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{{short description|Campaign to motivate and mobilize people around the world to improve their handwashing habits}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox holiday
{{Infobox holiday
|holiday_name = Global Handwashing Day
| holiday_name = Global Handwashing Day
|type = international
| type = International
|image = Global Handwashing Day (emblem).jpg
| image = Global Handwashing Day (emblem).svg
|imagesize =
| imagesize =
|caption = Logo used for Global Handwashing Day around the world. Shown in the image are water, soap, and hand.
| caption = Emblem used for Global Handwashing Day around the world. Shown in the image are water, soap, and hand.
|official_name =
| official_name =
|nickname =
| nickname =
|observedby =
| observedby =
|litcolor =
| litcolor =
|longtype =
| longtype =
|significance =
| significance =
|begins =
| begins =
|ends =
| ends =
|date = 15 October
| date = 15 October
|scheduling = same day each year
| scheduling = same day each year
|duration = 1 day
| duration = 1 day
|frequency = annual
| frequency = Annual
|celebrations =
| celebrations = "Our hands, our future!"
|observances =
| observances =
|relatedto = [[Menstrual hygiene day]]
| relatedto = [[Menstrual hygiene day]]
|firsttime = 15 October 2008
| firsttime = 15 October 2008
}}
}}


[[File:Washing hands Corona.jpg|thumb|Washing Hands Using Clean Water]]
'''Global Handwashing Day''' ('''GHD''') is a campaign to motivate and mobilize people around the world to improve their [[hand washing|handwashing]] habits by washing their hands with soap at critical moments throughout each day. It takes place on 15 October of each year. The campaign is dedicated to raising awareness of handwashing with soap as a key approach to disease prevention.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nfh&AN=20091015004104007&site=ehost-live|title = Lae Marks Global Handwashing Day|last = Rai|first = Frank|date = 12 August 2009|work = Post-Courier (Papua New Guinea)|access-date = 24 July 2015|via = Newspaper Source - EBSCO}}</ref>
'''Global Hand washing Day''' ('''GHD''') is an [[list of international observances#October|international hand washing promotion campaign]] to motivate and mobilize people around the world to improve their [[hand washing]] habits. Washing hands at critical points both during the day and washing with [[soap]] are important. In 2008, Global Handwashing Day was celebrated for the first time{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}. This day aims to make people around the world aware of the importance of washing their hands with soap in order to prevent diseases and infections{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}. To commem.orate this special day, over 120 million children in 70 countries were encouraged to practice [[Hand washing|handwashing]] with soap. Since then, the movement has built momentum, garnering support from various stakeholders such as governments, schools, NGOs, and private firms.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-21 |title=About Global Handwashing Day - The Global Handwashing Partnership |url=https://globalhandwashing.org/global-handwashing-day/about-ghd/ |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=globalhandwashing.org |language=en-US}}</ref>


Global Hand washing Day occurs on 15 October of every year. The global campaign is dedicated to [[consciousness raising|raising awareness]] of [[Hand washing|hand-washing]] with soap as a key factor to [[Preventive healthcare|disease prevention]].<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nfh&AN=20091015004104007&site=ehost-live|title = Lae Marks Global Handwashing Day|last = Rai|first = Frank|date = 12 August 2009|work = Post-Courier (Papua New Guinea)|access-date = 24 July 2015|via = Newspaper Source – EBSCO}}</ref> With proper handwashing, [[Respiratory disease|respiratory]] and [[Gastrointestinal disease|intestinal diseases]] can be reduced by 25–50%{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}.
==Background==
[[File:Global Handwashing Day 2008 celebrations with celebrities at City Central School (Cagayan de Oro) (3171506141).jpg|thumb|Global Handwashing Day 2008 celebrations with celebrities at City Central School in Cagayan de Oro, Philippines]]
[[File:Dry run with kids at City Central School CDO on how to wash hands with soap during Global Handwashing Day 2008 (Cagayan de Oro) (3172335900).jpg|thumb|Dry run with kids at City Central School in Cagayan de Oro on how to wash hands with soap during Global Handwashing Day 2008 (Philippines)]]
[[File:Global hand washing day (5104752290).jpg|thumb|Global handwashing day celebrations with the Mayor of Lusaka in Zambia]]
[[File:GHWWSD.JPG|thumb|Global handwashing day celebrations in Indonesia in 2008]]


==Implementation and management==
The campaign was initiated to reduce childhood mortality rates related respiratory and diarrheal diseases by introducing simple [[Behaviour change (public health)|behavioral changes]], such as [[handwashing]] with soap. This simple, accessible action can, according to research, reduce the rate of mortality from these diseases by almost 25 and 50 per cent, respectively.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Curtis|first1=Val|last2=Cairncross|first2=Sandy|title=Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|date=May 2003|volume=3|issue=5|pages=275–281|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00606-6}}</ref>
The Global Handwashing Partnership (GHP) (formerly called "Public Private Partnership for Handwashing" (PPPHW)) established Global Handwashing Day in 2008 to promote a global and local vision of handwashing with soap.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|date=12 October 2012|title=Global Handwashing Day|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=82513752&site=ehost-live|journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|volume=61|issue=40|page=821|access-date=24 July 2015|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>[https://globalhandwashing.org/about-us/our-history/ Global Handwashing Partnership: Our History]</ref>


