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m Vlad97531 moved page R-29RMU2 Layner to R-29RMU2 Lajner: According to ISO 9 (internation standard of transliteration of Cyrillic in Latin, meaning for the purpose of this article Russian into English) character ‘й’ transliterates as ‘j’. Obviously, the independent researcher of the first article about this SLBM, which was previously referenced here for it’s name, didnot check with ISO 9.
 
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{{short description|Submarine-launched ballistic missile}}
{{Infobox weapon
{{Infobox weapon
|is_missile=yes
|is_missile = yes
|name = R-29RMU2.1 Liner
|name = R-29RMU2.1 Lajner
|image =
|image =
|type = [[Submarine-launched ballistic missile]]
|type = [[Submarine-launched ballistic missile|SLBM]]
|origin = [[Russia]]
|origin = Russia
|vehicle_range =
|vehicle_range = 8,300-11,000 km{{cn|date=November 2020}}
|accuracy = 250 m
|filling = 12
⚫
|engine = Three-stage [[liquid-propellant rocket]]
|cep =
⚫
|guidance = [[Astroinertial]] with [[GLONASS]]
|Range: 11,000-12,000 km<ref>http://www.likeswagon.com/2014/10/top-10-ballistic-missiles-by.html</ref>
⚫
|speed =
⚫
|engine = Three-stage liquid propellant
|length = 15 m
⚫
|guidance = [[Astroinertial]] with [[GLONASS]]
⚫
|diameter = 1.9 m
⚫
|speed =
|length = 15 m
|weight = 40 tons
|filling = 4 × 500kt or 12 × 100kt [[Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle|multiple thermonuclear warheads]]<ref name="vpk.name">{{cite web|url=https://vpk.name/library/f/r-29rmu21-layner.html|title= R-29RMU2.1 Liner|access-date=13 October 2018|language=ru }}</ref>
⚫
|diameter = 1.9 m

|weight = 40 tons
|designer = [[Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau]]
|designer = [[Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau]]
|manufacturer = [[Krasnoyarsk Machine-Building Plant]]
|manufacturer = [[Krasnoyarsk Machine-Building Plant]]
|unit_cost =
|unit_cost =
|service = 2014
|service = 2014–present
|used_by = [[Russian Navy]]
|used_by = [[Russian Navy]]
}}
}}


The '''R-29RMU2.1 Lajner'''<ref name="slis">{{cite web|url=http://planet4589.org/space/lvdb/lis/S.lis|title=S: Suborbital launches (apogee 80+ km)|first=Jonathan|last=McDowell|work=Jonathan's Space Page|accessdate=2 January 2012}}</ref> ({{lang-ru|Р-29РМУ2 "Лайнер"}} meaning ''Liner'') is a Russian [[Liquid fuels|liquid-fuelled]] [[submarine-launched ballistic missile]] (SLBM) developed by the [[Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau]] and produced by the Krasnoyarsk Machine-Building Plant.<ref name=Lenta1082011/> Derived from the [[R-29RMU Sineva]] SLBM, the Layner can carry twelve nuclear warheads, three times as many as Sineva. Reportedly capable of piercing [[anti-ballistic missile]] defences, the Layner, with its high payload-mass ratio, was described by its developer as the best [[ballistic missile]] in existence. It was expected to enter service with the [[Russian Navy]]'s [[Delta IV class submarine]]s after a successful test programme that spanned from May to September 2011. The Russian Navy confirmed in 2014 that the system was now in use.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lenta.ru/news/2014/04/02/liner/|title=Lenta.ru: Оружие: Вооружение: Россия вооружилась баллистической ракетой «Лайнер»|publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2014}}</ref>
The '''R-29RMU2.1 Lajner''' ({{langx|ru|Р-29РМУ2.1 "Лайнер"}} meaning ''Liner'' as in [[airliner]] or [[ocean liner]]) is a Russian [[Liquid fuels|liquid-fuelled]] [[submarine-launched ballistic missile]] (SLBM) and the newest member of the [[R-29 (missile)|R-29]] missile family, developed by the [[Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau]] and produced by the Krasnoyarsk Machine-Building Plant. Derived from the [[R-29RMU Sineva|R-29RMU2 Sineva]] SLBM, the Lajner can carry twelve nuclear warheads, three times as many as Sineva. It was expected to enter service with the [[Russian Navy]]'s [[Delta IV-class submarine]]s after a successful test programme that spanned from May to September 2011. The Russian Navy confirmed in 2014 that the system was now in use.


