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Coordinates: 23°10′N 79°56′E / 23.167°N 79.933°E / 23.167; 79.933
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{{About|the municipality in Madhya Pradesh, India|its namesake district|Jabalpur District}}
{{short description|City in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{About|the municipality in Madhya Pradesh India|its namesake district|Jabalpur District}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jabalpur
| name = Jabalpur
| native_name = जबलपुर
| official_name =
| native_name = <!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per WP:INDICSCRIPT policy. -->
| native_name_lang = hindi
| other_name =
| native_name_lang = Hindi
| settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]
| other_name = Jubbulpore
| settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| image_skyline = {{Photo montage
| size=265
| nickname = Marble City, Sanskaardhaani
| color=transparent
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location of Jabalpur in India
| photo1a=Marble Rocks - Jabalpur.jpg
| photo2a=The Madan Mahal Fort Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh India DSC.00023.jpg
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| photo2b=Dhuandhar Waterfalls.jpg
| pushpin_label_position = left
| photo3a=Jabalpur Engineering College (JEC)'s Admin Building.jpg
| pushpin_map_alt =
| photo3b=St. Aloysius Senior Secondary School.jpg
| pushpin_map_caption =
| photo4a=MP HIGH COURT JABALPUR - panoramio.jpg
| latd = 23
| photo5a=Jabalpur_Airport_New_Terminal.jpg
| latm = 10
}}
| lats =
| image_caption = ''(Colockwise from top to bottom):'' [[Bhedaghat]], [[Dhuandhar Falls]], [[St. Aloysius Senior Secondary School]], [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]], [[Jabalpur Airport]], [[Jabalpur Engineering College]], [[Madan Mahal|Madan Mahal Fort]].
| latNS = N
| longd = 79
| nickname =
| longm = 56
| map_caption = Location of Jabalpur in India
| longs =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| longEW = E
| coordinates_display = inline,title
| coordinates = {{coord|23|10|N|79|56|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of Madhya Pradesh.svg|Emblem of Madhya Pradesh}} [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jabalpur district|Jabalpur]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jabalpur district|Jabalpur]]
| established_title = <!-- Established -->
| established_title = <!-- Established -->
| established_date =
| established_date =
| government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–Council]]
| founder =
| governing_body = [[Jabalpur Municipal Corporation]]
| named_for =
| leader_title = Mayor
| government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–Council]]
| leader_name = Jagat Bahadur Singh<ref>{{cite news |title=Jabalpur Nagar Nigam Result: कांग्रेस ने भेदा बीजेपी का किला, महापौर चुनाव में जगत बहादुर सिंह अन्नू की जीत |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/madhya-pradesh-chhattisgarh/mp/jabalpur-nagar-nigam-nikay-chunav-result-jagat-bahadur-singh-annu-dr-jitendra-jamdar-apmp/1262171 |access-date=17 July 2022 |work=Zee News |date=17 July 2022 |language=hi}}</ref>
| governing_body = [[Jabalpur Municipal Corporation]]
|government MP = Rakesh Singh
| unit_pref = Metric
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| area_total_km2 = 263.49
| area_footnotes = <ref name='Jabalpur City'>{{cite web|title=Jabalpur City|url=https://blog.mygov.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Final_Jabalpur-Smart-City-Proposal_Mygov.pdf|access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref>
| leader_name = Swati Godbole
| elevation_footnotes =
| leader_title2 = [[District collector]]
| leader_name2 = Collector Jabalpur
| elevation_m = 412
| population_total = 1,055,525
| leader_title3 = [[Municipal commissioner]]
| population_as_of = 2011
| leader_name3 = Commissioner
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census_city">{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2322_PART_B_DCHB_INDORE.pdf |title=District Census Handbook, Indore |access-date=23 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531083016/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2322_PART_B_DCHB_INDORE.pdf |archive-date=31 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2334_PART_B_DCHB_JABALPUR.pdf |title=Jabalpur district |work=2011 Census of India |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114001414/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2334_PART_B_DCHB_JABALPUR.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="1Lakhandabove">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |page=3 |title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=26 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113152754/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_density_km2 = auto
| area_footnotes =
| population_metro = 1,267,564
| area_rank =
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="census_metro">{{cite web |url=http://censusmp.nic.in/censusmp/All-PDF/Workshop%20at%20Admn.Academy%20-%2013%20Nov.%202014/04.%20Urban-data.ppt |title=Presentation on Towns and Urban Agglomerations |work=Census of India 2011 |access-date=13 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314015213/http://censusmp.nic.in/censusmp/All-PDF/Workshop%20at%20Admn.Academy%20-%2013%20Nov.%202014/04.%20Urban-data.ppt |archive-date=14 March 2016 }}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 367
| population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|38th]]
| elevation_footnotes =
| population_blank1_title = Metro rank
| elevation_m = 412
| population_blank1 = [[List of million-plus agglomerations in India|38th]]
| population_urban = {{formatnum:1,081,677}}
| population_demonyms = Jabalpurians, Jabalpuriya, Jabalpurites
| population_metro = 1,267,564
| population_as_of = 2011
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|37th]]
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| population_density_km2 = 478
| postal_code = 482001 to 482011
| population_blank1_title = [[List of million-plus agglomerations in India|Agglomeration Rank]]
| area_code = 0761
| population_blank1 = [[List of million-plus agglomerations in India|40th]]
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| population_demonym = Jabalpurians, Jabalpuriya, Jabalpurites
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| population_footnotes =<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2334_PART_B_DCHB_JABALPUR.pdf |title=Jabalpur district |work=2011 Census of India |accessdate=20 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="1Lakhandabove">{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | format=PDF |page=3 | title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above | publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India | accessdate=26 March 2012}}</ref>
| registration_plate = MP-20
|blank3_name = [[Languages of India|Official language]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
|blank3_info = [[Hindi]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 929 [[female|♀]] / 1000 [[male|♂]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| website = {{URL|https://jabalpur.nic.in}}
| footnotes = {{Reflist|group=upper-alpha}}
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 482001 to 4820xx
| leader_title3 = [[Municipal commissioner]]
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| leader_name3 = Swapnil Wankhade IAS
| area_code = +91-761
| leader_title4 = MP
| registration_plate = MP-20
| leader_name4 = [[Ashish Dubey]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Literacy Rate|Average Literacy Rate]]
| blank3_name = [[Languages of India|Official language]]
| blank3_info = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=25 May 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| blank2_info_sec1 = 89.13%
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Literacy Rate|Average Literacy Rate]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 82.13%
| blank1_info_sec1 = 929 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website ={{URL|www.jabalpur.nic.in}}<br />{{URL|www.jmcjabalpur.org}}
| footnotes = {{Reflist|group=upper-alpha}}
}}
}}
{{Contains Indic text}}
'''Jabalpur''' ({{lang-hi|जबलपुर}}) is a city in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. According to the 2011 census, it is the third-largest urban agglomeration in Madhya Pradesh and the country's [[List of million-plus agglomerations in India|26th-largest urban agglomeration]].<ref name="1Lakhandabove"/>


'''Jabalpur''', formerly '''Jubbulpore''', is a city situated on the banks of [[Narmada River]] in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. It is the 3rd-largest urban agglomeration of the state and the 38th-largest of the country. Jabalpur is the administrative headquarters of the [[Jabalpur district]] and the [[Jabalpur division]]. It is the judicial capital of Madhya Pradesh with [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]] being located in the city. It is generally accepted that the game of [[snooker]] originated in Jabalpur.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://www.titansports.co.uk/history/snooker.htm |title=The History of Snooker |publisher=Titansports.co.uk |access-date=1 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021217110948/http://www.titansports.co.uk/history/snooker.htm |archive-date=17 December 2002 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Jabalpur is also the railway headquarters of the [[West Central Railway]]. [[Jabalpur Cantonment]] is one of the largest cantonments in India and houses the army headquarters of five states ([[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Orissa]], [[Bihar]] and [[Jharkhand]]). The city is known for the [[Marble Rocks|marble rocks]] on the river Narmada at [[Bhedaghat]]. It is also known as 'Sanskardhani' meaning 'The Cultural Capital' highlighting the city's rich cultural and historical heritage. The city of Jabalpur was among the first 7 smart cities selected for the [[Smart Cities Mission]].
Jabalpur is the administrative headquarters of [[Jabalpur district]] (the [[List of districts of India#Madhya Pradesh (MP)|second-most-populous district in Madhya Pradesh]]) and the [[Jabalpur division]]. Historically, a center of the [[Kalchuri]] and [[Gondi people|Gond]] dynasties, the city developed a [[syncretic]] culture influenced by intermittent [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] and [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] rule. During the early nineteenth century, it was annexed by [[British India]] as Jubbulpore and incorporated as a [[cantonment]] town. Since Indian independence there have been [[Aspirant states of India|demands for a separate state]] of [[Mahakoshal]], with Jabalpur its capital. The [[Madhya Pradesh High Court|High Court of Madhya Pradesh]] is located here.


== Etymology ==
== Etymology ==
According to a prevalent theory, Jabalpur was named after a sage named Jabali, who meditated on the banks of the Narmada river. Another theory suggests an [[Arabic]] origin of the word since {{lang|ar-Latn|jabal}} ({{lang|ar|جبل}}) in Arabic means granite boulders or huge boulders, which were common in the region. According to a fringe theory, the name refers to ''Jauli Pattala'', a sub-divisional unit, mentioned in [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] inscriptions. Jauli also refers to the [[Huna people|Huna]] queen of the Kalachuri king, Karna. It was spelled as ''Jubbulpore'' during British rule<ref>{{cite news |last=Chibber |first=Nanditta |date=27 November 2018 |title=MP Trail: When two Britishers disagreed on the name of Jabalpur |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/heritage/mp-trail-when-two-britishers-disagreed-on-the-name-of-jabalpur/cid/1676744 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=9 December 2019 }}</ref>
The city's name is derived from the legendary sage [[Jaabaali]], who is mentioned in the ''[[Ramayana]]'', and may refer to Jaabaali's ''tapasya-bhoomi'' (place of penance). According to [[Bhedaghat]] folklore, a small cave on the bank of the [[Narmada River]] was Jaabaali's [[ashram]]. Variations of the name include Jabalipuram and Jubbulgarh, and under British rule the city was known as Jubbulpore. In 2006, the Jabalpur Municipal Corporation renamed the city Jabalipuram.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Now-Indore-to-become-Indur-Bhopal-Bhojpal/articleshow/828162.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Now, Indore to become Indur, Bhopal Bhojpal | date=18 December 2006}}</ref>


In 2006, the Jabalpur Municipal Corporation renamed the city to Jabalpur.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Now-Indore-to-become-Indur-Bhopal-Bhojpal/articleshow/828162.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Now, Indore to become Indur, Bhopal Bhojpal |date=18 December 2006 |access-date=2 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028143807/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Now-Indore-to-become-Indur-Bhopal-Bhojpal/articleshow/828162.cms |archive-date=28 October 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==History==
Mythology describes three ''asura'' (evil spirits) in the Jabalpur region who were defeated by [[Shiva]].<ref name="city">[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=HiOyJuxqZv4C&pg=PA8&dq=kalachuri+jabalpur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAGoVChMItcvivoiAyAIVgq2mCh1gCgKV#v=onepage&q=kalachuri%20jabalpur&f=false ''Jabalpur City Guide.''] Goodearth Publications, 2008 p8. ISBN 8187780738, 9788187780731.</ref> In Rupnath, {{convert|84|km|mi}} north of the city, [[Ashoka]]n relics dating to 300 BCE have been found as evidence of the [[Maurya Empire]] (322 to 185 BCE).<ref name="city"/> When the empire fell, Jabalpur became a [[city-state]] before it was ruled by the [[Satavahana dynasty]] (230 BCE to 220 CE). Local rulers, including the Bodhis and the Senas, followed before the region became a [[vassal state]] of the [[Gupta Empire]] (320 to 550).<ref name="city"/>


== History ==
From 675 to 800, the region was ruled by Bamraj Dev of the [[Kalachuri dynasty]] from Karanbel. The best known Kalachuri ruler was Yuvraj Dev I (reigned 915 to 945), who married Nohla Devi (a princess of the [[Chalukya dynasty]]). One of the Kalachuri ''amatya'' (ministers) was Golok Simha Kayastha, who was instrumental in founding the [[Chausath Yogini Temple, Jabalpur|Chausath Yogini Temple]] near Bhedaghat. His descendants include Bhoj Simha, adviser to Sangramsahi (reigned 1491–1543); Adhar Simha, adviser to [[Rani Durgavati]] (reigned 1550–1564) and Beohar Raghuvir Sinha, [[jagir]]dar of Jabalpur until 1947.
Mythology describes three [[Asura]]s (evil spirits) in the Jabalpur region, who were defeated by the Hindu god [[Shiva]]. [[Tripurasura]] being the main asura, gave the city its ''puranic'' name Tripur Tirth.<ref name="city">{{cite book |title=Jabalpur, City Guide |date=2008 |publisher=Goodearth Publications |isbn=978-81-87780-73-1 |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HiOyJuxqZv4C&pg=PA8 |language=en}}</ref> [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Tripuri region]] corresponds to the ancient [[Chedi Kingdom]] of Mahabharata times, to which king [[Shishupala]] belongs.


