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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{taxobox
{{about|the flower ''Helonias bullata''|the literary magazine|Swamp pink (magazine)}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Helonias bullata FWS.jpg
|image = Helonias bullata FWS.jpg
|status = G3
|status = G3
|status_system = TNC
|status_system = TNC
|display_parents = 2
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
⚫
|genus = Helonias
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
⚫
|parent_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] 1753 not Adans. 1763
|unranked_classis = [[Monocots]]
⚫
|species = bullata
|ordo = [[Liliales]]
|familia = [[Melanthiaceae]]
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
⚫
|genus = '''''Helonias'''''
⚫
|genus_authority=[[L.]] 1753 not Adans. 1763
⚫
|species = '''''H. bullata'''''
|binomial = ''Helonias bullata''
|binomial_authority = [[L.]]
}}
}}
⚫
'''''Helonias bullata''''' ('''swamp pink''') is a rare perennial rhizomatous herb native to the eastern United States, the only known species in the genus '''''Helonias'''''. The root system is extensive in comparison to the apparent size of the plant on the surface. Blooming in March to May, its fragrant flowers are pink and occur in a cluster at the end a vertical spike which may reach up to 3' in height. It has evergreen, lance-shaped, and parallel-veined leaves ranging from dark green to light yellow green in color that form a basal rosette.<ref>[http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=42941 Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomy Report]</ref><ref name=f/>


⚫
'''''Helonias bullata''''' ('''swamp pink''') is a rare perennial rhizomatous herb native to the eastern United States, in the genus '''''Helonias''''' together with '''''Helonias orientalis''''' (Thunb.) N.Tanaka. The root system is extensive in comparison to the apparent size of the plant on the surface. Blooming in March to May, its fragrant flowers are pink and occur in a cluster at the end a vertical spike which may reach up to 3' in height. It has evergreen, lance-shaped, and parallel-veined leaves ranging from dark green to light yellow green in color that form a basal rosette.<ref name=f/>
⚫
Swamp pink is a federally threatened species that was historically distributed from [[Staten Island, New York]] to the southern [[Appalachians]]. Currently, [[New Jersey]] supports the largest and most numerous populations, but there are populations in six other states: [[Delaware]]; [[Maryland]]; [[Virginia]]; West Virginia;[[North Carolina]]; [[South Carolina]], and [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=277565|title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|author=|date=|work=kew.org|accessdate=24 September 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Helonias%20bullata.png Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution map]</ref> There is also some unverified indication that a population of swamp pink has survived on [[Staten Island]]. Populations of swamp pink are on occasion subject to poaching by plant enthusiasts and others who prize the early bright pink blooms.<ref>{{cite journal |doi= 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.09030596.x |last= Godt |first= Mary Jo W. |author2=J. L. Hamrick |author3=Susan Bratton|year= 1995|title=Genetic Diversity in a Threatened Wetland Species, ''Helonias bullata'' (Lilliaceae) |journal= Conservation Biology|volume= 9|pages= 596–604 |accessdate=2009-08-27}}</ref> Unfortunately, the poached plants likely do not survive their move owing to the high sensitivity to being removed from the water saturated environment, underestimation of the size of the root mass, and failure to replicate the necessary environment sufficiently.<ref>[http://www.fws.gov/Endangered/i/q/saq54.html Endangered and Threatened Species of the Southeastern United States]</ref>

