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{{Taxobox |
{{Taxobox |
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| image = |
| image = Phialemonium_obovatum_UAMH4962_colony.jpg |
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| regnum = [[Fungi]] |
| regnum = [[Fungi]] |
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| divisio = [[Ascomycota]] |
| divisio = [[Ascomycota]] |
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| subclassis = [[ Sordariomycetidae]] |
| subclassis = [[ Sordariomycetidae]] |
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| ordo = [[Sordariales]] |
| ordo = [[Sordariales]] |
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| familia = [[Cephalothecaceae]] |
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| genus = ''[[Phialemonium]]'' |
| genus = ''[[Phialemonium]]'' |
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| species = '''''P. obovatum''''' |
| species = '''''P. obovatum''''' |
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| binomial = ''Phialemonium obovatum'' |
| binomial = ''Phialemonium obovatum'' |
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| binomial_authority = Gams, W. |
| binomial_authority = Gams, W. & McGinnis, M.R. (1983) |
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}} |
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'''''Phialemonium obovatum''''' is a [[saprophytic|saprotrophic]] filamentous fungus able to cause opportunistic infections in humans with weakened immune systems.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|title = Phialemonium obovatum Keratitis after Penetration Injury of the Cornea|url = http://synapse.koreamed.org/DOIx.php?id=10.3341/kjo.2012.26.6.465|journal = Korean Journal of Ophthalmology|pmc = 3506823|pmid = 23204804|volume = 26|issue = 6|doi = 10.3341/kjo.2012.26.6.465|first = Kwon Ho|last = Hong|first2 = Nam Hee|last2 = Ryoo|first3 = Sung Dong|last3 = Chang}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title = Molecular and Phenotypic Characterization of Phialemonium and Lecythophora Isolates from Clinical Samples|url = http://jcm.asm.org/content/49/4/1209|journal = Journal of Clinical Microbiology|date = 2011-04-01|issn = 0095-1137|pmc = 3122869|pmid = 21270235|pages = 1209-1216|volume = 49|issue = 4|doi = 10.1128/JCM.01979-10|language = en|first = H.|last = Perdomo|first2 = D. A.|last2 = Sutton|first3 = D.|last3 = García|first4 = A. W.|last4 = Fothergill|first5 = J.|last5 = Gené|first6 = J.|last6 = Cano|first7 = R. C.|last7 = Summerbell|first8 = M. G.|last8 = Rinaldi|first9 = J.|last9 = Guarro}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title = Phialemonium obovatum|url = http://www.cbs.knaw.nl/Collections/BioloMICS.aspx?Link=T&TableKey=14682616000000067&Rec=20540&Fields=All|website = www.cbs.knaw.nl|accessdate = 2015-10-17}}</ref> ''P. obovatum'' is widespread throughout the environment, occuring commonly in sewage, soil, air and water.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /> Walter Gams and Michael McGinnis described the genus ''Phialemonium'' to accommodate species intermediate between the genera ''Acremonium'' and ''Phialophora.''<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title = Phialemonium, a New Anamorph Genus Intermediate between Phialophora and Acremonium|url = http://www.jstor.org/stable/3792653|journal = Mycologia|date = 1983-11-01|pages = 977-987|volume = 75|issue = 6|doi = 10.2307/3792653|first = Walter|last = Gams|first2 = Michael R.|last2 = McGinnis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Phialemonium obovatum|url = http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?Link=T&TableKey=14682616000000067&Rec=20540&Fields=All|website = www.mycobank.org|accessdate = 2015-11-17}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|title = Fatal Endocarditis in a Neonate Caused by the Dematiaceous Fungus Phialemonium obovatum: Case Report and Review of the Literature|url = http://jcm.asm.org/content/40/6/2207|journal = Journal of Clinical Microbiology|date = 2002-06-01|issn = 0095-1137|pmc = 130710|pmid = 12037088|pages = 2207-2212|volume = 40|issue = 6|doi = 10.1128/JCM.40.6.2207-2212.2002|language = en|first = Patrick J.|last = Gavin|first2 = Deanna A.|last2 = Sutton|first3 = Ben Z.|last3 = Katz}}</ref> Currently, three species of ''Phialemonium'' are recognized of which ''P. obovatum'' is the only one to produce greenish colonies and obovate conidia.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|title = Phialemonium obovatum infection in a burned child|url = http://jmvm.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/1/51|journal = Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology|date = 1986-01-01|issn = 0268-1218|pages = 51-55|volume = 24|issue = 1|doi = 10.1080/02681218680000061|language = en|first = Michael R.|last = McGinnis|first2 = Walter|last2 = Gams|first3 = Malcolm N.|last3 = Goodwin}}</ref>''<nowiki/>'' |
