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It's Rock Hill, not the Rock Hill.
 
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{{Short description|Exceptionally hot cultivar of C. chinense pepper plant}}
{{Infobox cultivar
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2019}}
| name = Carolina Reaper

| image = Carolina Reaper pepper pods.jpg
{{Infobox cultivar
| breeder = Ed Currie
| name = Carolina Reaper
| origin = [[Fort Mill, South Carolina]]
| image = Carolina Reaper pepper pods (cropped).jpg
| species = ''[[Capsicum chinense]]''
| breeder = [[Ed Currie]]
| hybrid = [[Bhut jolokia|ghost pepper]] × red [[habanero]]
| origin = [[Fort Mill, South Carolina]], U.S.
| species = ''[[Capsicum chinense]]''
| hybrid = [[Naga Viper pepper|Naga pepper]] x [[Habanero]]
| module = {{Infobox pepper
| module = {{Infobox pepper
| embed = yes
| embed = yes
| heat = Exceptionally hot
| heat = Exceptionally hot
| scoville = 1,500,000-2,200,000
| scoville = 1,641,183
}} }}
}}
}}
The '''Carolina Reaper''', originally named the '''HP22BNH7''', is a [[cultivar]] of [[chili pepper]] of the ''[[Capsicum chinense]]'' species. Bred in [[Rock Hill, South Carolina|Rock Hill]], South Carolina, greenhouse by Ed Currie, who runs the PuckerButt Pepper Company in [[Fort Mill, South Carolina|Fort Mill]], South Carolina, it has been rated as the world's hottest chili pepper by [[Guinness World Records]] since August 7, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hottest chili|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/1/hottest-chili|website=Guinness World Records|accessdate=11 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.latimes.com/food/dailydish/la-dd-worlds-hottest-pepper-scoville-heat-units-20131226-story.html | work=Los Angeles Times | first=Betty | last=Hallock | title=World's hottest pepper hits 2.2 million Scoville heat units | date=26 December 2013}}</ref> The original crossbreed was between a [[Bhut jolokia|ghost pepper]] (a former world record holder) and a red [[habanero]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://puckerbuttpeppercompany.com/|title=PuckerButt Pepper Company Web site home page|accessdate=February 2, 2015}}</ref> It averages a 1,569,300 on the [[Scoville scale]] with peak levels of over 2,200,000 Scoville Heat Units (SHU).
The '''Carolina Reaper''' [[chili pepper]] is a [[cultivar]] of the ''[[Capsicum chinense]]'' plant. Developed by American breeder [[Ed Currie]], the pepper is red and gnarled, with a bumpy texture and small pointed tail. It was the [[hottest chili pepper]] in the world according to ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' from 2013 to 2023 before it was surpassed by [[Pepper X]], which was also developed by Currie.