Steering Committee members of the GHP include [[Colgate-Palmolive]]; [[FHI 360]]; The [[London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine]]; [[Procter & Gamble]]; [[UNICEF]]; [[Unilever]]; [[University at Buffalo]]; [[USAID]]; the Water and Sanitation Program at the [[World Bank]]; and the [[Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://globalhandwashing.org/about-us/who-we-are/|title=The Global Handwashing Partnership|website=globalhandwashing.org|date=3 January 2017 }}</ref>
===Importance of handwashing===
{{Main|Handwashing}}
Hand washing with soap is extremely effective and the most inexpensive way to prevent [[diarrhea]] and acute respiratory infections (ARI).<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nfh&AN=6FI3204107250&site=ehost-live|title = MOH Celebrates Global Handwashing Day|last = |first = |date = 15 October 2009|work = Arabia 2000|access-date = 24 July 2015|via = Newspaper Source - EBSCO}}</ref> [[Pneumonia]], a major ARI, is the number one cause of mortality among children under five years old, taking the life of an estimated 1.8 million children per year. [[Diarrhea]] and pneumonia together account for almost 3.5 million child deaths annually.<ref>[http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/The_State_of_the_Worlds_Children_2008.pdf The State of the World’s Children 2008. Child Survival. UNICEF]</ref> Handwashing with soap is estimated to reduce incidents of diarrhea by 30% and respiratory infections by 21% in children under the age of five.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url = http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=82513752&site=ehost-live|title = Global Handwashing Day|last = |first = |date = 12 October 2012|journal = MMWR: Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report|doi = |pmid = |access-date = 24 July 2015|volume = 61|issue = 40|page = 821|subscription = yes}}</ref>


Continued research on handwashing habits and practices has been commissioned in conjunction with GHD. In 2011, [[Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget]] (SCA), sponsored a study to assess the handwashing habits of American and Canadian adults, finding that many were not using soap when washing their hands.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bwh&AN=bizwire.c37268574&site=ehost-live|title = New Research Reveals Poor Handwashing Practices|date = 14 October 2011|work = Business Wire|access-date = 10 August 2015|via = Regional Business News – EBSCOhost}}</ref>
It is important to turn handwashing into a habit. According to the official site, turning hand washing with soap before eating and after using the [[toilet]] into an ingrained habit was projected to save more lives than any single vaccine or medical intervention, cutting deaths from diarrhea by almost half and deaths from acute respiratory infections by one-quarter.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://foodpoisoningbulletin.com/2013/today-is-global-handwashing-day/|title = Today is Global Handwashing Day|last = Larsen|first = Linda|date = 15 October 2013|work = Food Poisoning Bulletin|access-date = 24 July 2015|via = }}</ref> Handwashing is usually integrated together with other [[sanitation]] interventions as part of water, sanitation and hygiene ([[WASH]]) programmes.


===Aims===
GHD helps raise awareness of the importance of washing with soap, but it also makes it fun for children to get involved.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bwh&AN=wapo.ea30fbe0-e86a-11e0-8a05-c10ec107dc66&site=ehost-live|title = Getting All Lathered Up|last = Sawyer|first = Kem Knapp|date = 10 October 2011|work = The Washington Post|access-date = 24 July 2015|via = Regional Business News - EBSCO}}</ref>
The stated aims of Global Handwashing Day are to:<ref name=":1" />
* Foster and support a general culture of handwashing with soap in all societies
* Shine a spotlight on the state of handwashing in each country
* Raise awareness about the benefits of handwashing with soap.


==Activities==
Handwashing with soap may seem like a simple behavior, but it is rarely practiced globally. This is due both in part to lack of resources as well as it not being a habit.<ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jeffrey-sachs/global-handwashing-day-in_b_5989280.html</ref>
Each year, over 200 million people celebrate Global Handwashing Day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://concern-universal.org/get-involved/campaigns-appeals/global-handwashing-day/ |title=Global Handwashing Day - Concern Universal |accessdate=2015-08-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208100034/http://concern-universal.org/get-involved/campaigns-appeals/global-handwashing-day |archive-date=8 February 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>


== Examples ==
[[Peer pressure|Peer influence]] is significant to seeing increased handwashing among students. In a study conducted in [[Kenya]], researchers found that students were significantly more likely to wash their hands when another student is present.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Video Surveillance Captures Student Hand Hygiene Behavior, Reactivity to Observation, and Peer Influence in Kenyan Primary Schools|url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0092571|journal = PLoS ONE|date = 27 March 2014|pmc = 3968003|pmid = 24676389|pages = e92571|volume = 9|issue = 3|doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0092571|first = Amy J.|last = Pickering|first2 = Annalise G.|last2 = Blum|first3 = Robert F.|last3 = Breiman|first4 = Pavani K.|last4 = Ram|first5 = Jennifer|last5 = Davis}}</ref> Peer influence is only successful, however, when students know that handwashing is a desirable action.
* On 15 October 2014, [[Madhya Pradesh]], an Indian state, won the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] for the most massive handwashing program.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/mp-creates-world-record-for-mass-hand-washing-initiative-guinness-book-acknowledges-feat/article1-1365615.aspx|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150724070707/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/mp-creates-world-record-for-mass-hand-washing-initiative-guinness-book-acknowledges-feat/article1-1365615.aspx|url-status = dead|archive-date = 24 July 2015|title = MP Creates World Record for Mass Handwashing Initiative; Guinness Book Acknowledges Feat|date = 3 July 2015|work = Hindustan Times|access-date = 23 July 2015}}</ref> There were 1,276,425 children in 51 different districts participating.<ref name=":0" />
* Sometimes, groups choose to celebrate GHD on other dates than 15 October. In [[Ethiopia]], 300 people celebrated Global Handwashing Day in [[Addis Ababa]] on 1 November in 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://unicefethiopia.wordpress.com/2013/11/04/ethiopia-celebrates-global-handwashing-day/|title = Ethiopia Celebrates Global Handwashing Day|last = Bizuwork|first = Demissew|date = 4 November 2013|work = UNICEF Ethiopia|access-date = 24 July 2015}}</ref>
* On 15 October 2015, Lupok Central Elementary School, Guiuan Eastern Samar, [[Philippines]], celebrated the Global Handwashing Day by doing the proper handwashing before starting classes.


