Anopheles albimanus: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of mosquito}} |
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{{italic title}} |
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{{Speciesbox |
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{{Taxobox |
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| image = Anopheles_albimanus_mosquito.jpg |
| image = Anopheles_albimanus_mosquito.jpg |
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| regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
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| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a |
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| parent = Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) |
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| classis = [[Insect]]a |
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| ordo = [[Fly|Diptera]] |
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| authority = [[Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann|C. R. G. Wiedemann]], 1820<ref name="Bejarano">{{cite journal |author=Eduar E. Bejarano |year=2003 |title=Occurrence of the malaria vector ''Anopheles albimanus'' Wiedemman (Diptera: Culicidae) in Isla Fuerte, Colombia |journal=Neotropical Entomology|volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=517–518 |doi=10.1590/S1519-566X2003000300025 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Online>{{cite journal|title=Mosquito|journal=Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition|page=1|publisher=Columbia University Press}}</ref> |
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| familia = [[Culicidae]] |
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| binomial = ''Anopheles albimanus'' |
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| binomial_authority = [[Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann|C. R. G. Wiedemann]], 1820<ref name="Bejarano"/> |
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| synonyms = |
| synonyms = |
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}} |
}} |
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'''''Anopheles albimanus''''' is a species of [[mosquito]] in the order [[Diptera]]. It is found in coastal Central and South America, the [[Caribbean]], and Mexico.<ref name="Pinault"/><ref name="Cazares"/> It is a generalist species and capable of wide dispersion.<ref name="Gomez"/> ''A. albimanus'' is a common [[malaria]] vector.<ref name="Pinault"/> |
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==Anatomy== |
==Anatomy== |
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| ⚫ | Mosquitoes have long legs and one pair of wings.<ref name="Online"/> Females have piercing, sucking mouthparts to penetrate hosts. Males have a proboscis as well, but are unable to pierce.<ref name="Online"/> The vibration of membranes on the thorax creates the distinguishable whining sound.<ref name="Online"/> |
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==Taxonomy and evolution== |
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| ⚫ | Mosquitoes |
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| ⚫ | ''Anopheles albimanus'' appears to be a single species that shows [[Polymorphism (biology)|polymorphism]].<ref name="Loaiza2"/> It is believed that this species originated in the Caribbean, moved first to [[Central America]], then South America. Studies suggest that the occurrence of the [[founder effect]] is the cause of the current population structure.<ref name=Loaiza2>{{cite journal|last1=Loaiza|first1=J. R.|last2=Scott|first2=M. E.|last3=Bermingham|first3=E.|last4=Sanjur|first4=O. I.|last5=Wilkerson|first5=R.|last6=Rovira|first6=J.|last7=Gutiérrez|first7=L. A.|last8=Correa|first8=M. M.|last9=Grijalva|first9=M. J.|last10=Birnberg|first10=L.|last11=Bickersmith|first11=S.|last12=Conn|first12=J. E.|title=Late Pleistocene environmental changes lead to unstable demography and population divergence of ''Anopheles albimanus'' in the northern Neotropics|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|date=September 2010|volume=57|issue=3|pages=1341–1346|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.09.016|pmid=20888924|pmc=3229172}}</ref> Research using [[mitochondrial DNA]] found some modest differences between Central and South American populations.<ref name=Loaiza>{{cite journal|last1=Loaiza|first1=J. R.|last2=Scott|first2=M. E.|last3=Bermingham|first3=E.|last4=Rovira|first4=J.|last5=Conn|first5=J. E.