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{{Short description|American theologian}}
'''Bernard L. Ramm''' (1 August 1916 in [[Butte, Montana]] - 11 August 1992 in [[Irvine, California]]) was a [[Baptist]] theologian and [[apologist]] within the broad [[evangelicalism|Evangelical]] tradition. He wrote prolifically on topics concerned with [[biblical hermeneutics]], [[religion and science]], [[Christology]], and [[apologetics]].<ref>Benard Ramm entry (written by [[Kevin Vanhoozer]]) in ''Handbook of Evangelical Theologians''. Walter A. Elwell. Baker Books, 1993. pp.290-306. ISBN 0-8010-3212-1.</ref><ref name=A-Z>[[Roger E. Olson]]. [http://books.google.com/books?id=jI_MdHZViPwC ''The SCM Press A-Z of evangelical theology'']. SCM-Canterbury Press Ltd, 2005. ISBN 0-334-04011-6. pp.48-51</ref> The hermenuetical principles presented in his 1956 book ''Protestant Biblical Interpretation'' influenced a wide spectrum of [[Baptist]] theologians.<ref name=brack>[http://books.google.com/books?id=JI_8p6y01xIC&pg=PA500&dq=%22Bernard+Ramm%22+Barth ''A genetic history of Baptist thought: with special reference to Baptists in Britain and North America'']. [[William H. Brackney]]. Mercer University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-86554-913-3. pp. 500</ref> During the 1970s he was widely regarded as a leading evangelical theologian as well known as [[Carl F.H. Henry]].<ref name=A-Z/> His equally celebrated and criticized 1954 book ''The Christian View of Science and Scripture'' was the theme of a 1979 issue of the ''[[Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation]]'', while a 1990 issue of [[Baylor University]]'s ''[[Perspectives in Religious Studies]]'' was devoted to Ramm's views on theology.
'''Bernard L. Ramm''' (1 August 1916 in [[Butte, Montana]] – 11 August 1992 in [[Irvine, California]]) was a [[Baptist]] theologian and [[apologist]] within the broad [[evangelicalism|evangelical]] tradition. He wrote prolifically on topics concerned with [[biblical hermeneutics]], [[religion and science]], [[Christology]], and [[apologetics]].<ref>Benard Ramm entry (written by [[Kevin Vanhoozer]]) in ''Handbook of Evangelical Theologians''. Walter A. Elwell. Baker Books, 1993. pp.290-306. {{ISBN|0-8010-3212-1}}.</ref><ref name=A-Z>[[Roger E. Olson]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jI_MdHZViPwC ''The SCM Press A-Z of evangelical theology'']. SCM-Canterbury Press Ltd, 2005. {{ISBN|0-334-04011-6}}. pp.48-51</ref> The hermeneutical principles presented in his 1956 book ''Protestant Biblical Interpretation'' influenced a wide spectrum of [[Baptist]] theologians.<ref name=brack>[https://books.google.com/books?id=JI_8p6y01xIC&pg=PA500&dq=%22Bernard+Ramm%22+Barth ''A genetic history of Baptist thought: with special reference to Baptists in Britain and North America'']. [[William H. Brackney]]. Mercer University Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-86554-913-3}}. pp. 500</ref> During the 1970s he was widely regarded as a leading evangelical theologian as well known as [[Carl F.H. Henry]].<ref name=A-Z/> His equally celebrated and criticized 1954 book ''The Christian View of Science and Scripture'' was the theme of a 1979 issue of the ''[[Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation]]'', while a 1990 issue of [[Baylor University]]'s ''Perspectives in Religious Studies'' was devoted to Ramm's views on theology.


==Education==
==Education==
Ramm's tertiary education included a B.A. ([[University of Washington]])—initially studying chemistry then switching to philosophy of science in preparation of ministry, B.D. ([[Eastern Baptist Seminary]]), M.A. in 1947 & Ph.D in 1950 ([[University of Southern California]]).<ref>[http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1992/PSCF3-92Spradley.html PSCF 44 (March 1992): 2-9.]</ref> He also undertook additional studies at the [[University of Pennsylvania]], the [[University of Basel]], Switzerland (1957-1958 academic year with [[Karl Barth]]),<ref name=brack/> and the [[Near Eastern School of Theology]], [[Beirut, Lebanon]].
Ramm initially studied chemistry then switched to philosophy of science in preparation for ministry. His tertiary education included a B.A. ([[University of Washington]]), B.D. ([[Eastern Baptist Seminary]]), M.A. in 1947 & Ph.D in 1950 ([[University of Southern California]]).<ref>[http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1992/PSCF3-92Spradley.html PSCF 44 (March 1992): 2-9.]</ref> He undertook additional studies at the [[University of Pennsylvania]], the [[University of Basel]], Switzerland (1957-1958 academic year with [[Karl Barth]]),<ref name=brack/> and the [[Near Eastern School of Theology]], [[Beirut, Lebanon]].


