Tribosphenida: Difference between revisions

Tribosphenidans; Temporal range: Early Cretaceous–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Eomaia fossil
	Kangaroo with her joey
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Clade:	Zatheria
Clade:	Tribosphenida; McKenna, 1975
Clades
	†Henosferidae?; †Ambondro?; Monotremaformes?; †Ausktribosphenidae?; †Bishopidae?; Boreosphenida? Luo et al., 2001 †Aegialodontia; †Eomaia; †Hypomylos; †Tribotherium; Theria; ;

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Tribosphenida is a group (infralegion) of mammals that includes the ancestor of Hypomylos, Aegialodontia and Theria (the last common ancestor of marsupials and placentals plus all of its descendants). It belongs to the group Zatheria.^[1] The current definition of Tribosphenida is more or less synonymous with Boreosphenida.^[2]^[3]

Characteristics

Tribosphenid mammals were originally grouped on the basis of triangular or V-shaped (tribosphenic) molars. Since then, other unrelated mammal groups have been found to have tribosphenic molars, such as the australosphenidans (a group that includes the still extant monotremes), suggesting that as a synapomorphy this is fundamentally useless as it evolved multiple times among mammals.^[3]

However, a clade between the aforementioned groups, the "true Tribosphenida" or Boreosphenida, is still identifiable, united by characteristics such as the lack of a mesial cingulid and of a triangulated trigonid on the last premolar.^[2]^[3] They are also united by postcranial features such as the presence of a modern ear (though this too has evolved independently in many other groups, like monotremes^[4]), modern shoulder blades, and several features of the hindlimb.^[2]^[3]

Phylogeny

Below is a cladogram showing one hypothesis of mammal relationships based on Rowe (1988) and McKenna and Bell (1997):^[5]^[6]

Mammaliaformes

†Morganucodontidae

Mammalia

Prototheria→Monotremata

Theriiformes

†Allotheria→†Multituberculata

Cladotheria

Zatheria

†Peramuridae

Tribosphenida

†Aegialodontia

Theria

	Metatheria→Marsupialia

	Eutheria→Placentalia

Boreosphenida

Boreosphenida (from boreas, "northern wind" and sphen, "wedge") were early mammals that originated in the Northern Hemisphere and had tribosphenic molars (three-cusped cheek teeth). In boreosphenidans, the mandibular angle is placed posteriorly and the primitive postdentary trough (hole in the mandible) is absent (in contrast to Kuehneotheriidae, Eupantotheria, and Australosphenida). They share the tribosphenic molars with the Australosphenida but differ from them by having cingulid cuspules but lacking a continuous mesial cingulid. Boreosphenidans also lack the triangulated trigonid on the last premolar found in Early Cretaceous mammals. They differ from Shuotherium (a monotreme-relative) in having the talonid placed posterior to the trigonid (like in modern tribosphenic mammals) in the lower molars, but upper molars similar to those of Shuotherium.^[3]

The oldest boreosphenidans are from the Berriasian (~145-140 mya). They were restricted to the Northern Hemisphere during the Early Cretaceous, but spread to South America and India during the end of the Cretaceous.^[3]

An alternative hypothesis is offered by Flannery and colleagues, who view part of australosphenidans as members of Tribosphenida (excluding monotremes and others australosphenidans with Steropodon, which they consider to be an unrelated group), with Barremian-Aptian Australian Bisphopidae as the sister taxon to all Northern Hemisphere Theria (Boreosphenida).^[7]^[8]

On the other hand, the study that cites Flannery's article, given in 2024, maintains Ambondro as a relative of Monotremata. Implying support for the Australosphenida-Boreosphenida hypothesis.^[9] It may also be that both studies are right, consequently Tribosphenida would be a monophyletic group that contains the crown group Mammalia.^[10]^[9]^[11] Australosphenida is a possible paraphyly.^[12]

