]s who lived in barracks (at the site of the modern car park) and with local families. Filter beds were built half way down from the reservoir, a facility later used as a [[fish hatchery]]. Sand for construction purposes was sourced on the south side of the lake and rafted to the dam site. The works were completed in 1919.<ref>{{cite web |title=The First World War; A legacy of Dissent on the Black Mountain |url=https://dyfedarchaeology.org.uk/ww1/conscientiousobjectors/conscientiousobjectorsleaflet.pdf |website=Dyfed Archaeological Trust |access-date=4 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Llyn y Fan Fach water scheme |url=https://dyfedarchaeology.org.uk/ww1/conscientiousobjectors/Education%20resources%20-%20English/Worksheets/Conscientious%20Objectors%20-%20Llyn%20y%20Fan%20water%20scheme.pdf |website=Dyfed Archaeological Trust |access-date=4 April 2022}}</ref> |
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==Access== |
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The lake can be reached on foot via the water company's road from the car park at the end of a [[single-track road|single track]] road from [[Llanddeusant, Carmarthenshire|Llanddeusant]] village. The track passes the hatchery about halfway up the hill. At the top of the track is a windowless rescue shelter or [[bothy]] by the wall of the [[dam]]. Normally unlocked, it contains a fireplace. A path continues to the west up the slope to the [[escarpment]], following the edge of the cliff, reaching the summits of [[Waun Lefrith]] and then [[Picws Du]], both of which overlook the lake. There are many deep gullies leading down from the cliff top, and numerous rock [[outcrop]]s near the top. The [[Beacons Way]] follows the ridge down from the summits above the lake, and forms an alternative route onto or off the mountain to the dam road. It arrives in Llanddeusant village more directly, and gives access to the [[youth hostel]] in the village. |
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==Wildlife== |
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[[File:Red Kite, Spain.jpg|thumb|left|[[Red kite]] soaring]] |
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[[File:3782 Common Raven in flight.jpg|250 px|thumb|right| Common raven in flight]] |
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There are numerous different [[species]] of bird in the area, and they include the [[red kite]], [[common buzzard]], [[kestrel]], [[carrion crow]], [[common raven]] and [[skylark]] to name a few of the most obvious residents. The former birds can often be found soaring on the updrafts near the cliffs as well as on [[thermals]] from the valley below. The red kite was previously restricted to this and adjoining areas in [[South Wales]] such as [[Mynydd Mallaen]], mainly as a result of persecution by farmers and [[gamekeeper]]s, but attitudes have now changed. It was thought that the bird preyed on [[game bird]]s such as the [[red grouse]], although the evidence showed that they survive mainly on [[carrion]], like many other [[birds of prey]]. The kestrel and buzzard are widely distributed, but the raven is restricted to the higher mountains. |
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There is a wide distribution of [[mammals]] such as [[field vole]]s, [[fox]]es and [[badger]]s as well as many [[songbirds]]. The [[skylark]] is plentiful due to the extensive rough pasture present below the main peaks which allows ground nesting of the species. Pied [[wagtails]] are common near the streams and torrents running from the hill tops. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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==Further reading== |
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* {{cite book |first=David |last=Conway |title=The Magic Of Herbs |year=1975 |publisher=Granada Publishing Limited, Mayflower Books Ltd}} |
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{{authority control}} |
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[[Category:Llanddeusant, Carmarthenshire]] |
[[Category:Llanddeusant, Carmarthenshire]] |
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[[Category:Black Mountain |
[[Category:Black Mountain (range)]] |
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[[Category:Reservoirs in Carmarthenshire]] |
[[Category:Reservoirs in Carmarthenshire|Fan Fach]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Lakes of Carmarthenshire]] |
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[[Category:Reservoirs in the Brecon Beacons National Park|Fan Fach]] |
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[[Category:Welsh folklore]] |
[[Category:Welsh folklore]] |
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Latest revision as of 19:34, 7 September 2024
| Llyn y Fan Fach | |
|---|---|
.jpg) | |
  Llyn y Fan Fach | |
| Location | Brecon Beacons National Park, Carmarthenshire: View from near Picws Du |
| Coordinates | 51°52′55″N 3°44′31″W / 51.88194°N 3.74194°W |
| Type | reservoir, natural lake |
| Primary outflows | River Sawdde |
| Basin countries | United Kingdom |
| Max. depth | 29 m (95 ft) |
| Surface elevation | 506 m (1,660 ft) |
Llyn y Fan Fach (Welsh meaning "little lake (near) the peak")[1] is a lake of approximately 10 hectares (25 acres) on the northern margin of the Black Mountain in Carmarthenshire, South Wales and lying within the Brecon Beacons National Park. The lake lies at an altitude of approximately 1,660 feet (510 m), immediately to the north of the ridge of the Carmarthen Fans. It is the smaller of two lakes within this mountain massif: the slightly larger Llyn y Fan Fawr is about 2 miles (3.2 km) to the east.