==Career==
==Career==
His academic teaching career began in 1943 when he joined the faculty at the [[Bible Institute of Los Angeles]] (now [[Biola University]], La Mirada, California). He became Professor of Philosophy at [[Bethel College and Seminary]], and then Professor of Religion at [[Baylor University]], Texas. Most of his academic teaching was conducted at the [[American Baptist Seminary of the West]] at Covina, California, where he taught between 1958–74 and again from 1978-86. At that seminary he held the post of Professor of [[Systematic Theology]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}
His academic teaching career began in 1943, when he joined the faculty at the [[Bible Institute of Los Angeles]] (now [[Biola University]], La Mirada, California). He became Professor of Philosophy at [[Bethel College and Seminary]], and then Professor of Religion at [[Baylor University]], Texas. He briefly taught at [[Eastern Baptist Theological Seminary]] in [[Philadelphia]]. Most of his academic teaching took place at the [[American Baptist Seminary of the West]] at Covina, California, where he taught 1958–74 and again 1978-86. At that seminary he held the post of Professor of [[Systematic Theology]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}


==Writings==
==Writings==
Ramm wrote eighteen books, contributed to chapters to other books, and composed over one hundred articles and book reviews in various theological periodicals.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}
Ramm wrote eighteen books, contributed chapters to other books, and authored over one hundred articles and book reviews that were published in various theological periodicals.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}


In his contributions to Christian apologetics, Ramm began his career in the [[evidentialist]] camp. However his later work reflected a shift in viewpoint over to a modified form of [[presuppositional apologetics]] that had some affinity with the work of [[Edward John Carnell]]. In spite of harsh criticisms of [[Karl Barth]] from more traditionally [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] apologists such as [[Cornelius Van Til]], [[Gordon Clark]], and [[Carl F. H. Henry]], Ramm would explore much of Barth's theological viewpoint, eventually embracing Barth's theology almost wholeheartedly as outlined in Ramm's own book ''After Fundamentalism'' ([[Harper & Row]], 1983).<ref name=A-Z/>
In his contributions to Christian apologetics, Ramm began his career in the [[evidentialist]] camp, but his later work reflected a shift in viewpoint to a modified form of [[presuppositional apologetics]] that had some affinity with the work of [[Edward John Carnell]]. In spite of harsh criticisms of [[Karl Barth]] from more traditionally [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] apologists such as [[Cornelius Van Til]], [[Gordon Clark]], and [[Carl F. H. Henry]], Ramm would explore much of Barth's theological viewpoint, eventually embracing Barth's theology almost wholeheartedly as outlined in Ramm's own book ''After Fundamentalism'' ([[Harper & Row]], 1983).<ref name=A-Z/>


Ramm did not utilise the classical or Thomist approach in arguments for God's existence. He maintained that apart from faith God was unknowable. He likewise emphasised that the [[Nous|noetic]] effects of sin rendered the theistic proofs useless. For Ramm the proof of God's existence is in Holy Scripture.
Ramm did not utilise the classical or Thomist approach in arguments for God's existence. He maintained that apart from faith God was unknowable. He likewise emphasised that the [[Nous|noetic]] effects of sin rendered theistic proofs useless. In Ramm's view, the proof of God's existence is in Holy Scripture.


He argued that the primary use of Christian evidences is to create a favourable climate of opinion so that the Gospel may be proclaimed, and believed. In this respect he felt that both fulfilled prophecy and miracles provided a factual basis for that climate of opinion. Ramm placed strong emphasis on the inner witness of the Holy Spirit verifying the gospel to the believer.
He argued that the primary use of apologetic evidences is to create a favourable climate of opinion so that the Gospel may be proclaimed, and believed. In this respect he felt that miracles and fulfilled prophecy provided a factual basis for that climate of opinion. Ramm placed strong emphasis on the inner witness of the Holy Spirit verifying the gospel to the believer.