References

^ Panciroli E; Roger B.J. Benson; Richard J. Butler (2018). "New partial dentaries of amphitheriid mammalian Palaeoxonodon ooliticus from Scotland, and posterior dentary morphology in early cladotherians". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 63 (2). doi:10.4202/app.00434.2017.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c Kielan-Jaworowska, Zofia; Cifelli, Richard L; Luo, Zhe-Xi (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: Origins, Evolution, and Structure. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11918-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Luo, Zhe-Xi; Cifelli, Richard L.; Kielan-Jaworowska, Zofia (2001). "Dual origin of tribosphenic mammals". Nature. 409 (6816): 53–57. Bibcode:2001Natur.409...53L. doi:10.1038/35051023. PMID 11343108. S2CID 4342585.
^ Rich, T. H.; Hopson, J. A.; Musser, A. M.; Flannery, T. F.; Vickers-Rich, P. (2005). "Independent origins of middle ear bones in monotremes and therians". Science. 307 (5711): 910–914. Bibcode:2005Sci...307..910R. doi:10.1126/science.1105717. PMID 15705848. S2CID 3048437.
^ Rowe, Timothy (1988). "Definition, diagnosis, and origin of Mammalia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 8 (3): 241–264. Bibcode:1988JVPal...8..241R. doi:10.1080/02724634.1988.10011708. ISSN 0272-4634.
^ McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
^ Flannery, Timothy F.; Rich, Thomas H.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Ziegler, Tim; Veatch, E. Grace; Helgen, Kristofer M. (2022-01-02). "A review of monotreme (Monotremata) evolution". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 46 (1): 3–20. Bibcode:2022Alch...46....3F. doi:10.1080/03115518.2022.2025900. ISSN 0311-5518.
^ Flannery, Timothy F.; Rich, Thomas H.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Veatch, E. Grace; Helgen, Kristofer M. (2022-11-01). "The Gondwanan Origin of Tribosphenida (Mammalia)". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 46 (3–4): 277–290. Bibcode:2022Alch...46..277F. doi:10.1080/03115518.2022.2132288. ISSN 0311-5518. S2CID 253323862.
^ ^a ^b Mao, Fangyuan; Li, Zhiyu; Wang, Zhili; Zhang, Chi; Rich, Thomas; Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Meng, Jin (2024-04-03). "Jurassic shuotheriids show earliest dental diversification of mammaliaforms". Nature. 628 (8008): 569–575. Bibcode:2024Natur.628..569M. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07258-7. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 38570681.
^ Flannery, Timothy F.; McCurry, Matthew R.; Rich, Thomas H.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Smith, Elizabeth T.; Helgen, Kristofer M. (2024-05-26). "A diverse assemblage of monotremes (Monotremata) from the Cenomanian Lightning Ridge fauna of New South Wales, Australia". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 48 (2): 319–337. Bibcode:2024Alch...48..319F. doi:10.1080/03115518.2024.2348753. ISSN 0311-5518.
^ Celik, Mélina A.; Phillips, Matthew J. (8 July 2020). "Conflict Resolution for Mesozoic Mammals: Reconciling Phylogenetic Incongruence Among Anatomical Regions". Frontiers in Genetics. 11: 0651. doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.00651. PMC 7381353. PMID 32774343.
^ Luo, Zhe-Xi (2011-12-01). "Developmental Patterns in Mesozoic Evolution of Mammal Ears". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 42 (1): 355–380. doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-032511-142302. ISSN 1543-592X.

External links

"MESOZOIC MAMMALS; Stem zatherians, zatherians & Peramuridae, an internet directory". Home.arcor. Archived from the original on June 18, 2013.
"THERIA И MARSUPIONTA". Elementy (in Russian). Archived from the original on October 31, 2013.
"Tribosphenida (after McKenna & Bell, 1997)". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Archived from the original on August 22, 2023.
"Infralegion Tribosphenida". Taxonomy. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016.

