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Building Science is the science and technology-driven collection of knowledge to provide better indoor environmental quality (IEQ), energy-efficient built environments, and occupant comfort and satisfaction. Building physics, architectural science, and applied physics are terms used for the knowledge domain that overlaps with building science. In building science, the methods used in natural and hard sciences are widely applied, which may include controlled and quasi-experiments, randomized control, physical measurements, remote sensing, and simulations. On the other hand, methods from social and soft sciences, such as case study, interviews & focus group, observational method, surveys, and experience sampling, are also widely used in building science to understand occupant satisfaction, comfort, and experiences by acquiring qualitative data. One of the recent trends in building science is a combination of the two different methods. For instance, it is widely known that occupants' thermal sensation and comfort may vary depending on their sex, age, emotion, experiences, etc. even in the same indoor environment. Despite the advancement in data extraction and collection technology in building science, objective measurements alone can hardly represent occupants' state of mind such as comfort and preference. Therefore, researchers are trying to measure both physical contexts and understand human responses to figure out complex interrelationships.

Building science traditionally includes the study of indoor thermal environment, indoor acoustic environment, indoor light environment, indoor air quality, and building resource use, including energy and building material use.^[1] These areas are studied in terms of physical principles, relationship to building occupant health, comfort, and productivity, and how they can be controlled by the building envelope and electrical and mechanical systems.^[2] The National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) additionally includes the areas of building information modeling, building commissioning, fire protection engineering, seismic design and resilient design within its scope.^[3]

One of the applications of building science is to provide predictive capability to optimize the building performance and sustainability of new and existing buildings, understand or prevent building failures, and guide the design of new techniques and technologies.

Applications

During the architectural design process, building science knowledge is used to inform design decisions to optimize building performance. Design decisions can be made based on knowledge of building science principles and established guidelines, such as the NIBS Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) and the collection of ASHRAE Standards related to building science.

Computational tools can be used during design to simulate building performance based on input information about the designed building envelope, lighting system, and mechanical system. Models can be used to predict operational energy use, solar heat and radiation distribution, air flow, and other physical phenomena within the building.^[4] These tools are valuable for evaluating a design and ensuring it will perform within an acceptable range before construction begins. Many of the available computational tools analyze building performance goals and perform design optimization.^[5] The accuracy of the models is influenced by the modeler's knowledge of building science principles and by the amount of validation performed for the specific program.^[4]

When existing buildings are being evaluated, measurements and computational tools can be used to evaluate performance based on measured existing conditions. An array of in-field testing equipment can be used to measure temperature, moisture, sound levels, air pollutants, or other criteria. Standardized procedures for taking these measurements are provided in the Performance Measurement Protocols for Commercial Buildings.^[6] For example, thermal infrared (IR) imaging devices can be used to measure temperatures of building components while the building is in use. These measurements can be used to evaluate how the mechanical system is operating and if there are areas of anomalous heat gain or heat loss through the building envelope.^[7]

Measurements of conditions in existing buildings are used as part of post occupancy evaluations. Post occupancy evaluations may also include surveys^[8] of building occupants to gather data on occupant satisfaction and well-being and to gather qualitative data on building performance that may not have been captured by measurement devices.

Many aspects of building science are the responsibility of the architect (in Canada, many architectural firms employ an architectural technologist for this purpose), often in collaboration with the engineering disciplines that have evolved to handle 'non-building envelope' building science concerns: Civil engineering, Structural engineering, Earthquake engineering, Geotechnical engineering, Mechanical engineering, Electrical engineering, Acoustic engineering, & fire code engineering. Even the interior designer will inevitably generate a few building science issues.

Topics

Daylighting and visual comfort

Daylighting is the controlled admission of natural light, direct sunlight, and diffused skylight into a building to reduce electric lighting and save energy. A daylighting system comprises of not just daylight apertures, such as skylights and windows, but is coupled with a daylight-responsive lighting control system.^[9] Daylight positively impacts the psychological and physiological health of a human being by stimulating the human circadian rhythm, which can lower depression, improve sleep quality, reduce lethargy, and prevent illness.^[10]

However, studies do not always lead to a positive correlation between maximizing daylighting availability and human comfort and health.^[11] When large windows exist within the buildings, we need to control the quantity and the quality of the visual environment.^[12] A lack of attention to visual comfort issues often makes the best daylighting intentions ineffective due to excessive brightness and high contrast luminance ratios within the space which result in glare. Illuminating Engineering Society (IES)’s Lighting Handbook defines glare as the sensation produced by luminance levels in the visual field, sufficiently greater than those that our eyes can adapt to, that causes discomfort or loss in visual performance or visibility.^[13] Glare interferes with visual perception caused by an uncomfortably bright light source or reflection. If the occupants experience visual discomfort from excessive sunlight penetration through the windows of the buildings, they may wish to close the shading devices which would decrease the daylight availability and increase the electric lighting energy consumption.^[14]

Daylighting and visual comfort is an extensively studied topic in building science that allows for successful harvesting of daylighting and energy savings. It is critical that architects, engineers, and building owners use daylight and glare metrics to evaluate lighting conditions in daylit spaces for occupant health and comfort.

