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{{short description|Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae from the east coast of Australia}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use Australian English|date=July 2024}}
{{taxobox
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
|name = Swamp banksia, broad-leaved banksia
{{Speciesbox
|name = Swamp banksia
|image = Broburbee.jpg
|image = Broburbee.jpg
|status = LC
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author= Forster, P. |author2= Ford, A. |author3= Griffith, S. |author4= Benwell, A. |date=2020 |title= ''Banksia robur'' |volume=2020 |page= e.T112529639A113306761 |doi= 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T112529639A113306761.en |access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref>
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|parent = Banksia ser. Salicinae
|ordo = [[Proteales]]
|display_parents = 4
|familia = [[Proteaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Banksia]]''
|taxon = Banksia robur
|authority = [[Antonio José Cavanilles|Cav.]]
|subgenus = [[Banksia subg. Banksia|''Banksia'' subg. ''Banksia'']]
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=rbgKew/>
|sectio = [[Banksia sect. Banksia|''Banksia'' sect. ''Banksia'']]
| synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true|title=<small>List</small>
|series = [[Banksia ser. Salicinae|''Banksia'' ser. ''Salicinae'']]
| ''Banksia dilleniifolia'' <small>Knight, 1809</small>
|species = '''''B. robur'''''
|binomial = ''Banksia robur''
| ''Banksia fagifolia'' <small>Hoffmanns,1826</small>
| ''Banksia latifolia'' <small>R.Br.,1810</small>
|binomial_authority = [[Antonio José Cavanilles|Cav.]]
| ''Banksia longifolia'' <small>D.Don ex F.Dietr., 1802</small>
|}}
| ''Banksia macrophylla'' <small>Link, 1821</small>
'''''Banksia robur''''', commonly known as '''swamp banksia''' or, less commonly, '''broad-leaved banksia''' grows in sand or peaty sand in coastal areas from [[Cooktown, Queensland|Cooktown]] in north [[Queensland]] to the [[Illawarra]] region on the [[New South Wales]] south coast. It is often found in areas which are seasonally inundated.
| ''Banksia mimosoides'' <small>F.Dietr., 1802, nom. nud.</small>
| ''Banksia uncigera''<small> Knight, 1809</small>
| ''Sirmuellera robur''<small> (Cav.) Kuntze</small>}}
}}


'''''Banksia robur''''', commonly known as '''swamp banksia''', is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae. It grows in sand or peaty sand in coastal areas from [[Cooktown, Queensland|Cooktown]] in north [[Queensland]] to the [[Illawarra]] region on the [[New South Wales]] south coast. It is often found in areas which are seasonally inundated. It grows as a multistemmed shrub to 3 m tall, with large, leathery tough green leaves with serrated margins up to {{convert|30|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|10|cm|in|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} wide. The new growth is colourful, in shades of red, maroon or brown with a dense felt-like covering of brown hairs.
Although it was one of the original banksias collected by [[Joseph Banks]] around [[Botany Bay]] in 1770, it was not named until 1800 by [[Antonio José Cavanilles|Cavanilles]], with a type collection by [[Luis Née]] in 1793.


Hybrids with its close relative, ''[[Banksia oblongifolia|B.&nbsp;oblongifolia]]'' (fern-leaved banksia) can be sometimes found where both species occur (such as near [[Bulli, New South Wales|Bulli]] in the [[Illawarra]]), with features intermediate between both species.
== Description ==
''Banksia robur'' is a spreading shrub to 2.5&nbsp;m (8&nbsp;ft), although can get a little larger in cultivation. It has very large, leathery tough green leaves with serrated margins up to 30&nbsp;cm (12&nbsp;in) long and 10&nbsp;cm (4&nbsp;in) wide. The new growth is colourful, with shades red, maroon or brown with a dense felt-like covering of brown hairs.


Although it was one of the original banksias collected by [[Joseph Banks]] around [[Botany Bay]] in 1770, it was not named until 1800 by [[Antonio José Cavanilles]], with a type collection by [[Luis Née]] in 1793.
Plants from different areas seem to flower at different times, some spring-summer, others predominantly autumn. The stunning large flower spikes, up to {{convert|15|cm|in}} high and {{convert|5|to|6|cm|in}} wide, are metallic green with pinkish [[style (botany)|style]]s in bud, becoming cream-yellow and fading to golden-brown in the golden stage. The old flowers turn grey and persist on old cones, concealing the small follicles. These follicles are reddish and furred when new, before fading. The plant is [[lignotuber]]ous, regenerating from the ground after fire.


== Description ==
Hybrids with its close relative, ''[[Banksia oblongifolia|B.&nbsp;oblongifolia]]'' (fern-leaved banksia) can be sometimes found where both species occur (such as near [[Bulli, New South Wales|Bulli]] in the [[Illawarra]]), with features intermediate between both species.
''Banksia robur'' is a spreading shrub to {{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}},<ref name=FoA>{{cite encyclopedia | last = George | first = A. S. | author-link=Alex George (botanist) | year = 1999 | chapter = Banksia | editor-last = Wilson | editor-first = Annette | title = [[Flora of Australia (series)|Flora of Australia]] | volume = 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra | pages = 175–251 [190–191] | publisher = [[CSIRO Publishing]] / [[Australian Biological Resources Study]] | isbn = 0-643-06454-0}}</ref> though larger single-stemmed specimens to {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} high have been recorded in Wooroi State Forest near [[Caloundra]].<ref name ="Taylor 1988"/> The grey-brown stems are {{convert|1-3|cm|in|abbr=on}} thick,<ref name="George 1981"/> with smooth bark.<ref name=FoA/> New branchlets are densely covered with rust-coloured fur that persists for 1–2 years; the upper tips of new growth have furry prophylls.<ref name="George 1981"/> [[phyllotaxis|Alternately arranged]] along the stem, the leaves are {{convert|12|–|30|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length and {{convert|5|–|7|cm|in|abbr=on}} in width, and oblong to [[wikt:obovate|obovate]] (egg-shaped) or [[leaf shape|elliptic]] in shape.<ref name=FoA/>

Plants from different areas seem to flower at different times, some in spring and summer, others predominantly in autumn. The large flower spikes, up to {{convert|15|cm|in}} high and {{convert|5|to|6|cm|in}} wide, are metallic green with pinkish [[style (botany)|style]]s in bud, becoming cream-yellow and fading to golden-brown in the golden stage. The old flowers turn grey and persist on old cones, concealing the small follicles. These follicles are reddish and furred when new, before fading. The plant is [[lignotuber]]ous, regenerating from the ground after fire.