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== '''''Phialemonium obovatum''''' == |
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* Gams and McGinnis first described the genus ''<nowiki/>Phialemonium''<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title = Phialemonium, a New Anamorph Genus Intermediate between Phialophora and Acremonium|url = http://www.jstor.org/stable/3792653|journal = Mycologia|date = 1983-11-01|pages = 977-987|volume = 75|issue = 6|doi = 10.2307/3792653|first = Walter|last = Gams|first2 = Michael R.|last2 = McGinnis}}</ref>.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title = Molecular and Phenotypic Characterization of Phialemonium and Lecythophora Isolates from Clinical Samples|url = http://jcm.asm.org/content/49/4/1209|journal = Journal of Clinical Microbiology|date = 2011-04-01|issn = 0095-1137|pmc = 3122869|pmid = 21270235|pages = 1209-1216|volume = 49|issue = 4|doi = 10.1128/JCM.01979-10|language = en|first = H.|last = Perdomo|first2 = D. A.|last2 = Sutton|first3 = D.|last3 = García|first4 = A. W.|last4 = Fothergill|first5 = J.|last5 = Gené|first6 = J.|last6 = Cano|first7 = R. C.|last7 = Summerbell|first8 = M. G.|last8 = Rinaldi|first9 = J.|last9 = Guarro}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title = Phialemonium obovatum|url = http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?Link=T&TableKey=14682616000000067&Rec=20540&Fields=All|website = www.mycobank.org|accessdate = 2015-10-17}}</ref> |
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* It was shown to an intermediary genus from between the ''Acremonium'' genus and ''Phialophora'' genus<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />.<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|title = Fatal Endocarditis in a Neonate Caused by the Dematiaceous Fungus Phialemonium obovatum: Case Report and Review of the Literature|url = http://jcm.asm.org/content/40/6/2207|journal = Journal of Clinical Microbiology|date = 2002-06-01|issn = 0095-1137|pmc = 130710|pmid = 12037088|pages = 2207-2212|volume = 40|issue = 6|doi = 10.1128/JCM.40.6.2207-2212.2002|language = en|first = Patrick J.|last = Gavin|first2 = Deanna A.|last2 = Sutton|first3 = Ben Z.|last3 = Katz}}</ref> |
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* Species of the ''Phialemonium'' genus are found throughout the environment. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|title = Phialemonium obovatum Keratitis after Penetration Injury of the Cornea|url = http://synapse.koreamed.org/DOIx.php?id=10.3341/kjo.2012.26.6.465|journal = Korean Journal of Ophthalmology|pmc = 3506823|pmid = 23204804|volume = 26|issue = 6|doi = 10.3341/kjo.2012.26.6.465|first = Kwon Ho|last = Hong|first2 = Nam Hee|last2 = Ryoo|first3 = Sung Dong|last3 = Chang}}</ref> |
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* They can be found and isolated from sewage, soil, air and water. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /> |
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* This species is saprophytic <ref name=":3" /> |
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* |
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== |
== Growth and morphology== |
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In culture, colonies of ''P. obovatum'' begin as white or off-white in colour becoming pale green and centrally darkened with age.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|title = Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Therapy of Infections Caused by Dematiaceous Fungi|url = http://www.maneyonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/joc.2003.15.Supplement-2.36|journal = Journal of Chemotherapy|date = 2003-01-01|issn = 1120-009X|pages = 36-47|volume = 15|issue = Supplement-2|doi = 10.1179/joc.2003.15.Supplement-2.36|first = M.e.|last = Brandt|first2 = D.w.|last2 = Warnock}}</ref> The green pigments diffuse into the growth medium ultimately becoming blackish-green in colour.<ref name=":4" /> Although the hyphae of the fungus are typically colourless (hyaline), the presence of these dark diffusible pigments has resulted in this species being considered one of the [[dematiaceous]] (aka filamentous, darkly-pigmented) fungi.<ref name=":5" /> This placement may be further justified by the confirmation of melanin pigments in hyphal walls and septa as demonstrated by Fontana-Masson's staining procedure.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> These pigments of melanin in cell walls of hyphae and conidia were found to be the reason for the dark colours seen in the center of the colonies.<ref name=":5" /> |
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* Later, in the center of their colonies they begin producing pigments that are black in colour.<ref name=":4" /> |
