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{{short description|Proposed clade of placental mammals}}
{{automatic Taxobox
{{automatic taxobox
| name = Exafroplacentals
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|91|0}}
| fossil_range = [[Paleocene]] - [[Holocene]], {{fossilrange|65|0}}
| image = Talpa_europaea_MHNT.jpg
| image = Boreoeutheria.png
| image2 = Xenarthra.jpg
| image_caption = [[European mole]] ([[Boreoeutheria]])
| taxon = Exafroplacentalia
| image2 = Myresluger2.jpg
| authority = Waddell et al, 2001<ref name="Waddell2001" />
| image2_caption = [[Giant anteater]] ([[Xenarthra]])
| subdivision_ranks = Subgroups
| authority = Waddell et al, 2001
| subdivision = *Superorder '''[[Xenarthra]]:'''
| subdivision_ranks = Orders and Clades
**Order [[Cingulata]] (Armadillos)
| subdivision =
**Order [[Pilosa]] (Anteaters, sloths)
*Superorder '''[[Xenarthra]]:'''
*Magnorder '''[[Boreoeutheria]]:'''
**[[Cingulata]] (Armadillos)
**Superorder [[Laurasiatheria]]
**[[Pilosa]] (Anteaters, Sloth)
**Superorder [[Euarchontoglires]]
Magnorder '''[[Boreoeutheria]]:'''
*[[Afrotheria]]?
*Superorder '''[[Laurasiatheria]]:'''
**[[Eulipotyphla]] (Shrews, Moles)
**[[Cetartiodactyla]] (Whales, dolphins, ruminants, etc.)
**[[Chiroptera]] (Bats)
**[[Perissodactyla]] (Horses, etc.)
**[[Pholidota]] (Scaly Anteaters)
**[[Carnivora]] (Carnivores)
*Superorder '''[[Euarchontoglires]]:'''
**[[Glires]]
***[[Rodent]]ia (Rodents)
***[[Lagomorpha]] (Rabbits, etc.)
**[[Euarchonta]]
***[[Scandentia]] (Tree Shrews)
***[[Primatomorpha]]
****[[Dermoptera]] (Flying Lemurs)
****[[Primates]]
}}
}}


'''Exafroplacentalia''' or '''Notolegia''' is a [[clade]] of [[Placentalia|placental mammals]] proposed in 2001 on the basis of molecular research.<ref>Murphy, W.J., Pringle, T.H., Crider, T.A., Springer, M.S. & Miller, W. 2007. Using genomic data to unravel the root of the placental mammal phylogeny. Genome Research 17, pp.413-421.</ref><ref>Kriegs, J.O., Churakov, G., Kiefmann, M., Jordan, U., Brosius, J. & Schmitz, J. 2006. Retroposed elements as archives for the evolutionary history of placental mammals. Plos Biol 4, pp.e91.</ref>
'''Exafroplacentalia''' or '''Notolegia''' is a [[clade]] of [[Placentalia|placental mammals]] proposed in 2001 on the basis of molecular research.<ref name="Waddell2001">{{Cite journal | last1 = Waddell | first1 = Peter J. | last2 = Kishino | first2 = Hirohisa | last3 = Ota | first3 = Rissa | title = A phylogenetic foundation for comparative mammalian genomics | journal = [[Genome Informatics]] | volume = 12 | pages = 141–154 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11791233 | doi = 10.11234/gi1990.12.141 | url = http://www.jsbi.org/pdfs/journal1/GIW01/GIW01F15.html | access-date = 2015-08-28 | archive-date = 2019-07-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190710063147/https://www.jsbi.org/pdfs/journal1/GIW01/GIW01F15.html | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>Murphy, W.J., Pringle, T.H., Crider, T.A., Springer, M.S. & Miller, W. 2007. Using genomic data to unravel the root of the placental mammal phylogeny. Genome Research 17, pp.413-421.</ref><ref>Kriegs, J.O., Churakov, G., Kiefmann, M., Jordan, U., Brosius, J. & Schmitz, J. 2006. Retroposed elements as archives for the evolutionary history of placental mammals. Plos Biol 4, pp.e91.</ref>