[[Ashoka]]n relics dating to 300 BCE have been found in Rupnath, {{convert|84|km|mi}} north of the city, indicating the presence of the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan Empire]] (322 to 185 BCE) in the region.<ref name="city" /> When the empire fell, Jabalpur became a [[city-state]] before coming under the rule of the [[Satavahana dynasty]] (230 BCE to 220 CE). After their reign, the region was ruled locally by the Bodhis and the Senas, following which it became a [[vassal state]] of the [[Gupta Empire]] (320 to 550).<ref name="city"/>
=== Gond rulers ===
[[File:Maharani Durgavati.jpg|thumb|200px|right|alt=Painting of a soldier preparing for battle|[[Rani Durgavati]] preparing for the battle of Narrai; fresco by Beohar Rammanohar Sinha in Jabalpur's Shaheed-Smarak]]


The region was conquered by the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri Dynasty]] in 875 CE. The best known Kalachuri ruler was Yuvaraja-Deva I ({{abbr|r.|reigned}}&nbsp;915–945), who married Nohla Devi (a princess of the [[Chalukya dynasty]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mirashi |first1=V. V. |title=YUVARĀJADEVA I OF TRIPURI |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |date=1930 |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=361–373 |jstor=41688193 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41688193 |issn=0378-1143}}</ref> One of the Kalachuri ministers, Golok Simha Kayastha, was instrumental in founding the [[Chausath Yogini Temple, Jabalpur|Chausath Yogini Temple]] near [[Bhedaghat]]. His descendants include Bhoj Simha, who was the [[Dewan]] to the Gond king [[Sangram Shah]] (1491–1543); Dewan Aadhar Singh Kayastha, who was the prime minister to [[Rani Durgavati]] (r. 1550–1564),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jāyasavāla |first1=Kalpanā |title=Rānī Durgāvatī aura unakā śāsanakāla |date=1998 |publisher=Nārdarna Buka Seṅṭara |isbn=978-81-7211-072-7 |page=107 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oduAAAAMAAJ |language=hi}}</ref> and Beohar Raghuvir Sinha, the last [[Jagir]]dar of Jabalpur who reigned until 1947.{{Citation needed span|text=|date=May 2022}}
The Gond king, Madan of Mandla, (reigned 1138 to 1157 CE) built a small [[Durgavati]] hilltop fort at [[Madan Mahal, Jabalpur|Madan Mahal]], an area in Jabalpur. In the 1500s, the Gond king, Sangram (whose son married [[Rani Durgavati]]) held Singaurgarh fort in Sangrampur (near Garha, Jabalpur).


=== Gondwana rule ===
In 1564, during the reign of Veer Narayan (Sangram's grandson), Abdul Majeed Harawi (viceroy of [[Kara-Manikpur]] in the [[Mughal Empire]]) conquered Jabalpur and its surrounds. However, the Mughal supremacy in Jabalpur was more nominal than real.
[[File:Maharani Durgavati.jpg|thumb|Rani Durgavati preparing for the battle of Narrai; fresco by Beohar Rammanohar Sinha in Jabalpur's Shaheed-Smarak]]
Jabalpur was an important centre of power during the rule of the [[Gondi people|Gond]] kings of [[Garha-Mandla]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jabalpur.nic.in/en/history/|title=History &#124; District Administration Jabalpur, Government of Madhya Pradesh &#124; India}}</ref>
The ruler of [[Garha-Mandla]], Madan Shah, (1138–1157) built a watchtower and a small hilltop fort at [[Madan Mahal, Jabalpur|Madan Mahal]], an area in Jabalpur. In the 1500s, the Gond king, [[Sangram Shah]] held [[Singorgarh fort]]. [[Rani Durgawati]] was a princess of the [[Chandela dynasty#Descendants|Chandela Dynasty]] who was married to [[Dalpat Shah]] of the [[Garha-Mandla|Gond dynasty]]. She was well aware of the importance of water conservation, and hence she built more than 85 ponds in Jabalpur, mainly in Ranital, Haathital, Madhatal and Hanumantal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindujagruti.org/articles/84_rani-durgavati-gondwana.html|title=Gondwana rulers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007171922/https://www.hindujagruti.org/articles/84_rani-durgavati-gondwana.html|archive-date=7 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>


The Gond king, [[Hridayshah|Hriday Shah]] (1634-1668), moved his court to the [[Ramnagar, Madhya Pradesh|Mandla]] fort. He secured water sources and built irrigation structures. The kingdom was invaded in 1742 by the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha]] [[peshwa]] (prime minister), [[Balaji Baji Rao]] along with Visaji Chandorkar, the [[Marathas of Saugor|Maratha governor of Sagar]], and made a tributary state of the [[Maratha Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Dissertation Abstracts |date=1988 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yu8agexm5TUC&q=govind+pant+bundele+sagar |language=en}}</ref><ref name="seoni">{{cite book |last1=Pradesh (India) |first1=Madhya |title=Madhya Pradesh: Seoni |date=1989 |publisher=Government Central Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyVuAAAAMAAJ&q=bakht+buland+shah |language=en}}</ref>
In 1698, the Gond king, Hriday (reigned 1652 to 1704) moved his court to the Mandla fort. He secured water sources and built irrigation structures. The last Gondi ruler was Nizam (reigned 1753 to 1780). After Nizam, the Gondi kingdom fell to the [[Maratha]].


=== Maratha ===
=== Maratha rule ===
The [[Maratha]] rulers of [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh]] came to power in about 1781. Around 1798, the Maratha [[Peshwa]] (governor) gave the [[Narmada River|Nerbuddah valley]] to the [[Bhonsle]] kings of [[Nagpur]], who ruled the area until 1818 when it was taken by the [[British East India Company]] after the [[Battle of Sitabuldi]].
The [[Marathas of Saugor|Maratha rulers of Sagar]] finally annexed the weakened [[Garha Kingdom]] in 1781.<ref>Chatterton, Eyre (originally published in 1917) ''The Story of Gondwana'', p.98</ref> Around 1798, the Maratha [[Peshwa]] gave the [[Narmada River|Nerbuddah valley]] to the [[Nagpur Kingdom|Bhonsle kings of Nagpur]], who ruled the area until 1818, when it was seized by the [[British East India Company]] after the [[Battle of Sitabuldi]].<ref Name = "imperial">Hunter, William Wilson, Sir, et al. (1908). ''Imperial Gazetteer of India'', Volume 17. 1908-1931; Clarendon Press, Oxford.</ref>


=== British rule ===
=== {{anchor|The British Raj and 1857}}The British Raj and the 1857 rebellion ===
Under the [[British Raj]], the name ''Jabbalgarh'' became ''Jubbulpore'' and the town was made the capital of the [[Saugor and Nerbudda Territories]] (part of the [[North-Western Provinces]] governed by the [[Agra Presidency]].) Jabalpur was known for [[Thuggee]] murders, which were combated by [[William Henry Sleeman]] (later appointed chief commissioner at Jubbulpore and then [[British Resident]] at [[Lucknow]]). On 16 June 1857, in the cantonment of Jubbulpore, Gadadhar Tiwari opened fire on the British, sparking a rebellion. The four month long [[Indian rebellion of 1857|1857]] movement was led by the Gond king, Shankar and the prince, Raghunath. Both were arrested and imprisoned.
The British made Jabalpur the commission headquarters of the Narmada territories and established a cantonment here. Under the British Raj, Jabalpur became the capital of the [[Saugor and Nerbudda Territories]], which was part of the British North-Western Province. The Saugor and Nerbudda Territories became part of the new [[Central Provinces]] in 1861 which in 1903 became the Central Provinces and [[Berar Division|Berar]]. By the early 20th Century Jabalpur was the headquarters of a brigade in the 5th division of the Southern Army.


A significant event was the Tripuri Congress session in 1939, led by [[Subhash Chandra Bose]]. Under the guidance of [[Lokmanya Tilak]], the [[Flag Satyagraha]] was successfully launched. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited Jabalpur four times. The Congress session in 1939, where Subhash Chandra Bose was elected president against Gandhi's wishes, was notable for its debates on strategies for India's independence. A memorial gate, Kamania Gate, was built in the city to commemorate these events.
==={{anchor|End of 19th century CE}}Late 19th century===
{{see also|Jubbulpore Division}}
In 1861, the [[Saugor and Nerbudda Territories]] became part of the new [[Central Provinces]] and in 1903, the [[Central Provinces and Berar]]. In the early 1900s, Jubbulpore became the headquarters of a brigade of the Fifth Division of the Southern Army. A [[Gun Carriage Factory Jabalpur|gun carriage factory]] was established in Jabalpur in 1904.


After India's independence in 1947, the [[Central Provinces and Berar]] became the state of Madhya Pradesh.
==={{anchor|Gandhian Era}}Gandhi era===
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2015}}
[[File:Mahatma Gandhi In Jabalpur.jpg|thumb|right|220px|alt=Gandhi, shirtless, with another man|Rajendra Sinha helping Mahatma Gandhi on the staircase of the Beohar Palace in Jabalpur]]
[[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s longest stay in Jubbulpore was in 1933 at the Beohar palace of Rajendra Simha. Gandhi was accompanied by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], [[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan]], [[Ravishankar Shukla]], [[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]], [[Khurshed Nariman]], [[Abul Kalam Azad]], [[Jamnalal Bajaj]], [[Syed Mahmud]] and [[Mahadev Desai]].


Under British rule, and among others in the works of [[Rudyard Kipling|Kipling]], the city name was spelled ''Jubbulpore''.
Many freedom fighters joined Gandhi's ''three-S'' ([[Swadeshi movement|Swadeshi]], [[Swaraj]] and [[satyagraha]]) movements. Those from Jubbulpore included Rajendra Sinha, [[Ravishankar Shukla]], Sunderlal Tapasvi, Thakur Laxman Singh Chauhan, [[Seth Govind Das]], Harihar Vyas, Maheshdatt Mishra, Deviprasad Shukla, [[Subhadra Kumari Chauhan]], Hukumchand Narad, [[Makhanlal Chaturvedi]], Balmukund Tripathi, [[Dwarka Prasad Mishra]], Kunjilal Dubey, Narsinghdas Agrawal, Rameshwarprasad Guru, Bhawaniprasad Tiwari, Kashiprasad Pandey, Nathuram Vyas, Chidambaram Pillai, Sawaimal Jain, Satyendra Mishra, Sitaram Jadhav and Mulayamchand Jain.


The city's institutional buildings still showcase the [[British colonial architecture]].
In 1939, the Tripuri Congress session was chaired by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]. The Swaraj movement was begun under the direction of [[Lokmanya Tilak]]. A Congress session was held at Vishnudatt Shukla Nagar at TilwaraGhat (near Jubbulpore) in 1939, when [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] was elected the [[President of the Indian National Congress|Congress President]] over Gandhi's objections.


==Geography==
==={{anchor|Post Independence}}After independence===
=== Climate ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2015}}
{{climate chart
[[File:Gandhijis Ashes In Jabalpur.jpg|thumb|right|220px|alt=Group of men behind a small table|Rajendra Sinha (right), R. S. Shukla (centre) and L. S. Chauhan (left) immersing Gandhi's ashes in Tilwara Ghat, near Jabalpur]]
| Jabalpur
Gandhi's remains were brought to the city after his death. On 12 February 1948, the urn containing his ashes was immersed in the Narmada River at [[Tilwara Ghat]] by [[Ravishankar Shukla]], Rajendra Sinha, [[Seth Govind Das]] and others.
| 8|24|19
| 11|28|16
| 16|34|16
| 21|39|5
| 26|42|11
| 26|38|169
| 24|31|382
| 23|29|458
| 23|31|188
| 19|32|39
| 12|29|12
| 9|25|11
| source = [http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/ClimatologicalAction.do?function=getStationDetails&actionParam=1&param=2&station=Jabalpur IMD]
| float = right
| clear = none
}}
Jabalpur has a [[humid subtropical climate]] typical of north-central India (Madhya Pradesh and southern [[Uttar Pradesh]]). Summer begins in late March, lasting until June. May is the hottest month, with an average temperature exceeding {{convert|40|°C}}. Summer is followed by the [[Monsoon|southwest monsoon]], which lasts until early October and produces {{convert|35|in|mm|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} of rain from July to September. The average annual precipitation is nearly {{convert|1386|mm|abbr=on}}. The Winter begins in late November and lasts until early March. January is the coldest month, with an average daily temperature near {{convert|15|°C}}.

{{Weather box
| location = [[Jabalpur Airport]] (1991–2020, extremes 1901–present)
| width = auto
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 33.4
| Feb record high C = 37.6
| Mar record high C = 41.2
| Apr record high C = 45.4
| May record high C = 46.7
| Jun record high C = 46.8
| Jul record high C = 41.7
| Aug record high C = 37.8
| Sep record high C = 37.4
| Oct record high C = 37.9
| Nov record high C = 35.8
| Dec record high C = 33.2
| year record high C = 46.7
| Jan high C = 24.3
| Feb high C = 27.9
| Mar high C = 33.3
| Apr high C = 38.5
| May high C = 41.3
| Jun high C = 37.6
| Jul high C = 31.3
| Aug high C = 29.9
| Sep high C = 31.3
| Oct high C = 31.8
| Nov high C = 29.1
| Dec high C = 25.8
| year high C = 31.8
|Jan mean C = 17.1
|Feb mean C = 20.7
|Mar mean C = 25.9
|Apr mean C = 31.0
|May mean C = 34.6
|Jun mean C = 31.8
|Jul mean C = 27.4
|Aug mean C = 26.6
|Sep mean C = 27.3
|Oct mean C = 25.9
|Nov mean C = 21.9
|Dec mean C = 18.0
| Jan low C = 10.7
| Feb low C = 13.6
| Mar low C = 18.2
| Apr low C = 23.3
| May low C = 27.4
| Jun low C = 27.0
| Jul low C = 24.7
| Aug low C = 24.1
| Sep low C = 23.7
| Oct low C = 20.3
| Nov low C = 15.0
| Dec low C = 11.0
| year low C = 19.9
| Jan record low C = 1.1
| Feb record low C = 0.0
| Mar record low C = 3.3
| Apr record low C = 10.6
| May record low C = 17.2
| Jun record low C = 19.0
| Jul record low C = 20.6
| Aug record low C = 18.3
| Sep record low C = 16.7
| Oct record low C = 10.5
| Nov record low C = 3.9
| Dec record low C = 0.6
| year record low C = 0.0
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 17.6
| Feb rain mm = 19.7
| Mar rain mm = 18.2
| Apr rain mm = 6.8
| May rain mm = 11.9
| Jun rain mm = 164.2
| Jul rain mm = 429.8
| Aug rain mm = 443.0
| Sep rain mm = 213.7
| Oct rain mm = 30.0
| Nov rain mm = 10.0
| Dec rain mm = 2.9
| year rain mm = 1367.8
| Jan rain days = 1.4
| Feb rain days = 1.7
| Mar rain days = 1.6
| Apr rain days = 0.8
| May rain days = 1.1
| Jun rain days = 7.5
| Jul rain days = 15.6
| Aug rain days = 15.5
| Sep rain days = 9.5
| Oct rain days = 2.0
| Nov rain days = 0.7
| Dec rain days = 0.4
| year rain days = 57.7
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 47
| Feb humidity = 38
| Mar humidity = 27
| Apr humidity = 21
| May humidity = 21
| Jun humidity = 49
| Jul humidity = 73
| Aug humidity = 79
| Sep humidity = 69
| Oct humidity = 52
| Nov humidity = 51
| Dec humidity = 49
| year humidity = 48
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDcityrainfall>
{{cite web |url=https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42867 |title=Nagpur(42867) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date = 9 August 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMDcityextremes2>
{{cite web
| url = https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230101061732/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-date = 1 January 2023
| title = Climatological Tables 1991-2020
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 1 January 2023
| page = 21}}</ref>
| source 2 =Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<ref name=TCC1>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221201155746/https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=42675
| archive-date = 1 December 2022
| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=42675
| title = Normals Data: Jabalpur - India Latitude: 23.20°N Longitude: 79.95°E Height: 397 (m)
| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
| access-date = 1 December 2022}}</ref>}}Jabalpur has been ranked 2nd <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024}}</ref>best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India according to 'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results'