|title=Evidence for Pleistocene population divergence and expansion of ''Anopheles albimanus'' in Southern Central America|journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|date=January 2010|volume=82|issue=1|pages=156–164|doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0423|pmc=2803528|pmid=20065014}}</ref> It has been hypothesized that this could be due to recent pressures, such as the distance between populations, high insecticide use, or mountain ranges that act as gene flow barriers.<ref name="Loaiza"/> Overall, differences in populations were found to be relatively low. Studies suggest that this is due to these mosquitoes showing excellent dispersal abilities, opportunistic feeding, and niche plasticity.<ref name="Loaiza"/> As well, other species in the genus ''Anopheles'' are specialists with small populations, specific habitat requirements, and limited dispersal and distribution methods. Alternately, ''A. albimanus'' is a generalist species. Females can fly up to 32 kilometres,<ref name="Gomez"/> and specimens have been found at almost 2000 meters altitude, meaning that mountain ranges would not separate these populations as easily as other ''Anopheles'' mosquitoes.<ref name="Loaiza"/> The conclusions drawn from this research was that the differences found between ''A. albimanus'' populations were not due to recent events, but rather, [[Pleistocene]] divergence followed by re-colonization and expansion.<ref name="Loaiza"/> |
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==Distribution and behavior== |
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| ⚫ | These mosquitoes are currently found in Mexico, and several countries in the Caribbean, Central America, and South America.<ref name=Pinault>{{cite journal|last1=Pinault|first1=L. L.|last2=Hunter|first2=F. F.|title=Characterization of larval habitats of ''Anopheles albimanus'', ''Anopheles pseudopunctipennis'', ''Anopheles punctimacula'', and ''Anopheles oswaldoi'' s.l. populations in lowland and highland Ecuador|journal=Journal of Vector Ecology|date=June 2012|volume=37|issue=1|pages=124–136|doi=10.1111/j.1948-7134.2012.00209.x|pmid=22548546|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Cazares>{{cite journal|last1=Cázares-Raga|first1=F. E.|last2=Chávez-Munguía|first2=B.|last3=González-Calixto|first3=C.|last4=Ochoa-Franco|first4=A. P.|last5=Gawinowicz|first5=M. A.|last6=Rodríguez|first6=M. H.|last7=Hernández-Hernández|first7=F. C.|title=Morphological and proteomic characterization of midgut of the malaria vector ''Anopheles albimanus'' at early time after a blood feeding|journal=Journal of Proteomics|date=August 2014|volume=111|pages=100–112|doi=10.1016/j.jprot.2014.07.037|pmid=25132141}}</ref> They are usually present in coastal areas, at 500 meters altitude or lower;<ref name="Pinault"/> however, some have been found above 1000 meters.<ref name=Gomez>{{cite journal|last1=Gómez|first1=G. F.|last2=Márquez|first2=E. J.|last3=Gutiérrez|first3=L. A.|last4=Conn|first4=J. E.|last5=Correa|first5=M. M.|title=Geometric morphometric analysis of Colombian ''Anopheles albimanus'' (Diptera: Culicidae) reveals significant effect of environmental factors on wing traits and presence of a metapopulation|journal=Acta Tropica|date=April 2, 2014|volume=135|pages=75–85|doi=10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.03.020|pmc=4464773|pmid=24704285}}</ref> This species occurs in a variety of habitats in these coastal areas, with regional differences in precipitation, temperature, and vegetation. This is the most common species found in countries like [[Colombia]].<ref name=Gutierrez>{{cite journal|last1=Gutiérrez|first1=L. A.|last2=Naranjo|first2=N. J.|last3=Cienfuegos|first3=A. V.|last4=Muskus|first4=C. E.|last5=Luckhart|first5=S.|last6=Conn|first6=J. E.|last7=Correa|first7=M. M.|title=Population structure analyses and demographic history of the malaria vector ''Anopheles albimanus'' from the Caribbean and the Pacific regions of Colombia|journal=Malaria Journal|date=November 2009|volume=8|pages=259|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-8-259|pmc=2789746|pmid=19922672 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | ''Anopheles albimanus'' are seasonally abundant mosquitoes that are primarily active at dawn and dusk ([[crepuscular]]), prefer to feed outdoors (exophagic), and tend to live outside (exophilic).<ref name="Loaiza"/> Seasonal abundance is dependent on the availability of larval habitats.<ref name=Rejman>{{cite journal|last1=Rejmánkova|first1=E.|last2=Roberts|first2=D. R.|last3=Manguin|first3=S.|last4=Pope|first4=K. O.|last5=Komárek|first5=J.|last6=Post|first6=R. A.|title=''Anopheles albimanus'' (Diptera: Culicidae) and cyanobacteria: An example of larval habitat selection|journal=Population Ecology|date=October 1996|volume=25|issue=5|pages=1058–1067|doi=10.1093/ee/25.5.1058|pmid=11540613}}</ref> In areas that have great differences in rainfall depending on the time of year, these mosquitoes are most abundant in the rainy season. In areas that have wetlands that stay flooded permanently, they are found year-round.<ref name="Rejman"/> Although these are the typical traits seen, factors such as host availability and control methods can change the population characteristics.<ref name="Loaiza"/> |