Exafroplacentalia places [[Xenarthra]] as a sister group to the [[Boreoeutheria]] (comprising [[Laurasiatheria]] and [[Euarchontoglires]]),<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00255.x| title = Phylogenetic analysis of 73 060 taxa corroborates major eukaryotic groups| year = 2009| last1 = Goloboff | first1 = Pablo A.| last2 = Catalano | first2 = Santiago A.| last3 = Mirande | first3 = J. Marcos| last4 = Szumik | first4 = Claudia A.| last5 = Arias | first5 = J. Salvador| last6 = Källersjö | first6 = Mari| last7 = Farris | first7 = James S.| journal = [[Cladistics (journal)|Cladistics]]| volume = 25| issue = 3| pages = 211–230 }}</ref> thus making Afrotheria a primitive group of placental mammals (the group name roughly means "those which are not African placentals").
Exafroplacentalia places [[Xenarthra]] as a sister group to the [[Boreoeutheria]] (comprising [[Laurasiatheria]] and [[Euarchontoglires]]),<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00255.x| title = Phylogenetic analysis of 73 060 taxa corroborates major eukaryotic groups| year = 2009| last1 = Goloboff | first1 = Pablo A.| last2 = Catalano | first2 = Santiago A.| last3 = Mirande | first3 = J. Marcos| last4 = Szumik | first4 = Claudia A.| last5 = Arias | first5 = J. Salvador| last6 = Källersjö | first6 = Mari| last7 = Farris | first7 = James S.| journal = [[Cladistics (journal)|Cladistics]]| volume = 25| issue = 3| pages = 211–230 | pmid = 34879616| doi-access = free| hdl = 11336/78055| hdl-access = free}}</ref> thus making Afrotheria a primitive group of placental mammals (the group name roughly means "those which are not African placentals").

Updated analysis of [[transposable element]] insertions around the time of divergence strongly supports the fourth hypothesis of a near-concomitant origin ([[trifurcation]]) of the three superorders of mammals.{{clarify|date=December 2013}}<ref>Nishihara, H., Maruyama, S. & Okada, N. 2009. Retroposon analysis and recent geological data suggest near-simultaneous divergence of the three superorders of placental mammals. PNAS 106: 5235-40.</ref>


==Classification==
==Classification==


<center>
{{clade
{{clade
|style=margin:1em auto;
|label1=[[Eutheria]]&nbsp;&nbsp;
|label1=[[Eutheria]]&nbsp;&nbsp;
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
Line 57: Line 40:
}}
}}
}}
}}

</center>
However, this classification makes the autapomorphy (character shared only among Exafroplacentalia) dubious: it is hard to classify a group by the absence of a feature (in this case "not coming from Africa").<ref name="Nishihara et al 2009">Nishihara, H., Maruyama, S. & Okada, N. 2009. Retroposon analysis and recent geological data suggest near-simultaneous divergence of the three superorders of placental mammals. PNAS 106: 5235-40.</ref> Hence, several alternative hypotheses can be considered.

==Alternative hypotheses==

One alternative hypothesis is the [[Epitheria]] hypothesis:

{{clade
|style=margin:1em auto;
|label1=[[Placentalia]]
|1={{clade
|1=[[Xenarthra]]
|label2=[[Epitheria]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Afrotheria]]
|label2=[[Boreoeutheria]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Euarchontoglires]]
|2=[[Laurasiatheria]]
}}
}}
}}
}}

Another alternative hypothesis is the [[Atlantogenata]] hypothesis:

{{clade
|style=margin:1em auto;
|label1=[[Eutheria]]
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Atlantogenata]]
|1={{clade
|1=[[Xenarthra]]
|2=[[Afrotheria]]}}
|label2=[[Boreoeutheria]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Euarchontoglires]]
|2=[[Laurasiatheria]]
}}
}}
}}