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[[File:Phialemonium obovatum UAMH4962 microscopic.jpg|thumb|Phialemonium obovatum UAMH 4962, phase contrast microscopy]] Gams and McGinnis described ''P. obovatum'' as having a flat, smooth colony texture with hyphal strands that radiate outwards described as floccose (fluffy or cottony).<ref name=":0" /> Colonies of this species appear moist and lack a distinctive odour.<ref name=":0" /> The fungus produces droplets of smooth-walled, obovate conidia with a narrow base. Their shape is similar to a tear drop or an egg-like shape.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":8" /> ''Phialemonium obovatum'' conidia arise from adelophialides (phialides lacking a a basal septum) that do not have a collarette.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":3" /> Conidia are typically produced only at the interface of the medium surface and the air, and are rarely present on submerged or aerial hyphae.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" /> ''Phialemonium obovatum'' grows optimally between {{convert|24–33|C|F}} although it can grow at temperatures as low as {{convert|15|C|F}} and as high as {{convert|40|C|F}}.<ref name=":0" /> |
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* Some scientists portray them to be moniliaceous fungi however, with the aid of special staining techniques it was demonstrated that they contain melanin in their cell walls. <ref name=":3" /> |
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* Melanin is also found in septa of hyphae<ref name=":3" /> |
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* Because they have pigments of melanin found within their cell walls that is the cause of this dark colour seen in the center of their colonies<ref name=":5" /> |
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* Furthermore since they do show melanin in their cell wall this fungi has been appropriately classified as a dematiaceous fungi <ref name=":5" />. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> |
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* Dematiaceous fungi are fungi that are give off dark colours<ref name=":5" />. |
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* Some research suggests that melanin has antioxidant properties which can serve as a virulence factor<ref name=":3" /> |
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* |
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* According to Gams and McGinnis, their texture is characterized as smooth with hyphal strands that radiate<ref name=":0" />. |
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* Morphologically it is characterized as moist and floccose<ref name=":0" />. <ref name=":4" /> |
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* It is a filamentous fungi <ref>{{Cite web|title = Phialemonium obovatum|url = http://www.cbs.knaw.nl/Collections/BioloMICS.aspx?Link=T&TableKey=14682616000000067&Rec=20540&Fields=All|website = www.cbs.knaw.nl|accessdate = 2015-10-17}}</ref> |
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* They have obvate shaped conidia, or ovoid in shape which is narrow at their base<ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":3" /> |
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* When placed in agar sporulation was observed and conidia arise from the hyphae which was only the surfaces of agar. There have never been any conidia appearing from submerged areas<ref name=":0" />. |
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* The vegetative hyphae have cylindrical philaides that grow from them, only at the agar surface <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|title = Outbreak of Bloodstream Infection With the Mold Phialemonium Among Patients Receiving Dialysis at a Hemodialysis Unit •|url = http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/508822|journal = Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology|date = 2006-11-01|pages = 1164-1170|volume = 27|issue = 11|doi = 10.1086/508822|first = MD|last = Thomas Clark|first2 = MD|last2 = Gregory D. Huhn|first3 = MD|last3 = Craig Conover|first4 = MPH|last4 = Salvatore Cali|first5 = DrPH|last5 = Matthew J. Arduino|first6 = MD|last6 = Rana Hajjeh|first7 = PhD|last7 = Mary E. Brandt|first8 = MD|last8 = Scott K. Fridkin}}</ref>. |
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== Pathogenicity == |
== Pathogenicity == |