== Taxonomy ==
== Taxonomy ==
{{see also|Taxonomy of Banksia{{!}}Taxonomy of ''Banksia''}}
{{see also|Taxonomy of Banksia{{!}}Taxonomy of ''Banksia''}}
The first botanical collection of ''B.&nbsp;robur'' was made by [[Joseph Banks|Sir Joseph Banks]] and [[Daniel Solander|Dr Daniel Solander]], naturalists on the ''[[HM Bark Endeavour|Endeavour]]'' during Lieutenant (later Captain) [[James Cook]]'s [[First voyage of James Cook|first voyage]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Cook landed on Australian soil for the first time on 29 April 1770, at a place that he later named [[Botany Bay]] in recognition of "the great quantity of plants Mr Banks and Dr Solander found in this place".<ref name="Wharton 1893">{{cite book | last = Cook | first = James | year = 1893 | editor-first = William J. L. | editor-last=Wharton | title = [[Wikisource:Captain Cook's Journal, First Voyage|Captain Cook's Journal during his First Voyage Round the World made in H. M. Bark "Endeavour" 1768-71: A Literal Transcription of the Original MSS]] | location = London | publisher = E. Stock | authorlink = James Cook}}</ref> Over the next seven weeks, Banks and Solander collected thousands of plant specimens, including the first specimens of a new genus that would later be named ''Banksia'' in Banks' honour.
The first botanical collection of ''B.&nbsp;robur'' was made by [[Joseph Banks|Sir Joseph Banks]] and [[Daniel Solander|Dr Daniel Solander]], naturalists on the ''[[HM Bark Endeavour|Endeavour]]'' during Lieutenant (later Captain) [[James Cook]]'s [[First voyage of James Cook|first voyage]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Cook landed on Australian soil for the first time on 29 April 1770, at a place that he later named [[Botany Bay]] in recognition of "the great quantity of plants Mr Banks and Dr Solander found in this place".<ref name="Wharton 1893">{{cite book | last = Cook | first = James | year = 1893 | editor-first = William J. L. | editor-last=Wharton | title = [[Wikisource:Captain Cook's Journal, First Voyage|Captain Cook's Journal during his First Voyage Round the World made in H. M. Bark "Endeavour" 1768-71: A Literal Transcription of the Original MSS]] | location = London | publisher = E. Stock | author-link = James Cook}}</ref> Over the next seven weeks, Banks and Solander collected thousands of plant specimens, including the first specimens of a new genus that would later be named ''[[Banksia]]'' in Banks' honour.


It is said that every specimen collected during the ''Endeavour'' voyage was sketched by Banks' [[botanical illustrator]] [[Sydney Parkinson]], but no such painting of ''B.&nbsp;robur'' is extant. On the ''Endeavour''<div/>'s return to [[England]] in July 1771, Banks' specimens became part of his [[London]] [[herbarium]], and artists were employed to paint [[watercolour]]s from Parkinson's sketches. Banks had plans to publish his entire collection as "[[Banks' Florilegium]]", but for various reasons the project was never completed, and it would be ten years before any of the ''Banksia'' species were formally published.<ref name="Salkin 1981">{{cite journal | last = Salkin | first = Alf I. | year = 1981 | title = A short history of the discovery and naming of banksias in Eastern Australia: Part I, Banks and Solander | journal = [[Victorian Naturalist]] | volume = 98 | issue = 2}}</ref>
It is said that every specimen collected during the ''Endeavour'' voyage was sketched by Banks' [[botanical illustrator]] [[Sydney Parkinson]], but no such painting of ''B.&nbsp;robur'' is extant. On the ''Endeavour''{{'s}} return to [[England]] in July 1771, Banks' specimens became part of his [[London]] [[herbarium]], and artists were employed to paint [[watercolour]]s from Parkinson's sketches. Banks had plans to publish his entire collection as "[[Banks' Florilegium]]", but for various reasons the project was never completed, and it would be ten years before any of the ''Banksia'' species were formally published.<ref name="Salkin 1981">{{cite journal | last = Salkin | first = Alf I. | year = 1981 | title = A short history of the discovery and naming of banksias in Eastern Australia: Part I, Banks and Solander | journal = [[Victorian Naturalist]] | volume = 98 | issue = 2}}</ref>


Despite being one of the first four ''Banksia'' species collected, ''B.&nbsp;robur'' was not among the four species described by [[Carolus Linnaeus the Younger]] in 1782. Specimens of the species were collected again in 1793 by [[Luis Née]], and it was on the basis of these specimens that it was described and named in 1800 by [[Antonio José Cavanilles]].<ref name="cav2">{{cite book |author=Cavanilles, Antonio José |authorlink=Antonio José Cavanilles |title=Anales de historia natural |publisher=Imprenta Real por P. J. Pereyra |location=Madrid, Spain |year=1800 |volume=I |page=226 |language=Spanish|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7815423}}</ref>
Despite being one of the first four ''Banksia'' species collected, the single specimen of ''B.&nbsp;robur'' was somehow overlooked and not described by [[Carolus Linnaeus the Younger]] in 1782.<ref name="George 1981">{{cite journal | last = George | first=Alex S. | author-link=Alex George (botanist) | year = 1981 | title = The Genus ''Banksia'' L.f. (Proteaceae) | journal = [[Nuytsia (journal)|Nuytsia]] | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = 239–473 [304–306]| issn = 0085-4417| title-link=The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae) }}</ref> Specimens of the species were collected again in 1793 by [[Luis Née]] around Port Jackson (Sydney) and Botany Bay, and it was on the basis of these specimens that it was described and named in 1800 by [[Antonio José Cavanilles]]. Describing it as a tree, Cavanilles gave it the species epithet ''robur'';<ref name="cav2">{{cite book |author=Cavanilles, Antonio José |author-link=Antonio José Cavanilles |title=Anales de historia natural |publisher=Imprenta Real por P. J. Pereyra |location=Madrid, Spain |year=1800 |volume=I |page=226 |language=es|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7815423}}</ref><!-- cites previous 1.5 sentences --> meaning "strength" or "hard wood", the epithet was assumed by botanist [[Alex George (botanist)|Alex George]] to relate to the mistaken belief it was a tree. The name could also refer to a resemblance of the wood or leaves to the English oak (''[[Quercus robur]]'').{{sfn|Wrigley|Fagg|1991|p=113}}


