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Evolutionary Map of the Universe, or EMU, is a large project which will use the new ASKAP telescope to make a census of radio sources in the sky. EMU is expected to detect about 70 million radio sources.^[1] Most of these radio sources will be galaxies millions of light years away, many containing massive black holes, and some of the signals detected will have been sent less than half a billion years after the Big Bang, which created the universe 13.7 billion years ago. Unlike the NVSS, which mainly detected active galactic nuclei, the greater sensitivity of EMU means that about half the galaxies detected will be star-forming galaxies.

EMU's primary science driver is to try to understand how the stars and galaxies were first formed, and how they evolved to their present state. The census of 70 million galaxies detected by EMU will represent galaxies in all their different stages of evolution, so that they can be placed in sequence, enabling the study of how their properties change as they evolve. EMU will be able to probe star forming galaxies up to a redshift of about 1, active galactic nuclei to the edge of the observable universe, and will undoubtedly uncover new classes of object.

EMU was chosen (with WALLABY) as one of the two highest-ranked proposals for ASKAP from an initial field of 39 expressions of interest.^[2] EMU is an international project, and the EMU team consists of over 400 astronomers in 21 countries.

In addition to planning and conducting the radio survey itself, the EMU project also includes

Key Science Projects, which will deliver the key science goals from EMU. These include Galaxy Evolution, Cosmology, Galaxy Clusters, the Galactic Plane, and Radio Stars.^[3]
Development Projects, which are developing and optimising the tools needed to generate the science from the EMU data. These include source extraction,^[4] cross-identification with multi-wavelength catalogues,^[5] and redshift determination. One such development project has resulted in the creation of the Radio Galaxy Zoo citizen science project.^[6]
Collaboration Projects, which develop and maintain collaborations with other large survey projects such as Meerkat-Mightee, MWA-GLEAM, LOFAR, SkyMapper, WISE, and eRosita.
The WTF project, which will mine the EMU data for unexpected discoveries that are not included in the science goals.

History

The EMU project was proposed in 2009 by a team led by Ray Norris. It was ranked by ASKAP in the top two of ten Survey Science projects, with Norris the Project Leader, and A. Hopkins and N. Seymour as Project Scientists. Seymour stepped down in 2018, and Norris stepped down in 2020. Currently, Andrew Hopkins is the Project Leader. The EMU team now has over 400 members.

Technical Overview

EMU is a radio sky survey project which will use the new ASKAP telescope to make a deep (~10 microJy rms) radio continuum survey covering the entire Southern Sky as far north as declination +30°. It will have about 40 times the sensitivity, and six times the resolution, of the NVSS”, and will also be more sensitive to extended diffuse emission, because of the short baselines built into the ASKAP array.

EMU will survey the entire sky visible from the ASKAP telescope in 30 square degree fields. Each field will be surveyed over the 300 MHz band from about 1110 to 1410 MHz, in 1 MHz channels, delivering both spectral shapes and, through the POSSUM^[7] project, all four Stokes parameters and rotation measures. The data will be processed in near-real-time by the ASKAP pipeline processor. After the processed data have been approved for quality control by the EMU team, they will be placed in the public domain. The radio components will then be grouped into radio sources, and where possible cross-matched with other multiwavelength data. They will then be placed into the EMU value-added catalogue (EVACAT) which will be available only to members of the EMU team for some proprietary period before being released into the public domain.

TimelineThe EMU project has five phases (dates are notional, and depend on construction and commissioning progress)