===Flora and fauna===
====Extinct species====
A species of [[noasaurid]] [[theropod]] dinosaur named ''[[Laevisuchus indicus]]'' was discovered near Jabalpur in 1917 by [[Charles Alfred Matley]] and described by [[Friedrich von Huene]] and Matley in 1932.<ref name="Carrano">{{cite journal |last1=Carrano |first1=Matthew T. |last2=Wilson |first2=Jeffrey A. |last3=Barrett |first3=Paul M. |title=The history of dinosaur collecting in central India, 1828–1947 |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |date=January 2010 |volume=343 |issue=1 |pages=161–173 |doi=10.1144/SP343.9 |bibcode=2010GSLSP.343..161C |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/11273/paleo_Carrano_10.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> Another small dinosaur discovered at that time by Friedrich von Huene and described by the team in 1932, named ''[[Jubbulpuria tenuis]]'', was categorised as [[junior synonym]] of ''Laevisuchus indicus'' in 2024.<ref name="Carrano"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mohabey |first1=Dhananjay M. |last2=Samant |first2=Bandana |last3=Vélez-Rosado |first3=Kevin I. |last4=Wilson Mantilla |first4=Jeffrey A. |title=A review of small-bodied theropod dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of India, with description of new cranial remains of a noasaurid (Theropoda: Abelisauria) |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |date=7 February 2024 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2023.2288088 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2023.2288088 |language=en |issn=0272-4634}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{bar box
| title = Religions in Jabalpur city<ref name=census2011>{{cite web |title=Jabalpur District Religion Data - Census 2011 |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/district/318-jabalpur.html |website=www.census2011.co.in |access-date=13 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906195556/http://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/district/318-jabalpur.html |archive-date=6 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| titlebar = #Fcd116
| left1 = Religion
| right1 = Percent
| float = right
| bars =
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]] |orange|79.39}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslim]]|green|15.03}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jain]] |pink|2.26}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]] | blue|1.59}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]] | red|1.05}}
{{bar percent|No religion stated|grey|0.31}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]] | orange|0.34}}
{{bar percent|Others†|black|0.03}}
| caption = Distribution of religions
}}

{{Bar chart
| title = Population Growth Since 2011 Census<ref>{{cite web |title=Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html?cityid=2983 |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=13 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913002502/http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html?cityid=2983 |archive-date=13 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| label_type = Year
| data_type = Population
| bar_width = 35
| width_units = em
| data_max = 1500000
| label1 = 2011
| data1 = 1,268,848
| label2 = 2012
| data2 = 1,295,000
| label3 = 2013
| data3 = 1,320,000
| label4 = 2014
| data4 = 1,360,000
| label5 = 2015
| data5 = 1,385,000
| label6 = 2016
| data6 = 1,400,000
| label7 = 2017
| data7 = 1,440,000
| label8 = 2018
| data8 = 1,450,000
}}


In the 2011 India census, the Jabalpur city (the area covered by the municipal corporation) recorded a population of 1,081,677.<ref name="census_2011" /> The Jabalpur metropolitan area (urban agglomeration) recorded a population of 1,268,848.<ref name="1Lakhandabove" />
In 1950, the [[Central Provinces and Berar]] became the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], and Shukla became the first chief minister of a congress led government. In 1956, Madhya Bharat, Vindhya Pradesh and Bhopal were merged into Madhya Pradesh state. Jubbulpore became Jabalpur and Bhopal became the state capital.
[[File:Jabalpurheart.jpg|thumb|Bada Fuhara and Kamania Gate in the heart of old Jabalpur city]]


==Demographics==
== Economy ==
[[File:Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ)'s Matang Truck for the Indian Army.jpg|thumb|[[VFJ|Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ)]]'s Matang truck]]
===Agriculture===
The Narmada river bringing in freshwater from the Vindyachal Ranges has developed Jabalpur district into an agrarian economy. The land of the Narmada basin with its fertile alluvial soil gives good yields of sorghum, wheat, rice, and millet in the villages around Jabalpur.
Important among commercial crops are pulses, oilseeds, cotton, sugar cane, and medicinal crops. The state is poised for a breakthrough in soybean cultivation.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} In Kharif crops occupy 60% and Rabi crops 40% area with 71.4% area under food grain production. Nearly 59% of landholders are marginal whereas small farmed share 18% of farmland.


===Industries===
In the 2011 India census, the Jabalpur city (the area covered by the municipal corporation) recorded a population of 1,081,677.<ref name="census_2011"/> The Jabalpur metropolitan area (urban agglomeration) recorded a population of 1,267,564.<ref name="1Lakhandabove"/>
Jabalpur has a variety of industries largely based in mineral substances of economic value found in the district, although the ready-made garments industry is a substantial portion of production in Jabalpur.


Defence establishments started in the early 20th century. Jabalpur has [[Vehicle Factory Jabalpur]], Grey Iron Foundry, [[Gun Carriage Factory Jabalpur]] and [[Ordnance Factory Khamaria]] which belong to the [[Ordnance Factories Board]] manufacturing various products for the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. The Gun Carriage Factory was started in the year 1904 is well equipped and manufacture gun parts, mounting, shells, and a variety of the other product for war purposes. Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ) was started as a manufacturer of trucks and other defence vehicles. The other two are Grey Iron Foundry (GIF) and Ordnance Factory Khamaria (OFK).
==Civic administration==

Armed forces make up a large portion of the city and economy in this city. The city has three regimental centres: Grenadiers, Jammu and Kashmir rifles and the Signals regiment. Jabalpur is also the army headquarters of Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, and Orissa.
Jabalpur is an important divisional headquarters, having eight districts: Jabalpur, Seoni, Mandla, Chhindwara, Narsimhapur, Katni, Dindori, Balaghat. The Jabalpur District has been reconstituted on 25 May 1998. It now has four tehsils Jabalpur, Sihora, Patan, and Kundam. Jabalpur also has the headquarters of the Madhya Pradesh State Electricity Board, Homeguards, and many other state and central government offices. There are seven blocks in the district with 1449 inhabited villages, 60 uninhabited, 1209 revenue villages, and 4 forest villages. The presence of several industries in Jabalpur bolstered the industrial scenario of the city. However, the industrial growth of the area owes much to the defence establishments and the four ordnance factories.

The presence of the military base and the ordnance factories have improved the infrastructure of the city. This has boosted the industrial development of Jabalpur.
The important industries in Jabalpur are:
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
*Readymade garments units
*Poultry/hatchery
*Electrical goods industry
*Sawmills
*Wood cutting industry
*Industries relating to limestone products
*Building materials
*Glassware
*Telephone parts
*Furniture making industry
*Shaw Wallace Gelatin Factory
*Steel structures works
*Cement industries
*Commercial Engineers & Body Builders Co Limited [CEBBCO ]
*Tobacco business
*Retail business
*Food processing industry
*Vendors for Coca-Cola India & Parle
{{Div col end}}
The nominal GDP of Jabalpur District was estimated at Rs. 42,518 crores for the year 2020–21.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Records |first1=Official |title=Estimates of District Domestic Product Madhya Pradesh |url=http://des.mp.gov.in/Portals/0/ESTIMATES_DISTRICT_DOMESTIC_PRODUCTS_MP_2020-2021.pdf |website=Department of Planning, Economics & Statistics, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Madhya Pradesh |access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref>

=== Information technology and park ===
M.P. State Electronics Development Corporation Ltd. has set up an I.T. park (Techno Park)<ref>{{cite web |title=M.P. State Electronics Development Corporation Ltd. |url=http://www.mpsedc.com/itparkscontent.aspx?page=IT%20Parks&number=140#four |website=MPSEDC }}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> in Bargi Hills having total area of 60 acres, 22&nbsp;km from the Jabalpur airport. [[Paytm]] started their operations at Jabalpur in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nai Duniya Newspaper |url=https://naidunia.jagran.com/madhya-pradesh/jabalpur-paytm-will-give-job-to-two-thousand-youths-in-jabalpur-city-1171612 |access-date=26 May 2017 |publisher=Nai Duniya Newspaper}}</ref>

== Government and public services ==
{{Main|Jabalpur Municipal Corporation}}
{{Main|Jabalpur Municipal Corporation}}
In 2011, Jabalpur covered an area of {{convert|53|km2|sqmi}}. The Jabalpur [[municipal corporation]], the ''JMC'', is charged with governance of the city's civic and infrastructural assets. The corporation has two wings: deliberative and executive. The head of the executive wing is a municipal commissioner who is responsible for the corporation's day-to-day operation and assists the deliberative wing in the decision-making process. The JMC council has one elected representative (corporator) from each ward. Council elections, by popular vote, are held every five years. A corporator from the majority party is selected as mayor.


=== Civic administration ===
Jabalpur contributes one member to the [[Lok Sabha]]; its current member is [[Rakesh Singh]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. The city sends eight members to the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|State Legislative Assembly]]: four from the city (Jabalpur Purba, Jabalpur Uttar, [[Jabalpur Cantonment]] and Jabalpur Paschim) and four from rural areas of the district. Jabalpur is divided into eight zones, each consisting of several wards.
Jabalpur covers an area of {{convert|263|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name='Jabalpur City'/> The [[Jabalpur Municipal Corporation]] (JMC), is charged with governance of the city's civic and infrastructural assets. The corporation has two wings: deliberative and executive. The head of the executive wing is a municipal commissioner who is responsible for the corporation's day-to-day operation and assists the deliberative wing in the decision-making process. The JMC council has one elected representative (corporate) from each ward. Council elections, by popular vote, are held every five years. A corporate from the majority party is selected as mayor.


Jabalpur contributes one member to the [[Lok Sabha]]. [[Ashish Dubey]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] had been elected as the [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 Lok Sabha election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Jabalpur election results 2024 live updates: BJP's Ashish Dubey wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/jabalpur-election-results-2024-madhya-pradesh-jabalpur-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-ashish-dubey-bjp-dinesh-yadav-cong-rakesh-choudhary-bsp/articleshow/110645077.cms |work=The Times of India |date=7 June 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024}}</ref> The city sends eight members to the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|State Legislative Assembly]]: four from the city (Jabalpur Purba, Jabalpur Uttar, [[Jabalpur Cantonment]] and Jabalpur Paschim) and four from rural areas of the district. Jabalpur is divided into eight zones, each consisting of several wards.
==Arts and culture==
{{One source section|date=September 2015}}
[[File:Constitution of India.jpg|thumb|right|220px|alt=See caption|Calligraphic manuscript of the preamble of the [[Constitution of India]], decorated in 1948–49 by Rammanohar Sinha]]
Jabalpur has been called ''Sanskaar Dhani'' (the cultural capital of Madhya Pradesh) by [[Vinoba Bhave|Vinayak Narhari Bhave]]; [[Bhopal]] is ''Raj Dhani'' (the state's political capital) and [[Indore]] is ''Vanijya Dhani'' (its commercial capital). Cultural figures associated with the city include Makhanlal Chaturvedi, [[Harishankar Parsai]], Rajendra Simha, Subhadrakumari Chauhan, Kavi Indra Bahadur Khare, [[Seth Govind Das]], Roopkumar Soni, Alakhnandan Sinha, Gyanranjan Shrivastava, Rehman, Prem Nath, Krishna Raj Kapoor, [[Arjun Rampal]], [[Jaya Bachchan]], [[Aadesh Shrivastava]] and [[Raghubir Yadav]].


=== {{anchor|Divisional headquarters}}Division headquarters ===
The Narmada River, Gondi rule and the [[Kalachuri dynasty|Kalachuri]] and [[Maratha]] dynasties made Jabalpur a Hindu-dominated area, although [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule attracted a sizeable [[Muslim]] population. The city's [[Hindu-Muslim riots]] during the 1960s shook the confidence of Muslims in secular India.<ref>{{cite web|last=Enginneer|first=Asghar Ali |title=Islam and Muslims in India: Problems of Identity and Existence|url=http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~rtavakol/engineer/muslims.htm |work=http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~rtavakol/engineer |publisher=Rutgers University|accessdate=19 September 2015}}</ref>
Jabalpur is the [[Administrative divisions of India|divisional headquarters]] for eight districts: Jabalpur, [[Seoni district|Seoni]], [[Mandla district|Mandla]], [[Chhindwara district|Chhindwara]], [[Narsinghpur district|Narsinghpur]], [[Katni district|Katni]], [[Dindori district|Dindori]] and [[Balaghat district|Balaghat]]. The district, which was reconstituted on 25 May 1998, has seven ''[[tehsil]]s'': Jabalpur, [[Sihora]], [[Patan, Madhya Pradesh|Patan]], [[Majholi]], [[Shahpura, Jabalpur|Shahpura]], [[Panagar]] and [[Kundam]]. The city is the headquarters of the Madhya Pradesh State Electricity Board, the Home-guards and other state and central-government offices.