The gardener [[Joseph Knight (gardener)|Joseph Knight]] published ''[[On the cultivation of the plants belonging to the natural order of Proteeae]]'' in 1809, within which he described ''Banksia uncigera'' from the Duke of Northumberland's collection at [[Syon House]], and ''B.&nbsp;dilleniæfolia'' "Dillenia-leaved banksia", reporting that seeds of the latter had recently arrived in England. Knight equated the former with ''Banksia oblongifolia'' and the latter with ''B. robur''.<ref name="Knight 1809">{{cite book | author = Knight, Joseph | author-link = Joseph Knight (horticulturist) | year = 1809 | title = On the Cultivation of the Plants Belonging to the Natural Order of Proteeae | publisher = W. Savage |location= London, United Kingdom |page = [https://archive.org/details/oncultivationpl00kniggoog/page/n135/mode/2up?view=theater 112-113]}}</ref>
Since then, specimens referrable to ''B.&nbsp;robur'' have become the basis of a number of new species names, all now considered [[taxonomic synonym]]s of ''B.&nbsp;robur''. These synonyms are:

* ''B.&nbsp;dilleniifolia'', published by [[Joseph Knight (gardener)|Joseph Knight]] in 1809;
[[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] renamed ''B. robur'' as ''B.&nbsp;latifolia'' in 1810, clarifying that he was forced to change the name as the plant grew as a low shrub not a tall tree.<ref name="R.Br.">{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Robert |title=On the Proteaceae of Jussieu |journal=Transactions of the Linnean Society of London |date=1810 |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=208 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/757373}}</ref> The same year, Brown recorded 31 species of ''Banksia'' in his 1810 work ''[[Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen]]'', and stuck with the epithet ''latifolia'' in his [[Brown's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia|taxonomic arrangement]], placing the taxon in the [[subgenus]] ''[[Banksia verae]]'', the "True Banksias", because the inflorescence is a typical ''Banksia'' flower spike. He classed ''B.&nbsp;dilleniæfolia'', ''B. uncigera'' and ''B. robur'' as [[taxonomic synonym]]s.<ref name="Brown 1810">{{cite book | author = Brown, Robert | author-link = Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773) | year = 1810 | title = Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen | publisher = Taylor | location = London | page=394 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2954550}}</ref> German botanist [[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link]] catalogued ''B. latifolia'' and described ''B.&nbsp;macrophylla'' from cultivated material in the Berlin Botanic Gardens in his 1821 work ''Enumeratio plantarum Horti regii botanici berolinensis altera'';<ref>{{cite book |last1=Link |first1=Johann Heinrich Friedrich |title=Enumeratio plantarum Horti regii botanici berolinensis altera |date=1821 |publisher=G. Reimer |location=Berlin |volume=1 |page=116 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7451628\language=Latin}}</ref> ''B.&nbsp;fagifolia'' was described by [[Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg]] in 1826; these have been synonymised as ''B. robur''.<ref name=rbgKew>{{cite web |title=Banksia robur Cav. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:703178-1#synonyms |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |access-date=3 May 2024}}</ref>
* ''B.&nbsp;uncigera'', also Knight, 1809;

* ''B.&nbsp;latifolia'', published by [[Robert Brown (botanist)|Robert Brown]] in 1810;
By the time [[Carl Meissner]] published [[Meissner's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia|his 1856 arrangement]] of the genus, there were 58 described ''Banksia'' species. Meissner divided Brown's ''Banksia verae'', which had been renamed ''Eubanksia'' by [[Stephan Endlicher]] in 1847,<ref name=autogenerated1>{{The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)}}</ref> into four series based on leaf properties. He followed Brown in using the name ''B.&nbsp;latifolia'', and placed it in the series [[Banksia ser. Quercinae|''Quercinae'']]. Meissner also named a specimen of ''B. robur'' as ''B.&nbsp;integrifolia'' var. ''dentata''.<ref name=meissner>{{cite book | author = Meissner, Carl | author-link = Carl Meissner | year = 1856 |volume=14 |pages=457, 460 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35138667 | chapter = Proteaceae | editor = A.P. de Candolle | editor-link = A. P. de Candolle | title = Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis, Pars Decima Quarta | location = Paris, France | publisher = Sumptibus Victoris Masson }}</ref><!-- cites 2 previous sentences -->
* ''B.&nbsp;macrophylla'', published by [[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link]] in 1821;

* ''B.&nbsp;fagifolia'', published by [[Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg]] in 1826;
In 1870, [[George Bentham]] published a thorough revision of ''Banksia'' in his landmark publication ''[[Flora Australiensis]]''. In [[Bentham's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia|Bentham's arrangement]], the number of recognised ''Banksia'' species was reduced from 60 to 46. He defined four [[Section (botany)|sections]] based on leaf, [[style (botany)|style]] and [[pollen-presenter]] characters, placing ''B.&nbsp;latifolia'' in section ''Orthostylis'', though noting it had the flowers and style of ''Eubanksia''.<ref name="Bentham 1870">{{cite encyclopedia | author = Bentham, George | author-link = George Bentham | year = 1870 | title = ''Banksia'' | encyclopedia = Flora Australiensis: Volume 5: Myoporineae to Proteaceae | pages = 541–62 [543] | location = London, United Kingdom| publisher = L. Reeve & Co| url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11623803}}</ref>
* ''B.&nbsp;integrifolia'' var. ''dentata'', published by [[Carl Meissner]] in 1856;

In 1891, [[Otto Kuntze]], in his ''[[Revisio Generum Plantarum]]'', rejected the generic name ''Banksia'' [[Carolus Linnaeus the Younger|L.f.]], on the grounds that the name ''Banksia'' had previously been published in 1776 as ''Banksia'' [[Johann Reinhold Forster|J.R.Forst]] & [[Georg Forster|G.Forst]], referring to the genus now known as ''[[Pimelea]]''. Kuntze proposed ''Sirmuellera'' as an alternative, referring to this species as ''Sirmuellera robur''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kuntze |first=Otto |authorlink=Otto Kuntze |title=Revisio generum plantarum |volume=2 |publisher=Arthur Felix |location=Leipzig |year=1891 |pages=581–582 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4004}}</ref> This application of the [[principle of priority]] was largely ignored,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rehder |first1=A. |authorlink1=Alfred Rehder |last2=Weatherby |first2=C. A. |authorlink2=Charles Alfred Weatherby |last3=Mansfeld |first3=R. |authorlink3=Rudolf Mansfeld |last4=Green |first4=M. L. |authorlink4=Mary Letitia Green |title=Conservation of Later Generic Homonyms |journal=Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) |year=1935 |volume=1935 |issue=6/9 |page=368 |doi=10.2307/4107078 |jstor=4107078}}</ref> and ''Banksia'' L.f. was [[conserved name|formally conserved]] and ''Sirmuellera'' rejected in 1940.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sprague |first=T. A. |authorlink=Thomas Archibald Sprague |title=Additional Nomina Generica Conservanda (Pteridophyta and Phanerogamae) |journal=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |year=1940 |volume=1940 |issue=3 |doi=10.2307/4111642 |jstor=4111642 |page=99}}</ref>