==History and design==
==History and design==
On 9 August 2011, the [[Ministry of Defence (Russia)|Russian Ministry of Defense]] disclosed the details of the Layner SLBM, whose first launch occurred on 20 May earlier that year.<ref name=Lenta1082011>{{cite news |script-title=ru:Внезапный "Лайнер" |trans_title=Sudden "Liner" |author= |url=http://lenta.ru/articles/2011/08/10/liner/ |language=Russian |newspaper=[[Lenta.Ru]] |publisher=Lenta.ru |date=10 August 2011 |accessdate=10 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=New Russian Missile Blows Away Competition |author= |url=http://www.ocnus.net/artman2/publish/Defence_Arms_13/New-Russian-Missile-Blows-Away-Competition.shtml |newspaper=[[RT (TV network)|RT]] |publisher=Ocnus.net |date=10 August 2011 |accessdate=10 February 2012}}</ref> The authorities originally claimed the launch to be of a Sineva missile, but on 23 May 2011 revealed the missile fired was actually the Layner.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://russianforces.org/blog/2011/05/what_is_liner_slbm.shtml |title=What is Liner SLBM? |author= |date=23 May 2011 |work=Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces |publisher=Russianforces.org |accessdate=12 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=ru:В России создана ракета в два раза мощнее "Булавы" |trans_title=In Russia, the launcher twice as powerful "Bulava" |language=Russian |author= |url=http://lenta.ru/news/2011/08/09/liner/ |newspaper=[[Lenta.Ru]] |publisher=Lenta.ru |date=9 August 2011 |accessdate=10 February 2012}}</ref> The successful firing, aimed at the [[Kura Test Range]], was conducted from the submarine [[Russian submarine K-84 Ekaterinburg|K-84 ''Ekaterinburg'']].<ref name=Lenta1082011/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://russianforces.org/blog/2011/05/another_sineva_launch_from_eka.shtml |title=Another Sineva launch from Ekaterinburg submarine |author= |date=20 May 2011 |work=Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces |publisher=Russianforces.org |accessdate=12 February 2012}}</ref>
On 9 August 2011, the [[Ministry of Defence (Russia)|Russian Ministry of Defense]] disclosed the details of the Lajner SLBM, whose first launch occurred on 20 May earlier that year.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Russian Missile Blows Away Competition |url=http://www.ocnus.net/artman2/publish/Defence_Arms_13/New-Russian-Missile-Blows-Away-Competition.shtml |newspaper=[[RT (TV network)|RT]] |publisher=Ocnus.net |date=10 August 2011 |access-date=10 February 2012}}</ref> The authorities originally claimed the launch to be of a Sineva missile, but on 23 May 2011 it was revealed that the missile fired was actually the Lajner.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://russianforces.org/blog/2011/05/what_is_liner_slbm.shtml |title=What is Liner SLBM? |date=23 May 2011 |journal=Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces |publisher=Russianforces.org |access-date=12 February 2012|last1=Podvig |first1=Pavel }}</ref> The successful firing, aimed at the [[Kura Test Range]], was conducted from the submarine [[Russian submarine K-84 Ekaterinburg|K-84 ''Ekaterinburg'']].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://russianforces.org/blog/2011/05/another_sineva_launch_from_eka.shtml |title=Another Sineva launch from Ekaterinburg submarine |date=20 May 2011 |journal=Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces |publisher=Russianforces.org |access-date=12 February 2012|last1=Podvig |first1=Pavel }}</ref>


[[File:RIAN archive 895550 Drills for nuclear submarine crews at training center in Murmansk Region.jpg|thumb|left|[[Russian submarine K-114 Tula|K-114 ''Tula'']], one of the seven [[Delta IV class submarine]]s of the Russian Navy, launched the second Layner in September 2011.|alt=Submarine docked in pier in snow-covered landscape.]]
[[File:RIAN archive 895550 Drills for nuclear submarine crews at training center in Murmansk Region.jpg|thumb|left|[[Russian submarine K-114 Tula|K-114 ''Tula'']], one of the seven [[Delta IV-class submarine]]s of the Russian Navy, launched the second Lajner in September 2011.|alt=Submarine docked in pier in snow-covered landscape.]]