EMU Phase 1: Design Study (2008-2015): The EMU design study examined issues such as simulating the performance of the phased-array-feed, developing high-dynamic-range imaging algorithms, source extraction and identification, etc. It also conducts pilot science experiments on fields such as the ATLAS, SCORPIO, and COSMOS fields, to guide the ultimate EMU science.
EMU Phase 2: BETA Commissioning (2013-2015) The EMU team contributed enthusiastically to the ASKAP Commissioning process, including using the 6-antenna Boolardy Test Array (BETA) to make the first observations, debugging the telescope and its processing.
EMU Phase 3: ASKAP-12 Commissioning: In 2016, a science-ready ASKAP ("ASKAP-12") was delivered with 12 of the 36 antennas equipped with ADE ("MkII") PAFs (in addition to the six antennas equipped with BETA PAFs, which are not expected to be used). A significant period of commissioning and debugging the instrument ensued.
EMU Phase 4: Early Science: The first survey science observations will be made with the ASKAP-12 array, starting in early 2016. A number of science projects were observed ed, resulting in a number of journal papers.. During this period the additional antennas were progressively equipped with PAFs.
EMU Phase 5: Pilot Surveys. The first EMU Pilot Field was observed in 2019–2020, and a paper presenting the main results was published.^[8] Several science papers have been published, including the discovery of Odd Radio Circles.
EMU Phase 5: Full Survey Science: (2022). The EMU survey observations themselves are expected to take up to 5 years of telescope time. It is hoped eventually that WALLABY data will be able to be combined with EMU data to obtain an even more sensitive uimage of the sky.

References

^ Norris, R.P., et al., EMU: Evolutionary Map of the Universe, PASA (2015), Volume 28, Issue 2, pp. 215-248. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PASA...28..215N
^ Johnston, S, et al., Science with ASKAP. The Australian square-kilometre-array pathfinder, Experimental Astronomy (2008), Volume 22, p. 151. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ExA....22..151J
^ Umana, G. et al., SCORPIO: a deep survey of radio emission from the stellar life-cycle, MNRAS (2015), Volume 454, p. 902. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.454..902U
^ Hopkins, A. et al., The ASKAP/EMU Source Finding Data Challenge, PASA (2015), in press. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015arXiv150903931H
^ Fan, D. et al., Matching radio catalogues with realistic geometry: application to SWIRE and ATLAS, MNRAS (2015), 451, 1299. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.451.1299F
^ Banfield, J. et al., Radio Galaxy Zoo: host galaxies and radio morphologies derived from visual inspection, MNRAS (2015), 453, 2326. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.453.2326B
^ Gaensler, B. et al., Survey Science with ASKAP: Polarization Sky Survey of the Universe's Magnetism (POSSUM), Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society (2010), Vol. 42, p.515. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AAS...21547013G
^ Norris, R.P., et al., The Evolutionary Map of the Universe pilot survey, PASA (2021), Volume 38, p. 46 https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PASA...38...46N

External links

[1] Norris, R.P., et al., EMU: Evolutionary Map of the Universe, PASA (2015), Volume 28, Issue 2, pp. 215-248. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PASA...28..215N

[2] Johnston, S, et al., Science with ASKAP. The Australian square-kilometre-array pathfinder, Experimental Astronomy (2008), Volume 22, p. 151. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ExA....22..151J

[3] Umana, G. et al., SCORPIO: a deep survey of radio emission from the stellar life-cycle, MNRAS (2015), Volume 454, p. 902. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.454..902U

[4] Hopkins, A. et al., The ASKAP/EMU Source Finding Data Challenge, PASA (2015), in press. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015arXiv150903931H

[5] Fan, D. et al., Matching radio catalogues with realistic geometry: application to SWIRE and ATLAS, MNRAS (2015), 451, 1299. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.451.1299F

[6] Banfield, J. et al., Radio Galaxy Zoo: host galaxies and radio morphologies derived from visual inspection, MNRAS (2015), 453, 2326. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.453.2326B

[7] Gaensler, B. et al., Survey Science with ASKAP: Polarization Sky Survey of the Universe's Magnetism (POSSUM), Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society (2010), Vol. 42, p.515. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AAS...21547013G

[8] Norris, R.P., et al., The Evolutionary Map of the Universe pilot survey, PASA (2021), Volume 38, p. 46 https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PASA...38...46N