Common names include "swamp banksia", "eastern swamp banksia" and "broad-leaved banksia".<ref name ="Taylor 1988"/> [[Frederick Manson Bailey]] reported in 1913 that the indigenous people of Stradbroke Island knew it as ''bumbar''.<ref name="Bailey 1913">{{cite book|last=Bailey|first=Frederick Manson|title=Comprehensive Catalogue of Queensland Plants|publisher=A. J. Cumming, government printer|location=Brisbane, Queensland|date=1913|pages=455|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/39928812}}</ref>

=== Placement within ''Banksia'' ===
The current [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] arrangement of the genus ''Banksia'' is based on George's 1999 monograph for the ''[[Flora of Australia (series)|Flora of Australia]]'' book series.<ref name="George 1999">{{cite book|author=George, Alex|author-link=Alex George (botanist)|year=1999|chapter=Banksia|editor-last=Wilson | editor-first=Annette |title=Flora of Australia: Volume 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra|pages=175–251|publisher=CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study|location=Collingwood, Victoria |isbn=0-643-06454-0}}</ref> In this arrangement, ''B.&nbsp;robur'' is placed in ''Banksia'' [[subgenus]] ''[[Banksia subg. Banksia|Banksia]]'', because its inflorescences take the form of ''Banksia''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s characteristic flower spikes, [[Section (botany)|section]] [[Banksia sect. Banksia|''Banksia'']] because of its straight [[carpel|styles]], and [[Series (botany)|series]] [[Banksia ser. Salicinae|''Salicinae'']] because its inflorescences are cylindrical. In a [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] cladistic analysis published in 1994, [[Kevin Thiele]] placed it in the newly described subseries ''Acclives'' along with ''[[Banksia plagiocarpa|B.&nbsp;plagiocarpa]]'', ''[[Banksia oblongifolia|B.&nbsp;oblongifolia]]'' and ''[[Banksia dentata|B.&nbsp;dentata]]'' within the series ''Salicinae''.<ref name="Thiele 1996">{{cite journal | last1=Thiele | first1=Kevin | author-link1=Kevin Thiele | last2=Ladiges | first2=Pauline Y. | author-link2=Pauline Ladiges | year = 1996 | title = A Cladistic Analysis of ''Banksia'' (Proteaceae) | journal = [[Australian Systematic Botany]] | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = 661–733 [705–08] | doi = 10.1071/SB9960661}}</ref> However, this subgrouping of the ''Salicinae'' was not supported by George.<ref name="George 1999"/>
''B.&nbsp;oblongifolia''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s placement within ''Banksia'' may be summarised as follows:
:'''Genus ''[[Banksia]]'''''
::Subgenus ''[[Banksia subg. Isostylis|Isostylis]]''
::'''Subgenus ''[[Banksia subg. Banksia|Banksia]]'''''
:::Section ''[[Banksia sect. Oncostylis|Oncostylis]]''
:::Section ''[[Banksia coccinea|Coccinea]]''
:::'''Section ''[[Banksia sect. Banksia|Banksia]]'''''
::::Series ''[[Banksia ser. Grandes|Grandes]]''
::::Series ''[[Banksia ser. Banksia|Banksia]]''
::::Series ''[[Banksia ser. Crocinae|Crocinae]]''
::::Series ''[[Banksia ser. Prostratae|Prostratae]]''
::::Series ''[[Banksia ser. Cyrtostylis|Cyrtostylis]]''
::::Series ''[[Banksia ser. Tetragonae|Tetragonae]]''
::::Series ''[[Banksia ser. Bauerinae|Bauerinae]]''
::::Series ''[[Banksia ser. Quercinae|Quercinae]]''
::::'''Series ''[[Banksia ser. Salicinae|Salicinae]]'''''
:::::''[[Banksia dentata|B.&nbsp;dentata]]'' – ''[[Banksia aquilonia|B.&nbsp;aquilonia]]'' – ''[[Banksia integrifolia|B.&nbsp;integrifolia]]'' – ''[[Banksia plagiocarpa|B.&nbsp;plagiocarpa]]'' – ''[[Banksia oblongifolia|B.&nbsp;oblongifolia]]'' – '''''B.&nbsp;robur''''' – ''[[Banksia conferta|B.&nbsp;conferta]]'' – ''[[Banksia paludosa|B.&nbsp;paludosa]]'' – ''[[Banksia marginata|B.&nbsp;marginata]]'' – ''[[Banksia canei|B.&nbsp;canei]]'' – ''[[Banksia saxicola|B.&nbsp;saxicola]]''

Since 1998, American botanist [[Austin Mast]] and co-authors have been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of [[DNA sequence]] data for the subtribe [[Grevilleoideae|Banksiinae]], which then comprised genera ''Banksia'' and ''[[Banksia ser. Dryandra|Dryandra]]''. Their analyses suggest a [[phylogenetics|phylogeny]] that differs greatly from George's taxonomic arrangement. ''Banksia robur'' resolves as the closest relative, or "[[sister group|sister]]", to ''B.&nbsp;oblongifolia'', with ''B.&nbsp;plagiocarpa'' as next closest relative.<ref name="Mast 1998">{{cite journal |author=Mast, Austin R. | author-link=Austin Mast |year=1998 |title=Molecular Systematics of Subtribe Banksiinae (''Banksia'' and ''Dryandra''; Proteaceae) Based on cpDNA and nrDNA Sequence Data: Implications for Taxonomy and Biogeography |journal=Australian Systematic Botany |volume=11 |issue=3–4 |pages=321–42 |doi =10.1071/SB97026}}</ref><ref name="Mast 2002">{{cite journal |author=Mast, Austin R. |author2=Givnish, Thomas J. |author-link2=Thomas J. Givnish |year=2002 |title=Historical Biogeography and the Origin of Stomatal Distributions in ''Banksia'' and ''Dryandra'' (Proteaceae) Based on their cpDNA Phylogeny |journal=[[American Journal of Botany]] |volume=89 |issue=8 |pages=1311–23 |doi=10.3732/ajb.89.8.1311 |issn=0002-9122 |pmid=21665734 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Mast 2005">{{cite journal |author1=Mast, Austin R. |author2=Jones, Eric H. |author3=Havery, Shawn P. |year=2005 |volume=18 |issue=1 |title=An Assessment of Old and New DNA Sequence Evidence for the Paraphyly of ''Banksia'' with Respect to ''Dryandra'' (Proteaceae) |journal=Australian Systematic Botany |pages=75–88 |doi=10.1071/SB04015}}</ref> In 2007, Mast and Thiele rearranged the genus ''Banksia'' by merging ''Dryandra'' into it, and published [[Banksia subg. Spathulatae|''B.''&nbsp;subg. ''Spathulatae'']] for the taxa having spoon-shaped cotyledons; thus ''B.''&nbsp;subg. ''Banksia'' was redefined as encompassing taxa lacking spoon-shaped cotyledons. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of ''Dryandra'' was complete; in the meantime, if Mast and Thiele's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, ''B.&nbsp;robur'' is placed in ''B.''&nbsp;subg. ''Spathulatae''.<ref name="Mast 2007">{{cite journal |author1=Mast, Austin R. |author2=Thiele, Kevin |year=2007 |title=The Transfer of ''Dryandra'' R.Br. to ''Banksia'' L.f. (Proteaceae) |journal = Australian Systematic Botany |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1071/SB06016}}</ref>