⚫
Swamp pink is a federally threatened species that was historically distributed from [[Staten Island, New York]] to the southern [[Appalachians]]. Currently, [[New Jersey]] supports the largest and most numerous populations, but there are populations in six other states: [[Delaware]]; [[Maryland]]; [[Virginia]]; West Virginia; [[North Carolina]]; [[South Carolina]], and [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=277565|title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|author=|date=|work=kew.org|access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Helonias%20bullata.png Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution map]</ref> There is also some unverified indication that a population of swamp pink has survived on [[Staten Island]]. Populations of swamp pink are on occasion subject to [[poaching]] by plant enthusiasts and others who prize the early bright pink blooms.<ref>{{cite journal |doi= 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.09030596.x |last= Godt |first= Mary Jo W. |author2=J. L. Hamrick |author3=Susan Bratton|year= 1995|title=Genetic Diversity in a Threatened Wetland Species, ''Helonias bullata'' (Lilliaceae) |journal= Conservation Biology|volume= 9|issue= 3 |pages= 596–604 |bibcode= 1995ConBi...9..596G }}<!--|accessdate=2009-08-27--></ref> The poached plants likely do not survive their move owing to the high sensitivity to being removed from the water saturated environment, underestimation of the size of the root mass, and failure to replicate the necessary environment sufficiently.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fws.gov/Endangered/i/q/saq54.html |title=Endangered and Threatened Species of the Southeastern United States |access-date=2008-02-09 |archive-date=2007-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823031054/http://www.fws.gov/endangered/i/q/saq54.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
United States Fish and Wildlife Service has instituted a volunteer monitoring project, “Adopt-a-Swamp-Pink Population”. The program has been further expanded by a joint volunteer effort with [[Citizens United to Protect the Maurice River and Its Tributaries, Inc.]]. The survey results are shared with U.S.F.W.S. and the New Jersey Natural Heritage database.<ref>{{cite book | author=Pink, A. | url=http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/11892|title=Gardening for the Million| year=2004 | publisher=[[Project Gutenberg|Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation]] | isbn=1-4264-5707-3}}</ref><ref>[http://www.fws.gov/northeast/njfieldoffice/Fact%20Sheets%20PDF%20holding/Swamp_Pink_PDF.pdf U.S. Fish Wildlife Service Adopt a swamp pink program]</ref>
United States Fish and Wildlife Service has instituted a [[participatory monitoring|volunteer monitoring]] project, "Adopt-a-Swamp-Pink Population". The program has been further expanded by a joint volunteer effort with [[Citizens United to Protect the Maurice River and Its Tributaries, Inc.]] The survey results are shared with U.S.F.W.S. and the New Jersey Natural Heritage database.<ref>{{cite book | author=Pink, A. | url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11892|title=Gardening for the Million| year=2004 | publisher=[[Project Gutenberg|Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation]] | isbn=978-1-4264-5707-4}}</ref><ref>[http://www.fws.gov/northeast/njfieldoffice/Fact%20Sheets%20PDF%20holding/Swamp_Pink_PDF.pdf U.S. Fish Wildlife Service Adopt a swamp pink program] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926192350/http://www.fws.gov/northeast/njfieldoffice/Fact%20Sheets%20PDF%20holding/Swamp_Pink_PDF.pdf |date=2006-09-26 }}</ref>


==Habitats==
==Habitats==
Swamp pink occurs in wetland habitats and it requires habitat which is saturated, but not flooded, with water. Ideally the plant prefers an environment where the water table sits at about the level of the top of its root system, but not covering the basal rosette. Typical areas include swampy forested wetlands which border small streams; meadows, and spring seepage areas. It is often found near conifer trees.<ref name=f>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=220006207 Flora of North America ''Helonias bullata'']</ref>
Swamp pink occurs in wetland habitats and it requires habitat which is saturated, but not flooded, with water. Ideally the plant prefers an environment where the water table sits at about the level of the top of its root system, but not covering the basal rosette. Typical areas include swampy forested wetlands which border small streams; meadows, and spring seepage areas. It is often found near conifer trees.<ref name=f>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=220006207 Flora of North America ''Helonias bullata'']</ref>


==Variation in Genetic Diversity==
==Variation in genetic diversity==
=== Low genetic diversity ===
⚫
Many extant populations suffer low [[genetic diversity]].<ref name="Sutter 9–16">{{cite journal |last=Sutter |first=Robert |date= March 1984 |title= The Status of Helonias bullata L. (Liliaceae) in the Southern Appalachians |jstor= 4033055 |journal= Castanea |volume= 49|issue= 1|pages= 9–16 }}</ref> This could be explained as a result of high [[self-fertilization]] rate due to harsh environmental conditions that affect successful [[cross-fertilization]], such as limited seed dispersal range and [[browsing (herbivory)|browsing]] from predators.<ref name="Sutter 9–16"/>