Geology
[edit]The lake is overlooked by several prominent mountain peaks, especially Picws Du and Waun Lefrith. Waun Lefrith is formed from the sandstones and mudstones of the Brownstones Formation of the Old Red Sandstone laid down during the Devonian period. Its southern slopes are formed from the hard-wearing sandstones of the overlying Plateau Beds Formation which are of upper/late Devonian age. It is those rocks which form vertical crags along the top edge of the scarp. The northern face of Waun Lefrith was home to a glacier during the ice ages which gouged out the cwm in which Llyn y Fan Fach now sits. This empties via the Afon Sawdde into the River Towy. The southern slopes drain via the Twrch Fechan, the Nant Menyn and Nant Lluestau into the Afon Twrch and so into the River Tawe.[2] Large moraines occur to the east of the summit at the base of the scarp, and below the prominent peak of Picws Du as well as those damming the Lake.
Legend of Llyn y Fan Fach
[edit].jpg)
A folklore legend is connected with the lake, known as the Lady of the Lake. In the folk tale,[3] a local young man, son of a widow from Blaen Sawdde (near Llanddeusant) agreed to marry a beautiful girl who arose from the lake, with the condition that he would not hit her three times. He complied easily because the girl was so beautiful, and they were happy for years putting up a house in Esgair Llaethdy near Myddfai, and bringing up a family there. The girl had very special cattle, traditionally still kept at Dinefwr, Llandeilo,[4] and other animals. But over time the man did hit his wife three times. Reasons for why he hit her vary, from the wife laughing at a funeral or crying at a wedding. Regardless, she had to go back to the lake according to the promise, taking the cattle with her. Among the cattle was a team of four oxen which were ploughing at the time. They followed too, plough and all, and, “they say, to this very day you may see a well-marked furrow running right across Myddfai mountain to the edge of Llyn-y-Fan-Fach, which proves this story is true.”[5] But the mother returned sometimes to help and instruct her sons, and in particular one called Rhiwallon (in some versions Rhiwallon is the name of the young man who marries the fairy girl). In due course Rhiwallon and the other sons went to the court of Rhys Gryg of Deheubarth, where they became famous doctors[6] who are known today as the Physicians of Myddfai.[citation needed] A number of their medical formulae remain in the Welsh manuscripts.
Reservoir
[edit]The lake was enlarged by the construction of a dam during World War I to provide an additional water supply to Llanelli, the population of which had grown by 34% between 1901 and 1911. Project approval in 1912 was followed by the start of construction two years later. Labour was initially provided by some 175 navvies but harsh working conditions resulted in their departure and replacement with over 150 conscientious objectors who lived in barracks (at the site of the modern car park) and with local families. Filter beds were built half way down from the reservoir, a facility later used as a fish hatchery. Sand for construction purposes was sourced on the south side of the lake and rafted to the dam site. The works were completed in 1919.[7][8]
Access
[edit]The lake can be reached on foot via the water company's road from the car park at the end of a single track road from Llanddeusant village. The track passes the hatchery about halfway up the hill. At the top of the track is a windowless rescue shelter or bothy by the wall of the dam. Normally unlocked, it contains a fireplace. A path continues to the west up the slope to the escarpment, following the edge of the cliff, reaching the summits of Waun Lefrith and then Picws Du, both of which overlook the lake. There are many deep gullies leading down from the cliff top, and numerous rock outcrops near the top. The Beacons Way follows the ridge down from the summits above the lake, and forms an alternative route onto or off the mountain to the dam road. It arrives in Llanddeusant village more directly, and gives access to the youth hostel in the village.
Wildlife
[edit]
There are numerous different species of bird in the area, and they include the red kite, common buzzard, kestrel, carrion crow, common raven and skylark to name a few of the most obvious residents. The former birds can often be found soaring on the updrafts near the cliffs as well as on thermals from the valley below. The red kite was previously restricted to this and adjoining areas in South Wales such as Mynydd Mallaen, mainly as a result of persecution by farmers and gamekeepers, but attitudes have now changed. It was thought that the bird preyed on game birds such as the red grouse, although the evidence showed that they survive mainly on carrion, like many other birds of prey. The kestrel and buzzard are widely distributed, but the raven is restricted to the higher mountains.
There is a wide distribution of mammals such as field voles, foxes and badgers as well as many songbirds. The skylark is plentiful due to the extensive rough pasture present below the main peaks which allows ground nesting of the species. Pied wagtails are common near the streams and torrents running from the hill tops.
References
[edit]- ^ Owen, Hywel Wyn; Morgan, Richard (2007). Dictionary of the Place-names of Wales (First ed.). Llandysul: Gomer Press. p. 300. ISBN 9781843239017.
- ^ British Geological Survey 1:50,000 map sheet 213 'Brecon' & accompanying sheet explanation
- ^ folk tale
- ^ The Welsh Academy Encyclopedia of Wales, p. 128, Printed 2008, University of Wales Press, Cardiff, ISBN 978-0-7083-1953-6
- ^ Great Western Railway (1922). Legend Lands. London: Spottiswoode, Ballantyne & Company. p. 31.
- ^ Great Western Railway (1922). Legend Lands. London: Spottiswoode, Ballantyne & Company. p. 31.
- ^ "The First World War; A legacy of Dissent on the Black Mountain" (PDF). Dyfed Archaeological Trust. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
- ^ "Llyn y Fan Fach water scheme" (PDF). Dyfed Archaeological Trust. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
Further reading
[edit]There are a few versions of the legend of the Lady of the lake in Welsh and English.
- Conway, David (1975). The Magic Of Herbs. Granada Publishing Limited, Mayflower Books Ltd.
- Jones, T. Gwynn (1979) [1930]. Welsh Folklore and Folk-custom. Tt. 61-4. Background and a lot of interesting details.