===Hybridization===
''Banksia robur'' and ''B.&nbsp;oblongifolia'' [[hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] have been recorded at several locations along the eastern coastline of Australia. Field workers for ''[[The Banksia Atlas]]'' recorded 20 populations between Wollongong and [[Pialba, Queensland|Pialba]] in central Queensland.<ref name ="Taylor 1988"/> Locales include [[Calga, New South Wales|Calga]] north of Sydney, [[Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park]], and [[Upper Nepean Scheme#Cordeaux Dam|Cordeaux Dam]] near Wollongong.<ref name="George 1981"/> A study of an area of extensive hybridization between the two near [[Darkes Forest, New South Wales|Darkes Forest]] on the [[Woronora Plateau]] south of Sydney revealed extensive hybridization in mixed species stands but almost none in pure stands of either species there. Genetic analysis showed generations of crossing and complex ancestry. Morphology generally correlated with genetic profile, but occasionally plants that resembled one parent had some degree of genetic hybridization. Furthermore, there were a few plants with morphology suggestive of a third species, ''B.&nbsp;paludosa'', in their parentage, and requiring further investigation.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Usher | first1 = A.V. | last2 = Whelan | first2 = R.J. | last3 = Ayre | first3 = D.J. | doi = 10.1093/aob/mcq001 | title = Window of opportunity: An episode of recruitment in a Banksia hybrid zone demonstrates continuing hybridization and phenotypic plasticity | journal = Annals of Botany | volume = 105 | issue = 3 | pages = 419–429 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20142262| pmc =2826261 }}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Swamp Banksia in a swamp (7077925449).jpg|thumb|right|''B. robur'' as an emergent plant in grassy heathland]]
''Banksia robur'' is native to coastal eastern Australia, where it is found from New South Wales to north Queensland. The Banksia Atlas recorded it as occurring along two stretches of coastline: from Wollongong to South West Rocks in New South Wales, then from Brunswick Heads in northern New South Wales to Shoalwater Bay in Queensland (with a 200&nbsp;km gap around Rockhampton), and isolated populations near Bowen, Julatten and Cooktown in north Queensland.<ref name ="Taylor 1988"/>

It is found in low-lying sandy or peaty soils that are often seasonally damp or periodically inundated.<ref name ="Taylor 1988"/> In the Sydney basin it is associated with heath flora such as pink swamp-heath (''[[Sprengelia incarnata]]''), coral fern (''[[Gleichenia dicarpa]]''), and ''[[Leptocarpus tenax]]''.<ref name=Benson2000/>


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
{{main|Ecology of Banksia{{!}}Ecology of ''Banksia''}}
{{main|Ecology of Banksia{{!}}Ecology of ''Banksia''}}
''Banksia robur'' plants can live for more than 60 years.<ref name=Benson2000>{{cite journal |author1=Benson, Doug |author2=McDougall, Lyn |year=2000 |title=Ecology of Sydney Plant Species Part 7b: Dicotyledon families Proteaceae to Rubiaceae |journal=Cunninghamia |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1017–1202 [1037] |url=http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/58220/Cun6Ben1016.pdf |access-date=24 March 2012 |archive-date=23 June 2014 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140623082842/http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/58220/Cun6Ben1016.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> They respond to [[Bushfires in Australia|bushfire]] by resprouting from buds located on the large woody lignotuber.


Like other banksias, ''B. robur'' plays host to a wide variety of pollinators, including insects such as butterflies, moths, bees, wasps, ants and [[jewel beetle]]s, and many bird species. These include honeyeaters such as [[New Holland honeyeater]] (''Phylidonyris novaehollandiae''), [[little wattlebird]] (''Anthochaera chrysoptera''), [[brown honeyeater]] (''Lichmera indistincta''), [[tawny-crowned honeyeater]] (''Gliciphila melanops''), [[Lewin's honeyeater]] (''Meliphaga lewinii''), and [[little friarbird]] (''Philemon citreogularis'') - all recorded in the 1988 ''[[The Banksia Atlas]]'' survey.<ref name ="Taylor 1988">{{The Banksia Atlas}} p. 202</ref>
Like other banksias, ''B. robur'' plays host to a wide variety of pollinators, including insects such as butterflies, moths, bees, wasps, ants and [[jewel beetle]]s, and many bird species. These include honeyeaters such as [[New Holland honeyeater]] (''Phylidonyris novaehollandiae''), [[little wattlebird]] (''Anthochaera chrysoptera''), [[brown honeyeater]] (''Lichmera indistincta''), [[tawny-crowned honeyeater]] (''Gliciphila melanops''), [[Lewin's honeyeater]] (''Meliphaga lewinii''), and [[little friarbird]] (''Philemon citreogularis'') - all recorded in the 1988 ''[[The Banksia Atlas]]'' survey.<ref name ="Taylor 1988">{{The Banksia Atlas}} p. 202</ref>
Line 50: Line 94:
== Cultivation ==
== Cultivation ==
As ''B.&nbsp;robur'' naturally occurs in wet areas (hence the common name) on sandy soils, these make the best growing conditions. It appreciates a sunny aspect and extra water, especially when actively growing and during dry spells. Propagation from seed is reliable. Hardened pencil-thickness stems have been struck successfully as cuttings.
As ''B.&nbsp;robur'' naturally occurs in wet areas (hence the common name) on sandy soils, these make the best growing conditions. It appreciates a sunny aspect and extra water, especially when actively growing and during dry spells. Propagation from seed is reliable. Hardened pencil-thickness stems have been struck successfully as cuttings.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Image:Broburtrunkbuds4 original.jpg|Blooms in various stages on a trunk
Image:Brobur01.jpg|''Banksia robur'' in cultivation, [[Concord, New South Wales]]
Image:Broburbud1.jpg|young developing bud
</gallery>