In some respects Ramm's emphasis on the inner witness of the Spirit reflected the view of [[John Calvin]], but it also reflected the influence of [[Karl Barth]] under whom he studied in Switzerland.<ref>[[Mark A. Noll]]. [http://books.google.com/books?id=m7cVN-1Kc6QC&pg=PA178&dq=%22Bernard+Ramm%22&lr= ''Between Faith and Criticism'']. Regent College Publishing, 2004.
In some respects Ramm's emphasis on the inner witness of the Spirit reflected the view of [[John Calvin]], but it also reflected the influence of [[Karl Barth]], under whom he studied in Switzerland.<ref>[[Mark A. Noll]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=m7cVN-1Kc6QC&pg=PA178&dq=%22Bernard+Ramm%22&lr= ''Between Faith and Criticism'']. Regent College Publishing, 2004.
ISBN 1-57383-098-4. pp.95, 178, 261, 270.</ref>
{{ISBN|1-57383-098-4}}. pp.95, 178, 261, 270.</ref>


Near the end of his life Ramm was honored with a book of essays by his colleagues and younger contemporaries.
Near the end of his life, Ramm was honored with a book of essays by his colleagues and younger contemporaries.


===Influence of ''The Christian View of Science and Scripture''===
===Influence of ''The Christian View of Science and Scripture''===
Line 25: Line 26:
In his book, ''The Christian View of Science and Scripture'', published in 1954, he was critical of "flood geology" and the notion of a young earth<ref>[http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1993/PSCF12-93Yang.html Radiocarbon Dating and American Evangelical Christians<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and influenced the [[American Scientific Affiliation]] (ASA) in not supporting "flood geology" during the 1950s before [[Henry M. Morris]] and [[John C. Whitcomb]] popularised [[Young Earth Creationism]] and [[Flood geology]] in their 1961 book entitled ''The Genesis Flood''.
In his book, ''The Christian View of Science and Scripture'', published in 1954, he was critical of "flood geology" and the notion of a young earth<ref>[http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1993/PSCF12-93Yang.html Radiocarbon Dating and American Evangelical Christians<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and influenced the [[American Scientific Affiliation]] (ASA) in not supporting "flood geology" during the 1950s before [[Henry M. Morris]] and [[John C. Whitcomb]] popularised [[Young Earth Creationism]] and [[Flood geology]] in their 1961 book entitled ''The Genesis Flood''.


[[Reformed church|Reformed]] theologian [[Meredith G. Kline]] known for advancing the [[framework interpretation]] of Genesis cites this book in his influential article "Because It Had Not Rained" <ref>[http://www.asa3.org/ASA/resources/WTJ/WTJ58Kline.html Because It Had Not Rained The Westminster Theological Journal 20 (1958):146-157]</ref> after having reviewed it three years earlier,<ref name=kline>Review of The Christian View of Science and Scripture, by R. Ramm. WTJ 18 (1955/56): 49-55.
[[Reformed church|Reformed]] theologian [[Meredith G. Kline]], known for advancing the [[framework interpretation]] of Genesis cites this book in his influential article "Because It Had Not Rained"<ref>[http://www.asa3.org/ASA/resources/WTJ/WTJ58Kline.html Because It Had Not Rained The Westminster Theological Journal 20 (1958):146-157]</ref> after having reviewed it three years earlier,<ref name=kline>Review of The Christian View of Science and Scripture, by R. Ramm. WTJ 18 (1955/56): 49-55.
</ref> stating ''"It is, indeed, informative and provocative. Moreover, it has some good emphases. It can, therefore, be read profitably if read critically."'' yet cautioning ''"It would be well...for teachers of God's people to be hesitant or, at the least, very careful in providing public documentation of the history of their personal struggle after the truth."'' Kline also found Ramm's defense of the authority of scripture potentially inconsistent and Ramm's hermeneutical question regarding the place of [[natural revelation]] in interpreting scripture while a valid one, his approach in exploring and attempting to answer it done with too much zeal and dangerously close to being error-prone.<ref name=kline/>
</ref> stating "It is, indeed, informative and provocative. Moreover, it has some good emphases. It can, therefore, be read profitably if read critically." yet cautioning "It would be well...for teachers of God's people to be hesitant or, at the least, very careful in providing public documentation of the history of their personal struggle after the truth." Kline also found Ramm's defense of the authority of scripture potentially inconsistent and Ramm's hermeneutical question regarding the place of [[natural revelation]] in interpreting scripture while a valid one, his approach in exploring and attempting to answer it done with too much zeal and dangerously close to being error-prone.<ref name=kline/>


