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{{Hatnote|This article is about the 24–25 July 2015 operations made by Turkish forces. The subsequent operations are covered in [[2015 PKK rebellion]] and [[Turkey–ISIL conflict]].}}
{{Hatnote|This article is about the 24–25 July 2015 operations made by Turkish forces. The subsequent operations are covered in [[PKK rebellion (2015–present)]] and [[Turkey–ISIL conflict]].}}


{{Infobox military conflict
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict = Operation Martyr Yalçın
|conflict = Operation Martyr Yalçın
|width = 400px
|width = 400px
|partof = the [[Turkey–ISIL conflict]] and the [[2015 PKK rebellion]] ([[Turkey–PKK conflict]])
|partof = the [[Turkey–ISIL conflict]] and the [[Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present)|Kurdish–Turkish conflict]]
|image =
|image =
|imagesize =
|imagesize =
|caption =
|caption =
|date = 24–25 July 2015
|date = 24–25 July 2015
|place = [[Syria–Turkey border]], [[Northern Iraq]]
|place = [[Syria–Turkey border]], northern [[Iraq]]
|result =
|result =
|status = First wave against PKK and ISIL targets began on 24 July 2015<ref name="wave 1,2"/><ref name="wave 1"/>
|status = First wave against PKK and ISIL targets began on 24 July 2015<ref name="wave 1,2" /><ref name="wave 1" />
|combatant1 = '''{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkey]]'''
|combatant1 = '''{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkey]]'''
* [[Turkish Air Force]]
* [[Turkish Air Force]]
* [[Turkish Land Forces]]
* [[Turkish Gendarmerie]]
|combatant2= {{flagicon|ISIL}} [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]]
|combatant2= {{flagicon|ISIL}} [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]]
* [[Military activities of ISIL|Military of ISIL]]
* [[Military activities of ISIL|Military of ISIL]]
* [[Dokumacılar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internethaber.com/suruc-patlamasi-canli-bomba-hakkinda-sok-iddia-802785h.htm|title=Haber : Suruç patlaması canlı bomba hakkında şok iddia haberi|work=Internethaber | language=Turkish}}</ref>
* [[Dokumacılar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internethaber.com/suruc-patlamasi-canli-bomba-hakkinda-sok-iddia-802785h.htm|title=Haber : Suruç patlaması canlı bomba hakkında şok iddia haberi|work=Internethaber |date=22 July 2015| language=tr}}</ref>
|combatant3 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK).svg}} [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]]
|combatant3 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK).svg}} [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]]
* [[Group of Communities in Kurdistan|KCK]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Koma Komalên Kurdistan.svg}} [[Group of Communities in Kurdistan|KCK]]
<br>{{flagicon image|Dhkp.svg}} [[Revolutionary People's Liberation Party–Front]]
<br />{{flagicon image|Dhkp.svg}} [[Revolutionary People's Liberation Party–Front]]
|commander1 = {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]]<br>{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]]<br>{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Hulusi Akar]]
|commander1 = {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]]<br />{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]]<br />{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Hulusi Akar]]
|commander2 = {{flagicon|ISIL}} [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]]<br>{{flagicon|ISIL}} [[Abu Ala al-Afri]]<br>{{flagdeco|ISIL}} [[Abu Ali al-Anbari]]
|commander2 = {{flagicon|ISIL}} [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]]<br />{{flagicon|ISIL}} [[Abu Ala al-Afri]]
|commander3 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK).svg}} [[Murat Karayılan]]<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of Koma Komalên Kurdistan.svg}} [[Cemil Bayık]]<br>{{flagicon image|Dhkp.svg}} [[Hüseyin Fevzi Tekin]]
|commander3 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK).svg}} [[Murat Karayılan]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Koma Komalên Kurdistan.svg}} [[Cemil Bayık]]<br />{{flagicon image|Dhkp.svg}} [[Hüseyin Fevzi Tekin]]
|units1=
|units1=
|units2=
|units2=
|strength1= Unknown
|strength1= 685,862 military personnel<br>407,122 reservists<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aktifhaber.com/tsk-mevcut-personel-sayisini-acikladi-911886h.htm|title=TSK Mevcut Personel Sayısını Açıkladı|date=2 January 2014|work=Aktif Haber}}</ref><br>{{small|(2014 figures, of which not all are directly involved)}}
|strength2= Unknown
|strength2= 31,500<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29169914|title=Islamic State fighter estimate triples – CIA|publisher=BBC|date=12 September 2014}}</ref>–100,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/war-with-isis-islamic-militants-have-army-of-200000-claims-kurdish-leader-9863418.html|title=War with Isis: Islamic militants have army of 200,000, claims senior Kurdish leader|publisher=The Independent|date=18 November 2014}}</ref> {{small|(in total, of which not all are directly involved)}}
|strength3 = 4,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/para/pkk.htm|title=Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)|work=fas.org}}</ref>
|strength3 = 4,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/para/pkk.htm|title=Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)|work=fas.org}}</ref>
|casualties1= Two police officers injured in Hakkari.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/national_pkk-kidnaps-police-officer-in-diyarbakir_394552.html|title=PKK kidnaps police officer in Diyarbakır|date=24 July 2015|work=TodaysZaman|accessdate=2 August 2015}}</ref> Two soldiers killed and four wounded in [[Diyarbakir]]<ref name="rfi.fr">{{cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/europe/2min/20150726-turquie-ei-pkk-kurdes-jihadistes-erdogan-degradation-violences-arrestations-syrie-ir/|title=Turquie: après la mort de deux soldats, la tension est à son comble|author=RFI|date=26 July 2015|work=RFI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lapresse.ca/international/dossiers/le-groupe-etat-islamique/201507/26/01-4888204-la-turquie-reprend-ses-raids-contre-le-pkk.php|title=La Turquie reprend ses raids contre le PKK|author=|date=|work=La Presse}}</ref>
|casualties1= Two police officers injured in Hakkari.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/national_pkk-kidnaps-police-officer-in-diyarbakir_394552.html|title=PKK kidnaps police officer in Diyarbakır|date=24 July 2015|work=TodaysZaman|access-date=2 August 2015|archive-date=1 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801103502/http://www.todayszaman.com/national_pkk-kidnaps-police-officer-in-diyarbakir_394552.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Two soldiers killed and four wounded in [[Diyarbakir]]<ref name="rfi.fr">{{cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/europe/2min/20150726-turquie-ei-pkk-kurdes-jihadistes-erdogan-degradation-violences-arrestations-syrie-ir/|title=Turquie: après la mort de deux soldats, la tension est à son comble|author=RFI|date=26 July 2015|work=RFI}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lapresse.ca/international/dossiers/le-groupe-etat-islamique/201507/26/01-4888204-la-turquie-reprend-ses-raids-contre-le-pkk.php|title=La Turquie reprend ses raids contre le PKK|work=La Presse|date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|casualties2=35 killed <small>(Turkish claim)</small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haber7.com/dis-politika/haber/1473622-hava-saldirisinda-35-isid-militani-olduruldu|title=Hava saldırısında 35 IŞİD militanı öldürüldü|author=|date=30 September 2014|work=Haber7}}</ref>
|casualties2=11–35 killed<ref name="Haber7">{{cite web|url=http://www.haber7.com/dis-politika/haber/1473622-hava-saldirisinda-35-isid-militani-olduruldu|title=Hava saldırısında 35 IŞİD militanı öldürüldü|date=30 September 2014|work=Haber7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.syriahr.com/en/26533/|title=14 dead in airstrikes by Turkish warplanes and coalition warplanes • the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights|date=24 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.syriahr.com/en/26544/|title=186 killed yesterday 23/07/2015 • the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights|date=25 July 2015}}</ref>
|casualties3= 160 killed <small>(Turkish claim)</small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gazetevatan.com/pkk-ya-160-sorti-isid-e-top-atisi--840847-gundem/%7Ctitle=PKK%E2%80%99ya%20160%20sorti%20I%C5%9E%C4%B0D%E2%80%99e%20top%20at%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1!|title=PKK’ya 160 sorti IŞİD’e top atışı!|work=gazetevatan.com}}</ref>
|casualties3= 160 killed (Turkish claim)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gazetevatan.com/pkk-ya-160-sorti-isid-e-top-atisi--840847-gundem/%7Ctitle=PKK%E2%80%99ya%20160%20sorti%20I%C5%9E%C4%B0D%E2%80%99e%20top%20at%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1!|title=PKK'ya 160 sorti IŞİD'e top atışı!|work=gazetevatan.com}}</ref>
}}
}}
{{Campaignbox Turkey–ISIL conflict}}
{{Campaignbox Turkey–ISIL conflict}}
{{Campaignbox Turkey-PKK conflict}}
{{Campaignbox Turkey-PKK conflict}}
{{Campaignbox Spillover of the Syrian Civil War}}
{{Campaignbox Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War}}