===Aims===
==History==
Global Handwashing Day was initiated by the Global Handwashing Partnership (GHP) in August 2008 at the annual [[World Water Week]] in Stockholm, Sweden.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://globalhandwashing.org/about-us/our-history/|title = The Global Public Private Partnership for Handwashing – Our History|accessdate = 18 December 2015|website = The Global Public Private Partnership for Handwashing| date=18 March 2015 }}</ref> This means that the first Global Handwashing Day took place on 15 October 2008. The date was appointed by the UN General Assembly. The year 2008 was also the [[International Year of Sanitation]].<ref>{{Cite web|url =https://www.who.int/gpsc/events/2008/15_10_08/en/index.html|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080913030154/http://www.who.int/gpsc/events/2008/15_10_08/en/index.html|url-status =dead|archive-date =13 September 2008|title = Global Handwashing Day|date = 15 October 2008|accessdate = 24 July 2015|website = World Health Organization}}</ref> The founding bodies in 2008 included: FHI360 (a nonprofit human development organization based in the US),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fhi360.org/about-us|title=fhi360 About Us|publisher=fhi360|accessdate=11 August 2015|archive-date=23 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823025515/http://www.fhi360.org/about-us|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]], [[Procter & Gamble]], [[UNICEF]], [[Unilever]], [[Water and sanitation program|World Bank Water & Sanitation Program]] and the [[United States Agency for International Development]].{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}
The aims of Global Handwashing Day are to:<ref name=":1" />
*Foster and support a general culture of handwashing with soap in all societies
*Shine a spotlight on the state of handwashing in each country
*Raise awareness about the benefits of handwashing with soap.


===Themes for annual Global Handwashing Day===
==Implementation and management==
* 2022 - Unite for Universal Hand Hygiene <ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Handwashing Day |url=https://globalhandwashing.org/universal-hand-hygiene-strategies-sustainable-financing-and-implementation-at-scale/ |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=globalhandwashing.org |date=14 October 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>
The Global Public-Private Partnership for Handwashing with Soap (PPPHW) established Global Handwashing Day in 2008 as a way to promote a global and local vision of handwashing with soap.<ref name=":1" />
* 2021 - Our Future Is at Hand – Let's Move Forward Together.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Global Handwashing Day|url=https://www.dnainhttps://globalhandwashing.org/global-handwashing-day/about-ghd/dia.com/health/report-world-hand-hygiene-day-2021-history-theme-and-significance-of-this-day-and-messages-to-share-world-health-organization-2888900#:~:text=World%20Hand%20Hygiene%20Day%202021%3A%20Theme,lives%20%E2%80%93%20clean%20your%20hands!%22|access-date=2021-10-12|website=globalhandwashing.org|publisher=The Global Handwashing Partnership}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* 2020 - Hand Hygiene for All.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}
* 2019 - Clean Hands for All. In the US, the US CDC used the theme Life is Better with Clean Hands and launched throughout the USA a national hand hygiene campaign<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/pdf/LifeIsBetterWithCleanHands_CampaignToolkit-p.pdf Digital Toolkit for the CDC's Life is Better with Clean Hands, which is useful globally] (PDF)</ref> targeting adults who are parents and caregivers in communicating the importance of handwashing before cooking at home and after using the bathroom when out in public.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/global-handwashing-day.html?deliveryName=USCDC_464-DM11038 US CDC's Global Handwashing Day home page]</ref> They used ideas such as 'Handwashing: a family activity' and 'Handwashing: A healthy habit in the kitchen' when focusing on parents' educational roles with their children.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/handwashing-family.html CDC's Handwashing: A Family Activity website]</ref><ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/handwashing-kitchen.html CDC's Handwashing: A Healthy Habit in the Kitchen website]</ref><ref>[https://globalhandwashing.org/about-us/our-history/ Global Handwashing Partnership: Our History. Home page]</ref>
* 2018 - Clean hands - a recipe for health.<ref>[https://globalhandwashing.org Global Handwashing Day website]</ref>
* 2017 - Our hands, our future.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Handwashing Day |url=https://globalhandwashing.org/announcing-the-2017-global-handwashing-day-theme-our-hands-our-future/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=globalhandwashing.org |date=6 July 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2016 - Make handwashing a habit.<ref>[https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/make-handwashing-a-habit/ 'Make Handwashing a Habit’ on #GlobalHandwashingDay. Global Citizen: Water & Sanitation.]</ref><ref>[https://globalhandwashing.org/why-make-handwashing-a-habit-an-explanation-of-this-years-global-handwashing-day-theme/ Why Make Handwashing a Habit? An explanation of the Global Handwashing Day 2016 theme. September 19, 2016Global Handwashing Day: Community Forum.]</ref>
* 2015 - Raise a hand for hygiene.<ref name="peacecorps.gov">[https://www.peacecorps.gov/stories/on-global-handwashing-day-raise-a-hand-for-hygiene/ On Global Handwashing Day, raise a hand for hygiene. Peace Corps website. 2015. Accessed October 15, 2019]</ref>
* 2014 - Clean hands save lives. In 2014, Global Handwashing Day was used as an opportunity to fight Ebola.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.unicef.org/media/media_76267.html|title = Handwashing One Important Tool in the Ebola Fight|date = 15 October 2014|work = UNICEF|access-date = 10 August 2015|archive-date = 6 September 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150906131709/http://www.unicef.org/media/media_76267.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> In Nigeria, for example, Concern Universal and Carex sponsored events featuring singer Sunny Neji.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://concern-universal.org/get-involved/campaigns-appeals/global-handwashing-day/|title = Global Handwashing Day: Handwashing Saves Lives|accessdate = 10 August 2015|website = Concern Universal Nigeria|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150208100034/http://concern-universal.org/get-involved/campaigns-appeals/global-handwashing-day|archive-date = 8 February 2015}}</ref>
* 2013 - The power is in your hands.
* 2012 - I am a handwashing advocate.<ref>[n/en/press-releases/global-handwashing-day-unicef-says-its-not-complicated-its-crucial On Global Handwashing Day UNICEF says: It's not complicated, but it's crucial Mass mobilization in schools and communities across China on benefits of handwashing. UNICEF website. 17 October 2012]</ref>
* 2011 - Clean hands save lives.
* 2010 - Children and Schools.
* 2009 - Spread the word, not the germs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unicef.org/wash/3942_51375.html |title=Saira Saeed Khan. Global Handwashing Day 2009: Spread the word, not the germs. UNICEF website. 9 October 2009. |access-date=15 October 2019 |archive-date=15 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015205709/https://www.unicef.org/wash/3942_51375.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2008 - The focus for Global Handwashing Day's inaugural year in 2008 was school children. In that year, the members pledged to get the maximum number of school children handwashing with soap in more than 70 countries. In [[India]] in 2008, [[cricket]] legend [[Sachin Tendulkar]] and his teammates joined an estimated 100 million schoolchildren around the country in lathering up for better health and hygiene as part of the first Global Handwashing Day.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/india_45974.html|title = Star Cricketer Sachin Tendulkar Promotes Handwashing in India|last = Walker|first = Angela|date = 16 October 2008|work = UNICEF|access-date = 24 July 2015|archive-date = 19 August 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170819145459/https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/india_45974.html|url-status = dead}}</ref>