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| ⚫ | ''Anopheles albimanus'' appears to be a single species that shows polymorphism. It is believed that |
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== |
==Feeding by adults== |
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| ⚫ | ''Anopheles albimanus'' mosquitoes feed on nectar; only females take blood meals.<ref name="Gomez"/><ref name=Phaso>{{cite journal|last1=Phasomkusolsil|first1=S.|last2=Pantuwattana|first2=K.|last3=Tawong|first3=J.|last4=Khongtak|first4=W.|last5=Kertmanee|first5=Y.|last6=Monkanna|first6=N.|last7=Klein|first7=T. A.|last8=Kim|first8=H. C.|last9=McCardle|first9=P. W.|title=The relationship between wing length, blood meal volume, and fecundity for seven colonies of ''Anopheles'' species housed at the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand|journal=Acta Tropica|date=September 2015|volume=152|pages=220–227|doi=10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.09.021|pmid=26433074|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hosts include mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians.<ref name="Phaso"/> A wide range of hosts allows these mosquitoes to maintain their populations quite easily.<ref name="Rejman"/> The proteins and nutrients gained from blood go toward egg production, and the volume of the blood meals affects the fecundity of female mosquitoes.<ref name="Phaso"/> The volume taken during blood feeding is affected by several factors, including temperature, age of the mosquito, mating status, number of feeds, variety of hosts, and others.<ref name="Phaso"/> There are often interruptions to blood feeding, resulting in the mosquito taking several meals, either on the same or different hosts. This, in turn, creates more opportunities for infection or the spread of [[pathogen]]s.<ref name="Phaso"/> |
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| ⚫ | '' |
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| ⚫ | These mosquitoes undergo [[Holometabolism|holometabolous]] development, meaning that their life cycle includes egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages. There are 4 larval instars in ''A. albimanus''.<ref name=Komin>{{cite journal|last1=Komínkova|first1=D.|last2=Rejmánkova|first2=E.|last3=Grieco|first3=J.|last4=Achee|first4=N.|title=Fatty acids in anopheline mosquito larvae and their habitats|journal=Journal of Vector Ecology|date=December 2012|volume=37|issue=2|pages=382–395|doi=10.1111/j.1948-7134.2012.00242.x|pmid=23181863|doi-access=free}}</ref> The number and maturation success of eggs oviposited depends on the quality and quantity of blood taken by the female.<ref name="Phaso"/> Eggs can be laid one by one, or glued together in a mass.<ref name="Online"/> The habitats that females choose to oviposit in will affect the distribution of larvae. If a habitat is seeing an absence of larvae, this may be due to females being selective for locations with richer food sources or protection from predation.<ref name="Rejman"/> It could also be because of environmental conditions that would kill the eggs or larvae.<ref name="Rejman"/> ''A. albimanus'' larvae are able to develop in a wide range of habitats and conditions (i.e. salinity, pollution).<ref name="Gomez"/> During the wet season in Central America, larvae are found in rivers, marshes, irrigation canals, and several other water habitats, both permanent and temporary.<ref name="Pinault"/> During the dry season, they are found only in permanent water habitats.<ref name="Pinault"/> There is a relationship between the presence of ''A. albimanus'' larvae and [[cyanobacteria]] mats floating on the water. This is because the presence of blue-green algae results in an elevated water temperature and less dissolved oxygen. Volatile compounds released from the algae attract females, increasing the likelihood of oviposition.<ref name="Pinault"/> There is less known about South American populations, but larvae have been found in rice fields and drains. In Colombia, larvae are found in sunny habitats, where temperatures are 27 to 30 degrees Celsius.<ref name="Pinault"/> Understanding larval habitats and distribution are important in developing control methods for these mosquitoes.<ref name="Rejman"/> |