=== Military establishments ===
Jabalpur's culture is related to the agricultural population of the city and surrounding area. Food and clothing change with the harvest and season. The city has sizable [[Marwari people|Marwari]], [[Bengali people|Bengali]], [[Malayali]], [[Sindhis|Sindhi]], [[Tamil people|Tamil]], [[Telugu people|Telugu]], [[Kannadiga]], [[Marathi people|Marathi]] and [[Punjabi people]] populations. The [[Navratri]] and [[Dusshera]] festivals are celebrated by residents and visitors from throughout the state.
The Jabalpur Cantonment is one of the largest cantonments in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://canttboardjabalpur.org.in/|title=Jabalpur Cantonment Board|publisher=Jabalpur Cantonment Board|access-date=7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408224930/http://canttboardjabalpur.org.in/|archive-date=8 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to the ordnance factories, other organisations present in the city include HQ Madhya Bharat Area, the [[Jammu & Kashmir Rifles]] Regimental Centre, [[the Grenadiers]] Regimental Centre, 1 Signal Training Centre, College of Material Management, Central Ordnance Depot, 506 Army Base Workshop, Military Hospital, HQ Chief Engineer Jabalpur Zone, Military Dairy Farm, and HQ Recruiting Zone. Civilian organisations which are part of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] are the Cantonment Board, Controller of Defence Accounts, Defence Standardisation Cell and the [[Canteen Stores Department (India)|Canteen Stores Department]].


==Geography==
== Culture ==
=== Cuisine ===
India's central point is in the Jabalpur district. The city has an average elevation of {{convert|411|m|ft|abbr=off|0}}.
Sweets in Jabalpur's local delicacy include Doodh ka Halwa, Kalakand, Bhaji Wada, Dal Mangode, Aloo Vada, Khoye ki Jalebi,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.holidayiq.com/blog/7-must-have-dishes-from-madhya-pradesh-you-just-cannot-miss-1982.html|title=7 Must Have Dishes From Madhya Pradesh You Just Cannot Miss|work=HolidayIQ|access-date=18 October 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018122644/http://www.holidayiq.com/blog/7-must-have-dishes-from-madhya-pradesh-you-just-cannot-miss-1982.html|archive-date=18 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=खोया जलेबी |url=https://jabalpur.nic.in/culinary-delight/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80/ |website=जिला प्रशासन जबलपुर, मध्य प्रदेश शासन - भारत |access-date=27 November 2023 |language=hi-IN}}</ref> Mawa-Bati, Khoprapak, Shrikhand, Malpua, Imarti and Makkhanvada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://mptravelogue.com/items/miss-foodies/|title=10 Sweets that You can't afford to miss while you're travelling around Madhya Pradesh! - MP Travelogue|work=MP Travelogue|access-date=18 October 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018122527/http://mptravelogue.com/items/miss-foodies/|archive-date=18 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Khoye ki Jalebi, which is quite popular in Madhya Pradesh,<ref name=":0" /> was invented by Harprasad Badkul in 1889 at his shop, Badkul Halwai.<ref>Siddhantacharya Phulachandra Shastri, Parwar Jain Samaj ka Itihas, 1990, Jabalpur, p. 418</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-sugar-rush-travelkhana-to-deliver-sweets-to-train-passengers-2190902 |title=Sugar rush: TravelKhana to deliver sweets to train passenger, DNA, 18 Mar 2016 |date=18 March 2016 |access-date=29 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324163843/http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-sugar-rush-travelkhana-to-deliver-sweets-to-train-passengers-2190902 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/tasty-dishes-you-must-try-from-these-lesser-known-corners-of-india/ar-BBqe7Gj#page=1|title=Tasty dishes you must try from these lesser known corners of India|website=www.msn.com|language=en-IN|access-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018122528/https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/tasty-dishes-you-must-try-from-these-lesser-known-corners-of-india/ar-BBqe7Gj#page=1|archive-date=18 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Jabalpur
|North = [[Allahabad]]
|Northeast =
|East =
|Southeast = [[Jalna (city)|Raipur]]
|South = [[Nagpur]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Bhopal]]
|Northwest =
}}


==Topography==
== Tourism ==
{{Main|List of tourist attractions in Jabalpur}}
Jabalpur's hills, with their variety of minerals, draw geologists and [[archaeologists]]. The city is surrounded by low, rocky, barren [[hillock]]s. Its primary reservoirs (Khandari and Pariyat) are northeast of the city, and water is also drawn from the Narmada River by the public-health department.
[[File:Marble-Art.JPG|thumb|left|[[Art marble|Marble-art]]]]
Jabalpur is an important tourism centre of Central India. Notable sites include [[Marble Rocks]] in [[Bhedaghat]], [[Hanumantal Bada Jain Mandir]], [[Madan Mahal, Jabalpur|Madan Mahal]], [[Dhuandhar Falls]], Chausath-Yogini, Gwarighat, Balancing rock near Madan Mahal Fort and the Shiv Statue at Kachnar City.


The world-renowned tiger reserves like [[Kanha National Park]], [[Bandhavgarh National Park]], and [[Pench National Park]] can be easily visited via Jabalpur. The largest wildlife sanctuary by area, [[Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary]] is close to Jabalpur and can be easily visited. The recently notified [[Veerangana Durgavati Tiger Reserve]], 7th tiger reserve in Madhya Pradesh also lies in close vicinity to Jabalpur.
The main crops grown in the region are wheat, rice, pulses, oilseeds and maize. Bargi Dam, on the Narmada, is used for irrigation, water and power generation. Jabalpur is surrounded by several lakes and water tanks. The area is rich in limestone, refractory clay, bauxite, iron ore, manganese and other deposits, and there is some mineral-related industry in the area.


Hanumantal Bada Jain Mandir is a 17th-century Jain temple that appears like a fortress with numerous [[shikhara]]s. The temple has 22 shrines (vedis), making it the largest independent Jain temple in India.
==Climate==
{{climate chart
|Jabalpur
|8|24|19
|11|28|16
|16|34|16
|21|39|5
|26|42|11
|26|38|169
|24|31|382
|23|29|458
|23|31|188
|19|32|39
|12|29|12
|9|25|11
|source=[http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/ClimatologicalAction.do?function=getStationDetails&actionParam=1&param=2&station=Jabalpur IMD]
|float=right
|clear=none
}}
Jabalpur has a [[humid subtropical climate]] typical of north-central India (Madhya Pradesh and southern Uttar Pradesh). Summer begins in late March, lasting until June. May is the hottest month, with the average temperature exceeding {{convert|45|°C}}. Summer is followed by the [[Monsoon|southwest monsoon]], which lasts until early October and produces {{convert|35|in|mm|0}} of rain from July to September. Average annual precipitation is nearly 55 in (1386&nbsp;mm). Winter begins in late November, and lasts until early March. January is the coldest month, with an average daily temperature near {{convert|15|°C}}.
{{Weather box|location = Jabalpur
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|temperature colour = pastel
|Jan high C = 24.5
|Feb high C = 28.8
|Mar high C = 34.3
|Apr high C = 38.7
|May high C = 40.4
|Jun high C = 36.2
|Jul high C = 30.3
|Aug high C = 28.2
|Sep high C = 30.9
|Oct high C = 32.4
|Nov high C = 29.7
|Dec high C = 25.5
|year high C =
|Jan low C = 8.5
|Feb low C = 11.4
|Mar low C = 16.2
|Apr low C = 21.2
|May low C = 24.4
|Jun low C = 24.1
|Jul low C = 22.6
|Aug low C = 21.9
|Sep low C = 21.1
|Oct low C = 18.1
|Nov low C = 13.9
|Dec low C = 9.6
|year low C =
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 4
|Feb precipitation mm = 3
|Mar precipitation mm = 1
|Apr precipitation mm = 3
|May precipitation mm = 11
|Jun precipitation mm = 136
|Jul precipitation mm = 279
|Aug precipitation mm = 360
|Sep precipitation mm = 185
|Oct precipitation mm = 52
|Nov precipitation mm = 21
|Dec precipitation mm = 7
|year precipitation mm =
|Jan precipitation days = 0.8
|Feb precipitation days = 0.8
|Mar precipitation days = 0.3
|Apr precipitation days = 0.3
|May precipitation days = 1.8
|Jun precipitation days = 8.6
|Jul precipitation days = 15.9
|Aug precipitation days = 18.3
|Sep precipitation days = 8.6
|Oct precipitation days = 3.1
|Nov precipitation days = 1.4
|Dec precipitation days = 0.6
|Jan sun = 288.3
|Feb sun = 274.4
|Mar sun = 288.3
|Apr sun = 306.0
|May sun = 325.5
|Jun sun = 210.0
|Jul sun = 105.4
|Aug sun = 80.6
|Sep sun = 180.0
|Oct sun = 269.7
|Nov sun = 273.0
|Dec sun = 282.1
|year sun =
|source 1 = [http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/asia/india/indore_e.htm HKO]|date=August 2011}}


Madan Mahal is a fort built by the Gond king Madan Shahi in 1116 which is situated atop a hill in Jabalpur.
==Economy==
===Agriculture===
The Narmada River, draining the [[Satpura Range|Satpura]] and [[Vindhya Range]]s, has developed an [[agrarian economy]] in the district. The river originates in the northeastern Satpura Range and flows west between the ranges towards the Arabian Sea. The Narmada basin's [[alluvial]] soil produces sorghum, wheat, rice and millet in the villages around Jabalpur.


Kachnar city is known for a {{convert|76|ft|m|adj=mid|-high|order=flip}} [[Shiva]] statue housing a cavern with replicas of Shiva [[linga]]s from 12 shrines nationwide.
Commercial crops include pulses, oilseeds, cotton, sugar cane and medicinal crops. During the early 20th century the region became a center of the [[beedi]] industry, when brothers Mohanlal and Hargovindas Patel discovered that [[Diospyros melanoxylon|tendu]] leaves were good for making beedies.


<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jabalpurtourismpc.com/Place_Kachnaar_city.aspx|title=Jabalpur|work=Jabalpur Tourism Promotion Council|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419223309/http://www.jabalpurtourismpc.com/Place_Kachnaar_city.aspx|archive-date=19 April 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=19 April 2014}}</ref>The city also houses the [[Rani Durgawati Museum|Rangawati Museum]] which was built in 1964 to commemorate [[Rani Durgavati]]. The museum also hosts ancient relics, sculptures and a collection of items related to Mahatma Gandhi.
=== Ordnance factories ===
[[File:VFJ Matang Truck.jpg|thumb|alt=Low, wide, brown truck|VFJ and other ordnance factories are the main employers and contributors to Jabalpur's economy.]]
[[Vehicle Factory Jabalpur]], Grey Iron Foundry, [[Gun Carriage Factory Jabalpur]] and the [[Ordnance Factory Khamaria]] manufactures bullets, howitzers, rockets, bombs, mortars, grenades, shells, trucks, mine-protected vehicles and bulletproof vehicles for the [[Indian Armed Forces]], the [[paramilitary forces of India]], the [[Central Armed Police Forces]], [[State Armed Police Forces]] and the [[Special Forces of India]]. These companies are the city's primary employers. Allied organisations are the Directorate General of Quality Assurance (DGQA), responsible for the quality of equipment manufactured by the ordnance factories; the Central Ordnance Depot, which stores and supplies equipment and weapons for the armed forces; the 506 Army Base Workshop, which maintains equipment for the armed forces and the [[Defence Security Corps]], responsible for guarding the ordnance factories. These organisations alone employ over 100,000 people.{{cn|date=September 2015}}


[[Dumna Nature Reserve Park]] is an ecotourism site located near [[Jabalpur Airport]]. It houses Khandari Dam, a source of drinking water to the city.
==={{anchor|Defence establishments}}Defence organisations===
In addition to the ordnance factories, army formations and organisations include HQ Madhya Bharat Area, the [[Jammu & Kashmir Rifles]] Regimental Centre, [[the Grenadiers]] Regimental Centre, 1 Signal Training Centre, College of Material Management, Central Ordnance Depot, 506 Army Base Workshop, Military Hospital, HQ Chief Engineer Jabalpur Zone, Military Dairy Farm and HQ Recruiting Zone. Civilian organizations which are part of the Ministry of Defence are the Cantonment Board, Controller of Defence Accounts, Defence Standardisation Cell and the [[Canteen Stores Department (India)|Canteen Stores Department]].


The [[Bargi Dam]] Reservoir is known for boat rides.
=={{anchor|Divisional headquarters}}Division headquarters==
Jabalpur is a [[Administrative divisions of India|division headquarters]] for eight districts: Jabalpur, [[Seoni]], [[Mandla]], [[Chhindwara]], [[Narsinghpur]], [[Katni]], [[Dindori district|Dindori]] and [[Balaghat]]. The district, which was reconstituted on 25 May 1998, has four [[tehsil]]s: Jabalpur, [[Sihora]], Patan and Kundam. The city is the headquarters of the Madhya Pradesh State Electricity Board, the Homeguards and other state and central-government offices.