'''Operation Martyr Yalçın''' ({{lang-tr|Şehit Yalçın Operasyonu}}) was a military operation conducted by the [[Turkish Air Force]] against [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIL) positions in [[Syria]] and [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]] (PKK) positions in [[Northern Iraq]] on 24 and 25 July 2015.<ref name=Hurriyet24-7-15/>
'''Operation Martyr Yalçın''' ({{langx|tr|Şehit Yalçın Operasyonu}}) was a military operation conducted by the [[Turkish Air Force]] against [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIL) positions in [[Syria]], and [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]] (PKK) positions in northern [[Iraq]], on 24 and 25 July 2015.<ref name=Hurriyet24-7-15 />


The operation began in the early hours of 24 July, a day after [[Turkey–ISIL conflict#Elbeyli incident|ISIL militants reportedly attacked a Turkish military border outpost in the Turkish town of Elbeyli in Kilis Province, killing one soldier, named Yalçın Nane]], and injuring two others. The operation is named after the soldier killed in the initial attack, Yalçın Nane.
The operation began in the early hours of 24 July, a day after ISIL militants reportedly attacked a Turkish military border outpost in the Turkish town of [[Elbeyli]] in [[Kilis Province]], [[Turkey–ISIL conflict#Elbeyli incident|killing one soldier, Yalçın Nane]], and injuring two others. The operation is named after the dead soldier.


The operation has involved three waves of airstrikes against ISIL positions in Syria and two waves of airstrikes against PKK positions in [[Iraqi Kurdistan]]. Airstrikes were launched by [[F-16]] fighter jets taking off from [[Diyarbakır]] and [[İncirlik Air Base]] on 24 July and 25 July. It was reported that 35 ISIL militants had been killed in the first wave after footage from the fighter jets and unmanned aircraft were analysed, while the airstrikes in Northern Iraq were confirmed to have killed a high-ranking PKK militant and were alleged to have killed the PKK commander [[Murat Karayılan]].<ref name="sarizeybekhaber.com.tr">{{cite web|url=http://www.sarizeybekhaber.com.tr/asayis/murat-karayilan-oldu-iddiasi-h3682.html|title='Murat Karayılan öldü' iddiası|author=Sarızeybekhaber|date=25 July 2015|work=Sarızeybekhaber}}</ref>
The operation involved three waves of [[airstrike]]s against ISIL positions in Syria and two waves of airstrikes against PKK positions in [[Iraqi Kurdistan]]. Airstrikes were launched by [[F-16]] fighter jets taking off from [[Diyarbakır]] and [[İncirlik Air Base]] on 24 July and 25 July. It was reported that 35 ISIL militants had been killed in the first wave after footage from the fighter jets and [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|unmanned aircraft]] were analysed, while the airstrikes in Northern Iraq were confirmed to have killed a high-ranking PKK militant and were alleged to have killed the PKK commander [[Murat Karayılan]].<ref name="sarizeybekhaber.com.tr">{{cite web|url=http://www.sarizeybekhaber.com.tr/asayis/murat-karayilan-oldu-iddiasi-h3682.html|title='Murat Karayılan öldü' iddiası|author=Sarızeybekhaber|date=25 July 2015|work=Sarızeybekhaber|access-date=26 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728234758/http://www.sarizeybekhaber.com.tr/asayis/murat-karayilan-oldu-iddiasi-h3682.html|archive-date=28 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> After 25 July, Turkey stopped its airstrikes on ISIL but continued with those against the PKK.
After 25 July, Turkey continued with airstrikes against the PKK only.


The strikes against the PKK resulted in an increase in violence in the mainly [[Kurd]]ish southeast of Turkey. In conjunction to the airstrikes, [[2015 counter-terrorism operations in Turkey|large-scale domestic operations]] were conducted by the [[General Directorate of Security|police]] and [[Turkish Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]] in over 22 [[Provinces of Turkey|Turkish provinces]]. The airstrikes have been referred to as a 'major policy shift' and a 'game changer' in the [[Military intervention against ISIL|global military intervention against ISIL]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/blogs/middleeast/2015/07/turkey-war-isil-major-policy-shift-150725194129789.html|title=Turkey's war on ISIL marks major policy shift|author=|date=|work=aljazeera.com}}</ref>
The airstrikes against the PKK resulted in an increase in violence in [[Turkish Kurdistan]]. In conjunction with the airstrikes, [[2015 counter-terrorism operations in Turkey|large-scale domestic operations]] were conducted by the [[General Directorate of Security (Turkey)|General Directorate of Security]] and [[Turkish Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]] in over 22 [[Provinces of Turkey|Turkish provinces]]. The airstrikes have been referred to as a 'major policy shift' and a 'game changer' in the [[Military intervention against ISIL|global military intervention against ISIL]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/blogs/middleeast/2015/07/turkey-war-isil-major-policy-shift-150725194129789.html|title=Turkey's war on ISIL marks major policy shift|work=aljazeera.com}}</ref>


==Background==
==Background==

===Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)===
===Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)===
{{further|Turkey–PKK conflict}}
{{further|Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)|Ceylanpınar incidents}}
The conflict between the Turkish government and [[Kurd]]ish separatists has been ongoing for over 40 years, with a ceasefire in late 2012 marking the beginning of a '[[solution process]]' between the government and the [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]] (PKK) militant organisation. The ceasefire and negotiations have continued despite numerous infringements and violations on both sides.
The conflict between the Turkish government and [[Kurd]]ish separatists has been ongoing for over 40 years, with a ceasefire in late 2012 marking the beginning of a '[[solution process]]' between the government and the [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]] (PKK) militant organisation. As of early July 2015, the ceasefire and negotiations have continued despite numerous minor infringements and violations on both sides.