The publisher's choice of title in particular its initial article ''The Christian View of Science and Scripture'' turned out to be a magnet for criticism. Ramm's original title was 'The Evangelical Faith and Modern Science', but the publisher changed this in order for it to be similar to the title of [[James Orr (theologian)|James Orr]]'s 1893 book ''[[The Christian View of God and the World]]''.<ref>[http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1979/JASA12-79Hearn.html JASA 31: 179-186.]</ref>
The publisher's choice of title, in particular its initial article ''The Christian View of Science and Scripture'', turned out to be a magnet for criticism. Ramm's original title was 'The Evangelical Faith and Modern Science', but the publisher changed this in order for it to be similar to the title of [[James Orr (theologian)|James Orr]]'s 1893 book ''[[The Christian View of God and the World]]''.<ref>[http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1979/JASA12-79Hearn.html JASA 31: 179-186.]</ref>


The year 1979 marked the book's 25th anniversary, which was celebrated by the [[American Scientific Affiliation]] in devoting that year's December issue of its journal ''JASA'' to Ramm by including evaluations from theologians on the influence of ''The Christian View of Science and Scripture'' as well as an interview with Ramm and his wife Alta.<ref>[http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1979/JASA12-79Haas.html JASA 31: 177]</ref>
The year 1979 marked the book's 25th anniversary, which was celebrated by the [[American Scientific Affiliation]] in devoting that year's December issue of its journal ''JASA'' to Ramm by including evaluations from theologians on the influence of ''The Christian View of Science and Scripture'' as well as an interview with Ramm and his wife Alta.<ref>[http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1979/JASA12-79Haas.html JASA 31: 177]</ref>


In a survey of [[Religion and Science]] books, Covenant Theological Seminary professor and ordained [[Presbyterian Church in America|PCA]] minister [[C. John Collins]] called this book "a classic from a conservative evangelical author."<ref>''Science & Faith: Friends or Foes?''. C. John Collins. Crossway, 2003. ISBN 1-58134-430-9. p.351.</ref>
In a survey of [[Religion and Science]] books, Covenant Theological Seminary professor and ordained [[Presbyterian Church in America|PCA]] minister [[C. John Collins]] called this book "a classic from a conservative evangelical author."<ref>''Science & Faith: Friends or Foes?''. C. John Collins. Crossway, 2003. {{ISBN|1-58134-430-9}}. p.351.</ref>


syllable, word and paragraph===Influence of ''Protestant Christian Evidences''===
===Influence of ''Protestant Christian Evidences''===


His work ''Protestant Christian Evidences'' is considered a classic and is still often cited.
His work ''Protestant Christian Evidences'' is considered a classic and is still often cited.
Line 40: Line 41:
Professor Ramm is often quoted for writing the following in his work ''Protestant Christian Evidences'':
Professor Ramm is often quoted for writing the following in his work ''Protestant Christian Evidences'':


<blockquote>"Jews preserved it as no other [[manuscript]] has ever been preserved. With their [[Masoretes|massora]] they kept tabs on every letter, syllable, word, and paragraph. They had special classes of men within their culture whose sole duty was to preserve and transmit these documents with practically perfect fidelity&nbsp;– [[scribe]]s, [[lawyer]]s, [[masoretes]].</blockquote>
{{quote|Jews preserved it as no other [[manuscript]] has ever been preserved. With their [[Masoretes|massora]] they kept tabs on every letter, syllable, word, and paragraph. They had special classes of men within their culture whose sole duty was to preserve and transmit these documents with practically perfect fidelity&nbsp;– [[scribe]]s, [[lawyer]]s, [[masoretes]].


<blockquote>In regard to the New Testament, there are about 13,000 manuscripts, complete and incomplete, in [[Greek language|Greek]] and other languages, that have survived from [[classical antiquity|antiquity]]. </blockquote>
In regard to the New Testament, there are about 13,000 manuscripts, complete and incomplete, in [[Greek language|Greek]] and other languages, that have survived from [[classical antiquity|antiquity]].


<blockquote>A thousand times over, the death knell of the Bible has been sounded, the funeral procession formed, the inscription cut on the tombstone, and committal read. But somehow the corpse never stays put. No other book has been so chopped, knifed, sifted, scrutinized, and vilified. What book on philosophy or religion or psychology or belles lettres of classical or modern times has been subject to such a mass attack as the Bible? With such venom and skepticism? With such thoroughness and erudition? Upon every chapter, line and [[wikt:tenet|tenet]]?</blockquote>
A thousand times over, the death knell of the Bible has been sounded, the funeral procession formed, the inscription cut on the tombstone, and committal read. But somehow the corpse never stays put. No other book has been so chopped, knifed, sifted, scrutinized, and vilified. What book on philosophy or religion or psychology or belles lettres of classical or modern times has been subject to such a mass attack as the Bible? With such venom and skepticism? With such thoroughness and erudition? Upon every chapter, line and [[wikt:tenet|tenet]]?