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Although ''P. obovatum'' is primarily thought to be saprotrophic, it can cause infections in human hosts under certain circumstances, and more rarely, of other animals notably dogs.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Thomas Clark|first=MD|last2=Gregory D. Huhn|first2=MD|last3=Craig Conover|first3=MD|last4=Salvatore Cali|first4=MPH|last5=Matthew J. Arduino|first5=DrPH|last6=Rana Hajjeh|first6=MD|last7=Mary E. Brandt|first7=PhD|last8=Scott K. Fridkin|first8=MD|date=2006-11-01|title=Outbreak of Bloodstream Infection With the Mold Phialemonium Among Patients Receiving Dialysis at a Hemodialysis Unit •|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/508822|journal=Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology|volume=27|issue=11|pages=1164-1170|doi=10.1086/508822}}</ref> The capacity of ''Phialemonium obovatum'' to grow at and above human [[Human body temperature|body temperature]] is a key pathogenicity factor of this species that distinguishes it from many other dematiaceous molds.<ref name=":3" /> This species has been reported as a causative agent of [[endocarditis]], [[keratitis]], [[peritonitis]], [[osteomyelitis]], subcutaneous infections, and infections arising secondary to burns.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /> In case studies involving infections following severe burns, the hyphae of ''P. obovatum'' have the ability to invade into blood vessels and tissues.<ref name=":8" /> Infections caused by this species are largely opportunistic and restricted to immunocompromised individuals with few cases reported from individuals with normally functional immune systems.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":8" /> It has a proclivity to invade central nervous system tissues.<ref name=":3" /> Given the rising population burden of immunocompromised people due to improved management of immunological diseases or mediate by therapeutic side effects, this and other agents of opportunistic disease are sometimes considered to be "emerging" agents of disease.<ref name=":3" /> Accordingly, ''P. obovatum'' and other dematiaceous fungi have been increasingly reported in allogenic transplant recipients possibly as a consequence of chemotherapeutic immune suppression primarily intended to reduce tissue rejection.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":3" /> |
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<ul role="presentation"><li> ''Phialemonium obovatum'' is a species that causes infections in the hosts in invades<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />.<ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":6" /> |
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</li> |
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<li> Most cases of infections have been reported in humans<ref name=":6" />.<ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":3" /> |
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</li> |
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<li> These infections include ''endocarditis, keratitis, peritonitis,'' and ''osteomyelitis''.<ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":3" /> |
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</li> |
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<li> It targets host who have compromised or weak immune systems<ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /> |
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</li> |
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<li> And for this reason it is being said that as numbers of immuno-compromised patients gets bigger, there is set to be an increase in the emergence of pathogenic fungi as well <ref name=":3" /> |
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</li> |
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<li> In particular it has been shown that dematiaceous fungi are becoming a greater cause of infections in people who receive transplants<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Phialemonium curvatum infection after bone marrow transplantation|url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11452326|journal = Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De São Paulo|date = 2001-06-01|issn = 0036-4665|pmid = 11452326|pages = 163-166|volume = 43|issue = 3|first = E. M.|last = Heins-Vaccari|first2 = C. M.|last2 = Machado|first3 = R. S.|last3 = Saboya|first4 = R. L.|last4 = Silva|first5 = F. L.|last5 = Dulley|first6 = C. S.|last6 = Lacaz|first7 = R. S.|last7 = Freitas Leite|first8 = G. L.|last8 = Hernandez Arriagada}}</ref> or who have weakened immune systems. And in particular ''Phialemonium'' species may develop into a more common pathogenic fungi <ref name=":3" /> |
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</li> |
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<li> </li> |
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<li> Pathogenicity tests are usually done by see the temperatures some fungi can withstand, usually dematiaceous species are can withstand temperatures at 35°C which means they can be invasive to human tissue and likely spread.<ref name=":3" /> |
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</li> |
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<li> However, ''Phialemonium'' species have shown that they can continue to grow at a temperature of 40°C which means they have no problem being an invasive pathogenic fungi but also this ability gives them the potential to infect the central nervous system<ref name=":3" /> |