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

* {{The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)}}
===Cited text===
* {{cite encyclopedia | last = George | first = A. S. | year = 1999 | chapter = Banksia | editor-last = Wilson | editor-first = Annette | title = [[Flora of Australia (series)|Flora of Australia]] | volume = 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra | pages = 175–251 | publisher = [[CSIRO Publishing]] / [[Australian Biological Resources Study]] | isbn = 0-643-06454-0}}
* {{cite book|last1=Wrigley|first1=John|last2=Fagg|first2=Murray|title=Banksias, Waratahs and Grevilleas|year=1991|publisher=[[Angus & Robertson]]|location=Sydney|isbn=0-207-17277-3}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{wikispecies | Banksia robur}}
{{Wikispecies | Banksia robur}}
{{wikisourcepar|Transactions of the Linnean Society of London/Volume 10/On the Proteaceae of Jussieu/Banksia#Banksia latifolia|Transactions of the Linnean Society of London/&#8203;Volume 10/&#8203;On the Proteaceae of Jussieu/&#8203;Banksia#&#8203;Banksia latifolia}}
{{Wikisource|Transactions of the Linnean Society of London/Volume 10/On the Proteaceae of Jussieu/Banksia#Banksia latifolia|Transactions of the Linnean Society of London/Volume 10/On the Proteaceae of Jussieu/Banksia#Banksia latifolia}}
{{wikisourcepar|Flora Australiensis/Volume V/CIV. Proteaceae/28. Banksia#Banksia latifolia|Flora Australiensis/Volume&nbsp;V/CIV.&nbsp;Proteaceae/28.&nbsp;Banksia#Banksia latifolia}}
{{Wikisource|Flora Australiensis/Volume V/CIV. Proteaceae/28. Banksia#Banksia latifolia|Flora Australiensis/Volume&nbsp;V/CIV.&nbsp;Proteaceae/28.&nbsp;Banksia#Banksia latifolia}}
{{wikisourcepar|Curtis's Botanical Magazine/Volume L/2406 Banksia latifolia|Curtis's Botanical Magazine/Volume L/2406 Banksia latifolia&}}
{{Wikisource|Curtis's Botanical Magazine/Volume L/2406 Banksia latifolia|Curtis's Botanical Magazine/Volume L/2406 Banksia latifolia&}}
* {{Flora of Australia Online | name = ''Banksia robur'' Cav. | id = 46101}}
* {{APNI | name = ''Banksia robur'' Cav. | id = 55227}}
* {{APNI | name = ''Banksia robur'' Cav. | id = 55227}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2712748}}


[[Category:Banksia taxa by scientific name|robur]]
[[Category:Banksia taxa by scientific name|robur]]
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[[Category:Flora of Queensland]]
[[Category:Flora of Queensland]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Australia]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Australia]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Antonio José Cavanilles]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1800]]

Latest revision as of 12:01, 28 October 2024

Swamp banksia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Proteales
Family: Proteaceae
Genus: Banksia
Subgenus: Banksia subg. Banksia
Section: Banksia sect. Banksia
Series: Banksia ser. Salicinae
Species:
B. robur
Binomial name
Banksia robur
Synonyms[2]
List
  • Banksia dilleniifolia Knight, 1809
  • Banksia fagifolia Hoffmanns,1826
  • Banksia latifolia R.Br.,1810
  • Banksia longifolia D.Don ex F.Dietr., 1802
  • Banksia macrophylla Link, 1821
  • Banksia mimosoides F.Dietr., 1802, nom. nud.
  • Banksia uncigera Knight, 1809
  • Sirmuellera robur (Cav.) Kuntze

Banksia robur, commonly known as swamp banksia, is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae. It grows in sand or peaty sand in coastal areas from Cooktown in north Queensland to the Illawarra region on the New South Wales south coast. It is often found in areas which are seasonally inundated. It grows as a multistemmed shrub to 3 m tall, with large, leathery tough green leaves with serrated margins up to 30 cm (12 in) long and 10 cm (4 in) wide. The new growth is colourful, in shades of red, maroon or brown with a dense felt-like covering of brown hairs.

Hybrids with its close relative, B. oblongifolia (fern-leaved banksia) can be sometimes found where both species occur (such as near Bulli in the Illawarra), with features intermediate between both species.

Although it was one of the original banksias collected by Joseph Banks around Botany Bay in 1770, it was not named until 1800 by Antonio José Cavanilles, with a type collection by Luis Née in 1793.

Description

[edit]

Banksia robur is a spreading shrub to 3 m (10 ft),[3] though larger single-stemmed specimens to 5 m (16 ft) high have been recorded in Wooroi State Forest near Caloundra.[4] The grey-brown stems are 1–3 cm (0.39–1.18 in) thick,[5] with smooth bark.[3] New branchlets are densely covered with rust-coloured fur that persists for 1–2 years; the upper tips of new growth have furry prophylls.[5] Alternately arranged along the stem, the leaves are 12–30 cm (4.7–11.8 in) in length and 5–7 cm (2.0–2.8 in) in width, and oblong to obovate (egg-shaped) or elliptic in shape.[3]

Plants from different areas seem to flower at different times, some in spring and summer, others predominantly in autumn. The large flower spikes, up to 15 centimetres (5.9 in) high and 5 to 6 centimetres (2.0 to 2.4 in) wide, are metallic green with pinkish styles in bud, becoming cream-yellow and fading to golden-brown in the golden stage. The old flowers turn grey and persist on old cones, concealing the small follicles. These follicles are reddish and furred when new, before fading. The plant is lignotuberous, regenerating from the ground after fire.

Taxonomy

[edit]
See also: Taxonomy of Banksia

The first botanical collection of B. robur was made by Sir Joseph Banks and Dr Daniel Solander, naturalists on the Endeavour during Lieutenant (later Captain) James Cook's first voyage to the Pacific Ocean. Cook landed on Australian soil for the first time on 29 April 1770, at a place that he later named Botany Bay in recognition of "the great quantity of plants Mr Banks and Dr Solander found in this place".[6] Over the next seven weeks, Banks and Solander collected thousands of plant specimens, including the first specimens of a new genus that would later be named Banksia in Banks' honour.