<blockquote>The Bible is still loved by millions, read by millions, and studied by millions." </blockquote>
The Bible is still loved by millions, read by millions, and studied by millions.}}


Ramm also stated, in his often cited work ''Protestant Christian Evidences'', the following: "A historic person named Jesus gave certain men such an impact as to be unequaled by far in the entire annals of the human race. After nearly two thousand years the impact is not at all spent, but daily there are people who have tremendous revolutionary experiences which they associate with Jesus Christ, be He dead or risen in Heaven. The personality of Jesus is without parallel. It is unique and incomparable" (Protestant Christian Evidences [Chicago: Moody, 1953], p.&nbsp;171).
Ramm also stated, in his often cited work ''Protestant Christian Evidences'', the following:
<blockquote>A historic person named Jesus gave certain men such an impact as to be unequaled by far in the entire annals of the human race. After nearly two thousand years the impact is not at all spent, but daily there are people who have tremendous revolutionary experiences which they associate with Jesus Christ, be He dead or risen in Heaven. The personality of Jesus is without parallel. It is unique and incomparable (Protestant Christian Evidences [Chicago: Moody, 1953], p.&nbsp;171).</blockquote>


==Selected publications==
==Selected publications==
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===Ph.D. Theses about===
===Ph.D. Theses about===
* ''Bernard Ramm’s reception of Karl Barth’s doctrine of the Word of God'' by Simon Sze Wang Wat. 2011.
* ''A critique of Bernard Ramm's doctrine of the Bible'' by Kenny Regan Pulliam. 1986.
* ''A critique of Bernard Ramm's doctrine of the Bible'' by Kenny Regan Pulliam. 1986.
* ''Scripture and theology an analysis of Bernard Ramm's proposal to adopt Karl Barth's methodology'' by Robert L Jones. 1985.
* ''Scripture and theology an analysis of Bernard Ramm's proposal to adopt Karl Barth's methodology'' by Robert L Jones. 1985.
Line 87: Line 90:


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.baylor.edu/prs/index.php?id=8448 Issue 04 - Winter 1990] (entire issue devoted to Bernard Ramm). ''[[Perspectives in Religious Studies]]''.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050307152757/http://www.baylor.edu/prs/index.php?id=8448 Issue 04 - Winter 1990] (entire issue devoted to Bernard Ramm). ''[[Perspectives in Religious Studies]]''.
* [http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1979/PSCF12-79dyn.html Volume 31 Number 4 Dec. 1979]. (Bernard Ramm [[Festschrift]] issue). ''JASA''.
* [http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1979/PSCF12-79dyn.html Volume 31 Number 4 Dec. 1979]. (Bernard Ramm [[Festschrift]] issue). ''JASA''.
* [http://129.82.76.41:591/FMPro?-db=ASAdb49.fm4&-lay=Layout1&-format=%2FASAdb%2Fresults2.html&-op=contains&-LOP=or&-sortfield=First+Author&-sortorder=ascending&-sortfield=volume_no&-sortorder=descending&-Max=All&Title=&-op=bw&First+Author=%22Ramm%2C+Bernard%22&-op=contains&Date=&-find=&-find=Search List of Ramm's Papers] in the ''Journal of the [[American Scientific Affiliation]]''
* [https://archive.today/20121128174217/http://129.82.76.41:591/FMPro?-db=ASAdb49.fm4&-lay=Layout1&-format=/ASAdb/results2.html&-op=contains&-LOP=or&-sortfield=First+Author&-sortorder=ascending&-sortfield=volume_no&-sortorder=descending&-Max=All&Title=&-op=bw&First+Author=%22Ramm,+Bernard%22&-op=contains&Date=&-find=&-find=Search List of Ramm's Papers] in the ''Journal of the [[American Scientific Affiliation]]''
* [http://129.82.76.41:591/FMPro?-db=ASAdb49.fm4&-lay=Layout1&-format=%2FASAdb%2Fresults2.html&-op=contains&-LOP=or&-sortfield=First+Author&-sortorder=ascending&-sortfield=volume_no&-sortorder=descending&-Max=All&Title=%22Bernard+Ramm%22&-op=bw&First+Author=&-op=contains&Date=&-find=&-find=Search Partial list of papers about Ramm] in the ''Journal of the [[American Scientific Affiliation]]''
* [https://archive.today/20121129064042/http://129.82.76.41:591/FMPro?-db=ASAdb49.fm4&-lay=Layout1&-format=/ASAdb/results2.html&-op=contains&-LOP=or&-sortfield=First+Author&-sortorder=ascending&-sortfield=volume_no&-sortorder=descending&-Max=All&Title=%22Bernard+Ramm%22&-op=bw&First+Author=&-op=contains&Date=&-find=&-find=Search Partial list of papers about Ramm] in the ''Journal of the [[American Scientific Affiliation]]''
* [http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1979/JASA12-79Hearn.html "An Interview with Bernard Ramm," ''Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation'' 31 (September 1979) 179-186. ]
* [http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1979/JASA12-79Hearn.html "An Interview with Bernard Ramm," ''Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation'' 31 (September 1979) 179-186. ]
* [http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1992/PSCF3-92Spradley.html "Changing Views of Science and Scripture: Bernard Ramm and the ASA"]. PSCF 44. March 1992. pp.&nbsp;2–9.
* [http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1992/PSCF3-92Spradley.html "Changing Views of Science and Scripture: Bernard Ramm and the ASA"]. PSCF 44. March 1992. pp.&nbsp;2–9.
* [http://theologytoday.ptsem.edu/apr1980/v37-1-booknotes18.htm Short critical review by Ramm of Lovelace's ''Dynamics of Spiritual Life'' in ''Theology Today''. 37 (1). April 1980.]
* [http://theologytoday.ptsem.edu/apr1980/v37-1-booknotes18.htm Short critical review by Ramm of Lovelace's ''Dynamics of Spiritual Life'' in ''Theology Today''. 37 (1). April 1980.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216092147/http://theologytoday.ptsem.edu/apr1980/v37-1-booknotes18.htm |date=2012-02-16 }}
* [http://theologytoday.ptsem.edu/jul1986/v43-2-booknotes6.htm Short critical review of Ramm's book ''Offense to Reason'' in ''Theology Today''. 43 (2). July 1986. p.306.]
* [http://theologytoday.ptsem.edu/jul1986/v43-2-booknotes6.htm Short critical review of Ramm's book ''Offense to Reason'' in ''Theology Today''. 43 (2). July 1986. p.306.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414202440/http://theologytoday.ptsem.edu/jul1986/v43-2-booknotes6.htm |date=2012-04-14 }}
*[http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n50-54971 Ramm's Worldcat identity]
*[http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n50-54971 Ramm's Worldcat identity]