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==Feeding by Adults== |
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| ⚫ | '' |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | The number and maturation success of eggs oviposited depends on the quality and quantity of blood taken by the female.<ref name="Phaso"/> Eggs can be laid one by one, or glued together in a mass.<ref name="Online"/> The habitats that females choose to oviposit in will affect the distribution of |
||
==Disease== |
==Disease== |
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| ⚫ | ''Anopheles albimanus'' is a medically important species, as it is a key ''[[Plasmodium vivax]]'' malaria vector; this means that they carry and transmit an organism that causes a disease in another host organism, and usually are not harmed themselves.<ref name="Cazares"/><ref name="Rejman"/><ref name="Phaso"/> In countries such as [[Belize]], they are considered a secondary vector because they prefer not to enter human homes, and rather, feed on domestic animals.<ref name="Phaso"/> However, in other areas where domestic animals are not abundant, and especially regions where indigenous people live, malaria is endemic.<ref name="Phaso"/> This is due to large populations of the mosquitoes, as well as poorly built houses.<ref name="Phaso"/> Females acquire ''P. vivax'' during a blood meal from an infected host.<ref name="Cazares"/> The parasite moves to the midgut and reproduces sexually.<ref name="Cazares"/> The parasite and the blood itself interact with the lining of the midgut, eliciting stress and digestion responses in the mosquito, as well as immune reactions. The parasite must survive these responses in order for the egg to fertilize and form an ookinete. The ookinetes then move into the epithelial lining of the midgut to multiply further, resulting in sporozoites.<ref name="Cazares"/><ref name=Serrano>{{cite journal|last1=Serrano-Pinto|first1=V.|last2=Acosta-Pérez|first2=M.|last3=Luviano-Bazán|first3=D.|last4=Hurtado-Sil|first4=G.|last5=Batista|first5=C. V. F.|last6=Martínez-Barnetche|first6=J.|last7=Lánz-Mendoza|first7=H.|title=Differential expression of proteins in the midgut of ''Anopheles albimanus'' infected with Plasmodium berghei|journal=Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology|date=June 2010|volume=40|issue=10|pages=752–758|doi=10.1016/j.ibmb.2010.07.011|pmid=20692341}}</ref> These sporozoites travel to the salivary glands, and can then be spread to a new host when a blood meal is taken.<ref name="Serrano"/> These changes in the midgut evolved to cope with the invasion of microorganisms, free radical formation, and digestion of the blood meal.<ref name="Cazares"/> |
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| ⚫ | '' |
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==Control== |
==Control== |
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| ⚫ | Colonies of ''Anopheles'' mosquitoes are maintained for several areas of research, such as malaria vector ability, transmission of pathogens, the effectiveness of insecticides, resistance to insecticides, and vaccine research.<ref name="Phaso"/> By studying these topics, more insight may be gained to increase the understanding of malaria, as well as the effects that control measures would have on the reduction of both the vectors and the spread of the disease.<ref name="Phaso"/> |
||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | Colonies of ''Anopheles'' mosquitoes are maintained for several areas of research, such as malaria vector ability, transmission, the effectiveness of insecticides, resistance to insecticides, and vaccine research.<ref name="Phaso"/> |
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==External links== |
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<gallery> |
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</gallery> |
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{{taxonbar|from=Q253316}} |
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[[Category:Anopheles|albimanus]] |
[[Category:Anopheles|albimanus]] |
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[[Category:Insects described in 1820]] |