==Development==
Currie, an American breeder, began working in about 2001 on what would become the Carolina Reaper. It took over 10 years to develop.<ref name="Floyd">{{cite book | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfN0DQAAQBAJ&dq=HP22B&pg=PT315| title=101 Chillies to Try Before You Die| chapter=101: Carolina Reaper (HP22B)| author=David Floyd| publisher=Octopus| year=2016| isbn=9781844038657}}</ref><ref name="AU">{{cite web | title=About Us |url=https://puckerbuttpeppercompany.com/about-us/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223121242/https://puckerbuttpeppercompany.com/about-us/ |archive-date=2015-02-23 |access-date=2021-11-23 |publisher=PuckerButt Pepper Co |quote=Smokin’ Ed gained the pepper industry’s attention in November 2011 when an NPR Reporter stopped by to eat an HP22B pepper–now known as Smokin’ Ed’s Carolina Reaper®.}}</ref> Sorting through hundreds of hybrid combinations, Currie was finally successful at crossing a "really nastily hot" [[La Soufrière (Saint Vincent)]] [[Habanero pepper]] from the Caribbean island of Saint Vincent and a [[Naga Morich|Naga pepper]] from Pakistan".<ref>{{cite news | url= http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-reaper-pepper-20141127-story.html# |title= From Pot To Hot: How a grower produced world's most fiery chile pepper| newspaper= LA Times |first =David |last = Zucchino| quote=It took 12 years of crossbreeding for Currie to reach the pinnacle of the pepper world. He said he tested hundreds of hybrid combinations before finally crossing a "really nastily hot" La Soufriere pepper from the Caribbean island of St. Vincent and a Naga pepper from Pakistan to create Smokin Ed's Carolina Reaper—"a tidal wave of scorching fire," as the PuckerButt website puts it.| date= November 27, 2014 |access-date=2021-11-23| url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930173714/https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-reaper-pepper-20141127-story.html |archive-date=2021-09-30}}</ref><ref name="AU"/><ref name="Floyd"/>{{efn|His newly invented pepper was initially known as "HP22B" when first grown by Currie sometime in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web | publisher = Guinness world records |url= http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2013/11/confirmed-smokin-eds-carolina-reaper-sets-new-record-for-hottest-chilli-53033 |title=Confirmed: Smokin Ed's Carolina Reaper sets new record for hottest chilli |date=November 19, 2013 |access-date= 2021-11-23}}</ref>}} During November of that year, a reporter from [[NPR]] visited Currie to try the new pepper. According to Currie's website: "The reporter ate a small piece of the pepper, rolled around on the floor, hallucinated, and then shared his experiences with the national media."<ref name="AU"/> Currie officially named the pepper: "Smokin' Ed's Carolina Reaper". The word "reaper" was chosen by Currie due to the shape of the pepper's "sickle-like" tail.<ref name="prilava">{{cite web | url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-08-18/eating-carolina-reaper-pepper-eating-molten-lava| title=Eating the 'Carolina Reaper' pepper is 'like eating molten lava'| author=Tu Chau| website=Pri| date= August 18, 2016| access-date=2021-11-23| url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308151830/https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-08-18/eating-carolina-reaper-pepper-eating-molten-lava |archive-date=2021-03-08}}</ref>

==Details==
[[File:Carolina Reaper 30 days old.JPG|thumb|upright|Carolina Reaper plant at 30 days]]

The Carolina Reaper was certified as the world's hottest chili pepper by ''Guinness World Records'' on August 11, 2017.<ref name="GWR"/> Testing was conducted by [[Winthrop University]] in South Carolina during the certification process which showed an average heat level of 1,641,183 [[Scoville scale|SHU]] for a given batch.<ref name="GWR">{{cite web | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20230128091737/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/hottest-chili/| archivedate=January 28, 2023| url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/hottest-chili/| title=Hottest chilli pepper (2017)| work=Guinness World Records| accessdate=October 16, 2023}}</ref><ref name="latimes">{{cite news | url= https://www.latimes.com/food/dailydish/la-dd-worlds-hottest-pepper-scoville-heat-units-20131226-story.html |work= [[Los Angeles Times]] |first=Betty |last=Hallock |title= World's Hottest Pepper Hits 2.4 Million Scoville Heat Units |date= December 26, 2013 |access-date=2021-11-23 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211115181837/https://www.latimes.com/food/dailydish/la-dd-worlds-hottest-pepper-scoville-heat-units-20131226-story.html |archive-date=2021-11-15|url-status=live}}</ref> Previously the record for the hottest pepper had been held by the [[Trinidad Scorpion Butch T pepper|scorpion pepper]] which measured in at 1,463,700 SHU in comparison.<ref name="latimes"/><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/science-environment/2011/04/worlds-hottest-chilli-grown-by-aussies-1/| title=World's hottest chilli grown by Aussies| last=DaSilva| first=Matthew| date=April 12, 2011| website=Australian Geographic| language=en-AU| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415203236/https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/science-environment/2011/04/worlds-hottest-chilli-grown-by-aussies-1/| archive-date=April 15, 2019| url-status=live| access-date=August 14, 2019}}</ref> It was later claimed through media outlets such as the [[Associated Press]] that an individual Carolina Reaper had a heat level of 2.2 million SHU.<ref name="latimes" /><ref name="AP">{{cite news | url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/worlds-hottest-pepper-grown-south-carolina |agency=[[Associated Press]] |first=Jeffrey |last=Collins | title=World's Hottest Pepper is Grown in South Carolina |date=December 26, 2013 |access-date=2021-11-23| url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701135227/https://bigstory.ap.org/article/worlds-hottest-pepper-grown-south-carolina |archive-date=July 1, 2015}}</ref>{{efn|This higher end number however was never confirmed by ''Guinness World Records''.<ref name="GWR"/>}} Currie eventually bred an even stronger pepper—known as "[[Pepper X]]"—that took the title of "World's Hottest Pepper" on August 23, 2023 that was tested indicating an average rating of 2.69 million SHUs.<ref name= "gwr2">{{cite web | title= Hottest chilli pepper| url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/hottest-chili |website= Guinness World Records| date=October 16, 2023| access-date= October 16, 2023}}</ref><ref name= "gwr3">{{cite web | title= Pepper X dethrones Carolina Reaper as world's hottest chilli pepper| url=https://guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2023/10/pepper-x-dethrones-carolina-reaper-as-worlds-hottest-chilli-pepper-759706 |website= Guinness World Records| date=October 16, 2023| access-date= October 16, 2023}}</ref>