Following the [[2015 Suruç bombing]] which targeted members of a group sympathetic to the Kurdish movement, PKK militants killed two policemen in the town of [[Ceylanpınar]], [[Şanlıurfa Province]], in an act of retaliation against suspected collaboration between Turkey and ISIL.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n21/patrick-cockburn/whose-side-is-turkey-on|title=Patrick Cockburn · Whose side is Turkey on?: The Battle for Kobani · LRB 6 November 2014|work=London Review of Books|accessdate=9 August 2015}}</ref> PKK militants also attacked a military base in [[Adıyaman]], killing another soldier. Much of the airstrikes have been successful in hitting PKK populated areas, however many civilians have been killed as a result of the strikes.<ref name="gudaw">{{cite web | url=http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/turkey/11082015 | title=US military: Turkish airstrikes too close to US training sites | publisher=Rudaw | date=10 August 2015 | accessdate=11 August 2015}}</ref> On 10 August 2015, a Turkish Air Force airstrike occurred near a U.S. Special Forces training site made for the purpose of training Kurdish [[Peshmerga]] fighters combating ISIL.<ref name="gudaw" />
Following the [[2015 Suruç bombing]], which targeted members of a group sympathetic to the Kurdish movement, [[Ceylanpınar incidents|militants of disputed affiliation killed two policemen]] in the town of [[Ceylanpınar]], [[Şanlıurfa Province]], in an act of retaliation against suspected collaboration between Turkey and ISIL.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n21/patrick-cockburn/whose-side-is-turkey-on|author=Patrick Cockburn |title=Whose side is Turkey on?: The Battle for Kobani |date=6 November 2014|journal=London Review of Books|volume=36 |issue=21 |access-date=9 August 2015}}</ref> PKK militants also attacked a military base in [[Adıyaman]], killing another soldier. Much of the airstrikes have been successful in hitting PKK populated areas, however many civilians have been killed as a result of the strikes.<ref name="gudaw">{{cite web |url=http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/turkey/11082015 |title=US military: Turkish airstrikes too close to US training sites |publisher=Rudaw |date=10 August 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015}}</ref> On 10 August 2015, a Turkish Air Force airstrike occurred near a U.S. Special Forces training site made for the purpose of training Kurdish [[Peshmerga]] fighters combating ISIL.<ref name="gudaw" />


===Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)===
===Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)===
{{further|Military intervention against ISIL}}
{{further|Military intervention against ISIL}}
Before the operation, the Turkish government had pursued an internationally criticised policy of inaction against ISIL, opting out of the [[anti-ISIL coalition]] and refusing to allow the [[United States]] to use the strategic [[İncirlik Air Base]] for airstrikes against ISIL unless they also targeted the forces of [[Bashar Al Assad]]. The Turkish policy of inaction contributed to the breakout of [[2014 Kurdish riots in Turkey|deadly riots]] in [[Northern Kurdistan]], in protest against the government's refusal to intervene in ISIL's [[siege of Kobanî]]. Turkey's policy of inaction was also thought to be a contributing factor to Turkey's failure to win a seat in the [[United Nations]] [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]] in the [[United Nations Security Council election, 2014|2014 Security Council election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2014/10/16/world/americas/ap-un-united-nations-security-council-election.html|title=Turkey Fails in Bid to Join UN Security Council|date=16 October 2014|work=AP|accessdate=5 December 2015|via=New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/anasayfa_kurds-across-turkey-protest-isil-assault-on-kobani_360861.html|title=Kurds across Turkey protest ISIL assault on Kobani|date=7 October 2014|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref> Kurds and the Turkish opposition have also accused the government of actively supporting ISIL.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/turkey-ties-with-isil-arouse-suspicions/1946718.html|title=Turkey's Ties With ISIL Continue to Arouse Suspicions|work=VOA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/11697764/Isil-reenters-key-Syria-border-town-of-Kobane-live.html|title=Turkey 'let Isil cross border to attack Kobane': as it happened|date=25 June 2015|work=Telegraph.co.uk|accessdate=9 August 2015}}</ref>
Before the operation, the Turkish government had pursued an internationally criticised policy of inaction against ISIL, opting out of the [[anti-ISIL coalition]] and refusing to allow the [[United States]] to use the strategic [[İncirlik Air Base]] for airstrikes against ISIL unless they also targeted the forces of [[Bashar Al Assad]]. The Turkish policy of inaction contributed to the breakout of [[2014 Kurdish riots in Turkey|deadly riots]] in [[Northern Kurdistan]], in protest against the government's refusal to intervene in ISIL's [[siege of Kobanî]]. Turkey's policy of inaction was also thought to be a contributing factor to Turkey's failure to win a seat in the [[United Nations]] [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]] in the [[2014 United Nations Security Council election|2014 Security Council election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2014/10/16/world/americas/ap-un-united-nations-security-council-election.html|title=Turkey Fails in Bid to Join UN Security Council|date=16 October 2014|agency=AP|access-date=5 December 2015|work=New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/anasayfa_kurds-across-turkey-protest-isil-assault-on-kobani_360861.html|title=Kurds across Turkey protest ISIL assault on Kobani|date=7 October 2014|work=TodaysZaman|access-date=26 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724024323/http://www.todayszaman.com/anasayfa_kurds-across-turkey-protest-isil-assault-on-kobani_360861.html|archive-date=24 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kurds and the Turkish opposition have also accused the government of actively supporting ISIL.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/turkey-ties-with-isil-arouse-suspicions/1946718.html|title=Turkey's Ties With ISIL Continue to Arouse Suspicions|date=27 June 2014 |publisher=VOA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/11697764/Isil-reenters-key-Syria-border-town-of-Kobane-live.html|title=Turkey 'let Isil cross border to attack Kobane': as it happened|date=25 June 2015|work=Telegraph|access-date=9 August 2015}}</ref>


On 20 July 2015, [[2015 Suruç bombing|a bombing]] in the Turkish district of [[Suruç]], allegedly perpetrated by the ISIL-linked [[Dokumacılar]] group, killed 32 young activists and injured over 100. On 23 July, ISIL militants attacked Turkish military positions, killing one soldier and injuring two others. This was largely seen as a ''[[casus belli]],'' which resulted in Turkish Prime Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] taking the decision to begin active air operations against PKK and ISIL positions south of Turkey's border.
On 20 July 2015, [[2015 Suruç bombing|a bombing]] in the Turkish district of [[Suruç]], allegedly perpetrated by the ISIL-linked [[Dokumacılar]] group, killed 32 young activists and injured over 100. On 23 July, ISIL militants attacked Turkish military positions, killing one soldier and injuring two others. This was largely seen as a ''[[casus belli]],'' which resulted in Turkish Prime Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] taking the decision to begin active air operations against PKK and ISIL positions south of Turkey's border.