==== Low Genetic Diversity ====
===Mechanisms of seed dispersal ===
⚫
''Helonias'' seeds have a lipid structure that allows [[seed dispersal]] through water.<ref name="Godt 596–604">{{cite journal |last=Godt |first=Mary |date= June 1995 |title= Genetic Diversity in a Threatened Wetland Species, Helonias bullata (Liliaceae) |jstor= 2386613 |journal= Conservation Biology |volume= 9|issue= 3|pages= 596–604 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.09030596.x |bibcode=1995ConBi...9..596G }}</ref> This is a result of [[natural selection]] considering the 'watery' habitat (i.e. swamp and wetland) of ''Helonias'', and it accounts for the long-distance seed dispersal.<ref name="Godt 596–604"/> It is also known that ants actively engage in ''Helonias'' seed dispersal.<ref name="Godt 596–604"/>
⚫
Many extant populations suffer low [[genetic diversity]]. This could be explained as a result of high [[self-fertilization]] rate due to harsh environmental conditions that affect successful [[cross-fertilization]], such as limited seed dispersal range and [[browsing (herbivory)|browsing]] from predators. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Sutter |first=Robert |date= March 1984 |title=
The Status of Helonias bullata L. (Liliaceae) in the Southern Appalachians |url= http://www.jstor.org/stable/4033055 |journal= ''Castanea'' |publisher= Allen Press |volume= 49|issue= 1|pages= 9-16 |access-date=September 24, 2015}}</ref>


⚫
=== Limitations in seed dispersal ===
====Mechanisms of Seed Dispersal ====
⚫
Although ants can help facilitate the dispersal process, the soil in such watery environment is saturated and makes it difficult for ants to co-habitate with ''Helonias'', lowering the rate of short-distance seed dispersal.<ref name="Godt 596–604"/> The low rate of seed dispersal is also due to limited wind.<ref name="Godt 596–604"/> The seeds are light enough to be dispersed by wind, but low levels of wind prevent the seeds from dispersing further away, resulting in a clustered population of ''Helonias''.<ref name="Godt 596–604"/>
⚫
Helonias’ seeds have a lipid structure that allows [[seed dispersal]] through water. This is a result of [[natural selection]] considering the ‘watery’ habitat (i.e. swamp and wetland) of Helonias, and it accounts for the long-distance seed dispersal. It is also known that ants actively engage in Helonias seed dispersal.


⚫
=== Risks of self-fertilization ===
⚫
==== Limitations in Seed Dispersal ====
⚫
Low dispersal increases the risk of [[self-fertilization]].<ref name="Sutter 9–16"/> In an evolutionary perspective, this is highly disadvantageous when there is a sudden change in the environment.<ref name="Lande 1435–1446">{{cite journal |last=Lande |first=Russell |date= March 2009 |title= Adaptation to an extraordinary environment by evolutionof phenotypic plasticity and genetic assimilation |journal= Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume= 22|issue= 1|pages= 1435–1446 |doi=10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01754.x |pmid=19467134 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Since genetic diversity is low, if a predominant trait among the population is selected against, the whole population faces the risk of being wiped out.<ref name="Lande 1435–1446"/> In the long run, seeds that lure more animals will be favored by selection as opposed to seeds that are lighter, because the seeds dispersed by the animals will be spread over a larger range compared to that of lighter seeds, resulting in a lower risk of [[self-fertilization]].
⚫
Although ants can help facilitate the dispersal process, the soil in such watery environment is saturated and makes it difficult for ants to co-habitate with Helonias, lowering the rate of short-distance seed dispersal. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Godt |first=Mary |date= June 1995 |title=
Genetic Diversity in a Threatened Wetland Species, Helonias bullata (Liliaceae) |url= http://www.jstor.org/stable/2386613 |journal= ''Conservation Biology'' |publisher= Wiley for Society for Conservation Biology |volume= 9|issue= 3|pages= 596-604 |access-date=October 20, 2015}}</ref> Helonias’ low rate of dispersal is also due to limited wind. The seeds are light enough to be dispersed by wind, but low levels of wind prevent the seeds from dispersing further away, resulting in a clustered population of Helonias.