[[Category:Insects described in 1820]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann]] |
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[[Category:Diptera of North America]] |
[[Category:Diptera of North America]] |
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[[Category:Diptera of South America]] |
[[Category:Diptera of South America]] |
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Latest revision as of 20:11, 18 July 2024
| Anopheles albimanus | |
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| Female Anopheles albimanus | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Culicidae |
| Genus: | Anopheles |
| Subgenus: | Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) |
| Species: | A. albimanus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Anopheles albimanus | |
Anopheles albimanus is a species of mosquito in the order Diptera. It is found in coastal Central and South America, the Caribbean, and Mexico.[3][4] It is a generalist species and capable of wide dispersion.[5] A. albimanus is a common malaria vector.[3]
Anatomy
[edit]Mosquitoes have long legs and one pair of wings.[2] Females have piercing, sucking mouthparts to penetrate hosts. Males have a proboscis as well, but are unable to pierce.[2] The vibration of membranes on the thorax creates the distinguishable whining sound.[2]
Taxonomy and evolution
[edit]Anopheles albimanus appears to be a single species that shows polymorphism.[6] It is believed that this species originated in the Caribbean, moved first to Central America, then South America. Studies suggest that the occurrence of the founder effect is the cause of the current population structure.[6] Research using mitochondrial DNA found some modest differences between Central and South American populations.[7] It has been hypothesized that this could be due to recent pressures, such as the distance between populations, high insecticide use, or mountain ranges that act as gene flow barriers.[7] Overall, differences in populations were found to be relatively low. Studies suggest that this is due to these mosquitoes showing excellent dispersal abilities, opportunistic feeding, and niche plasticity.[7] As well, other species in the genus Anopheles are specialists with small populations, specific habitat requirements, and limited dispersal and distribution methods. Alternately, A. albimanus is a generalist species. Females can fly up to 32 kilometres,[5] and specimens have been found at almost 2000 meters altitude, meaning that mountain ranges would not separate these populations as easily as other Anopheles mosquitoes.[7] The conclusions drawn from this research was that the differences found between A. albimanus populations were not due to recent events, but rather, Pleistocene divergence followed by re-colonization and expansion.[7]
Distribution and behavior
[edit]These mosquitoes are currently found in Mexico, and several countries in the Caribbean, Central America, and South America.[3][4] They are usually present in coastal areas, at 500 meters altitude or lower;[3] however, some have been found above 1000 meters.[5] This species occurs in a variety of habitats in these coastal areas, with regional differences in precipitation, temperature, and vegetation. This is the most common species found in countries like Colombia.[8]
Anopheles albimanus are seasonally abundant mosquitoes that are primarily active at dawn and dusk (crepuscular), prefer to feed outdoors (exophagic), and tend to live outside (exophilic).[7] Seasonal abundance is dependent on the availability of larval habitats.[9] In areas that have great differences in rainfall depending on the time of year, these mosquitoes are most abundant in the rainy season. In areas that have wetlands that stay flooded permanently, they are found year-round.[9] Although these are the typical traits seen, factors such as host availability and control methods can change the population characteristics.[7]
Feeding by adults
[edit]Anopheles albimanus mosquitoes feed on nectar; only females take blood meals.[5][10] Hosts include mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians.[10] A wide range of hosts allows these mosquitoes to maintain their populations quite easily.[9] The proteins and nutrients gained from blood go toward egg production, and the volume of the blood meals affects the fecundity of female mosquitoes.[10] The volume taken during blood feeding is affected by several factors, including temperature, age of the mosquito, mating status, number of feeds, variety of hosts, and others.[10] There are often interruptions to blood feeding, resulting in the mosquito taking several meals, either on the same or different hosts. This, in turn, creates more opportunities for infection or the spread of pathogens.[10]