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-""Evolutionary Map of the Universe"", or EMU, is a large project which will use the new [[Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder|ASKAP]] telescope to make a census of [[Astronomical radio source|radio sources]] in the sky. EMU is expected to detect about 70 million radio sources
+[[File:CSIRO ScienceImage 2161 Close up of a radio astronomy telescope with several more in the background.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder]] (ASKAP) [[Radio telescope|radio telescope array]]]]
-.<ref>Norris, R.P., et al., EMU: Evolutionary Map of the Universe, PASA (2015), Volume 28, Issue 2, pp. 215-248. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PASA...28..215N</ref>
+'''Evolutionary Map of the Universe''', or EMU, is a large project which will use the new [[Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder|ASKAP]] telescope to make a census of [[Astronomical radio source|radio sources]] in the sky. EMU is expected to detect about 70 million radio sources.<ref>Norris, R.P., et al., EMU: Evolutionary Map of the Universe, PASA (2015), Volume 28, Issue 2, pp. 215-248. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PASA...28..215N</ref>
+Most of these radio sources will be [[galaxy|galaxies]] millions of light years away, many containing massive [[black hole]]s, and some of the signals detected will have been sent less than half a billion years after the [[Big Bang]], which created the universe 13.7 billion years ago. Unlike the NVSS, which mainly detected [[active galactic nuclei]], the greater sensitivity of EMU means that about half the galaxies detected will be star-forming galaxies.
-compared to the  2.5 million radio sources currently known, most of which were detected by the [[NRAO VLA Sky Survey]].
-Most of these radio sources will be [[galaxy|galaxies]] millions of light years away, many containing massive [[black holes|black hole]], and some of the signals detected will have been sent less than half a billion years after the [[Big Bang]], which created the Universe 13.7 billion years ago. Unlike the NVSS, which mainly detected [[Active Galactic Nuclei]], the greater sensitivity of EMU means that about half the galaxies detected will be star-forming galaxies.
-EMU's primary science driver is to try to understand how the stars and galaxies were first formed, and how they evolved to their present state. The census of 70 million galaxies detected by EMU will represent galaxies in all their different stages of evolution, so that they can be placed in sequence, enabling the study of how their properties change as they evolve. EMU will be able to probe star forming galaxies up to a [[redshift]] of  about 1, [[Active Galactic Nuclei]] to the edge of the [[Observable Universe]], and will undoubtedly uncover new classes of object.
+EMU's primary science driver is to try to understand how the stars and galaxies were first formed, and how they evolved to their present state. The census of 70 million galaxies detected by EMU will represent galaxies in all their different stages of evolution, so that they can be placed in sequence, enabling the study of how their properties change as they evolve. EMU will be able to probe star forming galaxies up to a [[redshift]] of  about 1, [[active galactic nuclei]] to the edge of the [[observable universe]], and will undoubtedly uncover new classes of object.
-EMU was chosen (with WALLABY) as one of the two highest-ranked proposals for ASKAP from an initial field of 39 expressions of interest
+EMU was chosen (with WALLABY) as one of the two highest-ranked proposals for ASKAP from an initial field of 39 expressions of interest.<ref>Johnston, S, et al., Science with ASKAP. The Australian square-kilometre-array pathfinder, Experimental Astronomy (2008), Volume 22, p. 151. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ExA....22..151J</ref> EMU is an international project, and the EMU team consists of over 400 astronomers in 21 countries.
-.<ref>Johnston, S, et al., Science with ASKAP. The Australian square-kilometre-array pathfinder, Experimental Astronomy (2008), Volume 22, p. 151. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ExA....22..151J</ref> EMU is an international project, and the EMU team consists of over 300 astronomers in 17 countries.
 In addition to planning and conducting the radio survey itself, the EMU project also includes
 * '''Key Science Projects''', which will deliver the key science goals from EMU. These include Galaxy Evolution, Cosmology, Galaxy Clusters, the Galactic Plane, and Radio Stars.<ref>Umana, G. et al., SCORPIO: a deep survey of radio emission from the stellar life-cycle, MNRAS (2015), Volume 454, p. 902.  http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.454..902U</ref>