== Background ==
Steering Committee members of the PPPHW includes Colgate-Palmolive; FHI 360; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; Procter & Gamble; UNICEF; Unilever; University at Buffalo; USAID; the Water and Sanitation Programme at the World Bank; and the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council.<ref>http://globalhandwashing.org/about-us/who-we-are/</ref>
[[File:Global Handwashing Day Celebration at Lupok Central Elementary School, Guiuan Eastern Samar Philippines.png|thumb| Pupils of Lupok Central Elementary School Guiuan Eastern Samar, [[Philippines]] during the Global Hand Washing Day Celebration in 2015]]


[[File:Global Handwashing Day 2008 celebrations with celebrities at City Central School (Cagayan de Oro) (3171506141).jpg|thumb|Global Handwashing Day 2008 celebrations with celebrities at City Central School in Cagayan de Oro, Philippines]]
Continued research on handwashing habits and practices is commissioned in conjunction with GHD. In 2011, [[Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget]] (SCA), sponsored a study to assess the handwashing habits of American and Canadian adults, finding that many were not using soap when washing their hands.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bwh&AN=bizwire.c37268574&site=ehost-live|title = New Research Reveals Poor Handwashing Practices|last = |first = |date = 14 October 2011|work = Business Wire|access-date = 10 August 2015|via = Regional Business News - EBSCOhost}}</ref>


[[File:Dry run with kids at City Central School CDO on how to wash hands with soap during Global Handwashing Day 2008 (Cagayan de Oro) (3172335900).jpg|thumb|Dry run with kids at City Central School in Cagayan de Oro on how to wash hands with soap during Global Handwashing Day 2008 (Philippines)]]
==Activities and celebrations==
Each year, over 200 million people celebrate Global Handwashing Day.<ref>http://concern-universal.org/get-involved/campaigns-appeals/global-handwashing-day/</ref>


[[File:GHWWSD.JPG|thumb|Global handwashing day celebrations in Indonesia in 2008]]
===Examples===
*On 15 October 2014, [[Madhya Pradesh]] won the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] for the most massive hand washing program.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/mp-creates-world-record-for-mass-hand-washing-initiative-guinness-book-acknowledges-feat/article1-1365615.aspx|title = MP Creates World Record for Mass Handwashing Initiative; Guinness Book Acknowledges Feat|last = |first = |date = 3 July 2015|work = Hindustan Times|access-date = 23 July 2015|via = }}</ref> There were 1,276,425 children in 51 different districts participating.<ref name=":0" />
*Sometimes, groups choose to celebrate GHD on other dates than 15 October. In [[Ethiopia|Ethopia]], 300 people celebrated Global Handwashing Day in [[Addis Ababa]] on November 1 in 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://unicefethiopia.wordpress.com/2013/11/04/ethiopia-celebrates-global-handwashing-day/|title = Ethiopia Celebrates Global Handwashing Day|last = Bizuwork|first = Demissew|date = 4 November 2013|work = UNICEF Ethiopia|access-date = 24 July 2015|via = }}</ref>


The campaign was initiated to reduce childhood mortality rates and related [[respiratory]] and [[Diarrhea|Diarrhoeal diseases]] by introducing simple [[Behaviour change (public health)|behavioral changes]], such as [[handwashing]] with [[soap]]. This simple action can reduce the [[mortality rate]] of respiratory disease by 25%. Death from Diarrhoeal diseases can be reduced by 50%.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Curtis|first1=Val|last2=Cairncross|first2=Sandy|date=May 2003|url=http://www.hygienecentral.org.uk/pdf/CurtisHandwashing.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118195054/http://www.hygienecentral.org.uk/pdf/CurtisHandwashing.pdf |archive-date=18 November 2017 |title=Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|volume=3|issue=5|pages=275–281|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00606-6|pmid=12726975}}</ref> Across the world, more than 60 percent of health workers do not adhere to proper hand hygiene. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US health care providers, on average, wash their hands less than half of the time they should. On any given day, one in 25 US hospital patients has at least one healthcare-associated infection.<ref name="CDC">{{cite web |title=Hand Hygiene in Healthcare Settings |url=https://www.cdc.gov/handhygiene/index.html |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (DHQP) |accessdate=23 October 2018 |date=May 3, 2018}}</ref>
==History==
Global Handwashing Day was created at the annual [[World Water Week]] 2008, which was held in [[Stockholm]] from August 17 to 23 and initiated by the [[Public-private partnership|Public Private Partnership]] for Handwashing (PPPHW). The first Global Handwashing Day took place on 15 October 2008, the date appointed by the UN General Assembly in accordance with year 2008 as the [[International Year of Sanitation]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.who.int/gpsc/events/2008/15_10_08/en/index.html|title = Global Handwashing Day|date = 15 October 2008|accessdate = 24 July 2015|website = World Health Organization|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>