The second launch of the Layner missile took place on 29 September 2011 from the submarine [[Russian submarine K-114 Tula|K-114 ''Tula'']] in the [[Barents Sea]] aimed at the Kura Test Range.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=ru:Минобороны успешно запустило новую баллистическую ракету |trans_title=Ministry of Defense has successfully launched a new ballistic missile |language=Russian |author= |url=http://lenta.ru/news/2011/09/29/liner/ |newspaper=[[Lenta.Ru]] |publisher=Lenta.ru |date=29 September 2011 |accessdate=10 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Russia successfully tests new strategic missile |author= |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-09/30/c_131168428.htm |newspaper=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |publisher=News.cn |date=30 September 2011 |accessdate=10 February 2012}}</ref> Following the second successful Layner test, the Russian Navy decided to accept the missile into active service to augment the [[RSM-56 Bulava]] missile and improve the future viability of the Delta IV class submarines until at least 2030.<ref>{{cite news |title=Liner missile to enter Russia Navy |author= |url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2011/10/21/59100320.html |newspaper=[[Voice of Russia]] |publisher=Ruvr.ru |date=21 October 2011 |accessdate=10 February 2012}}</ref><ref name=Rusnavy>{{cite news |title=Liner missile won't substitute Bulava – source |author= |url=http://rusnavy.com/news/newsofday/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=12673 |newspaper=[[RIA Novosti]] |publisher=Rusnavy.com |date=10 August 2011 |accessdate=10 February 2012}}</ref> Development work on the missile was completed by late February 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia Finished Development of SLBM Liner |author= |url=http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=14406 |newspaper= |publisher=Rusnavy.com |date=24 February 2011 |accessdate=25 February 2012}}</ref> Missile was recommended by the State Commission for adoption as of December 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.makeyev.ru/infores/news/623|title=ОАО «ГРЦ Макеева». Информационный ресурс. Новости.|publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2014}}</ref> Missile weapons complex D-29RMU2.1 with missile R-29RMU2.1 accepted for service by decree of the President of the Russian Federation in January 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.makeyev.ru/infores/news/786|title=ОАО «ГРЦ Макеева». Информационный ресурс. Новости.|publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2014}}</ref>
The second launch of the Lajner missile took place on 29 September 2011 from the submarine [[Russian submarine K-114 Tula|K-114 ''Tula'']] in the [[Barents Sea]] aimed at the Kura Test Range.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia successfully tests new strategic missile |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-09/30/c_131168428.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002185227/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-09/30/c_131168428.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 October 2011 |newspaper=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |publisher=News.cn |date=30 September 2011 |access-date=10 February 2012}}</ref> Following the second successful Lajner test, the Russian Navy decided to accept the missile into active service to augment the [[RSM-56 Bulava]] missile and improve the future viability of the Delta IV-class submarines until at least 2030.<ref>{{cite news |title=Liner missile to enter Russia Navy |url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2011/10/21/59100320.html |newspaper=[[Voice of Russia]] |publisher=Ruvr.ru |date=21 October 2011 |access-date=10 February 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=Rusnavy>{{cite news |title=Liner missile won't substitute Bulava – source |url=http://rusnavy.com/news/newsofday/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=12673 |newspaper=[[RIA Novosti]] |publisher=Rusnavy.com |date=10 August 2011 |access-date=10 February 2012}}</ref> Development work on the missile was completed by late February 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia Finished Development of SLBM Liner |url=http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=14406 |publisher=Rusnavy.com |date=24 February 2011 |access-date=25 February 2012}}</ref> Missile was recommended by the State Commission for adoption as of December 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.makeyev.ru/infores/news/623|title=ОАО "ГРЦ Макеева". Информационный ресурс. Новости.|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223203850/http://www.makeyev.ru/infores/news/623|url-status=dead}}</ref> Missile weapons complex D-29RMU2.1 with missile R-29RMU2.1 accepted for service by decree of the President of the Russian Federation in January 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.makeyev.ru/infores/news/786|title=ОАО "ГРЦ Макеева". Информационный ресурс. Новости.|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-date=7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407060312/http://www.makeyev.ru/infores/news/786|url-status=dead}}</ref>