Updated analysis of [[transposable element]] insertions around the time of divergence strongly supports the fourth hypothesis of a near-concomitant origin of the three superorders of mammals:<ref name="Nishihara et al 2009" />

{{clade
|style=margin:1em auto;
|label1=[[Eutheria]]
|1={{clade
|1=[[Xenarthra]]
|2=[[Afrotheria]]
|label3=[[Boreoeutheria]]
|3={{clade
|1=[[Euarchontoglires]]
|2=[[Laurasiatheria]]
}}
}}
}}


==See also==
==See also==
Line 64: Line 103:


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


===Further reading===
==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Churakov | first1 = G.| last2 = Kriegs | first2 = J. O.| last3 = Baertsch | first3 = R.| last4 = Zemann | first4 = A.| last5 = Brosius | first5 = J. R.| last6 = Schmitz | first6 = J. R.| doi = 10.1101/gr.090647.108 | title = Mosaic retroposon insertion patterns in placental mammals | journal = [[Genome Research]]| volume = 19 | issue = 5 | pages = 868–875 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19261842| pmc = 2675975}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Churakov | first1 = G.| last2 = Kriegs | first2 = J. O.| last3 = Baertsch | first3 = R.| last4 = Zemann | first4 = A.| last5 = Brosius | first5 = J. R.| last6 = Schmitz | first6 = J. R.| doi = 10.1101/gr.090647.108 | title = Mosaic retroposon insertion patterns in placental mammals | journal = [[Genome Research]]| volume = 19 | issue = 5 | pages = 868–875 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19261842| pmc = 2675975}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Nikolaev | first1 = Sergey| last2 = Montoya-Burgos | first2 = Juan I.| last3 = Margulies | first3 = Elliott H.| author4 = NISC Comparative Sequencing Program| last5 = Rougemont | first5 = Jacques| last6 = Nyffeler | first6 = Bruno| last7 = Antonarakis | first7 = Stylianos E.| doi = 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030002 | title = Early History of Mammals is Elucidated with the ENCODE Multiple Species Sequencing Data | journal = [[PLOS Genetics|PLoS Genetics]]| volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = e2 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17206863| pmc = 1761045}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Nikolaev | first1 = Sergey| last2 = Montoya-Burgos | first2 = Juan I.| last3 = Margulies | first3 = Elliott H.| author4 = NISC Comparative Sequencing Program| last5 = Rougemont | first5 = Jacques| last6 = Nyffeler | first6 = Bruno| last7 = Antonarakis | first7 = Stylianos E.| doi = 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030002 | title = Early History of Mammals is Elucidated with the ENCODE Multiple Species Sequencing Data | journal = [[PLOS Genetics|PLoS Genetics]]| volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = e2 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17206863| pmc = 1761045| doi-access = free}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Springer | first1 = Mark S.| last2 = Murphy | first2 = William J.| last3 = Eizirik | first3 = Eduardo| last4 = O'Brien | first4 = Stephen J.| title = Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0334222100 | journal = [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]| volume = 100 | issue = 3 | pages = 1056–1061 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12552136| pmc = 298725}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Springer | first1 = Mark S.| last2 = Murphy | first2 = William J.| last3 = Eizirik | first3 = Eduardo| last4 = O'Brien | first4 = Stephen J.| title = Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0334222100 | journal = [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]| volume = 100 | issue = 3 | pages = 1056–1061 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12552136| pmc = 298725| doi-access = free}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Wildman | first1 = Derek E.| last2 = Chen | first2 = Caoyi| last3 = Erez | first3 = Offer| last4 = Grossman | first4 = Lawrence I.| last5 = Goodman | first5 = Morris| last6 = Romero | first6 = Roberto| title = Evolution of the mammalian placenta revealed by phylogenetic analysis | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0511344103 | journal = [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]| volume = 103 | issue = 9 | pages = 3203–3208 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16492730| pmc = 1413940| doi-access = free}}
* {{Cite journal
| last1 = Waddell | first1 = Peter J.
| last2 = Kishino | first2 = Hirohisa
| last3 = Ota | first3 = Rissa
| title = A phylogenetic foundation for comparative mammalian genomics
| journal = [[Genome Informatics]]
| volume = 12
| pages = 141–154
| year = 2001
| pmid = 11791233
| url = http://www.jsbi.org/pdfs/journal1/GIW01/GIW01F15.html
}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Wildman | first1 = Derek E.| last2 = Chen | first2 = Caoyi| last3 = Erez | first3 = Offer| last4 = Grossman | first4 = Lawrence I.| last5 = Goodman | first5 = Morris| last6 = Romero | first6 = Roberto| title = Evolution of the mammalian placenta revealed by phylogenetic analysis | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0511344103 | journal = [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]| volume = 103 | issue = 9 | pages = 3203–3208 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16492730| pmc = 1413940}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q133342}}
[[Category:Mammal taxonomy]]