[Panciroli-1] Panciroli E; Roger B.J. Benson; Richard J. Butler (2018). "New partial dentaries of amphitheriid mammalian Palaeoxonodon ooliticus from Scotland, and posterior dentary morphology in early cladotherians". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 63 (2). doi:10.4202/app.00434.2017.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[Kielan-Jaworowska-2001-2] Kielan-Jaworowska, Zofia; Cifelli, Richard L; Luo, Zhe-Xi (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: Origins, Evolution, and Structure. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11918-4.

[Luo-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Luo, Zhe-Xi; Cifelli, Richard L.; Kielan-Jaworowska, Zofia (2001). "Dual origin of tribosphenic mammals". Nature. 409 (6816): 53–57. Bibcode:2001Natur.409...53L. doi:10.1038/35051023. PMID 11343108. S2CID 4342585.

[4] Rich, T. H.; Hopson, J. A.; Musser, A. M.; Flannery, T. F.; Vickers-Rich, P. (2005). "Independent origins of middle ear bones in monotremes and therians". Science. 307 (5711): 910–914. Bibcode:2005Sci...307..910R. doi:10.1126/science.1105717. PMID 15705848. S2CID 3048437.

[Rowe1988-5] Rowe, Timothy (1988). "Definition, diagnosis, and origin of Mammalia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 8 (3): 241–264. Bibcode:1988JVPal...8..241R. doi:10.1080/02724634.1988.10011708. ISSN 0272-4634.

[McKennaBell1997-6] McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Retrieved 16 March 2015.

[7] Flannery, Timothy F.; Rich, Thomas H.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Ziegler, Tim; Veatch, E. Grace; Helgen, Kristofer M. (2022-01-02). "A review of monotreme (Monotremata) evolution". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 46 (1): 3–20. Bibcode:2022Alch...46....3F. doi:10.1080/03115518.2022.2025900. ISSN 0311-5518.

[:0-8] Flannery, Timothy F.; Rich, Thomas H.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Veatch, E. Grace; Helgen, Kristofer M. (2022-11-01). "The Gondwanan Origin of Tribosphenida (Mammalia)". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 46 (3–4): 277–290. Bibcode:2022Alch...46..277F. doi:10.1080/03115518.2022.2132288. ISSN 0311-5518. S2CID 253323862.

[:1-9] Mao, Fangyuan; Li, Zhiyu; Wang, Zhili; Zhang, Chi; Rich, Thomas; Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Meng, Jin (2024-04-03). "Jurassic shuotheriids show earliest dental diversification of mammaliaforms". Nature. 628 (8008): 569–575. Bibcode:2024Natur.628..569M. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07258-7. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 38570681.

[Flannery2024-10] Flannery, Timothy F.; McCurry, Matthew R.; Rich, Thomas H.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Smith, Elizabeth T.; Helgen, Kristofer M. (2024-05-26). "A diverse assemblage of monotremes (Monotremata) from the Cenomanian Lightning Ridge fauna of New South Wales, Australia". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 48 (2): 319–337. Bibcode:2024Alch...48..319F. doi:10.1080/03115518.2024.2348753. ISSN 0311-5518.

[11] Celik, Mélina A.; Phillips, Matthew J. (8 July 2020). "Conflict Resolution for Mesozoic Mammals: Reconciling Phylogenetic Incongruence Among Anatomical Regions". Frontiers in Genetics. 11: 0651. doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.00651. PMC 7381353. PMID 32774343.