The Layner missile is a highly advanced derivative of the three-stage liquid-propelled R-29RMU Sineva SLBM, which was accepted into service in 2007.<ref name=Lenta1082011/><ref name=RT.com>{{cite news |title=New submarine supermissile can pierce ABM shield |author= |url=http://rt.com/news/new-nuclear-submarine-missile/|newspaper=[[RT (TV network)|RT]] |publisher=RT.com |date=10 August 2011 |accessdate=10 February 2012}}</ref> While many technical details are not disclosed, it is known that the missile is capable of carrying up to twelve low-[[Nuclear weapon yield|yield]] [[nuclear warhead]]s called [[MIRV]]s capable of striking several targets individually.<ref name=RT.com/> This is twice the number of warheads the solid-propellant RSM-56 Bulava SLBM can carry, and, unlike those of the Sineva SLBM, these warheads can be of a mixed set with various yields.<ref name=Rusnavy/> While it shares flight characteristics with the Sineva, the Layner is equipped with improved [[Anti-ballistic missile defense countermeasures|systems to overcome]] anti-ballistic missile shields.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=ru:"Лайнер" пойдет в тираж |trans_title="Liner" will enter service |author= |url=http://interfax.ru/politics/txt.asp?id=210987&sw=%EB%E0%E9%ED%E5%F0&bd=6&bm=9&by=2011&ed=6&em=10&ey=2011&secid=0&mp=2&p=1 |language=Russian |newspaper=[[Interfax]] |publisher=Interfax.ru |date=6 October 2011 |accessdate=10 February 2012}}</ref> The missile can carry ten low-yield warheads with [[penetration aid]]s, eight low-yield warheads with more penetration aids, four medium-yield warheads with penetration aids.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://russianforces.org/blog/2011/10/liner_slbm_explained.shtml|title=Liner SLBM explained|publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2014}}</ref>
The Lajner missile is a highly advanced derivative of the three-stage liquid-propelled R-29RMU2 Sineva SLBM, which was accepted into service in 2007. While many technical details are not disclosed, it is known that the missile is capable of carrying up to twelve low-[[Nuclear weapon yield|yield]] [[nuclear warhead]]s called [[MIRV]]s capable of striking several targets individually.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}} This is twice the number of warheads the solid-propellant RSM-56 Bulava SLBM can carry, and, unlike those of the Sineva SLBM, these warheads can be of a mixed set with various yields.<ref name=Rusnavy/> While it shares flight characteristics with the Sineva, the Lajner is equipped with improved [[Anti-ballistic missile defense countermeasures|systems to overcome]] anti-ballistic missile shields.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=ru:"Лайнер" пойдет в тираж |trans-title="Liner" will enter service |url=http://interfax.ru/politics/txt.asp?id=210987&sw=%EB%E0%E9%ED%E5%F0&bd=6&bm=9&by=2011&ed=6&em=10&ey=2011&secid=0&mp=2&p=1 |language=ru |newspaper=[[Interfax]] |publisher=Interfax.ru |date=6 October 2011 |access-date=10 February 2012}}</ref> The missile can carry twelve low-yield warheads without [[penetration aid]]s, ten low-yield warheads with penetration aids, eight low-yield warheads with enhanced penetration aids, or four medium-yield warheads with penetration aids.<ref name="vpk.name"/>


==Operators==
{{Portal bar|Weapons of mass destruction|Submarine}}
; {{RUS}}
* [[Russian Navy]]


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Comparison of ICBMs]]
* [[R-29 (missile)|R-29]]
* [[R-29RM (missile)|R-29RM]]
* [[M51 (missile)|M51 SLBM]] - French [[Submarine-launched ballistic missile|submarine-launched intercontinental ballistic missile]]
* [[R-29RMU Sineva]]
* [[Trident (missile)|Trident SLBM]] - US submarine-launched intercontinental ballistic missile
* [[R-39 (missile)|R-39]]
* [[JL-2|JL-2 SLBM]] – Chinese submarine-launched intercontinental ballistic missile
* [[R-39M]]
* [[R-29RMU Sineva]] - Russian submarine-launched intercontinental ballistic missile
* [[RSM-56 Bulava]] - Russian submarine-launched intercontinental ballistic missile
* [[RSM-56 Bulava]]
* [[Kanyon]]
* [[RS-26 Rubezh]] - Russian [[Intercontinental Ballistic Missile]] based on the [[RS-24 Yars]]
* [[UGM-133 Trident II]]
* [[RS-28 Sarmat]] - Russian heavy intercontinental ballistic missile, replacement for [[R-36M]] SS-18
* [[M45 (missile)]]
* [[M51 (missile)]]
* [[JL-1]]
* [[JL-2]]
* [[K Missile family]]
* [[Pukkuksong-1]]


==References==
==References==
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{{Russian and Soviet missiles|SSM}}
{{Russian and Soviet missiles|SSM}}


{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:R-29RMU2 Layner}}

{{DISPLAYTITLE:R-29RMU2 ''Layner''}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:R-29RMU2 ''Lajner''}}


⚫
{{DEFAULTSORT:R-29RMU2 Lajner}}
[[Category:Submarine-launched ballistic missiles of Russia]]
[[Category:Submarine-launched ballistic missiles of Russia]]
[[Category:Intercontinental ballistic missiles of Russia]]
[[Category:Intercontinental ballistic missiles of Russia]]
[[Category:Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau]]
[[Category:MIRV capable missiles]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 2010s]]