It is said that every specimen collected during the Endeavour voyage was sketched by Banks' botanical illustrator Sydney Parkinson, but no such painting of B. robur is extant. On the Endeavour's return to England in July 1771, Banks' specimens became part of his London herbarium, and artists were employed to paint watercolours from Parkinson's sketches. Banks had plans to publish his entire collection as "Banks' Florilegium", but for various reasons the project was never completed, and it would be ten years before any of the Banksia species were formally published.[7]

Despite being one of the first four Banksia species collected, the single specimen of B. robur was somehow overlooked and not described by Carolus Linnaeus the Younger in 1782.[5] Specimens of the species were collected again in 1793 by Luis Née around Port Jackson (Sydney) and Botany Bay, and it was on the basis of these specimens that it was described and named in 1800 by Antonio José Cavanilles. Describing it as a tree, Cavanilles gave it the species epithet robur;[8] meaning "strength" or "hard wood", the epithet was assumed by botanist Alex George to relate to the mistaken belief it was a tree. The name could also refer to a resemblance of the wood or leaves to the English oak (Quercus robur).[9]

The gardener Joseph Knight published On the cultivation of the plants belonging to the natural order of Proteeae in 1809, within which he described Banksia uncigera from the Duke of Northumberland's collection at Syon House, and B. dilleniæfolia "Dillenia-leaved banksia", reporting that seeds of the latter had recently arrived in England. Knight equated the former with Banksia oblongifolia and the latter with B. robur.[10]

Robert Brown renamed B. robur as B. latifolia in 1810, clarifying that he was forced to change the name as the plant grew as a low shrub not a tall tree.[11] The same year, Brown recorded 31 species of Banksia in his 1810 work Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen, and stuck with the epithet latifolia in his taxonomic arrangement, placing the taxon in the subgenus Banksia verae, the "True Banksias", because the inflorescence is a typical Banksia flower spike. He classed B. dilleniæfolia, B. uncigera and B. robur as taxonomic synonyms.[12] German botanist Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link catalogued B. latifolia and described B. macrophylla from cultivated material in the Berlin Botanic Gardens in his 1821 work Enumeratio plantarum Horti regii botanici berolinensis altera;[13] B. fagifolia was described by Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg in 1826; these have been synonymised as B. robur.[2]

By the time Carl Meissner published his 1856 arrangement of the genus, there were 58 described Banksia species. Meissner divided Brown's Banksia verae, which had been renamed Eubanksia by Stephan Endlicher in 1847,[14] into four series based on leaf properties. He followed Brown in using the name B. latifolia, and placed it in the series Quercinae. Meissner also named a specimen of B. robur as B. integrifolia var. dentata.[15]

In 1870, George Bentham published a thorough revision of Banksia in his landmark publication Flora Australiensis. In Bentham's arrangement, the number of recognised Banksia species was reduced from 60 to 46. He defined four sections based on leaf, style and pollen-presenter characters, placing B. latifolia in section Orthostylis, though noting it had the flowers and style of Eubanksia.[16]

In 1891, Otto Kuntze, in his Revisio Generum Plantarum, rejected the generic name Banksia L.f., on the grounds that the name Banksia had previously been published in 1776 as Banksia J.R.Forst & G.Forst, referring to the genus now known as Pimelea. Kuntze proposed Sirmuellera as an alternative, referring to this species as Sirmuellera robur.[17] This application of the principle of priority was largely ignored,[18] and Banksia L.f. was formally conserved and Sirmuellera rejected in 1940.[19]

Common names include "swamp banksia", "eastern swamp banksia" and "broad-leaved banksia".[4] Frederick Manson Bailey reported in 1913 that the indigenous people of Stradbroke Island knew it as bumbar.[20]

Placement within Banksia

[edit]

The current taxonomic arrangement of the genus Banksia is based on George's 1999 monograph for the Flora of Australia book series.[21] In this arrangement, B. robur is placed in Banksia subgenus Banksia, because its inflorescences take the form of Banksia's characteristic flower spikes, section Banksia because of its straight styles, and series Salicinae because its inflorescences are cylindrical. In a morphological cladistic analysis published in 1994, Kevin Thiele placed it in the newly described subseries Acclives along with B. plagiocarpa, B. oblongifolia and B. dentata within the series Salicinae.[22] However, this subgrouping of the Salicinae was not supported by George.[21] B. oblongifolia's placement within Banksia may be summarised as follows:

Genus Banksia
Subgenus Isostylis
Subgenus Banksia
Section Oncostylis
Section Coccinea
Section Banksia
Series Grandes
Series Banksia
Series Crocinae
Series Prostratae
Series Cyrtostylis
Series Tetragonae
Series Bauerinae
Series Quercinae
Series Salicinae
B. dentata – B. aquilonia – B. integrifolia – B. plagiocarpa – B. oblongifolia – B. robur – B. conferta – B. paludosa – B. marginata – B. canei – B. saxicola

Since 1998, American botanist Austin Mast and co-authors have been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae, which then comprised genera Banksia and Dryandra. Their analyses suggest a phylogeny that differs greatly from George's taxonomic arrangement. Banksia robur resolves as the closest relative, or "sister", to B. oblongifolia, with B. plagiocarpa as next closest relative.[23][24][25] In 2007, Mast and Thiele rearranged the genus Banksia by merging Dryandra into it, and published B. subg. Spathulatae for the taxa having spoon-shaped cotyledons; thus B. subg. Banksia was redefined as encompassing taxa lacking spoon-shaped cotyledons. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra was complete; in the meantime, if Mast and Thiele's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, B. robur is placed in B. subg. Spathulatae.[26]

Hybridization

[edit]

Banksia robur and B. oblongifolia hybrids have been recorded at several locations along the eastern coastline of Australia. Field workers for The Banksia Atlas recorded 20 populations between Wollongong and Pialba in central Queensland.[4] Locales include Calga north of Sydney, Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, and Cordeaux Dam near Wollongong.[5] A study of an area of extensive hybridization between the two near Darkes Forest on the Woronora Plateau south of Sydney revealed extensive hybridization in mixed species stands but almost none in pure stands of either species there. Genetic analysis showed generations of crossing and complex ancestry. Morphology generally correlated with genetic profile, but occasionally plants that resembled one parent had some degree of genetic hybridization. Furthermore, there were a few plants with morphology suggestive of a third species, B. paludosa, in their parentage, and requiring further investigation.[27]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]
B. robur as an emergent plant in grassy heathland

Banksia robur is native to coastal eastern Australia, where it is found from New South Wales to north Queensland. The Banksia Atlas recorded it as occurring along two stretches of coastline: from Wollongong to South West Rocks in New South Wales, then from Brunswick Heads in northern New South Wales to Shoalwater Bay in Queensland (with a 200 km gap around Rockhampton), and isolated populations near Bowen, Julatten and Cooktown in north Queensland.[4]

It is found in low-lying sandy or peaty soils that are often seasonally damp or periodically inundated.[4] In the Sydney basin it is associated with heath flora such as pink swamp-heath (Sprengelia incarnata), coral fern (Gleichenia dicarpa), and Leptocarpus tenax.[28]

Ecology

[edit]
Main article: Ecology of Banksia

Banksia robur plants can live for more than 60 years.[28] They respond to bushfire by resprouting from buds located on the large woody lignotuber.