Tourist attractions in Jabalpur also include the boat rides along the Narmada river, which is {{convert|15|km}} away from the city, especially in moonlight. The journey through the river reveals the [[Marble Rocks]], where the river has carved the soft marble, creating a gorge of about 8 km in length, and the Dhuandhar falls, which is one of the most visited tourist destinations in Jabalpur.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} Lamheta Ghat<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jabalpurtourism.in/tourist?a=48|title=Lamheta Ghat|access-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019001821/https://jabalpurtourism.in/tourist?a=48|archive-date=19 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and Tilwara Ghat<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jabalpurtourism.in/tourist?a=1275|title=Tilwara Ghat|access-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019040910/https://jabalpurtourism.in/tourist?a=1275|archive-date=19 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> are well-known [[Ghat]]s on the banks of Narmada River.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} The Tilwadeshwar temple is located near the Tilwara Ghat and it is also the place where Gandhi's ashes were immersed.
=={{anchor|Industries}}Industry==
Major industries in Jabalpur are garment manufacturing, IT, education, electrical goods, limestone products, building materials, glassware, telephone parts, furniture, foodstuffs, steel structures, cement, tobacco products, industrial-safety goods, mechanical engineering and cinema.{{cn|date=September 2015}}


Other tourist destinations near the city include [[Paat Baba Mandir]], Gupteshwar Mandir, Bhadbhada falls,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jabalpurtourism.in/tourist?a=129|title=Bhadbhada Waterfall|access-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019040922/https://jabalpurtourism.in/tourist?a=129|archive-date=19 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Gughra Fall,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jabalpurtourism.in/tourist?a=132|title=Ghughra Fall|access-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019001706/https://jabalpurtourism.in/tourist?a=132|archive-date=19 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Osho Amritdham,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jabalpurtourism.in/tourist?a=141|title=Osho Amritdham|access-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019001811/https://jabalpurtourism.in/tourist?a=141|archive-date=19 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Pisanhari Ki Madiya]] which is a historic [[Jain]] pilgrimage near [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Medical College]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jabalpur.nic.in/tourism_pisanhari.htm|title=Pisanhari Ki Madiya|website=jabalpur.nic.in|publisher=Office of District Magistrate, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh|access-date=17 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120112341/http://jabalpur.nic.in/tourism_pisanhari.htm|archive-date=20 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and Nandishwardeep Jain temple.
== Transportation ==
==={{anchor|Airport}}Air===
[[File:Jabalpur Airport.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Long, low building with cars parked outside|Airport terminal building]]
The {{convert|310|acre|ha|adj=on}} [[Jabalpur Airport]] (JLR), also known as Dumna Airport, is about {{convert|20|km}} from the city centre and services [[Air India]], SpiceJet and Ventura Airconnect. Daily service is available to New Delhi, Mumbai, Bhopal and Indore, and nonstop service to Mumbai and New Delhi was introduced by SpiceJet on 7 September 2012. The airline offers daily service to Hyderabad, Benglauru, Chennai, Mumbai and New Delhi. Jabalpur Airport serves visitors to [[Kanha National Park]], [[Bandhavgarh National Park]], [[Pench National Park]], [[Khajuraho]] and [[Bhedaghat]].


[[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]]'s ashram in Karondi village is located about 90 kms from the city. Lying on the Tropic of Cancer, the location is claimed to be the geographical central point of India by Yogi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maharishi Mahesh Yogi hopes to bring heaven to earth by building world's tallest building |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/religion/story/20011015-maharishi-mahesh-yogi-hopes-to-bring-heaven-to-earth-by-building-worlds-tallest-building-774400-2001-10-14 |access-date=22 June 2023 |work=India Today |date=15 October 2001 |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"

|-
== Transport ==
! Airline

! Destinations
=== Air ===
|-
[[File:Jabalpur Airport, Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh).jpg|alt=Long, low building with cars parked outside|left|thumb|262x262px|Jabalpur Airport Terminal Building]]
| [[SpiceJet]]
The [[Jabalpur Airport]] (JLR), also known as Dumna Airport, is about {{convert|20|km}} away from the city center. It is located near the [[Dumna Nature Reserve Park|Dumna Nature Reserve]]. It serves as the only airport in the eastern Madhya Pradesh also serving the districts of [[Narsinghpur district|Narsinghpur]], [[Chhindwara ]], [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]], [[Damoh]], [[Katni]], [[Mandla district|Mandla]], [[Balaghat district|Balaghat]], [[Seoni, Madhya Pradesh|Seoni]], [[Umaria district|Umaria]], [[Anuppur district|Anuppur]], [[Shahdol district|Shahdol]], [[Satna district|Satna]], [[Rewa district|Rewa]]. It is also the most convenient airport for visiting National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries which surround the city of Jabalpur. The airport has direct connectivity with major cities of New Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Indore and Bilaspur. [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]], [[Indigo Air|Indigo]] and [[SpiceJet]] operate from here.
| Delhi, Mumbai, Hubli, Hyderabad, Bengaluru, Chennai
|-
| Air India
| Delhi
|-
| Ventura Airconnect
| Umaria, Indore, Bhopal, Gwalior, Nagpur
|}


==={{anchor|Railways|Rapid Transit}}Rail===
=== Rail {{anchor|Railways|Rapid Transit}} ===
[[File:WDP4B 40042 at Jabalpur.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Modern locomotive at a station|WDP4B 40042 at Jabalpur]]
[[File:Jabalpur Station.jpg|thumb|left|Railway Station]]
[[Jabalpur Junction railway station]], is one of the five major railway stations located in the city. [[Madan Mahal railway station]] is located in the heart of Jabalpur City.
Jabalpur, headquarters of the [[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railway]], has direct service to Amravati, Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Nagpur, Surat, Pune, Patna, Ludhiana, Jammu, Vasco-Da-Gama, Coimbatore, Bhopal, Indore, Gwalior, Agra, Jaipur, Varanasi, Kanpur, Vadodara, Bhubhaneshwar, Lucknow, Puri and Raipur. As part of [[Project Unigauge]], conversion of narrow-gauge track in the [[Gondia]]-Nainpur-Jabalpur corridor to [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad gauge]] has begun; this will facilitate access to areas of southern India. The line from Gondia to [[Balaghat]] has been converted to broad gauge.
[[File:Hq wcr pic.jpg|thumb|Office of the General Manager, West Central Railway, Jabalpur]]
Jabalpur city homes the Zonal Headquarters of [[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railways]] (WCR). Jabalpur is also one of the three [[Jabalpur railway division|divisional headquarters]] in WCR. The boundaries of divisional headquarters extend up to [[Itarsi Junction railway station|Itarsi Junction]] in the south-west, [[Bina Junction]] station in the north, [[Manikpur Junction railway station|Manikpur Junction]] and [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]] station in the North East and [[Singrauli]] station in the east. All these railway lines are broad gauge lines. A [[narrow-gauge]] line existed between Jabalpur to [[Gondia]] station which has presently been converted to [[Broad-gauge railway|broad gauge]]. Now this line provides direct connectivity to [[Nagpur Junction railway station]] and [[Raipur Junction railway station]], via Gondia Junction.


Jabalpur Junction is well connected with Rail and has dedicated trains to [[New Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Lucknow]], [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|SVDK Katra]], [[Ajmer]], [[Somnath temple|Somnath]], [[Pune]], [[Bangalore]], [[Coimbatore]] etc.
Jabalpur is the terminus of [[Indian Railways]] train number 1: the [[Satpura Express]], re-numbered Train No. 10001 in the five-digit numbering system. In addition to the [[Jabalpur Junction railway station|Jabalpur Main Station]], the city's Madan Mahal Station serves inner-city passengers and the Kachhpura goods shed transports heavy freight and iron ore to port cities. A [[Jabalpur metro]] rail project is proposed for the metropolitan area.


==={{anchor|Bus}}Road===
=== Road {{anchor|Bus}} ===
Jabalpur has excellent road connectivity. A network of National Highways meet at Jabalpur. 4-lane NH 45 connects it to Bhopal, 4-lane NH 34 connects it to Nagpur, 4-lane NH 30 connects it to Varanasi and Mandla, NH 34 connects it to Damoh. Apart from this, Jabalpur also has good network of state highways.
Jabalpur is connected by road to [[Varanasi]], [[Nagpur]], [[Bhopal]], [[Jaipur]], [[Raipur]], [[Allahabad]], [[Hyderabad]] and [[Bangalore]]. India's longest national highway, [[National Highway 7 (India)(old numbering)|National Highway 7]], runs through the city and [[National Highway 12 (India)(old numbering)|National Highway 12]] to [[Jaipur]] originates in Jabalpur. Many roads are being upgraded to four-lane highways. Bus service is available to cities in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and [[Chhattisgarh]], with direct service to [[Indore]], [[Nagpur]], [[Bhopal]], [[Varanasi]], [[Raipur]], [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], [[Gondia]], [[Wardha]], [[Durg]], [[Akola]], [[Bhilai]], [[Amravati]], [[Chandrapur]] and [[Allahabad]].


114 Kms Ring Road is under construction around Jabalpur which will be second longest ring road in India after [[Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad|Hyderabad's ORR]]. Longest elevated corridor of Madhya Pradesh is also present in Jabalpur City which is nearing completion. This will be one of the longest elevated roads in India.
=={{anchor|Communication services}}Telecommunications==
Jabalpur is covered by a network of [[Optical fiber cable|optical fibre cables]]. There are four [[landline]] companies and eight mobile-phone companies.


==Media==
== Education ==
[[File:Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Jabalpur (LNCT Jabalpur)'s Main Building.jpg|thumb|[[:Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Jabalpur|LNCT Jabalpur]]]]
Several television news channels have branches in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/jabalpur/media/index.html |title=Jabalpur Media |publisher=Mapsofindia.com |date= |accessdate=1 September 2010}}</ref>
[[File:St. Aloysius Senior Secondary School.jpg|thumb|left|[[St. Aloysius Senior Secondary School]], established in the year 1868, is among the oldest schools in India]]
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Jabalpur}}
Jabalpur became a centre of higher education by the end of the 19th century, with institutions such as the [[Hitkarini Sabha]], established by local citizens in 1868,<ref>Allen's Indian mail and register of intelligence for British and foreign India Published 1870</ref> and [[Robertson College Jabalpur|Robertson College]] (now bifurcated into the [[Government Science College, Jabalpur]], and Mahakoshal Arts & Commerce College) was established in Sagar in 1836 and moved to Jabalpur in 1873.<ref>Madhya Pradesh Through the Ages, edited by Shiri Ram Bakshi, S.R. Bakshi And O.P. Ralhan, p. 20</ref> [[Jabalpur Engineering College|Government Engineering College, Jabalpur]] was the first technical institution in [[Central India]] to be established by the British. [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur|IIITDM Jabalpur]] was founded in 2005. Scholars, authors and politicians such as [[Ravishankar Shukla]], [[Rajneesh]], [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]] and [[Gajanan Madhav Muktibodh]] had been in Jabalpur for some time in their life.


Jabalpur is known for many universities such as [[Rani Durgavati University]] (also called the University of Jabalpur), [[Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University]], [[Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University]] and [[Dharmashastra National Law University, Jabalpur]], [[Indian Council of Medical Research]]-NIRTH. Other institutions like [[Tropical Forest Research Institute]], Jabalpur and MP [[State Forest Research Institute]], Jabalpur are very important forest research centers based in Jabalpur.
===Newspapers===

Jabalpur also hosts a Government Medical College named [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Medical College]]. The largest Government Cancer Institute in Madhya Pradesh, the [[Madhya Pradesh State Cancer Institute]] will soon become functional in Jabalpur at the adjoining premises of the NSCB Medical College. The School of Excellence in Pulmonary Medicine is also a Government center of excellence in pulmonary medicine located in the premises of NSCB Medical College.

== Media ==
Several television news channels have branches in the city. Various cable operators operate digital cable TV system in city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/jabalpur/media/index.html |title=Jabalpur Media |publisher=Mapsofindia.com |access-date=1 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629020234/http://www.mapsofindia.com/jabalpur/media/index.html |archive-date=29 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Newspapers ===
National and local newspapers are published in Jabalpur in Hindi and English:
National and local newspapers are published in Jabalpur in Hindi and English:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
Line 313: Line 435:
! Newspaper !! Language !! Founded
! Newspaper !! Language !! Founded
|-
|-
| [[Naiduniya|NaiDunia]] || [[Hindi]] ||
| ''Naiduniya'' || rowspan="5" | [[Hindi]] || 1947
|-
|-
| Patrika || Hindi ||
| ''Patrika'' || 2009
|-
|-
| [[Nava Bharat]] || Hindi || 1937
| ''[[Nava Bharat]]'' || 1934
|-
|-
| [[Deshbandhu]] || Hindi ||
| ''[[Deshbandhu (newspaper)|Deshbandhu]]'' || 1959
|-
|-
| ''[[Hari Bhoomi]]'' || 1996
| Haribhoomi || Hindi ||
|-
|-
| [[The Times of India]] || English ||
| ''[[The Times of India]]'' || rowspan="2" | English || 1838
|-
|-
| [[Hindustan Times]] || English ||
| ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' || 1924
|-
|-
| [[Hindustan]] || Hindi ||
| ''Hindustan'' || Hindi ||
|-
|-
| [[The Hitavada]] || English || 1911
| ''[[The Hitavada]]'' || English || 1911
|-
|-
| [[Business Standard]] || English, Hindi ||
| ''[[Business Standard]]'' || English, Hindi || 1975
|-
|-
| [[Dainik Bhaskar]] || Hindi || 1958
| ''[[Dainik Bhaskar]]'' || rowspan="2" | Hindi || 1958
|-
| ''Yash Bharat'' || 2006
|-
|}
|}


===Radio===
=== Radio ===
Radio stations in Jabalpur include:
Radio stations in Jabalpur include:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"

| Name || Frequency (MHz) || Tagline
| Name || Frequency (MHz) || Tagline
|-
|-
| [[Red FM (India)|Red FM]] || 93.5 || ''Bajaate raho''
| [[Red FM (India)|Red FM]] || 93.5 || ''Bajaate raho''
|-
|-
| MY FM || 94.3 || ''Jiyo Dil se!''
| MY FM || 94.3 || ''Jiyo Dil Se!''
|-
|-
| [[Radio Mirchi]] || 98.3 || Its Hot!
| [[Radio Mirchi]] || 98.3 || ''It's Hot!''
|-
|-
| [[Radio Dhamaal]] || 106.4 || ''Dhinchak''
| Radio Orange || 106.4 || ''Kuch Khatta Kuch Meetha''
|-
|-
| [[All India Radio|Akashvani]] || 102.9 ||
| [[All India Radio|Akashvani]] || 102.9 ||
|-
| [[Gyan Vani]] || 105.6 ||
|}
|}


[[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|Akashvani]] Jabalpur broadcasts on 801&nbsp;kHz AM with a 200&nbsp;kW transmitter.
[[All India Radio|Akashvani]] Jabalpur broadcasts on 801&nbsp;kHz AM with a 200&nbsp;kW transmitter.