[:2-12] Luo, Zhe-Xi (2011-12-01). "Developmental Patterns in Mesozoic Evolution of Mammal Ears". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 42 (1): 355–380. doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-032511-142302. ISSN 1543-592X.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Infralegion of mammals}}
-{{Merge from|Boreosphenida|date=November 2014}}
+{{automatic taxobox
-{{refimprove|date=December 2013}}
+| image = Eomaia.jpg
-{{automatic Taxobox
+| image_caption = ''[[Eomaia]]'' fossil
-| image = Kangaroo and joey03.jpg
-| image_caption = [[Kangaroo]] with her [[Joey (marsupial)|joey]]
+| image2 = Kangaroo and joey03.jpg
+| image2_caption = [[Kangaroo]] with her [[Joey (marsupial)|joey]]
-| name = Tribosphenida
+| name = Tribosphenidans
-| fossil_range = [[Jurassic]] - Present, {{fossil range|181|0}}
+| fossil_range = {{fossil range|earliest=Late Jurassic|Early Cretaceous|Recent}}
+| taxon = Tribosphenida
 | authority = McKenna, 1975
 | subdivision_ranks = [[Clades]]
-| subdivision =
+| subdivision = * {{extinct}}[[Henosferidae]]?
-*{{extinct}}''[[Aegialodon]]''
+* {{extinct}}''[[Ambondro mahabo|Ambondro]]''?
+* [[Monotremaformes]]?
-*{{extinct}}''[[Eomaia]]''
-*{{extinct}}''[[Hypomylos]]''
+* {{extinct}}[[Ausktribosphenidae]]?
-*{{extinct}}''[[Necrolestes]]''?
+* {{extinct}}[[Bishopidae]]?
+*'''Boreosphenida'''? <small>Luo ''et al''., 2001</small>
-*{{extinct}}''[[Fruitafossor]]''?
+** {{extinct}}[[Aegialodontia]]
-*[[Theria]]
+** {{extinct}}''[[Eomaia]]''
+** {{extinct}}''[[Hypomylos]]''
+** {{extinct}}''[[Tribotherium]]''
+** [[Theria]]
+| synonyms =
 }}
-'''Tribosphenida''' is a group (infralegion) of mammals that includes the ancestor of ''[[Hypomylos]]'', [[Necrolestidae]], [[Aegialodontia]] and [[Theria]] (the last common ancestor of [[marsupial]]s and [[placental]]s plus all of its descendants).
+'''Tribosphenida''' is a group (infralegion) of mammals that includes the ancestor of ''Hypomylos'', [[Aegialodontia]] and [[Theria]] (the last common ancestor of [[marsupial]]s and [[placental]]s plus all of its descendants). It belongs to the group [[Zatheria]].<ref name='Panciroli'>{{cite journal|author=Panciroli E; Roger B.J. Benson; Richard J. Butler|year=2018|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323885835|title=New partial dentaries of amphitheriid mammalian ''Palaeoxonodon ooliticus'' from Scotland, and posterior dentary morphology in early cladotherians|journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica|volume=63|issue=2|doi=10.4202/app.00434.2017|doi-access=free}}</ref> The current definition of Tribosphenida is more or less synonymous with '''Boreosphenida'''.<ref name=Kielan-Jaworowska-2001>{{Cite book  | last1 = Kielan-Jaworowska | first1 = Zofia  | last2 = Cifelli | first2 = Richard L  | last3 = Luo | first3 = Zhe-Xi
+ | title = Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: Origins, Evolution, and Structure  | year = 2004 | location = New York | publisher = Columbia University Press
+ | isbn = 978-0-231-11918-4 }}</ref><!-- {{Harvnb|Kielan-Jaworowska|Cifelli|Luo|2004}}</ref>--><ref name=Luo>{{cite journal | last1 = Luo | first1 = Zhe-Xi | last2 = Cifelli | first2 = Richard L. | last3 = Kielan-Jaworowska | first3 = Zofia | year = 2001 | title = Dual origin of tribosphenic mammals | journal = Nature | volume = 409 | issue = 6816 | pages = 53–57 | doi = 10.1038/35051023 | pmid = 11343108 | bibcode = 2001Natur.409...53L | s2cid = 4342585 }}</ref>
+==Characteristics==
+Tribosphenid mammals were originally grouped on the basis of triangular or V-shaped ([[Molar (tooth)#Tribosphenic|tribosphenic]]) molars. Since then, other unrelated mammal groups have been found to have tribosphenic molars, such as the [[australosphenida]]ns (a group that includes the still extant [[monotreme]]s), suggesting that as a [[synapomorphy]] this is fundamentally useless as it evolved multiple times among mammals.<ref name=Luo/>