⚫
== Illegal poaching ==
⚫
==== Risks of Self-Fertilization ====
⚫
The brilliant pink color of the ''Helonias'' flowers attracts poachers. Helonias is a perennial and endures the winter, making it more visible to the poachers. This is one of the reasons why Helonias is considered a threatened species.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Laidig |first=Kim |date= June 2009 |title=Hydrologic Regimes Associated with Helonias bullata L. (swamp pink) and the Potential Impact of Simulated Water-Level Reductions |jstor= 27751795 |journal= The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society |volume= 136|issue= 2|pages= 221–232 |doi=10.3159/08-RA-084.1 |s2cid=86010832 }}</ref>
Low dispersal increases the risk of [[self-fertilization]]. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Sutter |first=Robert |date= March 1984 |title=
The Status of Helonias bullata L. (Liliaceae) in the Southern Appalachians |url= http://www.jstor.org/stable/4033055 |journal= ''Castanea'' |publisher= Allen Press |volume= 49|issue= 1|pages= 9-16 |access-date=October 20, 2015}}</ref> In an evolutionary perspective, this is highly disadvantageous when there is a sudden change in the environment. Since genetic diversity is low, if a predominant trait among the population is selected against, the whole population faces the risk of being wiped out.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lande |first=Russell |date= March 2009 |title=
⚫
Adaptation to an extraordinary environment by evolutionof phenotypic plasticity and genetic assimilation |url= http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01754.x/epdf |journal= ''Journal of Evolutionary Biology'' |publisher= EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY |volume= 22|issue= 1|pages= 1435-1446 |access-date=November 8, 2015}}</ref> In the long run, seeds that lure more animals will be favored by selection as opposed to seeds that are lighter, because the seeds dispersed by the animals will be spread over a larger range compared to that of lighter seeds, resulting in a lower risk of [[self-fertilization]].
⚫
==Illegal Poaching==
⚫
Helonias’ brilliant pink color attracts poachers. Helonias is a perennial and endures the winter, making it more visible to the poachers. This is one of the reasons why Helonias is a threatened species. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Laidig |first=Kim |date= June 2009 |title=
Hydrologic Regimes Associated with Helonias bullata L. (swamp pink) and the Potential Impact
of Simulated Water-Level Reductions |url= http://www.jstor.org/stable/27751795 |journal= ''The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society'' |publisher= Torrey Botanical Society |volume= 136|issue= 2|pages= 221-232 |access-date=October 20, 2015}}</ref>
{{clear}}
{{clear}}


==References==
==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


== External links ==
==External links==
⚫
* [http://www.centerforplantconservation.org/ASP/CPC_ViewProfile.asp?CPCNum=2210 CPC National Collection Plant Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928002926/http://www.centerforplantconservation.org/ASP/CPC_ViewProfile.asp?CPCNum=2210 |date=2007-09-28 }}

⚫
* [http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Helonias+bullata NatureServe Explorer Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929121942/http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Helonias+bullata |date=2007-09-29 }}
{{wikimedia|Helonias|collapsible=true}}

⚫
* [http://www.centerforplantconservation.org/ASP/CPC_ViewProfile.asp?CPCNum=2210 CPC National Collection Plant Profile]
⚫
* [http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Helonias+bullata NatureServe Explorer Profile]
* [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=HEBU NCRS: USDA: Plants Profile ''Helonias bullata'']


{{Taxonbar|from=Q2709320}}
{{Portal bar|Botany|Plants|United States}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Flora of the Eastern United States]]
[[Category:Flora of the Eastern United States]]

Latest revision as of 20:05, 24 November 2024

This article is about the flower Helonias bullata. For the literary magazine, see Swamp pink (magazine).

Helonias

Vulnerable  (NatureServe)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Liliales
Family: Melanthiaceae
Tribe: Heloniadeae
Genus: Helonias
L. 1753 not Adans. 1763
Species:
H. bullata
Binomial name
Helonias bullata

Helonias bullata (swamp pink) is a rare perennial rhizomatous herb native to the eastern United States, in the genus Helonias together with Helonias orientalis (Thunb.) N.Tanaka. The root system is extensive in comparison to the apparent size of the plant on the surface. Blooming in March to May, its fragrant flowers are pink and occur in a cluster at the end a vertical spike which may reach up to 3' in height. It has evergreen, lance-shaped, and parallel-veined leaves ranging from dark green to light yellow green in color that form a basal rosette.[1]

Swamp pink is a federally threatened species that was historically distributed from Staten Island, New York to the southern Appalachians. Currently, New Jersey supports the largest and most numerous populations, but there are populations in six other states: Delaware; Maryland; Virginia; West Virginia; North Carolina; South Carolina, and Georgia.[2][3] There is also some unverified indication that a population of swamp pink has survived on Staten Island. Populations of swamp pink are on occasion subject to poaching by plant enthusiasts and others who prize the early bright pink blooms.[4] The poached plants likely do not survive their move owing to the high sensitivity to being removed from the water saturated environment, underestimation of the size of the root mass, and failure to replicate the necessary environment sufficiently.[5]