 * '''Development Projects''', which are developing and optimising the tools needed to generate the science from the EMU data. These include source extraction,<ref>Hopkins, A. et al., The ASKAP/EMU Source Finding Data Challenge, PASA (2015), in press. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015arXiv150903931H</ref> cross-identification with multi-wavelength catalogues,<ref>Fan, D. et al., Matching radio catalogues with realistic geometry: application to SWIRE and ATLAS, MNRAS (2015), 451, 1299. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.451.1299F</ref> and redshift determination. One such development project has resulted in the creation of the [[Zooniverse (citizen science project)|Radio Galaxy Zoo]] citizen science project.<ref>Banfield, J. et al., Radio Galaxy Zoo: host galaxies and radio morphologies derived from visual inspection, MNRAS (2015), 453, 2326. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.453.2326B</ref>
-* '''Collaboration Projects''', which  develop and maintain collaborations with other large survey projects such as [[MeerKAT|Meerkat-Mightee]], [[Murchison Widefield Array|MWA-GLEAM]], [[LOFAR]], [[SkyMapper]], [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer|WISE]], and [[Spektr-RG|eRosita]].
+* '''Collaboration Projects''', which  develop and maintain collaborations with other large survey projects such as [[MeerKAT|Meerkat-Mightee]], [[Murchison Widefield Array|MWA-GLEAM]], [[Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR)|LOFAR]], [[SkyMapper]], [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer|WISE]], and [[Spektr-RG|eRosita]].
 * The [http://askap.pbworks.com/WTF '''WTF''' project], which will mine the EMU data for unexpected discoveries that are not included in the science goals.
-==Technical Overview==
+== History ==
+The EMU project was proposed in 2009 by a team led by [[Ray Norris (astrophysicist)|Ray Norris]]. It was ranked by ASKAP in the top two of ten Survey Science projects, with Norris the Project Leader, and A. Hopkins and N. Seymour as Project Scientists. Seymour stepped down in 2018, and Norris stepped down in 2020. Currently, Andrew Hopkins is the Project Leader. The EMU team now has over 400 members.
-EMU is a radio sky survey project which will use the new [[Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder|ASKAP]]  telescope to make a deep (~10 microJy rms) radio continuum survey covering the entire Southern Sky as far North as [[declination]] +30°. It will have about 40 times the sensitivity, and six times the resolution, of the   [[NRAO VLA Sky Survey|NVSS]]”, and will also be more sensitive to extended diffuse emission, because of the short baselines built into the ASKAP array.
+== Technical Overview ==
-EMU will survey the entire sky visible from the ASKAP telescope in 30 square degree fields. Each field will be surveyed over the 300 MHz band from about 1110 to 1410 MHz, in 1 MHz channels, delivering both spectral shapes and, through the POSSUM <ref>Gaensler, B. et al.,
+EMU is a radio sky survey project which will use the new [[Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder|ASKAP]]  telescope to make a deep (~10 microJy rms) radio continuum survey covering the entire Southern Sky as far north as [[declination]] +30°. It will have about 40 times the sensitivity, and six times the resolution, of the [[NRAO VLA Sky Survey|NVSS]]”, and will also be more sensitive to extended diffuse emission, because of the short baselines built into the ASKAP array.
+EMU will survey the entire sky visible from the ASKAP telescope in 30 square degree fields. Each field will be surveyed over the 300 MHz band from about 1110 to 1410 MHz, in 1 MHz channels, delivering both spectral shapes and, through the POSSUM<ref>Gaensler, B. et al.,
 Survey Science with ASKAP: Polarization Sky Survey of the Universe's Magnetism (POSSUM), Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society (2010), Vol. 42, p.515. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AAS...21547013G</ref> project, all four [[Stokes parameters]] and [[Faraday effect|rotation measures]]. The data will be processed in near-real-time by the ASKAP pipeline processor. After the processed data have been approved for quality control by the EMU team, they will be placed in the public domain. The ''radio components'' will then be grouped into ''radio sources'', and where possible cross-matched with other multiwavelength data. They will then be placed into the ''EMU value-added catalogue'' (EVACAT) which will be available only to members of the EMU team for some proprietary period before being released into the public domain.