+However, a clade between the aforementioned groups, the "true Tribosphenida" or [[Boreosphenida]], is still identifiable, united by characteristics such as the lack of a mesial [[cingulid]] and of a triangulated trigonid on the last [[premolar]].<ref name=Kielan-Jaworowska-2001 /><ref name="Luo"/> They are also united by postcranial features such as the presence of a modern [[Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles|ear]] (though this too has evolved independently in many other groups, like [[monotreme]]s<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rich | first1 = T. H. | last2 = Hopson | first2 = J. A. | last3 = Musser | first3 = A. M. | last4 = Flannery | first4 = T. F. | last5 = Vickers-Rich | first5 = P. | year = 2005 | title = Independent origins of middle ear bones in monotremes and therians | journal = Science | volume = 307 | issue = 5711| pages = 910–914 | doi = 10.1126/science.1105717 | pmid = 15705848 | bibcode = 2005Sci...307..910R | s2cid = 3048437 }}</ref>), modern shoulder blades, and several features of the hindlimb.<ref name=Kielan-Jaworowska-2001 /><ref name="Luo"/>
 ==Phylogeny==
-Below is a [[cladogram]] from Rowe (1988) and [[Malcolm McKenna|McKenna]] and Bell (1997) showing one hypothesis of mammal relationships:<ref name="Rowe1988">{{cite journal|last1=Rowe|first1=Timothy|title=Definition, diagnosis, and origin of Mammalia|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=8|issue=3|year=1988|pages=241–264|issn=0272-4634|doi=10.1080/02724634.1988.10011708}}</ref><ref name="McKennaBell1997">{{cite book|last1=McKenna|first1=Malcolm C.|authorlink1=Malcolm McKenna|last2=Bell|first2=Susan K.|title=Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OLYifwU8bqQC&pg=PP9|accessdate=16 March 2015|year=1997|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-11012-9|pages=9–10}}</ref>
+Below is a [[cladogram]] showing one hypothesis of mammal relationships based on Rowe (1988) and [[Malcolm McKenna|McKenna]] and Bell (1997):<ref name="Rowe1988">{{cite journal|last1=Rowe|first1=Timothy|title=Definition, diagnosis, and origin of Mammalia|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=8|issue=3|year=1988|pages=241–264|issn=0272-4634|doi=10.1080/02724634.1988.10011708|bibcode=1988JVPal...8..241R }}</ref><ref name="McKennaBell1997">{{cite book|last1=McKenna|first1=Malcolm C.|author-link1=Malcolm McKenna|last2=Bell|first2=Susan K.|title=Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zS7FZkzIw-cC&pg=PA8|access-date=16 March 2015|year=1997|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-11012-9|pages=9–10}}</ref>
 {{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
@@ Line 31: / Line 46: @@
       |2={{clade
          |1=†[[Allotheria]]→†[[Multituberculata]]
-         |label2=[[Holotheria]]
+         |2=†[[Triconodonta]]
-         |2={{clade
+         |label3=[[Holotheria]]
+         |3={{clade
             |1=†[[Kuehneotheria]]
             |label2=[[Trechnotheria]]
             |2={{clade
-               |1=†[[Zhangheotherium]] †("[[Symmetrodonta]]")
+               |1=†[[Symmetrodonta]]
                |label2=&nbsp;[[Cladotheria]]&nbsp;
                |2={{clade
@@ Line 42: / Line 58: @@
                   |label2=&nbsp;[[Zatheria]]&nbsp;
                   |2={{clade
-                     |1=†[[Peramura]]
+                     |1=†[[Peramuridae]]
-                     |label2=Tribosphenida
+                     |label2='''Tribosphenida'''
                      |2={{clade
                         |1=†[[Aegialodontia]]
@@ Line 49: / Line 65: @@
                         |2={{clade
                            |1=[[Metatheria]]→[[Marsupialia]]
-                           |2=[[Eutheria]]→[[Placentalia]]}}
+                           |2=[[Eutheria]]→[[Placentalia]]
-                  }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
+                           }}