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</li> |
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<li> This is also another reason why this species can become a more widespread pathogenic fungi <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /> |
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</li> |
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<li> </li> |
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<li> In 1985, ''Phialemonium obovatum'' was first seen to be a pathogenic fungal pathogen. It was labelled as opportunistic<ref name=":6" /> |
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</li> |
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<li> Its hyphae have the ability to invade and into blood vessels and tissue causing infection<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":3" /> |
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</li> |
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<li> </li></ul> |
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The sequestration of antioxidant materials in cells walls may also serve as a virulence factors for this agent.<ref name=":3" /> A yeast-like phase has also been reported from the blood of infected individuals. ''P. obovatum'' can cause localized or disseminated infections the latter of which are occasionally fatal.<ref name=":3" /> |
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== Potential uses == |
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* The aging process of wine in wooden barrels is a traditional process, however now adding wood chips such as oak may help produce flavour in wine. Researchers used oak chips that were inoculated with fungi including ''Phialemonium obovatum'' to see the effects they had on the compostion of wine.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|title = Use of microfungi in the treatment of oak chips: possible effects on wine|url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jsfa.4130/abstract|journal = Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture|date = 2010-12-01|issn = 1097-0010|pages = 2617-2626|volume = 90|issue = 15|doi = 10.1002/jsfa.4130|language = en|first = Leonardo|last = Petruzzi|first2 = Antonio|last2 = Bevilacqua|first3 = Claudio|last3 = Ciccarone|first4 = Giuseppe|last4 = Gambacorta|first5 = Giuseppina|last5 = Irlante|first6 = Sandra|last6 = Pati|first7 = Milena|last7 = Sinigaglia}}</ref> |
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== Biotechnology == |
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* These treatments with fungi did show an increase in some of the components of wine.<ref name=":7" /> However, using this method does raise controversial issues due to toxicity of some fungi.<ref name=":7" /> |
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Colonization of wood by ''P. obovatum'' has been shown to increase in the concentrations of syringol - a compound that is produced when the wood is toasted, and guaiacol a thermal breakdown product of lignin that produces an oaky, burnt aroma.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Petruzzi|first=Leonardo|last2=Bevilacqua|first2=Antonio|last3=Ciccarone|first3=Claudio|last4=Gambacorta|first4=Giuseppe|last5=Irlante|first5=Giuseppina|last6=Pati|first6=Sandra|last7=Sinigaglia|first7=Milena|date=2010-12-01|title=Use of microfungi in the treatment of oak chips: possible effects on wine|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jsfa.4130/abstract|journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture|language=en|volume=90|issue=15|pages=2617-2626|doi=10.1002/jsfa.4130|issn=1097-0010}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://www.academicwino.com/2011/12/using-fungi-treated-oak-chips-to.html/|title=Using Fungi-Treated Oak Chips to Increase the Extraction of Oak Character into Aging Wines|website=The Academic Wino|language=en-US|accessdate=2015-11-17}}</ref> Both compounds but particularly guaiacol are important contributors to the "oaked" flavour characteristics of barrel-aged wine.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9" /> Treatment of wines using wood chips inoculated with ''P. obovatum'' and other microfungi has been investigated as an accelerated, cost effective means of imparting oak flavours than traditional cask aging.<ref name=":9" /> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Reflist|30em}} |
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<references /> |
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{{taxobar}} |
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{{User sandbox|Sakinaka3}} |
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Latest revision as of 22:44, 9 August 2017
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| Species: | P. obovatum
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| Phialemonium obovatum Gams, W. & McGinnis, M.R. (1983)