[[File:Mature Carolina Reaper.jpg|thumb|upright|Mature plant]]

===Pungency===
The Reaper has been described as having a fruity taste, with the initial bite being sweet and then immediately turning to "molten lava."<ref name="prilava"/><ref name="smithers">{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/jul/19/worlds-strongest-chilli-carolina-reaper-on-sale-uk-high-street| title=UK shoppers to feel the heat as world's strongest chilli hits the high street| last=Smithers| first=Rebecca| date=July 16, 2016| newspaper=The Guardian| access-date=2021-11-23| url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205162023/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/jul/19/worlds-strongest-chilli-carolina-reaper-on-sale-uk-high-street |archive-date=2021-02-05}}</ref> The sensory heat or [[pungency]] detected when eating a Carolina Reaper derives from the density of [[capsaicinoid]]s, particularly [[capsaicin]], which relates directly to the intensity of chili pepper heat and [[Scoville scale|Scoville Heat Units (SHU)]].<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=4606152| year=2015| last1=Nagy| first1=Z| title=Determination of Polyphenols, Capsaicinoids, and Vitamin C in New Hybrids of Chili Peppers| journal=Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry| volume=2015| pages=102125| last2=Daood| first2=H| last3=Ambrózy| first3=Z| last4=Helyes| first4=L| doi=10.1155/2015/102125| pmid=26495153| doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Cultivation ==
For growing, the pepper has been described as "a good all-rounder to try at home" by [[James Wong (ethnobotanist)|James Wong]], an English [[ethnobotanist]], who stated that they require growing temperatures of at least {{convert|18|C|F}}. He suggested growing the plants in {{convert|30|-|40|cm|in|abbr=on}} pots to restrict growth and produce fruit sooner.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wong |first=James |author-link=James Wong (ethnobotanist) |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/feb/28/gardens-hottest-chilli-carolina-reaper-james-wong?CMP=share_btn_tw |title=Gardens: the hottest chilli ever grown |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=February 28, 2016 |access-date=2021-11-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309015426/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/feb/28/gardens-hottest-chilli-carolina-reaper-james-wong?CMP=share_btn_tw |archive-date=2021-03-09}}</ref> When fully ripe, two peppers occupy the palm of the hand.<ref name="smithers" />