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}



{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramm, Bernard}}
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[[Category:Baptists from the United States]]
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[[Category:Baptist theologians]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:American Christian creationists]]
[[Category:American Baptist theologians]]
[[Category:Biola University faculty]]
[[Category:Biola University faculty]]
[[Category:Christian apologists]]
[[Category:Christian apologists]]
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[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Palmer Theological Seminary alumni]]
[[Category:Palmer Theological Seminary alumni]]
[[Category:People from Butte, Montana]]
[[Category:People from Butte, Montana]]
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[[Category:University of Southern California alumni]]
[[Category:University of Southern California alumni]]
[[Category:Hermeneutists]]
[[Category:Hermeneutists]]
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[[Category:20th-century Baptists]]

Latest revision as of 06:13, 14 November 2024

Bernard L. Ramm (1 August 1916 in Butte, Montana – 11 August 1992 in Irvine, California) was a Baptist theologian and apologist within the broad evangelical tradition. He wrote prolifically on topics concerned with biblical hermeneutics, religion and science, Christology, and apologetics.[1][2] The hermeneutical principles presented in his 1956 book Protestant Biblical Interpretation influenced a wide spectrum of Baptist theologians.[3] During the 1970s he was widely regarded as a leading evangelical theologian as well known as Carl F.H. Henry.[2] His equally celebrated and criticized 1954 book The Christian View of Science and Scripture was the theme of a 1979 issue of the Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation, while a 1990 issue of Baylor University's Perspectives in Religious Studies was devoted to Ramm's views on theology.

Education

[edit]

Ramm initially studied chemistry then switched to philosophy of science in preparation for ministry. His tertiary education included a B.A. (University of Washington), B.D. (Eastern Baptist Seminary), M.A. in 1947 & Ph.D in 1950 (University of Southern California).[4] He undertook additional studies at the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Basel, Switzerland (1957-1958 academic year with Karl Barth),[3] and the Near Eastern School of Theology, Beirut, Lebanon.