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Phialemonium obovatum is a saprotrophic filamentous fungus able to cause opportunistic infections in humans with weakened immune systems.[1][2][3] P. obovatum is widespread throughout the environment, occuring commonly in sewage, soil, air and water.[1][2] Walter Gams and Michael McGinnis described the genus Phialemonium to accommodate species intermediate between the genera Acremonium and Phialophora.[2][4][5][6] Currently, three species of Phialemonium are recognized of which P. obovatum is the only one to produce greenish colonies and obovate conidia.[7]
Growth and morphology
[edit]In culture, colonies of P. obovatum begin as white or off-white in colour becoming pale green and centrally darkened with age.[1][8] The green pigments diffuse into the growth medium ultimately becoming blackish-green in colour.[1] Although the hyphae of the fungus are typically colourless (hyaline), the presence of these dark diffusible pigments has resulted in this species being considered one of the dematiaceous (aka filamentous, darkly-pigmented) fungi.[8] This placement may be further justified by the confirmation of melanin pigments in hyphal walls and septa as demonstrated by Fontana-Masson's staining procedure.[2][6] These pigments of melanin in cell walls of hyphae and conidia were found to be the reason for the dark colours seen in the center of the colonies.[8]
Gams and McGinnis described P. obovatum as having a flat, smooth colony texture with hyphal strands that radiate outwards described as floccose (fluffy or cottony).[4] Colonies of this species appear moist and lack a distinctive odour.[4] The fungus produces droplets of smooth-walled, obovate conidia with a narrow base. Their shape is similar to a tear drop or an egg-like shape.[1][6][7] Phialemonium obovatum conidia arise from adelophialides (phialides lacking a a basal septum) that do not have a collarette.[4][7][6] Conidia are typically produced only at the interface of the medium surface and the air, and are rarely present on submerged or aerial hyphae.[4][7] Phialemonium obovatum grows optimally between 24–33 °C (75–91 °F) although it can grow at temperatures as low as 15 °C (59 °F) and as high as 40 °C (104 °F).[4]
Pathogenicity
[edit]Although P. obovatum is primarily thought to be saprotrophic, it can cause infections in human hosts under certain circumstances, and more rarely, of other animals notably dogs.[1][2][6][9] The capacity of Phialemonium obovatum to grow at and above human body temperature is a key pathogenicity factor of this species that distinguishes it from many other dematiaceous molds.[6] This species has been reported as a causative agent of endocarditis, keratitis, peritonitis, osteomyelitis, subcutaneous infections, and infections arising secondary to burns.[1][2][6][9] In case studies involving infections following severe burns, the hyphae of P. obovatum have the ability to invade into blood vessels and tissues.[7] Infections caused by this species are largely opportunistic and restricted to immunocompromised individuals with few cases reported from individuals with normally functional immune systems.[1][2][6][7] It has a proclivity to invade central nervous system tissues.[6] Given the rising population burden of immunocompromised people due to improved management of immunological diseases or mediate by therapeutic side effects, this and other agents of opportunistic disease are sometimes considered to be "emerging" agents of disease.[6] Accordingly, P. obovatum and other dematiaceous fungi have been increasingly reported in allogenic transplant recipients possibly as a consequence of chemotherapeutic immune suppression primarily intended to reduce tissue rejection.[9][6]
The sequestration of antioxidant materials in cells walls may also serve as a virulence factors for this agent.[6] A yeast-like phase has also been reported from the blood of infected individuals. P. obovatum can cause localized or disseminated infections the latter of which are occasionally fatal.[6]
Biotechnology
[edit]Colonization of wood by P. obovatum has been shown to increase in the concentrations of syringol - a compound that is produced when the wood is toasted, and guaiacol a thermal breakdown product of lignin that produces an oaky, burnt aroma.[10][11] Both compounds but particularly guaiacol are important contributors to the "oaked" flavour characteristics of barrel-aged wine.[10][11] Treatment of wines using wood chips inoculated with P. obovatum and other microfungi has been investigated as an accelerated, cost effective means of imparting oak flavours than traditional cask aging.[11]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h Hong, Kwon Ho; Ryoo, Nam Hee; Chang, Sung Dong. "Phialemonium obovatum Keratitis after Penetration Injury of the Cornea". Korean Journal of Ophthalmology. 26 (6). doi:10.3341/kjo.2012.26.6.465. PMC 3506823. PMID 23204804.
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