== See also ==
At the 2nd Annual New York City Hot Sauce Expo on 30 March 2014,<ref>{{cite web|title=Guinness World Record Pepper Eating Attempt To Take Place At 2nd Annual New York City Hot Sauce Expo|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/guinness-world-record-pepper-eating-attempt-to-take-place-at-2nd-annual-new-york-city-hot-sauce-expo-252434691.html|website=PR Newswire|accessdate=19 August 2015}}</ref> Ed Currie was presented with his world record by Guinness World Records and an eating competition was held in which the fastest time to consume three Carolina Reapers was determined for a new Guinness World Records at 12.23 seconds by Russel Todd.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gross|first1=Matt|title=What's It Like to Eat the World's Hottest Chile Pepper?|url=http://www.bonappetit.com/entertaining-style/trends-news/article/eat-worlds-hottest-chiles|website=Bon Appetit|accessdate=19 August 2015}}</ref> This record was beaten in September 2014 by Jason McNabb, who finished three peppers in just 10.95 seconds.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fastest time to eat three Carolina Reaper chilis|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/fastest-time-to-eat-3-carolina-reaper-chilis|website=Guinness World Records|accessdate=19 August 2015}}</ref>
* [[One Chip Challenge]]


==Notes==
Recently, {{When|date=September 2015}} there has been debate over whether the Carolina Reaper is genetically distinct from the Trinidad 7-Pot Primo strain, another hybrid species of Caribbean chile which is very similar in heat level and appearance.{{fact|date=September 2015}}
{{Notelist}}


==References==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Capsicum chinense 'Carolina Reaper'}}
* [http://www.cbsnews.com/news/worlds-hottest-pepper-is-grown-in-south-carolina/ "World's hottest pepper is grown in South Carolina"] ''cbsnews.com''
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hrF3jVppfr4 Ed Currie, Breeding the Carolina Reaper] – video on [[YouTube]] (17 July 2017)
* [http://www.latimes.com/food/dailydish/la-dd-worlds-hottest-pepper-scoville-heat-units-20131226-story.html "World's hottest pepper hits 2.2 million Scoville heat units"] ''latimes.com''


{{Capsicum cultivars}}
{{Solanales-stub}}
{{Capsicum Cultivars}}


[[Category:Chili peppers]]
[[Category:Chili peppers]]

Latest revision as of 03:23, 14 December 2024

Carolina Reaper
SpeciesCapsicum chinense
Hybrid parentageNaga pepper x Habanero
BreederEd Currie
OriginFort Mill, South Carolina, U.S.
Heat Exceptionally hot
Scoville scale1,641,183 SHU

The Carolina Reaper chili pepper is a cultivar of the Capsicum chinense plant. Developed by American breeder Ed Currie, the pepper is red and gnarled, with a bumpy texture and small pointed tail. It was the hottest chili pepper in the world according to Guinness World Records from 2013 to 2023 before it was surpassed by Pepper X, which was also developed by Currie.

Development

[edit]

Currie, an American breeder, began working in about 2001 on what would become the Carolina Reaper. It took over 10 years to develop.[1][2] Sorting through hundreds of hybrid combinations, Currie was finally successful at crossing a "really nastily hot" La Soufrière (Saint Vincent) Habanero pepper from the Caribbean island of Saint Vincent and a Naga pepper from Pakistan".[3][2][1][a] During November of that year, a reporter from NPR visited Currie to try the new pepper. According to Currie's website: "The reporter ate a small piece of the pepper, rolled around on the floor, hallucinated, and then shared his experiences with the national media."[2] Currie officially named the pepper: "Smokin' Ed's Carolina Reaper". The word "reaper" was chosen by Currie due to the shape of the pepper's "sickle-like" tail.[5]

Details

[edit]
Carolina Reaper plant at 30 days

The Carolina Reaper was certified as the world's hottest chili pepper by Guinness World Records on August 11, 2017.[6] Testing was conducted by Winthrop University in South Carolina during the certification process which showed an average heat level of 1,641,183 SHU for a given batch.[6][7] Previously the record for the hottest pepper had been held by the scorpion pepper which measured in at 1,463,700 SHU in comparison.[7][8] It was later claimed through media outlets such as the Associated Press that an individual Carolina Reaper had a heat level of 2.2 million SHU.[7][9][b] Currie eventually bred an even stronger pepper—known as "Pepper X"—that took the title of "World's Hottest Pepper" on August 23, 2023 that was tested indicating an average rating of 2.69 million SHUs.[10][11]