Latest revision as of 16:30, 8 December 2024

R-29RMU2.1 Lajner
TypeSLBM
Place of originRussia
Service history
In service2014–present
Used byRussian Navy
Production history
DesignerMakeyev Rocket Design Bureau
ManufacturerKrasnoyarsk Machine-Building Plant
Specifications
Mass40 tons
Length15 m
Diameter1.9 m
Warhead4 × 500kt or 12 × 100kt multiple thermonuclear warheads[1]
EngineThree-stage liquid-propellant rocket
Operational
range
8,300-11,000 km[citation needed]
Guidance
system
Astroinertial with GLONASS
Accuracy250 m

The R-29RMU2.1 Lajner (Russian: Р-29РМУ2.1 "Лайнер" meaning Liner as in airliner or ocean liner) is a Russian liquid-fuelled submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) and the newest member of the R-29 missile family, developed by the Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau and produced by the Krasnoyarsk Machine-Building Plant. Derived from the R-29RMU2 Sineva SLBM, the Lajner can carry twelve nuclear warheads, three times as many as Sineva. It was expected to enter service with the Russian Navy's Delta IV-class submarines after a successful test programme that spanned from May to September 2011. The Russian Navy confirmed in 2014 that the system was now in use.

History and design

[edit]

On 9 August 2011, the Russian Ministry of Defense disclosed the details of the Lajner SLBM, whose first launch occurred on 20 May earlier that year.[2] The authorities originally claimed the launch to be of a Sineva missile, but on 23 May 2011 it was revealed that the missile fired was actually the Lajner.[3] The successful firing, aimed at the Kura Test Range, was conducted from the submarine K-84 Ekaterinburg.[4]

Submarine docked in pier in snow-covered landscape.
K-114 Tula, one of the seven Delta IV-class submarines of the Russian Navy, launched the second Lajner in September 2011.

The second launch of the Lajner missile took place on 29 September 2011 from the submarine K-114 Tula in the Barents Sea aimed at the Kura Test Range.[5] Following the second successful Lajner test, the Russian Navy decided to accept the missile into active service to augment the RSM-56 Bulava missile and improve the future viability of the Delta IV-class submarines until at least 2030.[6][7] Development work on the missile was completed by late February 2012.[8] Missile was recommended by the State Commission for adoption as of December 2012.[9] Missile weapons complex D-29RMU2.1 with missile R-29RMU2.1 accepted for service by decree of the President of the Russian Federation in January 2014.[10]

The Lajner missile is a highly advanced derivative of the three-stage liquid-propelled R-29RMU2 Sineva SLBM, which was accepted into service in 2007. While many technical details are not disclosed, it is known that the missile is capable of carrying up to twelve low-yield nuclear warheads called MIRVs capable of striking several targets individually.[citation needed] This is twice the number of warheads the solid-propellant RSM-56 Bulava SLBM can carry, and, unlike those of the Sineva SLBM, these warheads can be of a mixed set with various yields.[7] While it shares flight characteristics with the Sineva, the Lajner is equipped with improved systems to overcome anti-ballistic missile shields.[11] The missile can carry twelve low-yield warheads without penetration aids, ten low-yield warheads with penetration aids, eight low-yield warheads with enhanced penetration aids, or four medium-yield warheads with penetration aids.[1]

Operators

[edit]
 Russia

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "R-29RMU2.1 Liner" (in Russian). Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  2. ^ "New Russian Missile Blows Away Competition". RT. Ocnus.net. 10 August 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  3. ^ Podvig, Pavel (23 May 2011). "What is Liner SLBM?". Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. Russianforces.org. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
  4. ^ Podvig, Pavel (20 May 2011). "Another Sineva launch from Ekaterinburg submarine". Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. Russianforces.org. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
  5. ^ "Russia successfully tests new strategic missile". Xinhua News Agency. News.cn. 30 September 2011. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  6. ^ "Liner missile to enter Russia Navy". Voice of Russia. Ruvr.ru. 21 October 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2012.[permanent dead link‍]
  7. ^ a b "Liner missile won't substitute Bulava – source". RIA Novosti. Rusnavy.com. 10 August 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  8. ^ "Russia Finished Development of SLBM Liner". Rusnavy.com. 24 February 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  9. ^ "ОАО "ГРЦ Макеева". Информационный ресурс. Новости". Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  10. ^ "ОАО "ГРЦ Макеева". Информационный ресурс. Новости". Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  11. ^ "Лайнер" пойдет в тираж ["Liner" will enter service]. Interfax (in Russian). Interfax.ru. 6 October 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2012.

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