==Motivation==
==Motivation==
The Turkish government motivated the operation as an effort to pre-empt a planned attack on Turkey<ref name=nyt24Jul15>[http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/25/world/europe/turkey-isis-syria-airstrikes.html?_r=1 ‘Anticipating Attack, Strikes 3 ISIS Targets With Jets’]. ''[[The New York Times]]'', 24 July 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.</ref> and by saying: "The state of the Republic of Turkey is decisive in taking any precaution to safeguard its national security".<ref name=Hurriyet24-7-15>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-airstrikes-target-isil-in-syria.aspx?pageID=238&nID=85853&NewsCatID=352|date=24 July 2015|accessdate=13 September 2015|title=Turkish airstrikes target ISIL in Syria|work=Hurriyet Daily News}}</ref>
The Turkish government claimed the operation was an effort to pre-empt a planned attack on Turkey<ref name=nyt24Jul15>[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/25/world/europe/turkey-isis-syria-airstrikes.html?_r=1 ‘Anticipating Attack, Strikes 3 ISIS Targets With Jets’]. ''[[The New York Times]]'', 24 July 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.</ref> and by saying: "The state of the Republic of Turkey is decisive in taking any precaution to safeguard its national security".<ref name=Hurriyet24-7-15>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-airstrikes-target-isil-in-syria.aspx?pageID=238&nID=85853&NewsCatID=352|date=24 July 2015|access-date=13 September 2015|title=Turkish airstrikes target ISIL in Syria|work=Hurriyet Daily News}}</ref>


==Chronology==
==Chronology==

===24 July, morning===
===24 July, morning===
At 03:12 on 24 July, four [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]] fighter jets took off from [[Diyarbakır|Diyarbakır's]] 8th main airbase command, targeting ISIL. The operation was named after [[Turkey–ISIL conflict#Elbeyli incident|the soldier reportedly killed in an ISIL attack on 23 July on Turkish soldiers, Yalçın Nane]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sozcu.com.tr/2015/gunun-icinden/sehit-yalcin-kimdir-iside-operasyonun-adi-sehit-yalcin-oldu-891816/|title=Şehit Yalçın kimdir? IŞİD’e operasyonun adı Şehit Yalçın oldu!|date=24 July 2015|work=sozcu.com.tr}}</ref> The jets used guided missiles to bomb two ISIL headquarters and one ISIL gathering point in [[Syria]], near village Havar.<ref name=Hurriyet24-7-15/> Prime Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] claimed 100% accuracy. The jets bombed the sites without entering Syrian airspace, and the Syrian government was informed of the attack, according to Turkish officials.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bugun.com.tr/gundem/bilgi-verildi-haberi/1751456|title=TSK'nın Suriye'ye yaptığı hava operasyonu Şam yönetimine bildirildi|work=Bugun.com.tr}}</ref> The operation took 1 hour and 12 minutes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hurbakis.net/content/iside-f-16larla-hava-operasyonu-35-isidli-olduruldu|title=IŞİD'e F-16'larla hava operasyonu: 35 IŞİD'li öldürüldü|work=hurbakis.net}}</ref> It was reported that 35 ISIL militants had been killed during the operation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haber7.com/dis-politika/haber/1473622-hava-saldirisinda-35-isid-militani-olduruldu|title=Hava saldırısında 35 IŞİD militanı öldürüldü|date=30 September 2014|work=Haber7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haber1.com/haber/427152/tsk-operasyonu-35-isidli-olduruldu|title=TSK operasyonu: 35 IŞİD'li öldürüldü|date=24 July 2015|work=Haber1}}</ref>
At 03:12 on 24 July, four [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]] fighter jets took off from [[Diyarbakır|Diyarbakır's]] 8th main airbase command, targeting ISIL. The operation was named after [[Turkey–ISIL conflict#Elbeyli incident|the soldier reportedly killed in an ISIL attack on 23 July on Turkish soldiers, Yalçın Nane]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sozcu.com.tr/2015/gunun-icinden/sehit-yalcin-kimdir-iside-operasyonun-adi-sehit-yalcin-oldu-891816/|title=Şehit Yalçın kimdir? IŞİD'e operasyonun adı Şehit Yalçın oldu!|date=24 July 2015|work=sozcu.com.tr}}</ref> The jets used guided missiles to bomb two ISIL headquarters and one ISIL gathering point in [[Syria]], near village Havar.<ref name=Hurriyet24-7-15/> Prime Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] claimed 100% accuracy. The jets bombed the sites without entering Syrian airspace, and the Syrian government was informed of the attack, according to Turkish officials.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bugun.com.tr/gundem/bilgi-verildi-haberi/1751456|title=TSK'nın Suriye'ye yaptığı hava operasyonu Şam yönetimine bildirildi|work=Bugun.com.tr|access-date=26 July 2015|archive-date=1 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801220918/http://www.bugun.com.tr/gundem/bilgi-verildi-haberi/1751456|url-status=dead}}</ref> The operation took 1 hour and 12 minutes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hurbakis.net/content/iside-f-16larla-hava-operasyonu-35-isidli-olduruldu|title=IŞİD'e F-16'larla hava operasyonu: 35 IŞİD'li öldürüldü|work=hurbakis.net|date=5 January 2021 }}</ref> It was reported that 35 ISIL militants had been killed during the operation.<ref name="Haber7">{{cite web|url=http://www.haber7.com/dis-politika/haber/1473622-hava-saldirisinda-35-isid-militani-olduruldu|title=Hava saldırısında 35 IŞİD militanı öldürüldü|date=30 September 2014|work=Haber7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haber1.com/haber/427152/tsk-operasyonu-35-isidli-olduruldu|title=TSK operasyonu: 35 IŞİD'li öldürüldü|date=24 July 2015|work=Haber1|access-date=26 July 2015|archive-date=1 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801142607/http://www.haber1.com/haber/427152/tsk-operasyonu-35-isidli-olduruldu|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the SOHR, Turkish Armed Forces killed 11 IS fighters.<ref>https://www.syriahr.com/en/26533/ {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref><ref>https://www.syriahr.com/en/26544/ {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>