==Tourism==
{{main|List of tourist attractions in Jabalpur}}
[[File:Rope-way.JPG|thumb|Rope-way in Jabalpur]]
Attractions in Jabalpur include:
* [[Hanumantal Bada Jain Mandir]], a 17th-century Jain temple
* [[Jabalpur Madan Mahal|Madan Mahal]], a fort built by the Gondi king Madansahi in 1116
* [[Rani Durgawati Museum]], built in 1964 to commemorate [[Rani Durgavati]]. The museum hosts ancient relics, sculptures and a collection of items related to Mahatma Gandhi
* [[Dumna Nature Reserve Park]]
* [[Bargi Dam]] Reservoir
* [[Dhuandhar Falls]] and [[Marble Rocks]] in [[Bhedaghat]], {{convert|15|km}} from the city
* [[Rani Durgawati Museum]]
* Kachnar City, known for a {{convert|76|ft|m|adj=on}}-high Shiva statue housing a cavern with replicas of Shiva [[linga]]s from 12 shrines nationwide.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jabalpur|url=http://www.jabalpurtourismpc.com/Place_Kachnaar_city.aspx|work=Jabalpur Tourism Promotion Council|publisher=Jabalpur Tourism Promotion Council|accessdate=19 April 2014}}</ref>
* Tilwara Ghat, location of the Tilwadeshwar temple and where Gandhi's ashes were immersed
* Jilehri Ghat, a swimming and picnicking spot
[[File:Marble-Art.JPG|thumb|Marble-Art]]
* Chounshath Yogni-Shiva Parvati Temple - Ancient sculpture
* Osho Ashram Supatal, where [[Rajneesh]] was enlightened

Attractions within {{convert|200|km}} include:
* Jageshwar Nath Shiv Temple at [[Bandakpur]], near [[Damoh]]
* [[Kundalpur]] Jain Teerth Kshetra, near Damoha
* Vishnu-Varaha Temple, [[Majholi]]
* [[Pench National Park]]
* [[Kanha Tiger Reserve]]
* [[Bandhavgarh National Park]]

<gallery>
File:Hanumantal.jpg |[[Hanumantal Bada Jain Mandir]], Jabalpur, from across Hanumantal Lake
File:Madan Mahal.jpg | Madan Mahal fort
File:ShivStatueAtKachnarCityJabalpur.JPG | Shiv Statue at Kachnar City, Jabalpur
</gallery>


== Sports ==
== Sports ==
The city has two stadiums: [[Ravishankar Shukla Stadium]] and Rani Tal Stadium. [[Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association Ground, Jabalpur|Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association Ground]] of MPSA is also located in Jabalpur where Ranji Trophy was held in 2012 .It is generally accepted that while serving at Jabalpur in 1875, [[Neville Francis Fitzgerald Chamberlain|Colonel Sir Neville Chamberlain]] developed a new variation of [[black pool]] by introducing coloured balls into the game in the British Army officer's mess. This game was later dubbed [[snooker]].<ref name="auto"/>
The Wright Town Stadium and Rani Tal Stadium are in the city. [[Snooker]] was invented in Jabalpur. [[Billiards]] was a popular activity amongst British army officers stationed in India (who derived it from the Indian game [[carrom]]), and variations on traditional billiard games were devised.


== Notable people and residents ==
One variation added coloured balls to the reds and black used for pyramid and life pool; this became snooker. It is generally accepted that [[Neville Francis Fitzgerald Chamberlain|Colonel Sir Neville Chamberlain]] (no relation to the [[Neville Chamberlain|World War II prime minister]]) conceived the game in the British Army officer's mess in Jubbulpore, India in 1875.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.titansports.co.uk/history/snooker.htm |title=The History of Snooker |publisher=Titansports.co.uk |date= |accessdate=1 September 2010|archiveurl=http://wayback.archive.org/web/20021217110948/http://www.titansports.co.uk/history/snooker.htm|archivedate=17 December 2002|deadurl=yes}}</ref>
<!--Only add if the individual has an article in English Wikipedia . Arranged by LAST NAME-->
Historical personalities
* [[Amedee Delalex]] (1826-1889)
* [[Rani Durgavati]] (1524–1564)
* [[Gokuldas Malpani]] (1839 – 1909)
* [[Abani Mukherji]] (1891–1937)
Movie and TV personalities
* [[Tom Alter]]
* [[Jaya Bachchan]]
* [[Jennifer Mistry Bansiwal]]
* [[Shaleen Bhanot]]
* [[Gurmeet Choudhary]]
* [[Kirron Kher]]
* [[Prem Nath]]
* [[Arjun Rampal]]
* [[Shalini Pandey]]
* [[Ashutosh Rana]]
* [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]]
* [[Sharat Saxena]]
* [[Aadesh Shrivastava]]
* [[Raghubir Yadav]]
Armed forces officers
* Maj Gen [[G. D. Bakshi]]
* Admiral [[Jal Cursetji]]
* Lt Gen [[WAG Pinto]]
Civil servants and people holding high public office
* [[C. B. Bhave]], IAS
* [[Sudhir Kumar Mishra]]
* [[S Prakash Tiwari]]
Politicians
* [[Frank Anthony]]
* [[Lakhan Ghanghoriya]]
* [[Ashok Rohani]]
* [[Ishwardas Rohani]]
* [[Rakesh Singh (politician)|Rakesh Singh]]
* [[K. S. Sudarshan]]
* [[Vivek Tankha]]
* [[Captain B P Tiwari]]
* [[Shreegopal Vyas]]
* [[Sharad Yadav]]
Business
* [[Siddhartha Paul Tiwari]]
* [[Ajai Chowdhry]]
* [[Shyam Mardikar]]
Spiritual gurus
* [[Mahant Swami Maharaj]]
* [[Osho Rajneesh]]
* [[Maharshi Mahesh Yogi]]
Journalists
* [[Arnab Goswami]]
* [[Mazher Jabalpuri]]
Engineers
* [[S. P. Chakravarti]]
Doctors
*[[Yogesh Kumar Chawla]]
*[[Pradeep Chowbey]]
*[[Narmada Prasad Gupta]]
*[[Pukhraj Bafna]]
*[[Shashi Wadhwa]]
Authors and poets
* [[Subhadra Kumari Chauhan]]
* [[Kamta Prasad Guru]]
* [[Harishankar Parsai]]
* [[Nell St. John Montague]]
* [[Ram Kinkar Upadhyay]]
Sportspersons
*[[Madhu Yadav]]


== See also ==
=={{anchor|Culture}}Food==
* [[Jubbulpuria]]
''Khoye ki Jalebi'', a food popular in Madhya Pradesh, was reportedly invented by Harprasad Badkul in 1889 in his Badkul Halwai shop near the Kamaniya Gate.<ref>Siddhantacharya Phulachandra Shastri, Parwar Jain Samaj ka Itihas, 1990, Jabalpur, p. 418</ref> It is said that his early experiments to create a [[jalebi]] from [[Khoa|khoya]] failed until he added ''tekhur'', which may be eaten by fasting people avoiding grain, as a stabiliser.

=== {{anchor|Shopping malls & hypermarkets}}Malls and hypermarkets ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Mall
! Location
|- valign="top"
| South Avenue Mall and Multiplex
| Narmada Road
|-
| Samdariya Mall and Multiplex
| Civic Centre
|-
| Dixit Pride mall
| Napier Town
|-
| [[Big Bazaar]]
| Narmada Road
|-
| [[Trent (Westside)|Westside]]
| Civic Centre
|-
| [[Landmark Group|Max Fashion]]
| Narmada Road
|-
| [[Reliance Retail|Reliance Trends]]
| Civic Centre
|-
| Vishal Mega Mart
| Wright Town
|}

==Jabalpur Cantonment==
{{main|Jabalpur Cantonment}}
The Jabalpur [[Cantonment]] is one of the largest in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://canttboardjabalpur.org.in/ |title=Jabalpur Cantonment Board |publisher=Jabalpur Cantonment Board |accessdate=7 April 2014}}</ref>

==Education==
{{main|List of educational institutions in Jabalpur}}
[[File:Iiitdmj-campus.jpg|thumb|240px|alt=Modern building against a blue sky with clouds|Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur]]
Jabalpur became a center of higher education by the end of the 19th century, with institutions established by local citizens (such as the [[Hitkarini Sabha]],<ref>Allen's Indian mail and register of intelligence for British and foreign India Published 1870</ref> founded in 1868) and the British (such as [[Robertson College Jabalpur|Robertson College]], which began as a school in Sagar in 1836 and moved to Jabalpur in 1873).<ref>Madhya Pradesh Through the Ages, edited by Shiri Ram Bakshi, S.R. Bakshi And O.P. Ralhan, p. 20</ref> [[Jabalpur Engineering College]] was the first technical institution in central India established by the British. Scholars, authors and politicians such as [[Ravishankar Shukla]], Rajneesh, [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]] and [[Gajanan Madhav Muktibodh]] have emerged from the Hitakarini institutions. The [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur]] (IIITD&M) was founded in 2005.

== {{anchor|Notable people}}Notable residents ==
*[[Subhadra Kumari Chauhan]]
*[[Rani Durgawati]]
*[[Prem Nath]]
*[[Harishankar Parsai]]
*[[Arjun Rampal]]
*[[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]]
*[[Prajakta Shukre]]
*[[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]]

==See also==
* [[Tropical Forest Research Institute]]
* [[Jabalpur district]]
* [[Jabalpur district]]
* [[Ordnance Factories Board|Indian Ordnance Factories]]
* [[Tropical Forest Research Institute]]


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Jabalpur}}
{{Wikivoyage|Jabalpur}}
{{Wikiquote}}


==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{official website|http://www.jabalpur.nic.in/}}
* {{official website|http://www.jabalpur.nic.in/}}
* {{local search|http://www.quicksearch.in/city/Jabalpur}}


{{Geographic location
| Centre = Jabalpur
| North = [[Allahabad]]
| Northeast = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| East = [[Jharkhand]]
| Southeast = [[Raipur]]
| South = [[Nagpur]]
| Southwest = [[Maharashtra]]
| West = [[Bhopal]]
| Northwest = [[Rajasthan]]
}}
{{City of Jabalpur}}
{{Jabalpur district}}
{{Jabalpur district}}
{{Cities and towns of Mahakoshal}}
{{Cities and towns of Mahakoshal}}
Line 468: Line 588:
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Articles containing Hindi-language text]]
[[Category:Jabalpur| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
[[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011]]
[[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011]]
[[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]]
[[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]]
[[Category:Jabalpur| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Smart cities in India]]

Latest revision as of 00:51, 8 December 2024

Jabalpur
Jubbulpore
Jabalpur is located in Madhya Pradesh
Jabalpur
Jabalpur
Location of Jabalpur in India
Jabalpur is located in India
Jabalpur
Jabalpur
Jabalpur (India)
Coordinates: 23°10′N 79°56′E / 23.167°N 79.933°E / 23.167; 79.933
Country India
State Madhya Pradesh
DistrictJabalpur
Government
 • TypeMayor–Council
 • BodyJabalpur Municipal Corporation
 • MayorJagat Bahadur Singh[1]
 • Municipal commissionerSwapnil Wankhade IAS
 • MPAshish Dubey
Area
 • Metropolis
263.49 km2 (101.73 sq mi)
Elevation
412 m (1,352 ft)
Population
 (2011)[3][4][5]
 • Metropolis
1,055,525
 • Rank38th
 • Density4,000/km2 (10,000/sq mi)
 • Metro1,267,564
 • Metro rank
38th
DemonymsJabalpurians, Jabalpuriya, Jabalpurites
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
482001 to 482011
Telephone code0761
ISO 3166 codeIN-MP
Vehicle registrationMP-20
Sex ratio929 / 1000
Average Literacy Rate82.13%
Official languageHindi[7]
Websitejabalpur.nic.in

Jabalpur, formerly Jubbulpore, is a city situated on the banks of Narmada River in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is the 3rd-largest urban agglomeration of the state and the 38th-largest of the country. Jabalpur is the administrative headquarters of the Jabalpur district and the Jabalpur division. It is the judicial capital of Madhya Pradesh with Madhya Pradesh High Court being located in the city. It is generally accepted that the game of snooker originated in Jabalpur.[8] Jabalpur is also the railway headquarters of the West Central Railway. Jabalpur Cantonment is one of the largest cantonments in India and houses the army headquarters of five states (Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Bihar and Jharkhand). The city is known for the marble rocks on the river Narmada at Bhedaghat. It is also known as 'Sanskardhani' meaning 'The Cultural Capital' highlighting the city's rich cultural and historical heritage. The city of Jabalpur was among the first 7 smart cities selected for the Smart Cities Mission.