United States Fish and Wildlife Service has instituted a volunteer monitoring project, "Adopt-a-Swamp-Pink Population". The program has been further expanded by a joint volunteer effort with Citizens United to Protect the Maurice River and Its Tributaries, Inc. The survey results are shared with U.S.F.W.S. and the New Jersey Natural Heritage database.[6][7]

Habitats

[edit]

Swamp pink occurs in wetland habitats and it requires habitat which is saturated, but not flooded, with water. Ideally the plant prefers an environment where the water table sits at about the level of the top of its root system, but not covering the basal rosette. Typical areas include swampy forested wetlands which border small streams; meadows, and spring seepage areas. It is often found near conifer trees.[1]

Variation in genetic diversity

[edit]

Low genetic diversity

[edit]

Many extant populations suffer low genetic diversity.[8] This could be explained as a result of high self-fertilization rate due to harsh environmental conditions that affect successful cross-fertilization, such as limited seed dispersal range and browsing from predators.[8]

Mechanisms of seed dispersal

[edit]

Helonias seeds have a lipid structure that allows seed dispersal through water.[9] This is a result of natural selection considering the 'watery' habitat (i.e. swamp and wetland) of Helonias, and it accounts for the long-distance seed dispersal.[9] It is also known that ants actively engage in Helonias seed dispersal.[9]

Limitations in seed dispersal

[edit]

Although ants can help facilitate the dispersal process, the soil in such watery environment is saturated and makes it difficult for ants to co-habitate with Helonias, lowering the rate of short-distance seed dispersal.[9] The low rate of seed dispersal is also due to limited wind.[9] The seeds are light enough to be dispersed by wind, but low levels of wind prevent the seeds from dispersing further away, resulting in a clustered population of Helonias.[9]

Risks of self-fertilization

[edit]

Low dispersal increases the risk of self-fertilization.[8] In an evolutionary perspective, this is highly disadvantageous when there is a sudden change in the environment.[10] Since genetic diversity is low, if a predominant trait among the population is selected against, the whole population faces the risk of being wiped out.[10] In the long run, seeds that lure more animals will be favored by selection as opposed to seeds that are lighter, because the seeds dispersed by the animals will be spread over a larger range compared to that of lighter seeds, resulting in a lower risk of self-fertilization.

Illegal poaching

[edit]

The brilliant pink color of the Helonias flowers attracts poachers. Helonias is a perennial and endures the winter, making it more visible to the poachers. This is one of the reasons why Helonias is considered a threatened species.[11]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Flora of North America Helonias bullata
  2. ^ "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". kew.org. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
  3. ^ Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution map
  4. ^ Godt, Mary Jo W.; J. L. Hamrick; Susan Bratton (1995). "Genetic Diversity in a Threatened Wetland Species, Helonias bullata (Lilliaceae)". Conservation Biology. 9 (3): 596–604. Bibcode:1995ConBi...9..596G. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.09030596.x.
  5. ^ "Endangered and Threatened Species of the Southeastern United States". Archived from the original on 2007-08-23. Retrieved 2008-02-09.
  6. ^ Pink, A. (2004). Gardening for the Million. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. ISBN 978-1-4264-5707-4.
  7. ^ U.S. Fish Wildlife Service Adopt a swamp pink program Archived 2006-09-26 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ a b c Sutter, Robert (March 1984). "The Status of Helonias bullata L. (Liliaceae) in the Southern Appalachians". Castanea. 49 (1): 9–16. JSTOR 4033055.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Godt, Mary (June 1995). "Genetic Diversity in a Threatened Wetland Species, Helonias bullata (Liliaceae)". Conservation Biology. 9 (3): 596–604. Bibcode:1995ConBi...9..596G. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.09030596.x. JSTOR 2386613.
  10. ^ a b Lande, Russell (March 2009). "Adaptation to an extraordinary environment by evolutionof phenotypic plasticity and genetic assimilation". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 22 (1): 1435–1446. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01754.x. PMID 19467134.
  11. ^ Laidig, Kim (June 2009). "Hydrologic Regimes Associated with Helonias bullata L. (swamp pink) and the Potential Impact of Simulated Water-Level Reductions". The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society. 136 (2): 221–232. doi:10.3159/08-RA-084.1. JSTOR 27751795. S2CID 86010832.
[edit]
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