===24 July, evening===
===24 July, evening===
On the evening of 24 July, over 20 fighter jets took off from [[Diyarbakır]] at around 22:30 local time, targeting both [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]] (PKK) targets in [[Northern Iraq]] and ISIL targets in [[Syria]].{{Citation needed|reason=Can we get any non-Turkish sources, or at least an English-language source, on this?|date=September 2015}}<ref name="wave 1,2">{{cite web|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/turkiye-isid-ve-pkk-yi-vuruyor--gundem-2092419/|title=Türkiye'nin IŞİD ile PKK çatışması! İşte sınırdan son dakika haberler|date=25 July 2015|work=milliyet.com.tr}}</ref><ref name="wave 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.aydinlikgazete.com/politika/pkk-ve-isid-hedefleri-vuruldu-h74439.html|title=PKK ve IŞİD hedefleri vuruldu|date=25 July 2015|work=aydinlikgazete.com}}</ref> Three ISIL targets were reported to have been struck.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ntv.com.tr/turkiye/hava-operasyonunda-2-dalga,IShX8qug0EmBdG0T6SEX2A|title=Hava operasyonunda 2. dalga|date=25 July 2015|work=NTV}}</ref> The airstrikes were heavily criticised by the PKK, which accused the government of ending the [[Solution process]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ensonhaber.com/pkkdan-kustah-aciklama-2015-07-25.html|title=PKK'dan küstah açıklama|work=Ensonhaber}}</ref>
On the evening of 24 July, over 20 fighter jets took off from [[Diyarbakır]] at around 22:30 local time, targeting both [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]] (PKK) targets in northern [[Iraq]] and ISIL targets in [[Syria]].{{Citation needed|reason=Can we get any non-Turkish sources, or at least an English-language source, on this?|date=September 2015}}<ref name="wave 1,2">{{cite web|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/turkiye-isid-ve-pkk-yi-vuruyor--gundem-2092419/|title=Türkiye'nin IŞİD ile PKK çatışması! İşte sınırdan son dakika haberler|date=25 July 2015|work=milliyet.com.tr}}</ref><ref name="wave 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.aydinlikgazete.com/politika/pkk-ve-isid-hedefleri-vuruldu-h74439.html|title=PKK ve IŞİD hedefleri vuruldu|date=25 July 2015|work=aydinlikgazete.com}}</ref> The airstrikes on Kurdish targets were heavily criticised by the PKK, which accused the government of ending the [[Solution process]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ensonhaber.com/pkkdan-kustah-aciklama-2015-07-25.html|title=PKK'dan küstah açıklama|work=Ensonhaber|date=25 July 2015 }}</ref>

Three ISIL targets were reported to have been struck.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ntv.com.tr/turkiye/hava-operasyonunda-2-dalga,IShX8qug0EmBdG0T6SEX2A|title=Hava operasyonunda 2. dalga|date=25 July 2015|work=NTV}}</ref>


====Attack on Diyarbakır F-16s====
====Attack on Diyarbakır F-16s====
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====Other Turkish shelling====
====Other Turkish shelling====
On 24 July, Turkish tanks reportedly also bombarded a village west of [[Kobani]], targeting Kurdish [[People's Protection Units]] (YPG), resulting in four YPG fighters being injured.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://ypgrojava.com/en/index.php/statements/783-august-1-gen-comm-statement-about-recent-activities-of-the-turkish-military-in-rojava-and-coalition-s-attitude-towards-these-developments|title=Aug 1: Gen. Comm. Statement About Recent Activities of the Turkish Military in Rojava, and Coalition’s Attitude Toward These Developments|work=ypgrojava.com (official website of [[People's Protection Units]] (YPG)|date=1 August 2015|accessdate=19 September 2015}}</ref>
On 24 July, Turkish tanks reportedly bombarded a village west of [[Kobani]], targeting Kurdish [[People's Protection Units]] (YPG), resulting in four YPG fighters being injured.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://ypgrojava.com/en/index.php/statements/783-august-1-gen-comm-statement-about-recent-activities-of-the-turkish-military-in-rojava-and-coalition-s-attitude-towards-these-developments|title=Aug 1: Gen. Comm. Statement About Recent Activities of the Turkish Military in Rojava, and Coalition's Attitude Toward These Developments|work=ypgrojava.com (official website of [[People's Protection Units]] (YPG)|date=1 August 2015|access-date=19 September 2015}}</ref>


===25 July===
===25 July===
On 25 July, Prime Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] announced that he had given the order to carry out a third wave air operation against ISIL targets, alongside a second wave in Iraq against the PKK.{{Citation needed|reason=Can we get any non-Turkish sources, or at least an English-language source, on this?|date=September 2015}} Davutoğlu called the airstrikes a part of a broad 'process' and gave support to the main opposition [[Republican People's Party (Turkey)|Republican People's Party's]] call for an extraordinary convention of the [[Grand National Assembly]], which was in recess.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agos.com.tr/tr/yazi/12273/davutoglu-2-ve-3-dalga-operasyonu-talimati-verdik|title=Davutoğlu: 2. ve 3. Dalga Operasyonu Talimatı Verdik|work=Agos}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagdasses.com/meclis/19347/akpden-chpye-surpriz-destek|title=AKP'den CHP'ye sürpriz destek|work=Çağdaş Ses}}</ref>
On 25 July, Prime Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] announced that he had given the order to carry out a third wave air operation against ISIL targets, alongside a second wave in Iraq against the PKK.{{Citation needed|reason=Can we get any non-Turkish sources, or at least an English-language source, on this?|date=September 2015}} Davutoğlu called the airstrikes a part of a broad 'process' and gave support to the main opposition [[Republican People's Party]]'s call for an extraordinary convention of the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|Grand National Assembly]], which was in recess.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agos.com.tr/tr/yazi/12273/davutoglu-2-ve-3-dalga-operasyonu-talimati-verdik|title=Davutoğlu: 2. ve 3. Dalga Operasyonu Talimatı Verdik|work=Agos|date=25 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagdasses.com/meclis/19347/akpden-chpye-surpriz-destek|title=AKP'den CHP'ye sürpriz destek|work=Çağdaş Ses|access-date=26 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150804193206/http://www.cagdasses.com/meclis/19347/akpden-chpye-surpriz-destek|archive-date=4 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>


The third wave (= the 25 July wave) began at around 10:20 local time on 25 July, with 70 F-16 fighter jets taking off from [[Diyarbakır]] to strike both PKK targets in Northern Iraq and ISIL targets in Syria. The jets attacking ISIL positions were reported to have violated Syrian airspace this time, bringing identified ISIL targets under heavy bombardment. Activity was also reported at [[İncirlik Air Base]], while unmanned drones taking off from [[Batman, Turkey|Batman]] Air Base assessed the damage to PKK targets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haberbiz.com/operasyonda-3dalga-basladi-hedef-pkk/h143023|title=Operasyonda 3.dalga başladı: Hedef PKK – HABER BİZ – haber|work=haberbiz.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://t24.com.tr/haber/iside-3-dalga-pkkya-yonelik-2-dalga-operasyonu-basladi,304017|title=IŞİD'e üçüncü, PKK'ya ikinci dalga hava operasyonu bu sabah yapıldı|work=t24.com.tr}}</ref>
The third wave (= the 25 July wave) began at around 10:20 local time on 25 July, with 70 F-16 fighter jets taking off from [[Diyarbakır]] to strike both PKK targets in Northern Iraq and ISIL targets in Syria. The jets attacking ISIL positions were reported to have violated Syrian airspace this time, bringing identified ISIL targets under heavy bombardment. Activity was also reported at [[İncirlik Air Base]], while unmanned drones taking off from [[Batman, Turkey|Batman]] Air Base assessed the damage to PKK targets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haberbiz.com/operasyonda-3dalga-basladi-hedef-pkk/h143023|title=Operasyonda 3.dalga başladı: Hedef PKK – HABER BİZ – haber|work=haberbiz.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://t24.com.tr/haber/iside-3-dalga-pkkya-yonelik-2-dalga-operasyonu-basladi,304017|title=IŞİD'e üçüncü, PKK'ya ikinci dalga hava operasyonu bu sabah yapıldı|work=t24.com.tr}}</ref>