[[Category:Obsolete mammal taxa]]

Latest revision as of 15:29, 29 March 2024

Exafroplacentalia
Temporal range: Paleocene - Holocene, 65–0 Ma
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Placentalia
Clade: Exafroplacentalia
Waddell et al, 2001[1]
Subgroups

Exafroplacentalia or Notolegia is a clade of placental mammals proposed in 2001 on the basis of molecular research.[1][2][3]

Exafroplacentalia places Xenarthra as a sister group to the Boreoeutheria (comprising Laurasiatheria and Euarchontoglires),[4] thus making Afrotheria a primitive group of placental mammals (the group name roughly means "those which are not African placentals").

Classification

[edit]
Eutheria  

Afrotheria

  Exafroplacentalia  

However, this classification makes the autapomorphy (character shared only among Exafroplacentalia) dubious: it is hard to classify a group by the absence of a feature (in this case "not coming from Africa").[5] Hence, several alternative hypotheses can be considered.

Alternative hypotheses

[edit]

One alternative hypothesis is the Epitheria hypothesis:

Placentalia

Another alternative hypothesis is the Atlantogenata hypothesis:

Eutheria

Updated analysis of transposable element insertions around the time of divergence strongly supports the fourth hypothesis of a near-concomitant origin of the three superorders of mammals:[5]

Eutheria

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Waddell, Peter J.; Kishino, Hirohisa; Ota, Rissa (2001). "A phylogenetic foundation for comparative mammalian genomics". Genome Informatics. 12: 141–154. doi:10.11234/gi1990.12.141. PMID 11791233. Archived from the original on 2019-07-10. Retrieved 2015-08-28.
  2. ^ Murphy, W.J., Pringle, T.H., Crider, T.A., Springer, M.S. & Miller, W. 2007. Using genomic data to unravel the root of the placental mammal phylogeny. Genome Research 17, pp.413-421.
  3. ^ Kriegs, J.O., Churakov, G., Kiefmann, M., Jordan, U., Brosius, J. & Schmitz, J. 2006. Retroposed elements as archives for the evolutionary history of placental mammals. Plos Biol 4, pp.e91.
  4. ^ Goloboff, Pablo A.; Catalano, Santiago A.; Mirande, J. Marcos; Szumik, Claudia A.; Arias, J. Salvador; Källersjö, Mari; Farris, James S. (2009). "Phylogenetic analysis of 73 060 taxa corroborates major eukaryotic groups". Cladistics. 25 (3): 211–230. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00255.x. hdl:11336/78055. PMID 34879616.
  5. ^ a b Nishihara, H., Maruyama, S. & Okada, N. 2009. Retroposon analysis and recent geological data suggest near-simultaneous divergence of the three superorders of placental mammals. PNAS 106: 5235-40.

Further reading

[edit]
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