Career

[edit]

His academic teaching career began in 1943, when he joined the faculty at the Bible Institute of Los Angeles (now Biola University, La Mirada, California). He became Professor of Philosophy at Bethel College and Seminary, and then Professor of Religion at Baylor University, Texas. He briefly taught at Eastern Baptist Theological Seminary in Philadelphia. Most of his academic teaching took place at the American Baptist Seminary of the West at Covina, California, where he taught 1958–74 and again 1978-86. At that seminary he held the post of Professor of Systematic Theology.[citation needed]

Writings

[edit]

Ramm wrote eighteen books, contributed chapters to other books, and authored over one hundred articles and book reviews that were published in various theological periodicals.[citation needed]

In his contributions to Christian apologetics, Ramm began his career in the evidentialist camp, but his later work reflected a shift in viewpoint to a modified form of presuppositional apologetics that had some affinity with the work of Edward John Carnell. In spite of harsh criticisms of Karl Barth from more traditionally Calvinist apologists such as Cornelius Van Til, Gordon Clark, and Carl F. H. Henry, Ramm would explore much of Barth's theological viewpoint, eventually embracing Barth's theology almost wholeheartedly as outlined in Ramm's own book After Fundamentalism (Harper & Row, 1983).[2]

Ramm did not utilise the classical or Thomist approach in arguments for God's existence. He maintained that apart from faith God was unknowable. He likewise emphasised that the noetic effects of sin rendered theistic proofs useless. In Ramm's view, the proof of God's existence is in Holy Scripture.

He argued that the primary use of apologetic evidences is to create a favourable climate of opinion so that the Gospel may be proclaimed, and believed. In this respect he felt that miracles and fulfilled prophecy provided a factual basis for that climate of opinion. Ramm placed strong emphasis on the inner witness of the Holy Spirit verifying the gospel to the believer.

In some respects Ramm's emphasis on the inner witness of the Spirit reflected the view of John Calvin, but it also reflected the influence of Karl Barth, under whom he studied in Switzerland.[5]

Near the end of his life, Ramm was honored with a book of essays by his colleagues and younger contemporaries.

Influence of The Christian View of Science and Scripture

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In his book, The Christian View of Science and Scripture, published in 1954, he was critical of "flood geology" and the notion of a young earth[6] and influenced the American Scientific Affiliation (ASA) in not supporting "flood geology" during the 1950s before Henry M. Morris and John C. Whitcomb popularised Young Earth Creationism and Flood geology in their 1961 book entitled The Genesis Flood.

Reformed theologian Meredith G. Kline, known for advancing the framework interpretation of Genesis cites this book in his influential article "Because It Had Not Rained"[7] after having reviewed it three years earlier,[8] stating "It is, indeed, informative and provocative. Moreover, it has some good emphases. It can, therefore, be read profitably if read critically." yet cautioning "It would be well...for teachers of God's people to be hesitant or, at the least, very careful in providing public documentation of the history of their personal struggle after the truth." Kline also found Ramm's defense of the authority of scripture potentially inconsistent and Ramm's hermeneutical question regarding the place of natural revelation in interpreting scripture while a valid one, his approach in exploring and attempting to answer it done with too much zeal and dangerously close to being error-prone.[8]

The publisher's choice of title, in particular its initial article The Christian View of Science and Scripture, turned out to be a magnet for criticism. Ramm's original title was 'The Evangelical Faith and Modern Science', but the publisher changed this in order for it to be similar to the title of James Orr's 1893 book The Christian View of God and the World.[9]

The year 1979 marked the book's 25th anniversary, which was celebrated by the American Scientific Affiliation in devoting that year's December issue of its journal JASA to Ramm by including evaluations from theologians on the influence of The Christian View of Science and Scripture as well as an interview with Ramm and his wife Alta.[10]

In a survey of Religion and Science books, Covenant Theological Seminary professor and ordained PCA minister C. John Collins called this book "a classic from a conservative evangelical author."[11]

Influence of Protestant Christian Evidences

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His work Protestant Christian Evidences is considered a classic and is still often cited.

Professor Ramm is often quoted for writing the following in his work Protestant Christian Evidences:

Jews preserved it as no other manuscript has ever been preserved. With their massora they kept tabs on every letter, syllable, word, and paragraph. They had special classes of men within their culture whose sole duty was to preserve and transmit these documents with practically perfect fidelity – scribes, lawyers, masoretes.

In regard to the New Testament, there are about 13,000 manuscripts, complete and incomplete, in Greek and other languages, that have survived from antiquity.

A thousand times over, the death knell of the Bible has been sounded, the funeral procession formed, the inscription cut on the tombstone, and committal read. But somehow the corpse never stays put. No other book has been so chopped, knifed, sifted, scrutinized, and vilified. What book on philosophy or religion or psychology or belles lettres of classical or modern times has been subject to such a mass attack as the Bible? With such venom and skepticism? With such thoroughness and erudition? Upon every chapter, line and tenet?