====PKK targets====
====PKK targets====
The operations were heavily directed towards the PKK camps in Northern Iraq, targeting over 400 positions. The ‘third wave’ itself was conducted in three different waves, with close to 70 fighter jets taking part in the first two and 25 taking part in the third. The targets encompassed over 300 kilometres, with many of the targets being identified as the PKK's main training and storage camps. The PKK reported that a senior official of the PKK had been killed while three other militants had been injured.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gazetevatan.com/pkk-ya-160-sorti-isid-e-top-atisi--840847-gundem/|title=PKK’ya 160 sorti IŞİD’e top atışı!|author=|date=|work=gazetevatan.com}}</ref> It was also alleged that the PKK's commander [[Murat Karayılan]] was killed during the airstrikes.<ref name="sarizeybekhaber.com.tr"/>
The operations were heavily directed towards the PKK camps in Northern Iraq, targeting over 400 positions. The ‘third wave’ itself was conducted in three different waves, with close to 70 fighter jets taking part in the first two and 25 taking part in the third. The targets encompassed over 300 kilometres, with many of the targets being identified as the PKK's main training and storage camps. The PKK reported that a senior official of the PKK had been killed while three other militants had been injured.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gazetevatan.com/pkk-ya-160-sorti-isid-e-top-atisi--840847-gundem/|title=PKK'ya 160 sorti IŞİD'e top atışı!|work=gazetevatan.com|date=29 September 2021 }}</ref> It was also alleged that the PKK's commander [[Murat Karayılan]] was killed during the airstrikes.<ref name="sarizeybekhaber.com.tr"/>


==Aftermath==
==Aftermath==
{{further|Timeline of the Turkey–PKK conflict|2015 PKK rebellion}}
{{further|Timeline of the Turkey–PKK conflict|PKK rebellion (2015–present)}}


==Reactions==
==Reactions==
* {{flag|European Union}} – EU Commissioner for foreign affairs, [[Federica Mogherini]], stated that the EU supported the airstrikes against ISIL and offered condolences for those killed in recent terror attacks, while stressing the need to preserve the [[solution process]] with Kurdish rebels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ntv.com.tr/dunya/abden-cozum-sureci-aciklamasi,FvZQ_1GgCk2OsW76m40_XQ|title=AB'den "Çözüm Süreci" açıklaması|author=|date=25 July 2015|work=NTV}}</ref>
* {{flag|European Union}} – EU Commissioner for foreign affairs, [[Federica Mogherini]], stated that the EU supported the airstrikes against ISIL and offered condolences for those killed in recent terror attacks, while stressing the need to preserve the [[solution process]] with Kurdish rebels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ntv.com.tr/dunya/abden-cozum-sureci-aciklamasi,FvZQ_1GgCk2OsW76m40_XQ|title=AB'den "Çözüm Süreci" açıklaması|date=25 July 2015|work=NTV}}</ref>
* {{flag|Germany}} – German Defence Minister [[Ursula von der Leyen]] stated that the German government saluted Turkey's change of policy and airstrikes against ISIL.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sozcu.com.tr/2015/dunya/der-spiegel-isidi-anladik-ama-pkkyi-niye-vurdunuz-893092/|title=Der Spiegel: IŞİD’i anladık ama PKK’yı niye vurdunuz?|author=|date=25 July 2015|work=sozcu.com.tr|language=Turkish}}</ref> German Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]] also expressed her support for Turkey's operations against terrorism, but stressed that the [[solution process]] with Kurdish rebels should be maintained.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amerikaninsesi.com/content/almanyadan-pkk-operasyonuna-tepki/2879034.html|title=Merkel'den 'Barış Süreci' Vurgusu|author=|date=|work=Amerika'nin Sesi – Voice of America – Turkish}}</ref>
* {{flag|Germany}} – German Defence Minister [[Ursula von der Leyen]] stated that the German government saluted Turkey's change of policy and airstrikes against ISIL.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sozcu.com.tr/2015/dunya/der-spiegel-isidi-anladik-ama-pkkyi-niye-vurdunuz-893092/|title=Der Spiegel: IŞİD'i anladık ama PKK'yı niye vurdunuz?|date=25 July 2015|work=sozcu.com.tr|language=tr}}</ref> German Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]] also expressed her support for Turkey's operations against terrorism, but stressed that the [[solution process]] with Kurdish rebels should be maintained.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amerikaninsesi.com/content/almanyadan-pkk-operasyonuna-tepki/2879034.html|title=Merkel'den 'Barış Süreci' Vurgusu|work=Amerika'nin Sesi – Voice of America – Turkish|date=26 July 2015 }}</ref>
* {{flag|United Kingdom}} – UK Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] expressed his support for Turkey's fight against terrorism during a phone call with Turkish Prime Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] on 24 July.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2015/07/25/pm-davutoglu-talks-with-uk-pm-cameron-over-recent-terror-attacks-in-turkey|title=PM Davutoğlu talks with U.K. PM Cameron over recent terror attacks in Turkey|author=|date=25 July 2015|work=DailySabah}}</ref>
* {{flag|United Kingdom}} – UK Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] expressed his support for Turkey's fight against terrorism during a phone call with Turkish Prime Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] on 24 July.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2015/07/25/pm-davutoglu-talks-with-uk-pm-cameron-over-recent-terror-attacks-in-turkey|title=PM Davutoğlu talks with U.K. PM Cameron over recent terror attacks in Turkey|date=25 July 2015|work=DailySabah}}</ref>
* {{flag|United States}} – The US Deputy Special Presidential Envoy to the Global Coalition to Counter ISIL, [[Brett H. McGurk]], stated that the US respect Turkey's right to self-defence against attacks from the PKK and condemned the PKK's attacks.
* {{flag|United States}} – The US Deputy Special Presidential Envoy to the Global Coalition to Counter ISIL, [[Brett H. McGurk]], stated that the US respect Turkey's right to self-defence against attacks from the PKK and condemned the PKK's attacks.


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Syrian Civil War]]
* [[Syrian Civil War]]
* [[Ceylanpınar incidents]]
{{Portal|Terrorism|ISIL}}
{{Clear}}
{{Clear}}


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{{Turkey–PKK conflict}}
{{Turkey–PKK conflict}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Operation Martyr Yalcin}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Operation Martyr Yalcin}}
[[Category:Turkey–ISIL conflict]]
[[Category:Turkey–ISIL conflict]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2015]]
[[Category:Military operations of the Iraqi Civil War in 2015]]
[[Category:2015 in Turkey]]
[[Category:Turkish airstrikes during the Syrian civil war]]
[[Category:Airstrikes during the Syrian Civil War]]
[[Category:Airstrikes during the War in Iraq (2013–2017)]]
[[Category:Kurdistan independence movement]]
[[Category:Kurdistan Workers' Party]]
[[Category:Cross-border operations of Turkey into Iraq]]
[[Category:Cross-border operations of Turkey into Iraq]]
[[Category:Syria–Turkey relations]]
[[Category:Syria–Turkey relations]]
[[Category:Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present)]]
[[Category:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan controversies]]
[[Category:July 2015 events in Iraq]]
[[Category:July 2015 events in Syria]]
[[Category:Military operations of the Syrian civil war in 2015]]
[[Category:2015 airstrikes]]
[[Category:Military operations of the War in Iraq (2013–2017) involving the PKK]]
[[Category:Military operations of the War in Iraq (2013–2017) involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]]
[[Category:Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]]
[[Category:Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving the PKK]]