Etymology

[edit]

According to a prevalent theory, Jabalpur was named after a sage named Jabali, who meditated on the banks of the Narmada river. Another theory suggests an Arabic origin of the word since jabal (جبل) in Arabic means granite boulders or huge boulders, which were common in the region. According to a fringe theory, the name refers to Jauli Pattala, a sub-divisional unit, mentioned in Kalachuri inscriptions. Jauli also refers to the Huna queen of the Kalachuri king, Karna. It was spelled as Jubbulpore during British rule[9]

In 2006, the Jabalpur Municipal Corporation renamed the city to Jabalpur.[10]

History

[edit]

Mythology describes three Asuras (evil spirits) in the Jabalpur region, who were defeated by the Hindu god Shiva. Tripurasura being the main asura, gave the city its puranic name Tripur Tirth.[11] Tripuri region corresponds to the ancient Chedi Kingdom of Mahabharata times, to which king Shishupala belongs.

Ashokan relics dating to 300 BCE have been found in Rupnath, 84 kilometres (52 mi) north of the city, indicating the presence of the Mauryan Empire (322 to 185 BCE) in the region.[11] When the empire fell, Jabalpur became a city-state before coming under the rule of the Satavahana dynasty (230 BCE to 220 CE). After their reign, the region was ruled locally by the Bodhis and the Senas, following which it became a vassal state of the Gupta Empire (320 to 550).[11]

The region was conquered by the Kalachuri Dynasty in 875 CE. The best known Kalachuri ruler was Yuvaraja-Deva I (r. 915–945), who married Nohla Devi (a princess of the Chalukya dynasty).[12] One of the Kalachuri ministers, Golok Simha Kayastha, was instrumental in founding the Chausath Yogini Temple near Bhedaghat. His descendants include Bhoj Simha, who was the Dewan to the Gond king Sangram Shah (1491–1543); Dewan Aadhar Singh Kayastha, who was the prime minister to Rani Durgavati (r. 1550–1564),[13] and Beohar Raghuvir Sinha, the last Jagirdar of Jabalpur who reigned until 1947.[citation needed]

Gondwana rule

[edit]
Rani Durgavati preparing for the battle of Narrai; fresco by Beohar Rammanohar Sinha in Jabalpur's Shaheed-Smarak

Jabalpur was an important centre of power during the rule of the Gond kings of Garha-Mandla.[14] The ruler of Garha-Mandla, Madan Shah, (1138–1157) built a watchtower and a small hilltop fort at Madan Mahal, an area in Jabalpur. In the 1500s, the Gond king, Sangram Shah held Singorgarh fort. Rani Durgawati was a princess of the Chandela Dynasty who was married to Dalpat Shah of the Gond dynasty. She was well aware of the importance of water conservation, and hence she built more than 85 ponds in Jabalpur, mainly in Ranital, Haathital, Madhatal and Hanumantal.[15]

The Gond king, Hriday Shah (1634-1668), moved his court to the Mandla fort. He secured water sources and built irrigation structures. The kingdom was invaded in 1742 by the Maratha peshwa (prime minister), Balaji Baji Rao along with Visaji Chandorkar, the Maratha governor of Sagar, and made a tributary state of the Maratha Empire.[16][17]

Maratha rule

[edit]

The Maratha rulers of Sagar finally annexed the weakened Garha Kingdom in 1781.[18] Around 1798, the Maratha Peshwa gave the Nerbuddah valley to the Bhonsle kings of Nagpur, who ruled the area until 1818, when it was seized by the British East India Company after the Battle of Sitabuldi.[19]

British rule

[edit]

The British made Jabalpur the commission headquarters of the Narmada territories and established a cantonment here. Under the British Raj, Jabalpur became the capital of the Saugor and Nerbudda Territories, which was part of the British North-Western Province. The Saugor and Nerbudda Territories became part of the new Central Provinces in 1861 which in 1903 became the Central Provinces and Berar. By the early 20th Century Jabalpur was the headquarters of a brigade in the 5th division of the Southern Army.

A significant event was the Tripuri Congress session in 1939, led by Subhash Chandra Bose. Under the guidance of Lokmanya Tilak, the Flag Satyagraha was successfully launched. Mahatma Gandhi visited Jabalpur four times. The Congress session in 1939, where Subhash Chandra Bose was elected president against Gandhi's wishes, was notable for its debates on strategies for India's independence. A memorial gate, Kamania Gate, was built in the city to commemorate these events.

After India's independence in 1947, the Central Provinces and Berar became the state of Madhya Pradesh.

Under British rule, and among others in the works of Kipling, the city name was spelled Jubbulpore.

The city's institutional buildings still showcase the British colonial architecture.

Geography

[edit]

Climate

[edit]
Jabalpur
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
19
 
 
24
8
 
 
16
 
 
28
11
 
 
16
 
 
34
16
 
 
5
 
 
39
21
 
 
11
 
 
42
26
 
 
169
 
 
38
26
 
 
382
 
 
31
24
 
 
458
 
 
29
23
 
 
188
 
 
31
23
 
 
39
 
 
32
19
 
 
12
 
 
29
12
 
 
11
 
 
25
9
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: IMD
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.7
 
 
75
46
 
 
0.6
 
 
82
52
 
 
0.6
 
 
93
61
 
 
0.2
 
 
102
70
 
 
0.4
 
 
108
79
 
 
6.7
 
 
100
79
 
 
15
 
 
88
75
 
 
18
 
 
84
73
 
 
7.4
 
 
88
73
 
 
1.5
 
 
90
66
 
 
0.5
 
 
84
54
 
 
0.4
 
 
77
48
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

Jabalpur has a humid subtropical climate typical of north-central India (Madhya Pradesh and southern Uttar Pradesh). Summer begins in late March, lasting until June. May is the hottest month, with an average temperature exceeding 40 °C (104 °F). Summer is followed by the southwest monsoon, which lasts until early October and produces 889 mm (35 in) of rain from July to September. The average annual precipitation is nearly 1,386 mm (54.6 in). The Winter begins in late November and lasts until early March. January is the coldest month, with an average daily temperature near 15 °C (59 °F).

Climate data for Jabalpur Airport (1991–2020, extremes 1901–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 33.4
(92.1)
37.6
(99.7)
41.2
(106.2)
45.4
(113.7)
46.7
(116.1)
46.8
(116.2)
41.7
(107.1)
37.8
(100.0)
37.4
(99.3)
37.9
(100.2)
35.8
(96.4)
33.2
(91.8)
46.7
(116.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 24.3
(75.7)
27.9
(82.2)
33.3
(91.9)
38.5
(101.3)
41.3
(106.3)
37.6
(99.7)
31.3
(88.3)
29.9
(85.8)
31.3
(88.3)
31.8
(89.2)
29.1
(84.4)
25.8
(78.4)
31.8
(89.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 17.1
(62.8)
20.7
(69.3)
25.9
(78.6)
31.0
(87.8)
34.6
(94.3)
31.8
(89.2)
27.4
(81.3)
26.6
(79.9)
27.3
(81.1)
25.9
(78.6)
21.9
(71.4)
18.0
(64.4)
25.7
(78.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 10.7
(51.3)
13.6
(56.5)
18.2
(64.8)
23.3
(73.9)
27.4
(81.3)
27.0
(80.6)
24.7
(76.5)
24.1
(75.4)
23.7
(74.7)
20.3
(68.5)
15.0
(59.0)
11.0
(51.8)
19.9
(67.8)
Record low °C (°F) 1.1
(34.0)
0.0
(32.0)
3.3
(37.9)
10.6
(51.1)
17.2
(63.0)
19.0
(66.2)
20.6
(69.1)
18.3
(64.9)
16.7
(62.1)
10.5
(50.9)
3.9
(39.0)
0.6
(33.1)
0.0
(32.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 17.6
(0.69)
19.7
(0.78)
18.2
(0.72)
6.8
(0.27)
11.9
(0.47)
164.2
(6.46)
429.8
(16.92)
443.0
(17.44)
213.7
(8.41)
30.0
(1.18)
10.0
(0.39)
2.9
(0.11)
1,367.8
(53.85)
Average rainy days 1.4 1.7 1.6 0.8 1.1 7.5 15.6 15.5 9.5 2.0 0.7 0.4 57.7
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 47 38 27 21 21 49 73 79 69 52 51 49 48
Source 1: India Meteorological Department[20][21]
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)[22]

Jabalpur has been ranked 2nd [23]best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India according to 'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results'

Flora and fauna

[edit]

Extinct species

[edit]

A species of noasaurid theropod dinosaur named Laevisuchus indicus was discovered near Jabalpur in 1917 by Charles Alfred Matley and described by Friedrich von Huene and Matley in 1932.[24] Another small dinosaur discovered at that time by Friedrich von Huene and described by the team in 1932, named Jubbulpuria tenuis, was categorised as junior synonym of Laevisuchus indicus in 2024.[24][25]

Demographics

[edit]
Religions in Jabalpur city[26]
Religion Percent
Hindu
79.39%
Muslim
15.03%
Jain
2.26%
Christian
1.59%
Sikh
1.05%
No religion stated
0.31%
Buddhist
0.34%
Others†
0.03%
Distribution of religions
Population Growth Since 2011 Census[27]
Year Population
2011
1,268,848
2012
1,295,000
2013
1,320,000
2014
1,360,000
2015
1,385,000
2016
1,400,000
2017
1,440,000
2018
1,450,000

In the 2011 India census, the Jabalpur city (the area covered by the municipal corporation) recorded a population of 1,081,677.[4] The Jabalpur metropolitan area (urban agglomeration) recorded a population of 1,268,848.[5]

Bada Fuhara and Kamania Gate in the heart of old Jabalpur city

Economy

[edit]
Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ)'s Matang truck

Agriculture

[edit]

The Narmada river bringing in freshwater from the Vindyachal Ranges has developed Jabalpur district into an agrarian economy. The land of the Narmada basin with its fertile alluvial soil gives good yields of sorghum, wheat, rice, and millet in the villages around Jabalpur. Important among commercial crops are pulses, oilseeds, cotton, sugar cane, and medicinal crops. The state is poised for a breakthrough in soybean cultivation.[citation needed] In Kharif crops occupy 60% and Rabi crops 40% area with 71.4% area under food grain production. Nearly 59% of landholders are marginal whereas small farmed share 18% of farmland.

Industries

[edit]

Jabalpur has a variety of industries largely based in mineral substances of economic value found in the district, although the ready-made garments industry is a substantial portion of production in Jabalpur.

Defence establishments started in the early 20th century. Jabalpur has Vehicle Factory Jabalpur, Grey Iron Foundry, Gun Carriage Factory Jabalpur and Ordnance Factory Khamaria which belong to the Ordnance Factories Board manufacturing various products for the Indian Armed Forces. The Gun Carriage Factory was started in the year 1904 is well equipped and manufacture gun parts, mounting, shells, and a variety of the other product for war purposes. Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ) was started as a manufacturer of trucks and other defence vehicles. The other two are Grey Iron Foundry (GIF) and Ordnance Factory Khamaria (OFK).

Armed forces make up a large portion of the city and economy in this city. The city has three regimental centres: Grenadiers, Jammu and Kashmir rifles and the Signals regiment. Jabalpur is also the army headquarters of Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, and Orissa. Jabalpur is an important divisional headquarters, having eight districts: Jabalpur, Seoni, Mandla, Chhindwara, Narsimhapur, Katni, Dindori, Balaghat. The Jabalpur District has been reconstituted on 25 May 1998. It now has four tehsils Jabalpur, Sihora, Patan, and Kundam. Jabalpur also has the headquarters of the Madhya Pradesh State Electricity Board, Homeguards, and many other state and central government offices. There are seven blocks in the district with 1449 inhabited villages, 60 uninhabited, 1209 revenue villages, and 4 forest villages. The presence of several industries in Jabalpur bolstered the industrial scenario of the city. However, the industrial growth of the area owes much to the defence establishments and the four ordnance factories.

The presence of the military base and the ordnance factories have improved the infrastructure of the city. This has boosted the industrial development of Jabalpur. The important industries in Jabalpur are:

  • Readymade garments units
  • Poultry/hatchery
  • Electrical goods industry
  • Sawmills
  • Wood cutting industry
  • Industries relating to limestone products
  • Building materials
  • Glassware
  • Telephone parts
  • Furniture making industry
  • Shaw Wallace Gelatin Factory
  • Steel structures works
  • Cement industries
  • Commercial Engineers & Body Builders Co Limited [CEBBCO ]
  • Tobacco business
  • Retail business
  • Food processing industry
  • Vendors for Coca-Cola India & Parle

The nominal GDP of Jabalpur District was estimated at Rs. 42,518 crores for the year 2020–21.[28]

Information technology and park

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M.P. State Electronics Development Corporation Ltd. has set up an I.T. park (Techno Park)[29] in Bargi Hills having total area of 60 acres, 22 km from the Jabalpur airport. Paytm started their operations at Jabalpur in 2018.[30]

Government and public services

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Civic administration

[edit]

Jabalpur covers an area of 263 square kilometres (102 sq mi).[2] The Jabalpur Municipal Corporation (JMC), is charged with governance of the city's civic and infrastructural assets. The corporation has two wings: deliberative and executive. The head of the executive wing is a municipal commissioner who is responsible for the corporation's day-to-day operation and assists the deliberative wing in the decision-making process. The JMC council has one elected representative (corporate) from each ward. Council elections, by popular vote, are held every five years. A corporate from the majority party is selected as mayor.

Jabalpur contributes one member to the Lok Sabha. Ashish Dubey of Bharatiya Janata Party had been elected as the Member of Parliament in the 2024 Lok Sabha election.[31] The city sends eight members to the State Legislative Assembly: four from the city (Jabalpur Purba, Jabalpur Uttar, Jabalpur Cantonment and Jabalpur Paschim) and four from rural areas of the district. Jabalpur is divided into eight zones, each consisting of several wards.

Division headquarters

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Jabalpur is the divisional headquarters for eight districts: Jabalpur, Seoni, Mandla, Chhindwara, Narsinghpur, Katni, Dindori and Balaghat. The district, which was reconstituted on 25 May 1998, has seven tehsils: Jabalpur, Sihora, Patan, Majholi, Shahpura, Panagar and Kundam. The city is the headquarters of the Madhya Pradesh State Electricity Board, the Home-guards and other state and central-government offices.