Life cycle
[edit]These mosquitoes undergo holometabolous development, meaning that their life cycle includes egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages. There are 4 larval instars in A. albimanus.[11] The number and maturation success of eggs oviposited depends on the quality and quantity of blood taken by the female.[10] Eggs can be laid one by one, or glued together in a mass.[2] The habitats that females choose to oviposit in will affect the distribution of larvae. If a habitat is seeing an absence of larvae, this may be due to females being selective for locations with richer food sources or protection from predation.[9] It could also be because of environmental conditions that would kill the eggs or larvae.[9] A. albimanus larvae are able to develop in a wide range of habitats and conditions (i.e. salinity, pollution).[5] During the wet season in Central America, larvae are found in rivers, marshes, irrigation canals, and several other water habitats, both permanent and temporary.[3] During the dry season, they are found only in permanent water habitats.[3] There is a relationship between the presence of A. albimanus larvae and cyanobacteria mats floating on the water. This is because the presence of blue-green algae results in an elevated water temperature and less dissolved oxygen. Volatile compounds released from the algae attract females, increasing the likelihood of oviposition.[3] There is less known about South American populations, but larvae have been found in rice fields and drains. In Colombia, larvae are found in sunny habitats, where temperatures are 27 to 30 degrees Celsius.[3] Understanding larval habitats and distribution are important in developing control methods for these mosquitoes.[9]
Disease
[edit]Anopheles albimanus is a medically important species, as it is a key Plasmodium vivax malaria vector; this means that they carry and transmit an organism that causes a disease in another host organism, and usually are not harmed themselves.[4][9][10] In countries such as Belize, they are considered a secondary vector because they prefer not to enter human homes, and rather, feed on domestic animals.[10] However, in other areas where domestic animals are not abundant, and especially regions where indigenous people live, malaria is endemic.[10] This is due to large populations of the mosquitoes, as well as poorly built houses.[10] Females acquire P. vivax during a blood meal from an infected host.[4] The parasite moves to the midgut and reproduces sexually.[4] The parasite and the blood itself interact with the lining of the midgut, eliciting stress and digestion responses in the mosquito, as well as immune reactions. The parasite must survive these responses in order for the egg to fertilize and form an ookinete. The ookinetes then move into the epithelial lining of the midgut to multiply further, resulting in sporozoites.[4][12] These sporozoites travel to the salivary glands, and can then be spread to a new host when a blood meal is taken.[12] These changes in the midgut evolved to cope with the invasion of microorganisms, free radical formation, and digestion of the blood meal.[4]
Control
[edit]Colonies of Anopheles mosquitoes are maintained for several areas of research, such as malaria vector ability, transmission of pathogens, the effectiveness of insecticides, resistance to insecticides, and vaccine research.[10] By studying these topics, more insight may be gained to increase the understanding of malaria, as well as the effects that control measures would have on the reduction of both the vectors and the spread of the disease.[10]
References
[edit]- ^ Eduar E. Bejarano (2003). "Occurrence of the malaria vector Anopheles albimanus Wiedemman (Diptera: Culicidae) in Isla Fuerte, Colombia". Neotropical Entomology. 32 (3): 517–518. doi:10.1590/S1519-566X2003000300025.
- ^ a b c d e "Mosquito". Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition. Columbia University Press: 1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Pinault, L. L.; Hunter, F. F. (June 2012). "Characterization of larval habitats of Anopheles albimanus, Anopheles pseudopunctipennis, Anopheles punctimacula, and Anopheles oswaldoi s.l. populations in lowland and highland Ecuador". Journal of Vector Ecology. 37 (1): 124–136. doi:10.1111/j.1948-7134.2012.00209.x. PMID 22548546.