Latest revision as of 00:35, 14 December 2024

This article is about the 24–25 July 2015 operations made by Turkish forces. The subsequent operations are covered in PKK rebellion (2015–present) and Turkey–ISIL conflict.
Operation Martyr Yalçın
Part of the Turkey–ISIL conflict and the Kurdish–Turkish conflict
Date24–25 July 2015
Location
Syria–Turkey border, northern Iraq
Status First wave against PKK and ISIL targets began on 24 July 2015[2][3]
Belligerents

Turkey Turkey

Islamic State Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

Kurdistan Workers' Party


Revolutionary People's Liberation Party–Front
Commanders and leaders
Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Turkey Ahmet Davutoğlu
Turkey Hulusi Akar		 Islamic State Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
Islamic State Abu Ala al-Afri		 Murat Karayılan
Cemil Bayık
Hüseyin Fevzi Tekin
Strength
Unknown Unknown 4,000[4]
Casualties and losses
Two police officers injured in Hakkari.[5] Two soldiers killed and four wounded in Diyarbakir[6][7] 11–35 killed[8][9][10] 160 killed (Turkish claim)[11]

Operation Martyr Yalçın (Turkish: Şehit Yalçın Operasyonu) was a military operation conducted by the Turkish Air Force against Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) positions in Syria, and Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) positions in northern Iraq, on 24 and 25 July 2015.[12]

The operation began in the early hours of 24 July, a day after ISIL militants reportedly attacked a Turkish military border outpost in the Turkish town of Elbeyli in Kilis Province, killing one soldier, Yalçın Nane, and injuring two others. The operation is named after the dead soldier.

The operation involved three waves of airstrikes against ISIL positions in Syria and two waves of airstrikes against PKK positions in Iraqi Kurdistan. Airstrikes were launched by F-16 fighter jets taking off from Diyarbakır and İncirlik Air Base on 24 July and 25 July. It was reported that 35 ISIL militants had been killed in the first wave after footage from the fighter jets and unmanned aircraft were analysed, while the airstrikes in Northern Iraq were confirmed to have killed a high-ranking PKK militant and were alleged to have killed the PKK commander Murat Karayılan.[13] After 25 July, Turkey stopped its airstrikes on ISIL but continued with those against the PKK.

The airstrikes against the PKK resulted in an increase in violence in Turkish Kurdistan. In conjunction with the airstrikes, large-scale domestic operations were conducted by the General Directorate of Security and Gendarmerie in over 22 Turkish provinces. The airstrikes have been referred to as a 'major policy shift' and a 'game changer' in the global military intervention against ISIL.[14]

Background

[edit]

Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)

[edit]
Further information: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present) and Ceylanpınar incidents

The conflict between the Turkish government and Kurdish separatists has been ongoing for over 40 years, with a ceasefire in late 2012 marking the beginning of a 'solution process' between the government and the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) militant organisation. As of early July 2015, the ceasefire and negotiations have continued despite numerous minor infringements and violations on both sides.

Following the 2015 Suruç bombing, which targeted members of a group sympathetic to the Kurdish movement, militants of disputed affiliation killed two policemen in the town of Ceylanpınar, Şanlıurfa Province, in an act of retaliation against suspected collaboration between Turkey and ISIL.[15] PKK militants also attacked a military base in Adıyaman, killing another soldier. Much of the airstrikes have been successful in hitting PKK populated areas, however many civilians have been killed as a result of the strikes.[16] On 10 August 2015, a Turkish Air Force airstrike occurred near a U.S. Special Forces training site made for the purpose of training Kurdish Peshmerga fighters combating ISIL.[16]

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)

[edit]
Further information: Military intervention against ISIL

Before the operation, the Turkish government had pursued an internationally criticised policy of inaction against ISIL, opting out of the anti-ISIL coalition and refusing to allow the United States to use the strategic İncirlik Air Base for airstrikes against ISIL unless they also targeted the forces of Bashar Al Assad. The Turkish policy of inaction contributed to the breakout of deadly riots in Northern Kurdistan, in protest against the government's refusal to intervene in ISIL's siege of Kobanî. Turkey's policy of inaction was also thought to be a contributing factor to Turkey's failure to win a seat in the United Nations Security Council in the 2014 Security Council election.[17][18] Kurds and the Turkish opposition have also accused the government of actively supporting ISIL.[19][20]

On 20 July 2015, a bombing in the Turkish district of Suruç, allegedly perpetrated by the ISIL-linked Dokumacılar group, killed 32 young activists and injured over 100. On 23 July, ISIL militants attacked Turkish military positions, killing one soldier and injuring two others. This was largely seen as a casus belli, which resulted in Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu taking the decision to begin active air operations against PKK and ISIL positions south of Turkey's border.

Motivation

[edit]

The Turkish government claimed the operation was an effort to pre-empt a planned attack on Turkey[21] and by saying: "The state of the Republic of Turkey is decisive in taking any precaution to safeguard its national security".[12]

Chronology

[edit]

24 July, morning

[edit]

At 03:12 on 24 July, four F-16 fighter jets took off from Diyarbakır's 8th main airbase command, targeting ISIL. The operation was named after the soldier reportedly killed in an ISIL attack on 23 July on Turkish soldiers, Yalçın Nane.[22] The jets used guided missiles to bomb two ISIL headquarters and one ISIL gathering point in Syria, near village Havar.[12] Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu claimed 100% accuracy. The jets bombed the sites without entering Syrian airspace, and the Syrian government was informed of the attack, according to Turkish officials.[23] The operation took 1 hour and 12 minutes.[24] It was reported that 35 ISIL militants had been killed during the operation.[8][25] According to the SOHR, Turkish Armed Forces killed 11 IS fighters.[26][27]

24 July, evening

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On the evening of 24 July, over 20 fighter jets took off from Diyarbakır at around 22:30 local time, targeting both Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) targets in northern Iraq and ISIL targets in Syria.[citation needed][2][3] The airstrikes on Kurdish targets were heavily criticised by the PKK, which accused the government of ending the Solution process.[28]

Three ISIL targets were reported to have been struck.[29]

Attack on Diyarbakır F-16s

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At around 8pm local time on 24 July, attackers of unknown origin fired on F-16 fighter jets in Diyarbakır's main Air Base while they were taking off.[30] As a result, police officers and soldiers secured the area while the jets continued to conduct their operation.[31] The jets returned to their hangars after they returned. The perpetrators could not be identified.