Military establishments

[edit]

The Jabalpur Cantonment is one of the largest cantonments in India.[32] In addition to the ordnance factories, other organisations present in the city include HQ Madhya Bharat Area, the Jammu & Kashmir Rifles Regimental Centre, the Grenadiers Regimental Centre, 1 Signal Training Centre, College of Material Management, Central Ordnance Depot, 506 Army Base Workshop, Military Hospital, HQ Chief Engineer Jabalpur Zone, Military Dairy Farm, and HQ Recruiting Zone. Civilian organisations which are part of the Ministry of Defence are the Cantonment Board, Controller of Defence Accounts, Defence Standardisation Cell and the Canteen Stores Department.

Culture

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Cuisine

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Sweets in Jabalpur's local delicacy include Doodh ka Halwa, Kalakand, Bhaji Wada, Dal Mangode, Aloo Vada, Khoye ki Jalebi,[33][34] Mawa-Bati, Khoprapak, Shrikhand, Malpua, Imarti and Makkhanvada.[35] Khoye ki Jalebi, which is quite popular in Madhya Pradesh,[35] was invented by Harprasad Badkul in 1889 at his shop, Badkul Halwai.[36][37][38]

Tourism

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Marble-art

Jabalpur is an important tourism centre of Central India. Notable sites include Marble Rocks in Bhedaghat, Hanumantal Bada Jain Mandir, Madan Mahal, Dhuandhar Falls, Chausath-Yogini, Gwarighat, Balancing rock near Madan Mahal Fort and the Shiv Statue at Kachnar City.

The world-renowned tiger reserves like Kanha National Park, Bandhavgarh National Park, and Pench National Park can be easily visited via Jabalpur. The largest wildlife sanctuary by area, Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary is close to Jabalpur and can be easily visited. The recently notified Veerangana Durgavati Tiger Reserve, 7th tiger reserve in Madhya Pradesh also lies in close vicinity to Jabalpur.

Hanumantal Bada Jain Mandir is a 17th-century Jain temple that appears like a fortress with numerous shikharas. The temple has 22 shrines (vedis), making it the largest independent Jain temple in India.

Madan Mahal is a fort built by the Gond king Madan Shahi in 1116 which is situated atop a hill in Jabalpur.

Kachnar city is known for a 23-metre-high (76 ft) Shiva statue housing a cavern with replicas of Shiva lingas from 12 shrines nationwide.

[39]The city also houses the Rangawati Museum which was built in 1964 to commemorate Rani Durgavati. The museum also hosts ancient relics, sculptures and a collection of items related to Mahatma Gandhi.

Dumna Nature Reserve Park is an ecotourism site located near Jabalpur Airport. It houses Khandari Dam, a source of drinking water to the city.

The Bargi Dam Reservoir is known for boat rides.

Tourist attractions in Jabalpur also include the boat rides along the Narmada river, which is 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) away from the city, especially in moonlight. The journey through the river reveals the Marble Rocks, where the river has carved the soft marble, creating a gorge of about 8 km in length, and the Dhuandhar falls, which is one of the most visited tourist destinations in Jabalpur.[citation needed] Lamheta Ghat[40] and Tilwara Ghat[41] are well-known Ghats on the banks of Narmada River.[citation needed] The Tilwadeshwar temple is located near the Tilwara Ghat and it is also the place where Gandhi's ashes were immersed.

Other tourist destinations near the city include Paat Baba Mandir, Gupteshwar Mandir, Bhadbhada falls,[42] Gughra Fall,[43] Osho Amritdham,[44] Pisanhari Ki Madiya which is a historic Jain pilgrimage near Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Medical College,[45] and Nandishwardeep Jain temple.

Maharishi Mahesh Yogi's ashram in Karondi village is located about 90 kms from the city. Lying on the Tropic of Cancer, the location is claimed to be the geographical central point of India by Yogi.[46]

Transport

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Air

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Long, low building with cars parked outside
Jabalpur Airport Terminal Building

The Jabalpur Airport (JLR), also known as Dumna Airport, is about 20 kilometres (12 mi) away from the city center. It is located near the Dumna Nature Reserve. It serves as the only airport in the eastern Madhya Pradesh also serving the districts of Narsinghpur, Chhindwara , Sagar, Damoh, Katni, Mandla, Balaghat, Seoni, Umaria, Anuppur, Shahdol, Satna, Rewa. It is also the most convenient airport for visiting National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries which surround the city of Jabalpur. The airport has direct connectivity with major cities of New Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Indore and Bilaspur. Alliance Air, Indigo and SpiceJet operate from here.

Rail

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Railway Station

Jabalpur Junction railway station, is one of the five major railway stations located in the city. Madan Mahal railway station is located in the heart of Jabalpur City.

Office of the General Manager, West Central Railway, Jabalpur

Jabalpur city homes the Zonal Headquarters of West Central Railways (WCR). Jabalpur is also one of the three divisional headquarters in WCR. The boundaries of divisional headquarters extend up to Itarsi Junction in the south-west, Bina Junction station in the north, Manikpur Junction and Rewa station in the North East and Singrauli station in the east. All these railway lines are broad gauge lines. A narrow-gauge line existed between Jabalpur to Gondia station which has presently been converted to broad gauge. Now this line provides direct connectivity to Nagpur Junction railway station and Raipur Junction railway station, via Gondia Junction.

Jabalpur Junction is well connected with Rail and has dedicated trains to New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Lucknow, SVDK Katra, Ajmer, Somnath, Pune, Bangalore, Coimbatore etc.

Road

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Jabalpur has excellent road connectivity. A network of National Highways meet at Jabalpur. 4-lane NH 45 connects it to Bhopal, 4-lane NH 34 connects it to Nagpur, 4-lane NH 30 connects it to Varanasi and Mandla, NH 34 connects it to Damoh. Apart from this, Jabalpur also has good network of state highways.

114 Kms Ring Road is under construction around Jabalpur which will be second longest ring road in India after Hyderabad's ORR. Longest elevated corridor of Madhya Pradesh is also present in Jabalpur City which is nearing completion. This will be one of the longest elevated roads in India.

Education

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LNCT Jabalpur
St. Aloysius Senior Secondary School, established in the year 1868, is among the oldest schools in India

Jabalpur became a centre of higher education by the end of the 19th century, with institutions such as the Hitkarini Sabha, established by local citizens in 1868,[47] and Robertson College (now bifurcated into the Government Science College, Jabalpur, and Mahakoshal Arts & Commerce College) was established in Sagar in 1836 and moved to Jabalpur in 1873.[48] Government Engineering College, Jabalpur was the first technical institution in Central India to be established by the British. IIITDM Jabalpur was founded in 2005. Scholars, authors and politicians such as Ravishankar Shukla, Rajneesh, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and Gajanan Madhav Muktibodh had been in Jabalpur for some time in their life.

Jabalpur is known for many universities such as Rani Durgavati University (also called the University of Jabalpur), Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University, Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University and Dharmashastra National Law University, Jabalpur, Indian Council of Medical Research-NIRTH. Other institutions like Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur and MP State Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur are very important forest research centers based in Jabalpur.

Jabalpur also hosts a Government Medical College named Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Medical College. The largest Government Cancer Institute in Madhya Pradesh, the Madhya Pradesh State Cancer Institute will soon become functional in Jabalpur at the adjoining premises of the NSCB Medical College. The School of Excellence in Pulmonary Medicine is also a Government center of excellence in pulmonary medicine located in the premises of NSCB Medical College.

Media

[edit]

Several television news channels have branches in the city. Various cable operators operate digital cable TV system in city.[49]

Newspapers

[edit]

National and local newspapers are published in Jabalpur in Hindi and English:

Newspaper Language Founded
Naiduniya Hindi 1947
Patrika 2009
Nava Bharat 1934
Deshbandhu 1959
Hari Bhoomi 1996
The Times of India English 1838
Hindustan Times 1924
Hindustan Hindi
The Hitavada English 1911
Business Standard English, Hindi 1975
Dainik Bhaskar Hindi 1958
Yash Bharat 2006

Radio

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Radio stations in Jabalpur include:

Name Frequency (MHz) Tagline
Red FM 93.5 Bajaate raho
MY FM 94.3 Jiyo Dil Se!
Radio Mirchi 98.3 It's Hot!
Radio Orange 106.4 Kuch Khatta Kuch Meetha
Akashvani 102.9

Akashvani Jabalpur broadcasts on 801 kHz AM with a 200 kW transmitter.

Sports

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The city has two stadiums: Ravishankar Shukla Stadium and Rani Tal Stadium. Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association Ground of MPSA is also located in Jabalpur where Ranji Trophy was held in 2012 .It is generally accepted that while serving at Jabalpur in 1875, Colonel Sir Neville Chamberlain developed a new variation of black pool by introducing coloured balls into the game in the British Army officer's mess. This game was later dubbed snooker.[8]

Notable people and residents

[edit]

Historical personalities

Movie and TV personalities

Armed forces officers

Civil servants and people holding high public office

Politicians

Business

Spiritual gurus

Journalists

Engineers

Doctors

Authors and poets

Sportspersons

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Jabalpur Nagar Nigam Result: कांग्रेस ने भेदा बीजेपी का किला, महापौर चुनाव में जगत बहादुर सिंह अन्नू की जीत". Zee News (in Hindi). 17 July 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  2. ^ a b "Jabalpur City" (PDF). Retrieved 21 November 2020.
  3. ^ "District Census Handbook, Indore" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 May 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  4. ^ a b "Jabalpur district" (PDF). 2011 Census of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 November 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  5. ^ a b "Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (PDF). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
  6. ^ "Presentation on Towns and Urban Agglomerations". Census of India 2011. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  7. ^ "52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India" (PDF). nclm.nic.in. Ministry of Minority Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  8. ^ a b "The History of Snooker". Titansports.co.uk. Archived from the original on 17 December 2002. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
  9. ^ Chibber, Nanditta (27 November 2018). "MP Trail: When two Britishers disagreed on the name of Jabalpur". The Telegraph. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  10. ^ "Now, Indore to become Indur, Bhopal Bhojpal". The Times of India. 18 December 2006. Archived from the original on 28 October 2009. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
  11. ^ a b c Jabalpur, City Guide. Goodearth Publications. 2008. p. 8. ISBN 978-81-87780-73-1.
  12. ^ Mirashi, V. V. (1930). "YUVARĀJADEVA I OF TRIPURI". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 11 (4): 361–373. ISSN 0378-1143. JSTOR 41688193.
  13. ^ Jāyasavāla, Kalpanā (1998). Rānī Durgāvatī aura unakā śāsanakāla (in Hindi). Nārdarna Buka Seṅṭara. p. 107. ISBN 978-81-7211-072-7.
  14. ^ "History | District Administration Jabalpur, Government of Madhya Pradesh | India".
  15. ^ "Gondwana rulers". Archived from the original on 7 October 2017.
  16. ^ Indian Dissertation Abstracts. Popular Prakashan. 1988.
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  19. ^ Hunter, William Wilson, Sir, et al. (1908). Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 17. 1908-1931; Clarendon Press, Oxford.
  20. ^ "Nagpur(42867)". India Meteorological Department. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  21. ^ "Climatological Tables 1991-2020" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. p. 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  22. ^ "Normals Data: Jabalpur - India Latitude: 23.20°N Longitude: 79.95°E Height: 397 (m)". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
  23. ^ "Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024" (PDF). Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024. 7 September 2024.
  24. ^ a b Carrano, Matthew T.; Wilson, Jeffrey A.; Barrett, Paul M. (January 2010). "The history of dinosaur collecting in central India, 1828–1947" (PDF). Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 343 (1): 161–173. Bibcode:2010GSLSP.343..161C. doi:10.1144/SP343.9.
  25. ^ Mohabey, Dhananjay M.; Samant, Bandana; Vélez-Rosado, Kevin I.; Wilson Mantilla, Jeffrey A. (7 February 2024). "A review of small-bodied theropod dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of India, with description of new cranial remains of a noasaurid (Theropoda: Abelisauria)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. doi:10.1080/02724634.2023.2288088. ISSN 0272-4634.
  26. ^ "Jabalpur District Religion Data - Census 2011". www.census2011.co.in. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
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  29. ^ "M.P. State Electronics Development Corporation Ltd". MPSEDC.[permanent dead link]
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  31. ^ "Jabalpur election results 2024 live updates: BJP's Ashish Dubey wins". The Times of India. 7 June 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
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  34. ^ "खोया जलेबी". जिला प्रशासन जबलपुर, मध्य प्रदेश शासन - भारत (in Hindi). Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  35. ^ a b "10 Sweets that You can't afford to miss while you're travelling around Madhya Pradesh! - MP Travelogue". MP Travelogue. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  36. ^ Siddhantacharya Phulachandra Shastri, Parwar Jain Samaj ka Itihas, 1990, Jabalpur, p. 418
  37. ^ "Sugar rush: TravelKhana to deliver sweets to train passenger, DNA, 18 Mar 2016". 18 March 2016. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
  38. ^ "Tasty dishes you must try from these lesser known corners of India". www.msn.com. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
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  41. ^ "Tilwara Ghat". Archived from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  42. ^ "Bhadbhada Waterfall". Archived from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  43. ^ "Ghughra Fall". Archived from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  44. ^ "Osho Amritdham". Archived from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  45. ^ "Pisanhari Ki Madiya". jabalpur.nic.in. Office of District Magistrate, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  46. ^ "Maharishi Mahesh Yogi hopes to bring heaven to earth by building world's tallest building". India Today. 15 October 2001. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
  47. ^ Allen's Indian mail and register of intelligence for British and foreign India Published 1870
  48. ^ Madhya Pradesh Through the Ages, edited by Shiri Ram Bakshi, S.R. Bakshi And O.P. Ralhan, p. 20
  49. ^ "Jabalpur Media". Mapsofindia.com. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
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