- ^ a b c d e f g Cázares-Raga, F. E.; Chávez-Munguía, B.; González-Calixto, C.; Ochoa-Franco, A. P.; Gawinowicz, M. A.; Rodríguez, M. H.; Hernández-Hernández, F. C. (August 2014). "Morphological and proteomic characterization of midgut of the malaria vector Anopheles albimanus at early time after a blood feeding". Journal of Proteomics. 111: 100–112. doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2014.07.037. PMID 25132141.
- ^ a b c d e Gómez, G. F.; Márquez, E. J.; Gutiérrez, L. A.; Conn, J. E.; Correa, M. M. (April 2, 2014). "Geometric morphometric analysis of Colombian Anopheles albimanus (Diptera: Culicidae) reveals significant effect of environmental factors on wing traits and presence of a metapopulation". Acta Tropica. 135: 75–85. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.03.020. PMC 4464773. PMID 24704285.
- ^ a b Loaiza, J. R.; Scott, M. E.; Bermingham, E.; Sanjur, O. I.; Wilkerson, R.; Rovira, J.; Gutiérrez, L. A.; Correa, M. M.; Grijalva, M. J.; Birnberg, L.; Bickersmith, S.; Conn, J. E. (September 2010). "Late Pleistocene environmental changes lead to unstable demography and population divergence of Anopheles albimanus in the northern Neotropics". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (3): 1341–1346. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.09.016. PMC 3229172. PMID 20888924.
- ^ a b c d e f g Loaiza, J. R.; Scott, M. E.; Bermingham, E.; Rovira, J.; Conn, J. E. (January 2010). "Evidence for Pleistocene population divergence and expansion of Anopheles albimanus in Southern Central America". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 82 (1): 156–164. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0423. PMC 2803528. PMID 20065014.
- ^ Gutiérrez, L. A.; Naranjo, N. J.; Cienfuegos, A. V.; Muskus, C. E.; Luckhart, S.; Conn, J. E.; Correa, M. M. (November 2009). "Population structure analyses and demographic history of the malaria vector Anopheles albimanus from the Caribbean and the Pacific regions of Colombia". Malaria Journal. 8: 259. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-8-259. PMC 2789746. PMID 19922672.
- ^ a b c d e f g Rejmánkova, E.; Roberts, D. R.; Manguin, S.; Pope, K. O.; Komárek, J.; Post, R. A. (October 1996). "Anopheles albimanus (Diptera: Culicidae) and cyanobacteria: An example of larval habitat selection". Population Ecology. 25 (5): 1058–1067. doi:10.1093/ee/25.5.1058. PMID 11540613.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Phasomkusolsil, S.; Pantuwattana, K.; Tawong, J.; Khongtak, W.; Kertmanee, Y.; Monkanna, N.; Klein, T. A.; Kim, H. C.; McCardle, P. W. (September 2015). "The relationship between wing length, blood meal volume, and fecundity for seven colonies of Anopheles species housed at the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand". Acta Tropica. 152: 220–227. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.09.021. PMID 26433074.
- ^ Komínkova, D.; Rejmánkova, E.; Grieco, J.; Achee, N. (December 2012). "Fatty acids in anopheline mosquito larvae and their habitats". Journal of Vector Ecology. 37 (2): 382–395. doi:10.1111/j.1948-7134.2012.00242.x. PMID 23181863.
- ^ a b Serrano-Pinto, V.; Acosta-Pérez, M.; Luviano-Bazán, D.; Hurtado-Sil, G.; Batista, C. V. F.; Martínez-Barnetche, J.; Lánz-Mendoza, H. (June 2010). "Differential expression of proteins in the midgut of Anopheles albimanus infected with Plasmodium berghei". Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 40 (10): 752–758. doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2010.07.011. PMID 20692341.
External links
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Media related to Anopheles albimanus at Wikimedia Commons