Other Turkish shelling

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On 24 July, Turkish tanks reportedly bombarded a village west of Kobani, targeting Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG), resulting in four YPG fighters being injured.[32]

25 July

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On 25 July, Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu announced that he had given the order to carry out a third wave air operation against ISIL targets, alongside a second wave in Iraq against the PKK.[citation needed] Davutoğlu called the airstrikes a part of a broad 'process' and gave support to the main opposition Republican People's Party's call for an extraordinary convention of the Grand National Assembly, which was in recess.[33][34]

The third wave (= the 25 July wave) began at around 10:20 local time on 25 July, with 70 F-16 fighter jets taking off from Diyarbakır to strike both PKK targets in Northern Iraq and ISIL targets in Syria. The jets attacking ISIL positions were reported to have violated Syrian airspace this time, bringing identified ISIL targets under heavy bombardment. Activity was also reported at İncirlik Air Base, while unmanned drones taking off from Batman Air Base assessed the damage to PKK targets.[35][36]

PKK targets

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The operations were heavily directed towards the PKK camps in Northern Iraq, targeting over 400 positions. The ‘third wave’ itself was conducted in three different waves, with close to 70 fighter jets taking part in the first two and 25 taking part in the third. The targets encompassed over 300 kilometres, with many of the targets being identified as the PKK's main training and storage camps. The PKK reported that a senior official of the PKK had been killed while three other militants had been injured.[37] It was also alleged that the PKK's commander Murat Karayılan was killed during the airstrikes.[13]

Aftermath

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Further information: Timeline of the Turkey–PKK conflict and PKK rebellion (2015–present)

Reactions

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  •  European Union – EU Commissioner for foreign affairs, Federica Mogherini, stated that the EU supported the airstrikes against ISIL and offered condolences for those killed in recent terror attacks, while stressing the need to preserve the solution process with Kurdish rebels.[38]
  •  Germany – German Defence Minister Ursula von der Leyen stated that the German government saluted Turkey's change of policy and airstrikes against ISIL.[39] German Chancellor Angela Merkel also expressed her support for Turkey's operations against terrorism, but stressed that the solution process with Kurdish rebels should be maintained.[40]
  •  United Kingdom – UK Prime Minister David Cameron expressed his support for Turkey's fight against terrorism during a phone call with Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu on 24 July.[41]
  •  United States – The US Deputy Special Presidential Envoy to the Global Coalition to Counter ISIL, Brett H. McGurk, stated that the US respect Turkey's right to self-defence against attacks from the PKK and condemned the PKK's attacks.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Haber : Suruç patlaması canlı bomba hakkında şok iddia haberi". Internethaber (in Turkish). 22 July 2015.
  2. ^ a b "Türkiye'nin IŞİD ile PKK çatışması! İşte sınırdan son dakika haberler". milliyet.com.tr. 25 July 2015.
  3. ^ a b "PKK ve IŞİD hedefleri vuruldu". aydinlikgazete.com. 25 July 2015.
  4. ^ "Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)". fas.org.
  5. ^ "PKK kidnaps police officer in Diyarbakır". TodaysZaman. 24 July 2015. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
  6. ^ RFI (26 July 2015). "Turquie: après la mort de deux soldats, la tension est à son comble". RFI.
  7. ^ "La Turquie reprend ses raids contre le PKK". La Presse. 26 July 2015.
  8. ^ a b "Hava saldırısında 35 IŞİD militanı öldürüldü". Haber7. 30 September 2014.
  9. ^ "14 dead in airstrikes by Turkish warplanes and coalition warplanes • the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights". 24 July 2015.
  10. ^ "186 killed yesterday 23/07/2015 • the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights". 25 July 2015.
  11. ^ "PKK'ya 160 sorti IŞİD'e top atışı!". gazetevatan.com.
  12. ^ a b c "Turkish airstrikes target ISIL in Syria". Hurriyet Daily News. 24 July 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  13. ^ a b Sarızeybekhaber (25 July 2015). "'Murat Karayılan öldü' iddiası". Sarızeybekhaber. Archived from the original on 28 July 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
  14. ^ "Turkey's war on ISIL marks major policy shift". aljazeera.com.
  15. ^ Patrick Cockburn (6 November 2014). "Whose side is Turkey on?: The Battle for Kobani". London Review of Books. 36 (21). Retrieved 9 August 2015.
  16. ^ a b "US military: Turkish airstrikes too close to US training sites". Rudaw. 10 August 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  17. ^ "Turkey Fails in Bid to Join UN Security Council". New York Times. AP. 16 October 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
  18. ^ "Kurds across Turkey protest ISIL assault on Kobani". TodaysZaman. 7 October 2014. Archived from the original on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
  19. ^ "Turkey's Ties With ISIL Continue to Arouse Suspicions". VOA. 27 June 2014.
  20. ^ "Turkey 'let Isil cross border to attack Kobane': as it happened". Telegraph. 25 June 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
  21. ^ ‘Anticipating Attack, Strikes 3 ISIS Targets With Jets’. The New York Times, 24 July 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  22. ^ "Şehit Yalçın kimdir? IŞİD'e operasyonun adı Şehit Yalçın oldu!". sozcu.com.tr. 24 July 2015.
  23. ^ "TSK'nın Suriye'ye yaptığı hava operasyonu Şam yönetimine bildirildi". Bugun.com.tr. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
  24. ^ "IŞİD'e F-16'larla hava operasyonu: 35 IŞİD'li öldürüldü". hurbakis.net. 5 January 2021.
  25. ^ "TSK operasyonu: 35 IŞİD'li öldürüldü". Haber1. 24 July 2015. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
  26. ^ https://www.syriahr.com/en/26533/ [bare URL]
  27. ^ https://www.syriahr.com/en/26544/ [bare URL]
  28. ^ "PKK'dan küstah açıklama". Ensonhaber. 25 July 2015.
  29. ^ "Hava operasyonunda 2. dalga". NTV. 25 July 2015.
  30. ^ "Diyarbakır'da F-16'lara ateş açıldı". www.haberturk.com. 24 July 2015.
  31. ^ DİYARBAKIR (İHA) (25 July 2015). "Diyarbakır'da F-16'lara ateş açıldı". HÜRRİYET – TÜRKİYE'NİN AÇILIŞ SAYFASI.
  32. ^ "Aug 1: Gen. Comm. Statement About Recent Activities of the Turkish Military in Rojava, and Coalition's Attitude Toward These Developments". ypgrojava.com (official website of People's Protection Units (YPG). 1 August 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  33. ^ "Davutoğlu: 2. ve 3. Dalga Operasyonu Talimatı Verdik". Agos. 25 July 2015.
  34. ^ "AKP'den CHP'ye sürpriz destek". Çağdaş Ses. Archived from the original on 4 August 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
  35. ^ "Operasyonda 3.dalga başladı: Hedef PKK – HABER BİZ – haber". haberbiz.com.
  36. ^ "IŞİD'e üçüncü, PKK'ya ikinci dalga hava operasyonu bu sabah yapıldı". t24.com.tr.
  37. ^ "PKK'ya 160 sorti IŞİD'e top atışı!". gazetevatan.com. 29 September 2021.
  38. ^ "AB'den "Çözüm Süreci" açıklaması". NTV. 25 July 2015.
  39. ^ "Der Spiegel: IŞİD'i anladık ama PKK'yı niye vurdunuz?". sozcu.com.tr (in Turkish). 25 July 2015.
  40. ^ "Merkel'den 'Barış Süreci' Vurgusu". Amerika'nin Sesi – Voice of America – Turkish. 26 July 2015.
  41. ^ "PM Davutoğlu talks with U.K. PM Cameron over recent terror attacks in Turkey". DailySabah. 25 July 2015.

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