The Bible is still loved by millions, read by millions, and studied by millions.

Ramm also stated, in his often cited work Protestant Christian Evidences, the following:

A historic person named Jesus gave certain men such an impact as to be unequaled by far in the entire annals of the human race. After nearly two thousand years the impact is not at all spent, but daily there are people who have tremendous revolutionary experiences which they associate with Jesus Christ, be He dead or risen in Heaven. The personality of Jesus is without parallel. It is unique and incomparable (Protestant Christian Evidences [Chicago: Moody, 1953], p. 171).

Selected publications

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  • Problems in Christian Apologetics, Western Baptist Theological Seminary, Portland, Oregon, 1949.
  • Protestant Christian Evidences, Moody Press, Chicago, 1953.
  • Types of Apologetic Systems, Van Kampen Press, Wheaton, 1953.
  • Christian View of Science and Scripture, William B. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, 1954.
  • The Pattern of Authority, William B. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, 1957.
  • The Witness of the Spirit, William B. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, 1960.
  • Special Revelation and the Word of God, William B. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, 1961.
  • Varieties of Christian Apologetics: An Introduction to the Christian Philosophy of Religion, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, 1962.
  • The Christian College in the Twentieth Century, William B. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, 1963.
  • Them He Glorified, William B. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, 1963.
  • A Handbook Of Contemporary Theology, William B. Eermans, Grand Rapids, 1966.
  • Protestant Biblical Interpretation: A Textbook of Hermeneutics, 3rd revised edition, Baker Book House, 1970.
  • Right, the good and the happy: The Christian in a world of Distorted Values, Word, Waco, 1971.
  • The God Who Makes A Difference: A Christian Appeal to Reason, Word, Waco, 1972.
  • The Evangelical Heritage, Word, Waco, 1973.
  • Rapping About the Spirit, Word, Waco, 1974.
  • Devil, Seven Wormwoods, and God, Word, Waco, 1977.
  • After Fundamentalism: The Future of Evangelical Theology, Harper & Row, San Francisco, 1983.
  • An Evangelical Christology: Ecumenic and Historic, Thomas Nelson, Nashville, 1985.
  • Offense to Reason: A Theology of Sin, Harper & Row, San Francisco, 1985.
  • God's Way Out: Finding the Road to Personal Freedom Through Exodus (Bible Commentary for Laymen), Regal, Ventura, 1987.
  • Ramm and others, Hermeneutics, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, 1987.

Books about

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  • Stanley Grenz (ed). Perspectives on Theology in the Contemporary World: Essays in Honor of Bernard Ramm, Mercer University Press, Macon, Georgia, 1990.

Ph.D. Theses about

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  • Bernard Ramm’s reception of Karl Barth’s doctrine of the Word of God by Simon Sze Wang Wat. 2011.
  • A critique of Bernard Ramm's doctrine of the Bible by Kenny Regan Pulliam. 1986.
  • Scripture and theology an analysis of Bernard Ramm's proposal to adopt Karl Barth's methodology by Robert L Jones. 1985.
  • The theological system of Bernard L. Ramm by David Miller. 1982.
  • The concept of revelation the theology of Bernard Ramm by R. Alan Day. 1979.

References

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  1. ^ Benard Ramm entry (written by Kevin Vanhoozer) in Handbook of Evangelical Theologians. Walter A. Elwell. Baker Books, 1993. pp.290-306. ISBN 0-8010-3212-1.
  2. ^ a b c Roger E. Olson. The SCM Press A-Z of evangelical theology. SCM-Canterbury Press Ltd, 2005. ISBN 0-334-04011-6. pp.48-51
  3. ^ a b A genetic history of Baptist thought: with special reference to Baptists in Britain and North America. William H. Brackney. Mercer University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-86554-913-3. pp. 500
  4. ^ PSCF 44 (March 1992): 2-9.
  5. ^ Mark A. Noll. Between Faith and Criticism. Regent College Publishing, 2004. ISBN 1-57383-098-4. pp.95, 178, 261, 270.
  6. ^ Radiocarbon Dating and American Evangelical Christians
  7. ^ Because It Had Not Rained The Westminster Theological Journal 20 (1958):146-157
  8. ^ a b Review of The Christian View of Science and Scripture, by R. Ramm. WTJ 18 (1955/56): 49-55.
  9. ^ JASA 31: 179-186.
  10. ^ JASA 31: 177
  11. ^ Science & Faith: Friends or Foes?. C. John Collins. Crossway, 2003. ISBN 1-58134-430-9. p.351.
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