=== Importance of handwashing ===
===Themes===
{{Main|Handwashing}}
*The focus for Global Handwashing Day’s inaugural year in 2008 was school children. In that year, the members pledged to get the maximum number of school children handwashing with soap in more than 70 countries. In [[India]] in 2008, [[cricket]] legend [[Sachin Tendulkar]] and his teammates joined an estimated 100 million schoolchildren around the country in lathering up for better health and hygiene as part of the first Global Handwashing Day.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/india_45974.html|title = Star Cricketer Sachin Tendulkar Promotes Handwashing in India|last = Walker|first = Angela|date = 16 October 2008|work = UNICEF|access-date = 24 July 2015|via = }}</ref>
Handwashing with soap is recognized as a highly effective and cost-efficient method for preventing diseases such as [[diarrhea]] and [[Acute respiratory infection|acute respiratory infections]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nfh&AN=6FI3204107250&site=ehost-live|title=MOH Celebrates Global Handwashing Day|date=15 October 2009|work=Arabia 2000|access-date=24 July 2015|via=Newspaper Source – EBSCO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://shifafoundation.org/world-hand-hygiene-day-2024/|title=World Hand Hygiene Day - WASH Initiatives|date=16 October 2009|work=UNICEF|access-date=25 July 2015|via=Shifa Foundation}}</ref> [[Pneumonia]], a significant acute respiratory infection, is the leading cause of death among children under five years old, responsible for approximately 1.8 million child deaths each year. Together, diarrhea and pneumonia account for almost 3.5 million child fatalities annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/The_State_of_the_Worlds_Children_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215235241/http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/The_State_of_the_Worlds_Children_2008.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2008 |title=The State of the World's Children 2008. Child Survival. UNICEF}}</ref> Studies estimate that handwashing with soap can reduce the incidence of diarrhea by 30% and respiratory infections by 21% in children under five years old.<ref name=":1" />
*In 2014, Global Handwashing Day was used as an opportunity to fight Ebola.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.unicef.org/media/media_76267.html|title = Handwashing One Important Tool in the Ebola Fight|last = |first = |date = 15 October 2014|work = UNICEF|access-date = 10 August 2015|via = }}</ref> In Nigeria, for example, Concern Universal and Carex sponsored events featuring singer Sunny Neji.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://concern-universal.org/get-involved/campaigns-appeals/global-handwashing-day/|title = Global Handwashing Day: Handwashing Saves Lives|date = |accessdate = 10 August 2015|website = Concern Universal Nigeria|publisher = |last = |first = |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150208100034/http://concern-universal.org/get-involved/campaigns-appeals/global-handwashing-day|archivedate = 11 May 2015}}</ref>


Regular handwashing with soap is a critical practice for health and [[hygiene]], significantly reducing the risks of certain diseases. It is more effective in preventing illness than some medical interventions, reducing diarrhea-related deaths by nearly half and deaths from acute respiratory infections by a quarter.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://foodpoisoningbulletin.com/2013/today-is-global-handwashing-day/|title=Today is Global Handwashing Day|last=Larsen|first=Linda|date=15 October 2013|work=Food Poisoning Bulletin|access-date=24 July 2015}}</ref> Handwashing is frequently integrated into broader [[WASH]] (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene) programs.
===Founding bodies===

The founding bodies in 2008 included: FHI360 (a nonprofit human development organization based in the US),<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.fhi360.org/about-us|title = fhi360 About Us|date = |accessdate = 11 August 2015|website = |publisher = fhi360|last = |first = }}</ref> [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]], [[Procter & Gamble]], [[UNICEF]], [[Unilever]], [[Water and sanitation program|World Bank Water & Sanitation Program]] and the [[United States Agency for International Development]]
The Global Handwashing Day plays a key role in promoting awareness of handwashing benefits, particularly emphasizing its importance for children through engaging activities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bwh&AN=wapo.ea30fbe0-e86a-11e0-8a05-c10ec107dc66&site=ehost-live|title=Getting All Lathered Up|last=Sawyer|first=Kem Knapp|date=10 October 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=24 July 2015|via=Regional Business News – EBSCO}}</ref> Overall, effective hygiene practices hinge on awareness and the development of consistent handwashing habits.

[[Peer pressure|Peer influence]] has been observed to play a significant role in encouraging handwashing practices. For instance, a study in Kenya demonstrated that the presence of peers increased the likelihood of students washing their hands.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pickering|first1=Amy J.|last2=Blum|first2=Annalise G.|last3=Breiman|first3=Robert F.|last4=Ram|first4=Pavani K.|last5=Davis|first5=Jennifer|date=27 March 2014|title=Video Surveillance Captures Student Hand Hygiene Behavior, Reactivity to Observation, and Peer Influence in Kenyan Primary Schools|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=3|pages=e92571|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0092571|pmc=3968003|pmid=24676389|bibcode=2014PLoSO...992571P|doi-access=free}}</ref> This effect of peer influence, however, depends on the awareness and acceptance among peers that handwashing is a positive and desirable behavior.