+                        }}
+                     }}
+                  }}
+               }}
+            }}
+         }}
+      }}
+   }}
+}}
+==Boreosphenida==
+'''Boreosphenida''' (from ''boreas'', "northern wind" and ''sphen'', "wedge") were early [[mammals]] that originated in the [[Northern Hemisphere]] and had [[tribosphenic molar]]s (three-cusped cheek teeth). In boreosphenidans, the [[Angle of the mandible|mandibular angle]] is placed posteriorly and the primitive [[postdentary trough]] (hole in the mandible) is absent (in contrast to [[Kuehneotheriidae]], [[Eupantotheria]], and [[Australosphenida]]).  They share the tribosphenic molars with the Australosphenida but differ from them by having [[Cingulum (tooth)|cingulid]] cuspules but lacking a continuous mesial cingulid.  Boreosphenidans also lack the triangulated trigonid on the last premolar found in Early Cretaceous mammals.  They differ from ''[[Shuotherium]]'' (a monotreme-relative) in having the talonid placed posterior to the trigonid (like in modern tribosphenic mammals) in the lower molars, but upper molars similar to those of ''Shuotherium''.<ref name=Luo />
+The oldest boreosphenidans are from the [[Berriasian]] (~145-140 mya).  They were restricted to the Northern Hemisphere during the [[Early Cretaceous]], but spread to South America and India during the end of the Cretaceous.<ref name=Luo />
+An alternative hypothesis is offered by Flannery and colleagues, who view part of australosphenidans as members of Tribosphenida (excluding monotremes and others australosphenidans with ''[[Steropodon]]'', which they consider to be an unrelated group), with Barremian-Aptian Australian Bisphopidae as the sister taxon to all Northern Hemisphere Theria (Boreosphenida).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Flannery |first1=Timothy F. |last2=Rich |first2=Thomas H. |last3=Vickers-Rich |first3=Patricia |last4=Ziegler |first4=Tim |last5=Veatch |first5=E. Grace |last6=Helgen |first6=Kristofer M. |date=2022-01-02 |title=A review of monotreme (Monotremata) evolution |journal=Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology |language=en |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=3–20 |doi=10.1080/03115518.2022.2025900 |issn=0311-5518|doi-access=free |bibcode=2022Alch...46....3F }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Flannery |first1=Timothy F. |last2=Rich |first2=Thomas H. |last3=Vickers-Rich |first3=Patricia |last4=Veatch |first4=E. Grace |last5=Helgen |first5=Kristofer M. |date=2022-11-01 |title=The Gondwanan Origin of Tribosphenida (Mammalia) |journal=Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology |language=en |volume=46 |issue=3–4 |pages=277–290 |doi=10.1080/03115518.2022.2132288 |issn=0311-5518 |s2cid=253323862|doi-access=free |bibcode=2022Alch...46..277F }}</ref>
+On the other hand, the study that cites Flannery's article, given in 2024, maintains ''[[Ambondro mahabo|Ambondro]]'' as a relative of [[Monotreme|Monotremata]]. Implying support for the Australosphenida-Boreosphenida hypothesis.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Mao |first1=Fangyuan |last2=Li |first2=Zhiyu |last3=Wang |first3=Zhili |last4=Zhang |first4=Chi |last5=Rich |first5=Thomas |last6=Vickers-Rich |first6=Patricia |last7=Meng |first7=Jin |date=2024-04-03 |title=Jurassic shuotheriids show earliest dental diversification of mammaliaforms |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07258-7 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=628 |issue=8008 |pages=569–575 |bibcode=2024Natur.628..569M |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07258-7 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=38570681}}</ref> It may also be that both studies are right, consequently Tribosphenida would be a monophyletic group that contains the crown group Mammalia.