+== TimelineThe EMU project has five phases (dates are notional, and depend on construction and commissioning progress) ==
-==Timeline==
+* EMU Phase 1: Design Study (2008-2015): The EMU design study examined issues such as simulating the performance of the phased-array-feed, developing high-dynamic-range imaging algorithms, source extraction and identification, etc. It also conducts pilot science experiments on fields such as the ATLAS, SCORPIO, and COSMOS fields, to guide the ultimate EMU science.
-The EMU project has five phases (dates are notional, and depend on construction and commissioning progress):
+* EMU Phase 2: BETA Commissioning  (2013-2015) The EMU team contributed enthusiastically to the ASKAP Commissioning process, including using the 6-antenna Boolardy Test Array (BETA) to make the first observations, debugging the telescope and its processing.
-* EMU Phase 1: Design Study (2008-2015): The EMU design study examines issues such as simulating the performance of the phased-array-feed, developing high-dynamic-range imaging algorithms, source extraction and identification, etc. It also conducts pilot science experiments on fields such as the ATLAS, SCORPIO, and COSMOS fields, to guide the ultimate EMU science.
-* EMU Phase 2: BETA Commissioning  (2013-2015) The EMU team contribute enthusiastically to the ASKAP Commissioning process, including using the 6-antenna Boolardy Test Array (BETA) to make the first observations, debugging the telescope and its processing.
+* EMU Phase 3: ASKAP-12 Commissioning: In  2016, a science-ready ASKAP ("ASKAP-12") was delivered with  12 of the 36 antennas equipped with ADE ("MkII") PAFs (in addition to the six antennas equipped with BETA PAFs, which are not expected to be used). A significant period of commissioning and debugging the instrument ensued.
+* EMU Phase 4: Early  Science: The first survey science observations will be made with the ASKAP-12 array, starting in early 2016. A number of science projects were observed ed, resulting in a number of journal papers.. During this period the additional antennas were progressively equipped with PAFs.
-* EMU Phase 3: ASKAP-12 Commissioning: (Early 2016). By 2016, a science-ready ASKAP ("ASKAP-12") will be delivered with  12 of the 36 antennas equipped with ADE ("MkII") PAFs (in addition to the six antennas equipped with BETA PAFs, which we do not expect to use). We expect a significant period of commissioning and debugging the instrument.
+* EMU Phase 5: Pilot Surveys. The first EMU Pilot Field was observed in 2019–2020, and a paper presenting the main results was published.<ref>Norris, R.P., et al., The Evolutionary Map of the Universe pilot survey, PASA (2021), Volume 38,  p. 46 https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PASA...38...46N</ref> Several science papers have been published, including the discovery of [[Odd radio circle|Odd Radio Circles]].
-* EMU Phase 4: Early Survey Science: The first survey science observations will be made with the ASKAP-12 array, starting in early 2016. Current plans include  a moderately deep (25 microJy rms) observation of an area of ~1000 sq. deg. over the frequency range 700-1800&nbsp;MHz. This will yield not only flux densities of several million sources, but also spectral indices and (via the POSSUM project) polarisation and rotation measures. The details and parameters of this phase are currently under discussion. This  will enable the EMU team  to cream off the first continuum science and to develop the analysis and interpretation processes. During this period it is likely that additional antennas will be progressively equipped with PAFs, for which there is funding to complete the array. The end-date for this phase therefore depends on progress with the commissioning activities.
-* EMU Phase 5: Full Survey Science: (2017-2018). The EMU survey observations themselves are expected to take 1.5 – 2 years of telescope time, and since EMU and WALLABY are the two top-ranked surveys, and will observe commensally, we hope the full EMU survey may be completed as early as 2018.
+* EMU Phase 5: Full Survey Science: (2022). The EMU survey observations themselves are expected to take up to 5 years of telescope time. It is hoped eventually  that WALLABY data will be able to be combined with EMU data to obtain an even more sensitive uimage of the sky.
 ==References==
 {{Reflist}}
 == External links ==
 * [http://www.atnf.csiro.au/people/Ray.Norris/emu/index.html EMU Outreach page]
 * [http://askap.pbworks.com/enwiki/w/page/14049286/FrontPage EMU Project wiki]
 * [http://www.atnf.csiro.au/people/Ray.Norris/EmuNewsletter9.pdf EMU Newsletter]
-==References==
 [[Category:Square Kilometre Array]]