=== Related awareness days ===
The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) celebrates a World Hand Hygiene Day on 5 May. In 2018 the theme was prevention of [[sepsis]] in health care.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/infection-prevention/campaigns/clean-hands/5may2018/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306145735/http://www.who.int/infection-prevention/campaigns/clean-hands/5may2018/en/|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2018|title=Infection prevention and control|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=4 May 2018}}</ref> The theme of the year before was to combat [[Antimicrobial resistance|antibiotic resistance]] (AMR).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/infection-prevention/campaigns/clean-hands/2017/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506122104/http://www.who.int/infection-prevention/campaigns/clean-hands/2017/en/|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 May 2017|title=Infection prevention and control|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=4 May 2018}}</ref>

==Global collaboration==
* The US Peace Corps volunteers have contributed to observation of Global Handwashing Day.<ref name="peacecorps.gov"/>
* Global Handwashing Day supports the 2013 Water for the World Act, which aims to improve effectiveness and efficiency of that part of U.S. foreign aid which is committed to global <u>'''wa'''</u>ter, <u>'''s'''</u>anitation, and '''h'''ygiene ('''WASH''') by ensuring that funds will reach the neediest human populations who require WASH interventions the most.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.washadvocates.org/events/global-handwashing-day/ |title=Global Handwashing Day: Handwashing with soap can save one million lives per year. Accessed October 15, 2019 |access-date=15 October 2019 |archive-date=15 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015212215/https://www.washadvocates.org/events/global-handwashing-day/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Campaign effectiveness==
A 2012 study from China attempted to qualitatively assess Chinese social media users’ reactions to Global Handwashing Day (GHD) 2012, in particular, and to health promotion campaigns in general.<ref>{{cite journal| pmc=4675155 | pmid=26668765 | doi=10.5365/WPSAR.2015.6.2.003 | volume=6 | issue=3 | title=Global Handwashing Day 2012: a qualitative content analysis of Chinese social media reaction to a health promotion event | year=2015 | journal=Western Pac Surveill Response J | pages=34–42 | last1 = Fung | first1 = IC | last2 = Cai | first2 = J | last3 = Hao | first3 = Y | last4 = Ying | first4 = Y | last5 = Chan | first5 = BS | last6 = Tse | first6 = ZT | last7 = Fu | first7 = KW}}</ref> They concluded that social media data in China can be used to evaluate public health campaigns in China.<ref>{{cite journal| pmc=4231612 | pmid=24168075 | doi=10.1186/1471-2407-13-508 | volume=13 | title=Using Twitter for breast cancer prevention: an analysis of breast cancer awareness month | year=2013 | journal=BMC Cancer | page=508 | last1 = Thackeray | first1 = R | last2 = Burton | first2 = SH | last3 = Giraud-Carrier | first3 = C | last4 = Rollins | first4 = S | last5 = Draper | first5 = CR | doi-access=free }}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Behaviour change (public health)]]
* [[behaviour change (public health)]]
*[[Sanitation]]
* [[Biological hazard]]
* [[Infection|Contagion]]
*[[Sustainable Sanitation Alliance]]
*[[World Toilet Day]]
* [[Hygiene]]
* [[Infection control]]
*[[Menstrual hygiene day]]
* [[Infectious disease]]
* [[Menstrual Hygiene Day]]
* [[Sanitation]]
* [[Sustainable Sanitation Alliance]]
* [[World Toilet Day]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Global handwashing Day}}
*[http://globalhandwashing.org/global-handwashing-day/ Official site for Global Handwashing Day]
* [https://globalhandwashing.org Global Handwashing Partnership]
*[http://www.wsp.org World Bank Sanitation Program]
* [https://globalhandwashing.org/global-handwashing-day/ Official site for Global Handwashing Day]
*[http://www.unicef.org UNICEF]


{{Public health}}
{{Public health}}


[[Category:October observances]]
[[Category:Hygiene]]
[[Category:Sanitation]]
[[Category:International medical and health organizations]]
[[Category:International observances]]
[[Category:International observances]]
[[Category:Health awareness days]]
[[Category:Health awareness days]]
[[Category:Public health education]]
[[Category:Global health]]
[[Category:Health campaigns]]
[[Category:Sanitation]]
[[Category:Hygiene]]
[[Category:United Nations days]]
[[Category:United Nations days]]
[[Category:October observances]]

Latest revision as of 04:48, 19 August 2024

Global Handwashing Day
Emblem used for Global Handwashing Day around the world. Shown in the image are water, soap, and hand.
Celebrations"Our hands, our future!"
Date15 October
Next time15 October 2025 (2025-10-15)
FrequencyAnnual
First time15 October 2008
Related toMenstrual hygiene day
Washing Hands Using Clean Water

Global Hand washing Day (GHD) is an international hand washing promotion campaign to motivate and mobilize people around the world to improve their hand washing habits. Washing hands at critical points both during the day and washing with soap are important. In 2008, Global Handwashing Day was celebrated for the first time[citation needed]. This day aims to make people around the world aware of the importance of washing their hands with soap in order to prevent diseases and infections[citation needed]. To commem.orate this special day, over 120 million children in 70 countries were encouraged to practice handwashing with soap. Since then, the movement has built momentum, garnering support from various stakeholders such as governments, schools, NGOs, and private firms.[1]

Global Hand washing Day occurs on 15 October of every year. The global campaign is dedicated to raising awareness of hand-washing with soap as a key factor to disease prevention.[2] With proper handwashing, respiratory and intestinal diseases can be reduced by 25–50%[citation needed].

Implementation and management

[edit]

The Global Handwashing Partnership (GHP) (formerly called "Public Private Partnership for Handwashing" (PPPHW)) established Global Handwashing Day in 2008 to promote a global and local vision of handwashing with soap.[3][4]

Steering Committee members of the GHP include Colgate-Palmolive; FHI 360; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; Procter & Gamble; UNICEF; Unilever; University at Buffalo; USAID; the Water and Sanitation Program at the World Bank; and the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council.[5]

Continued research on handwashing habits and practices has been commissioned in conjunction with GHD. In 2011, Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget (SCA), sponsored a study to assess the handwashing habits of American and Canadian adults, finding that many were not using soap when washing their hands.[6]

Aims

[edit]

The stated aims of Global Handwashing Day are to:[3]

  • Foster and support a general culture of handwashing with soap in all societies
  • Shine a spotlight on the state of handwashing in each country
  • Raise awareness about the benefits of handwashing with soap.