<ref name="Flannery2024">{{Cite journal |last1=Flannery |first1=Timothy F. |author-link1=Tim Flannery |last2=McCurry |first2=Matthew R. |last3=Rich |first3=Thomas H. |author-link3=Tom Rich |last4=Vickers-Rich |first4=Patricia |author-link4=Patricia Vickers-Rich |last5=Smith |first5=Elizabeth T. |last6=Helgen |first6=Kristofer M. |date=2024-05-26 |title=A diverse assemblage of monotremes (Monotremata) from the Cenomanian Lightning Ridge fauna of New South Wales, Australia |journal=[[Alcheringa (journal)|Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology]] |volume=48 |issue=2 |language=en |pages=319–337 |doi=10.1080/03115518.2024.2348753 |issn=0311-5518 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2024Alch...48..319F }}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Celik |first1=Mélina A. |last2=Phillips |first2=Matthew J. |date=8 July 2020 |title=Conflict Resolution for Mesozoic Mammals: Reconciling Phylogenetic Incongruence Among Anatomical Regions |journal=Frontiers in Genetics |volume=11 |pages=0651 |doi=10.3389/fgene.2020.00651 |pmc=7381353 |pmid=32774343 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Australosphenida is a possible [[paraphyly]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Luo |first=Zhe-Xi |date=2011-12-01 |title=Developmental Patterns in Mesozoic Evolution of Mammal Ears |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-032511-142302 |journal=Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics |language=en |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=355–380 |doi=10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-032511-142302 |issn=1543-592X}}</ref>
 ==References==
@@ Line 56: / Line 90: @@
 ==External links==
-* [http://home.arcor.de/ktdykes/cladoth.htm MESOZOIC MAMMALS; Stem zatherians, zatherians & Peramuridae, an internet directory]{{dead link|date=October 2013}}
+* {{cite web|url=http://home.arcor.de/ktdykes/cladoth.htm|title=MESOZOIC MAMMALS; Stem zatherians, zatherians & Peramuridae, an internet directory|website=Home.arcor|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618170220/http://home.arcor.de/ktdykes/cladoth.htm|archive-date=June 18, 2013|url-status=dead}}
+* {{cite web|url=http://elementy.ru/blogs/users/genveles/23221/|title=THERIA И MARSUPIONTA|lang=ru|website=Elementy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031015020/http://elementy.ru/blogs/users/genveles/23221/|archive-date=October 31, 2013|url-status=dead}}
-* [http://www.elementy.ru/blogs/record/go/?next=23220 THERIA И MARSUPIONTA] (in Russian)
+* {{cite web|url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/synapsida/basal_mammalia/tribosphenida.html|title=Tribosphenida (after McKenna & Bell, 1997)|website=Mikko's Phylogeny Archive|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822142454/https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/synapsida/basal_mammalia/tribosphenida.html|archive-date=August 22, 2023|url-status=live}}
-* [http://www.taxonomy.nl/taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=108316 Infralegion Tribosphenida - Hierarchy - The Taxonomicon]{{Failed verification|date=October 2013}}
+* {{cite web|url=http://www.taxonomy.nl/taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=108316|title=Infralegion Tribosphenida|website=Taxonomy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175819/http://www.taxonomy.nl/taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=108316|archive-date=March 3, 2016|url-status=dead}}
-==Further reading==
-* McKenna, Bell: Classification of Mammal: Above the Species Level
-* Teun van Rheede, Trijntje Bastiaans, David N Boone, S Blair Hedges, Wilfried W de Jong, Ole Madsen: The Platypus is in its Place: Nuclear Genes and Indels Confirm the Sister Group Relation of Monotremes and Therians.
+{{Mammaliaformes|H.}}
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q941624}}
+[[Category:Tribosphenida| ]]
 [[Category:Mammal taxonomy]]
-{{Mammal-stub}}