Mature plant

Pungency

[edit]

The Reaper has been described as having a fruity taste, with the initial bite being sweet and then immediately turning to "molten lava."[5][12] The sensory heat or pungency detected when eating a Carolina Reaper derives from the density of capsaicinoids, particularly capsaicin, which relates directly to the intensity of chili pepper heat and Scoville Heat Units (SHU).[13]

Cultivation

[edit]

For growing, the pepper has been described as "a good all-rounder to try at home" by James Wong, an English ethnobotanist, who stated that they require growing temperatures of at least 18 °C (64 °F). He suggested growing the plants in 30–40 cm (12–16 in) pots to restrict growth and produce fruit sooner.[14] When fully ripe, two peppers occupy the palm of the hand.[12]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ His newly invented pepper was initially known as "HP22B" when first grown by Currie sometime in 2011.[4]
  2. ^ This higher end number however was never confirmed by Guinness World Records.[6]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b David Floyd (2016). "101: Carolina Reaper (HP22B)". 101 Chillies to Try Before You Die. Octopus. ISBN 9781844038657.
  2. ^ a b c "About Us". PuckerButt Pepper Co. Archived from the original on February 23, 2015. Retrieved November 23, 2021. Smokin' Ed gained the pepper industry's attention in November 2011 when an NPR Reporter stopped by to eat an HP22B pepper–now known as Smokin' Ed's Carolina Reaper®.
  3. ^ Zucchino, David (November 27, 2014). "From Pot To Hot: How a grower produced world's most fiery chile pepper". LA Times. Archived from the original on September 30, 2021. Retrieved November 23, 2021. It took 12 years of crossbreeding for Currie to reach the pinnacle of the pepper world. He said he tested hundreds of hybrid combinations before finally crossing a "really nastily hot" La Soufriere pepper from the Caribbean island of St. Vincent and a Naga pepper from Pakistan to create Smokin Ed's Carolina Reaper—"a tidal wave of scorching fire," as the PuckerButt website puts it.
  4. ^ "Confirmed: Smokin Ed's Carolina Reaper sets new record for hottest chilli". Guinness world records. November 19, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
  5. ^ a b Tu Chau (August 18, 2016). "Eating the 'Carolina Reaper' pepper is 'like eating molten lava'". Pri. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
  6. ^ a b c "Hottest chilli pepper (2017)". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on January 28, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
  7. ^ a b c Hallock, Betty (December 26, 2013). "World's Hottest Pepper Hits 2.4 Million Scoville Heat Units". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
  8. ^ DaSilva, Matthew (April 12, 2011). "World's hottest chilli grown by Aussies". Australian Geographic. Archived from the original on April 15, 2019. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  9. ^ Collins, Jeffrey (December 26, 2013). "World's Hottest Pepper is Grown in South Carolina". Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 1, 2015. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
  10. ^ "Hottest chilli pepper". Guinness World Records. October 16, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
  11. ^ "Pepper X dethrones Carolina Reaper as world's hottest chilli pepper". Guinness World Records. October 16, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
  12. ^ a b Smithers, Rebecca (July 16, 2016). "UK shoppers to feel the heat as world's strongest chilli hits the high street". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 5, 2021. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
  13. ^ Nagy, Z; Daood, H; Ambrózy, Z; Helyes, L (2015). "Determination of Polyphenols, Capsaicinoids, and Vitamin C in New Hybrids of Chili Peppers". Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry. 2015: 102125. doi:10.1155/2015/102125. PMC 4606152. PMID 26495153.
  14. ^ Wong, James (February 28, 2016). "Gardens: the hottest chilli ever grown". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
[edit]