Activities

[edit]

Each year, over 200 million people celebrate Global Handwashing Day.[7]

Examples

[edit]
  • On 15 October 2014, Madhya Pradesh, an Indian state, won the Guinness World Record for the most massive handwashing program.[8] There were 1,276,425 children in 51 different districts participating.[8]
  • Sometimes, groups choose to celebrate GHD on other dates than 15 October. In Ethiopia, 300 people celebrated Global Handwashing Day in Addis Ababa on 1 November in 2013.[9]
  • On 15 October 2015, Lupok Central Elementary School, Guiuan Eastern Samar, Philippines, celebrated the Global Handwashing Day by doing the proper handwashing before starting classes.

History

[edit]

Global Handwashing Day was initiated by the Global Handwashing Partnership (GHP) in August 2008 at the annual World Water Week in Stockholm, Sweden.[10] This means that the first Global Handwashing Day took place on 15 October 2008. The date was appointed by the UN General Assembly. The year 2008 was also the International Year of Sanitation.[11] The founding bodies in 2008 included: FHI360 (a nonprofit human development organization based in the US),[12] US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Procter & Gamble, UNICEF, Unilever, World Bank Water & Sanitation Program and the United States Agency for International Development.[citation needed]

Themes for annual Global Handwashing Day

[edit]
  • 2022 - Unite for Universal Hand Hygiene [13]
  • 2021 - Our Future Is at Hand – Let's Move Forward Together.[14]
  • 2020 - Hand Hygiene for All.[citation needed]
  • 2019 - Clean Hands for All. In the US, the US CDC used the theme Life is Better with Clean Hands and launched throughout the USA a national hand hygiene campaign[15] targeting adults who are parents and caregivers in communicating the importance of handwashing before cooking at home and after using the bathroom when out in public.[16] They used ideas such as 'Handwashing: a family activity' and 'Handwashing: A healthy habit in the kitchen' when focusing on parents' educational roles with their children.[17][18][19]
  • 2018 - Clean hands - a recipe for health.[20]
  • 2017 - Our hands, our future.[21]
  • 2016 - Make handwashing a habit.[22][23]
  • 2015 - Raise a hand for hygiene.[24]
  • 2014 - Clean hands save lives. In 2014, Global Handwashing Day was used as an opportunity to fight Ebola.[25] In Nigeria, for example, Concern Universal and Carex sponsored events featuring singer Sunny Neji.[26]
  • 2013 - The power is in your hands.
  • 2012 - I am a handwashing advocate.[27]
  • 2011 - Clean hands save lives.
  • 2010 - Children and Schools.
  • 2009 - Spread the word, not the germs.[28]
  • 2008 - The focus for Global Handwashing Day's inaugural year in 2008 was school children. In that year, the members pledged to get the maximum number of school children handwashing with soap in more than 70 countries. In India in 2008, cricket legend Sachin Tendulkar and his teammates joined an estimated 100 million schoolchildren around the country in lathering up for better health and hygiene as part of the first Global Handwashing Day.[29]

Background

[edit]
Pupils of Lupok Central Elementary School Guiuan Eastern Samar, Philippines during the Global Hand Washing Day Celebration in 2015
Global Handwashing Day 2008 celebrations with celebrities at City Central School in Cagayan de Oro, Philippines
Dry run with kids at City Central School in Cagayan de Oro on how to wash hands with soap during Global Handwashing Day 2008 (Philippines)
Global handwashing day celebrations in Indonesia in 2008

The campaign was initiated to reduce childhood mortality rates and related respiratory and Diarrhoeal diseases by introducing simple behavioral changes, such as handwashing with soap. This simple action can reduce the mortality rate of respiratory disease by 25%. Death from Diarrhoeal diseases can be reduced by 50%.[30] Across the world, more than 60 percent of health workers do not adhere to proper hand hygiene. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US health care providers, on average, wash their hands less than half of the time they should. On any given day, one in 25 US hospital patients has at least one healthcare-associated infection.[31]

Importance of handwashing

[edit]
Main article: Handwashing

Handwashing with soap is recognized as a highly effective and cost-efficient method for preventing diseases such as diarrhea and acute respiratory infections.[32][33] Pneumonia, a significant acute respiratory infection, is the leading cause of death among children under five years old, responsible for approximately 1.8 million child deaths each year. Together, diarrhea and pneumonia account for almost 3.5 million child fatalities annually.[34] Studies estimate that handwashing with soap can reduce the incidence of diarrhea by 30% and respiratory infections by 21% in children under five years old.[3]

Regular handwashing with soap is a critical practice for health and hygiene, significantly reducing the risks of certain diseases. It is more effective in preventing illness than some medical interventions, reducing diarrhea-related deaths by nearly half and deaths from acute respiratory infections by a quarter.[35] Handwashing is frequently integrated into broader WASH (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene) programs.

The Global Handwashing Day plays a key role in promoting awareness of handwashing benefits, particularly emphasizing its importance for children through engaging activities.[36] Overall, effective hygiene practices hinge on awareness and the development of consistent handwashing habits.

Peer influence has been observed to play a significant role in encouraging handwashing practices. For instance, a study in Kenya demonstrated that the presence of peers increased the likelihood of students washing their hands.[37] This effect of peer influence, however, depends on the awareness and acceptance among peers that handwashing is a positive and desirable behavior.