Like other banksias, B. robur plays host to a wide variety of pollinators, including insects such as butterflies, moths, bees, wasps, ants and jewel beetles, and many bird species. These include honeyeaters such as New Holland honeyeater (Phylidonyris novaehollandiae), little wattlebird (Anthochaera chrysoptera), brown honeyeater (Lichmera indistincta), tawny-crowned honeyeater (Gliciphila melanops), Lewin's honeyeater (Meliphaga lewinii), and little friarbird (Philemon citreogularis) - all recorded in the 1988 The Banksia Atlas survey.[4]

Cultivation

[edit]

As B. robur naturally occurs in wet areas (hence the common name) on sandy soils, these make the best growing conditions. It appreciates a sunny aspect and extra water, especially when actively growing and during dry spells. Propagation from seed is reliable. Hardened pencil-thickness stems have been struck successfully as cuttings.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Forster, P.; Ford, A.; Griffith, S.; Benwell, A. (2020). "Banksia robur". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T112529639A113306761. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T112529639A113306761.en. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  2. ^ a b "Banksia robur Cav". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
  3. ^ a b c George, A. S. (1999). "Banksia". In Wilson, Annette (ed.). Flora of Australia. Vol. 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra. CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 175–251 [190–191]. ISBN 0-643-06454-0.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Taylor, Anne; Hopper, Stephen (1988). The Banksia Atlas (Australian Flora and Fauna Series Number 8). Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 0-644-07124-9. p. 202
  5. ^ a b c d George, Alex S. (1981). "The Genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Nuytsia. 3 (3): 239–473 [304–306]. ISSN 0085-4417.
  6. ^ Cook, James (1893). Wharton, William J. L. (ed.). Captain Cook's Journal during his First Voyage Round the World made in H. M. Bark "Endeavour" 1768-71: A Literal Transcription of the Original MSS . London: E. Stock.
  7. ^ Salkin, Alf I. (1981). "A short history of the discovery and naming of banksias in Eastern Australia: Part I, Banks and Solander". Victorian Naturalist. 98 (2).
  8. ^ Cavanilles, Antonio José (1800). Anales de historia natural (in Spanish). Vol. I. Madrid, Spain: Imprenta Real por P. J. Pereyra. p. 226.
  9. ^ Wrigley & Fagg 1991, p. 113.
  10. ^ Knight, Joseph (1809). On the Cultivation of the Plants Belonging to the Natural Order of Proteeae. London, United Kingdom: W. Savage. p. 112-113.
  11. ^ Brown, Robert (1810). "On the Proteaceae of Jussieu". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 10 (1): 208.
  12. ^ Brown, Robert (1810). Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen. London: Taylor. p. 394.
  13. ^ Link, Johann Heinrich Friedrich (1821). Enumeratio plantarum Horti regii botanici berolinensis altera. Vol. 1. Berlin: G. Reimer. p. 116.
  14. ^ George, Alex S. (1981). "The Genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Nuytsia. 3 (3): 239–473.
  15. ^ Meissner, Carl (1856). "Proteaceae". In A.P. de Candolle (ed.). Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis, Pars Decima Quarta. Vol. 14. Paris, France: Sumptibus Victoris Masson. pp. 457, 460.
  16. ^ Bentham, George (1870). "Banksia". Flora Australiensis: Volume 5: Myoporineae to Proteaceae. London, United Kingdom: L. Reeve & Co. pp. 541–62 [543].
  17. ^ Kuntze, Otto (1891). Revisio generum plantarum. Vol. 2. Leipzig: Arthur Felix. pp. 581–582.
  18. ^ Rehder, A.; Weatherby, C. A.; Mansfeld, R.; Green, M. L. (1935). "Conservation of Later Generic Homonyms". Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew). 1935 (6/9): 368. doi:10.2307/4107078. JSTOR 4107078.
  19. ^ Sprague, T. A. (1940). "Additional Nomina Generica Conservanda (Pteridophyta and Phanerogamae)". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 1940 (3): 99. doi:10.2307/4111642. JSTOR 4111642.
  20. ^ Bailey, Frederick Manson (1913). Comprehensive Catalogue of Queensland Plants. Brisbane, Queensland: A. J. Cumming, government printer. p. 455.
  21. ^ a b George, Alex (1999). "Banksia". In Wilson, Annette (ed.). Flora of Australia: Volume 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 175–251. ISBN 0-643-06454-0.
  22. ^ Thiele, Kevin; Ladiges, Pauline Y. (1996). "A Cladistic Analysis of Banksia (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 9 (5): 661–733 [705–08]. doi:10.1071/SB9960661.
  23. ^ Mast, Austin R. (1998). "Molecular Systematics of Subtribe Banksiinae (Banksia and Dryandra; Proteaceae) Based on cpDNA and nrDNA Sequence Data: Implications for Taxonomy and Biogeography". Australian Systematic Botany. 11 (3–4): 321–42. doi:10.1071/SB97026.
  24. ^ Mast, Austin R.; Givnish, Thomas J. (2002). "Historical Biogeography and the Origin of Stomatal Distributions in Banksia and Dryandra (Proteaceae) Based on their cpDNA Phylogeny". American Journal of Botany. 89 (8): 1311–23. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.8.1311. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 21665734.
  25. ^ Mast, Austin R.; Jones, Eric H.; Havery, Shawn P. (2005). "An Assessment of Old and New DNA Sequence Evidence for the Paraphyly of Banksia with Respect to Dryandra (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 18 (1): 75–88. doi:10.1071/SB04015.
  26. ^ Mast, Austin R.; Thiele, Kevin (2007). "The Transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 20 (1): 63–71. doi:10.1071/SB06016.
  27. ^ Usher, A.V.; Whelan, R.J.; Ayre, D.J. (2010). "Window of opportunity: An episode of recruitment in a Banksia hybrid zone demonstrates continuing hybridization and phenotypic plasticity". Annals of Botany. 105 (3): 419–429. doi:10.1093/aob/mcq001. PMC 2826261. PMID 20142262.
  28. ^ a b Benson, Doug; McDougall, Lyn (2000). "Ecology of Sydney Plant Species Part 7b: Dicotyledon families Proteaceae to Rubiaceae" (PDF). Cunninghamia. 6 (4): 1017–1202 [1037]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2012.

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