[edit]

The World Health Organization (WHO) celebrates a World Hand Hygiene Day on 5 May. In 2018 the theme was prevention of sepsis in health care.[38] The theme of the year before was to combat antibiotic resistance (AMR).[39]

Global collaboration

[edit]
  • The US Peace Corps volunteers have contributed to observation of Global Handwashing Day.[24]
  • Global Handwashing Day supports the 2013 Water for the World Act, which aims to improve effectiveness and efficiency of that part of U.S. foreign aid which is committed to global water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) by ensuring that funds will reach the neediest human populations who require WASH interventions the most.[40]

Campaign effectiveness

[edit]

A 2012 study from China attempted to qualitatively assess Chinese social media users’ reactions to Global Handwashing Day (GHD) 2012, in particular, and to health promotion campaigns in general.[41] They concluded that social media data in China can be used to evaluate public health campaigns in China.[42]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "About Global Handwashing Day - The Global Handwashing Partnership". globalhandwashing.org. 21 January 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
  2. ^ Rai, Frank (12 August 2009). "Lae Marks Global Handwashing Day". Post-Courier (Papua New Guinea). Retrieved 24 July 2015 – via Newspaper Source – EBSCO.
  3. ^ a b c "Global Handwashing Day". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 61 (40): 821. 12 October 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
  4. ^ Global Handwashing Partnership: Our History
  5. ^ "The Global Handwashing Partnership". globalhandwashing.org. 3 January 2017.
  6. ^ "New Research Reveals Poor Handwashing Practices". Business Wire. 14 October 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2015 – via Regional Business News – EBSCOhost.
  7. ^ "Global Handwashing Day - Concern Universal". Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
  8. ^ a b "MP Creates World Record for Mass Handwashing Initiative; Guinness Book Acknowledges Feat". Hindustan Times. 3 July 2015. Archived from the original on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  9. ^ Bizuwork, Demissew (4 November 2013). "Ethiopia Celebrates Global Handwashing Day". UNICEF Ethiopia. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
  10. ^ "The Global Public Private Partnership for Handwashing – Our History". The Global Public Private Partnership for Handwashing. 18 March 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
  11. ^ "Global Handwashing Day". World Health Organization. 15 October 2008. Archived from the original on 13 September 2008. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
  12. ^ "fhi360 About Us". fhi360. Archived from the original on 23 August 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  13. ^ "Global Handwashing Day". globalhandwashing.org. 14 October 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  14. ^ "About Global Handwashing Day". globalhandwashing.org. The Global Handwashing Partnership. Retrieved 12 October 2021.[permanent dead link‍]
  15. ^ Digital Toolkit for the CDC's Life is Better with Clean Hands, which is useful globally (PDF)
  16. ^ US CDC's Global Handwashing Day home page
  17. ^ CDC's Handwashing: A Family Activity website
  18. ^ CDC's Handwashing: A Healthy Habit in the Kitchen website
  19. ^ Global Handwashing Partnership: Our History. Home page
  20. ^ Global Handwashing Day website
  21. ^ "Global Handwashing Day". globalhandwashing.org. 6 July 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  22. ^ 'Make Handwashing a Habit’ on #GlobalHandwashingDay. Global Citizen: Water & Sanitation.
  23. ^ Why Make Handwashing a Habit? An explanation of the Global Handwashing Day 2016 theme. September 19, 2016Global Handwashing Day: Community Forum.
  24. ^ a b On Global Handwashing Day, raise a hand for hygiene. Peace Corps website. 2015. Accessed October 15, 2019
  25. ^ "Handwashing One Important Tool in the Ebola Fight". UNICEF. 15 October 2014. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
  26. ^ "Global Handwashing Day: Handwashing Saves Lives". Concern Universal Nigeria. Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
  27. ^ [n/en/press-releases/global-handwashing-day-unicef-says-its-not-complicated-its-crucial On Global Handwashing Day UNICEF says: It's not complicated, but it's crucial Mass mobilization in schools and communities across China on benefits of handwashing. UNICEF website. 17 October 2012]
  28. ^ "Saira Saeed Khan. Global Handwashing Day 2009: Spread the word, not the germs. UNICEF website. 9 October 2009". Archived from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  29. ^ Walker, Angela (16 October 2008). "Star Cricketer Sachin Tendulkar Promotes Handwashing in India". UNICEF. Archived from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
  30. ^ Curtis, Val; Cairncross, Sandy (May 2003). "Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review" (PDF). The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 3 (5): 275–281. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00606-6. PMID 12726975. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 November 2017.
  31. ^ "Hand Hygiene in Healthcare Settings". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (DHQP). 3 May 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
  32. ^ "MOH Celebrates Global Handwashing Day". Arabia 2000. 15 October 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2015 – via Newspaper Source – EBSCO.
  33. ^ "World Hand Hygiene Day - WASH Initiatives". UNICEF. 16 October 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2015 – via Shifa Foundation.
  34. ^ "The State of the World's Children 2008. Child Survival. UNICEF" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2008.
  35. ^ Larsen, Linda (15 October 2013). "Today is Global Handwashing Day". Food Poisoning Bulletin. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
  36. ^ Sawyer, Kem Knapp (10 October 2011). "Getting All Lathered Up". The Washington Post. Retrieved 24 July 2015 – via Regional Business News – EBSCO.
  37. ^ Pickering, Amy J.; Blum, Annalise G.; Breiman, Robert F.; Ram, Pavani K.; Davis, Jennifer (27 March 2014). "Video Surveillance Captures Student Hand Hygiene Behavior, Reactivity to Observation, and Peer Influence in Kenyan Primary Schools". PLOS ONE. 9 (3): e92571. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...992571P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092571. PMC 3968003. PMID 24676389.
  38. ^ "Infection prevention and control". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 6 March 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  39. ^ "Infection prevention and control". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 6 May 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  40. ^ "Global Handwashing Day: Handwashing with soap can save one million lives per year. Accessed October 15, 2019". Archived from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  41. ^ Fung, IC; Cai, J; Hao, Y; Ying, Y; Chan, BS; Tse, ZT; Fu, KW (2015). "Global Handwashing Day 2012: a qualitative content analysis of Chinese social media reaction to a health promotion event". Western Pac Surveill Response J. 6 (3): 34–42. doi:10.5365/WPSAR.2015.6.2.003. PMC 4675155. PMID 26668765.
  42. ^ Thackeray, R; Burton, SH; Giraud-Carrier, C; Rollins, S; Draper, CR (2013). "Using Twitter for breast cancer prevention: an analysis of breast cancer awareness month". BMC Cancer. 13: 508. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-13-508. PMC 4231612. PMID 24168075.
[edit]
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