Indoor environmental quality (IEQ)

Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) refers to the quality of a building's environment in relation to the health and wellbeing of those who occupy space within it. IEQ is determined by many factors, including lighting, air quality, and temperature.^[15] Workers are often concerned that they have symptoms or health conditions from exposures to contaminants in the buildings where they work. One reason for this concern is that their symptoms often get better when they are not in the building. While research has shown that some respiratory symptoms and illnesses can be associated with damp buildings,^[16] it is still unclear what measurements of indoor contaminants show that workers are at risk for disease. In most instances where a worker and his or her physician suspect that the building environment is causing a specific health condition, the information available from medical tests and tests of the environment is not sufficient to establish which contaminants are responsible. Despite uncertainty about what to measure and how to interpret what is measured, research shows that building-related symptoms are associated with building characteristics, including dampness, cleanliness, and ventilation characteristics.

Indoor environments are highly complex and building occupants may be exposed to a variety of contaminants (in the form of gases and particles) from office machines, cleaning products, construction activities, carpets and furnishings, perfumes, cigarette smoke, water-damaged building materials, microbial growth (fungal, mold, and bacterial), insects, and outdoor pollutants. Other factors such as indoor temperatures, relative humidity, and ventilation levels can also affect how individuals respond to the indoor environment. Understanding the sources of indoor environmental contaminants and controlling them can often help prevent or resolve building-related worker symptoms. Practical guidance for improving and maintaining the indoor environment is available.^[17]

Building indoor environment covers the environmental aspects in the design, analysis, and operation of energy-efficient, healthy, and comfortable buildings. Fields of specialization include architecture, HVAC design, thermal comfort, indoor air quality (IAQ), lighting, acoustics, and control systems.

HVAC systems

The mechanical systems, usually a sub-set of the broader Building Services, used to control the temperature, humidity, pressure and other select aspects of the indoor environment are often described as the Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems. These systems have grown in complexity and importance (often consuming around 20% of the total budget in commercial buildings) as occupants demand tighter control of conditions, buildings become larger, and enclosures and passive measures became less important as a means of providing comfort.

Building science includes the analysis of HVAC systems for both physical impacts (heat distribution, air velocities, relative humidities, etc.) and for effect on the comfort of the building's occupants. Because occupants' perceived comfort is dependent on factors such as current weather and the type of climate the building is located in, the needs for HVAC systems to provide comfortable conditions will vary across projects.^[18] In addition, various HVAC control strategies have been implemented and studied to better contribute to occupants' comfort. In the U.S., ASHRAE has published standards to help building managers and engineers design and operate the system.^[19] In the UK, a similar guideline was published by CIBSE.^[20] Apart from industry practice, advanced control strategies are widely discussed in research as well. For example, closed-loop feedback control can compare air temperature set-point with sensor measurements;^[21] demand response control can help prevent electric power-grid from having peak load by reducing or shifting their usage based on time-varying rate.^[22] With the improvement from computational performance and machine learning algorithms, model prediction on cooling and heating load with optimal control can further improve occupants comfort by pre-operating the HVAC system.^[23] It is recognized that advanced control strategies implementation is under the scope of developing Building Automation System (BMS) with integrated smart communication technologies, such as Internet of Things (IoT). However, one of the major obstacles identified by practitioners is the scalability of control logics and building data mapping due to the unique nature of building designs. It was estimated that due to inadequate interoperability, building industry loses $15.8 billion annually in the U.S.^[24] Recent research projects like Haystack^[25] and Brick^[26] intend to address the problem by utilizing metadata schema, which could provide more accurate and convenient ways of capturing data points and connection hierarchies in building mechanical systems. With the support of semantic models, automated configuration can further benefit HVAC control commissioning and software upgrades.^[27]

Enclosure (envelope) systems

The building enclosure is the part of the building that separates the indoors from the outdoors. This includes the wall, roof, windows, slabs on grade, and joints between all of these. The comfort, productivity, and even health of building occupants in areas near the building enclosure (i.e., perimeter zones) are affected by outdoor influences such as noise, temperature, and solar radiation, and by their ability to control these influences. As part of its function, the enclosure must control (not necessarily block or stop) the flow of moisture, heat, air, vapor, solar radiation, insects, or noise, while resisting the loads imposed on the structure (wind, seismic). Daylight transmittance through glazed components of the facade can be analyzed to evaluate the reduced need for electric lighting.^[28]

Building sustainability

Building sustainability, often referred to as sustainable design, integrates strategies to lower building environmental impacts, including lowering both operational carbon, which is the emissions from energy use during a building's life, and embodied carbon, which accounts for the emissions from material production and construction.^[29] Building sustainability practices aim to design with consideration for future resources and environmental realities.

Buildings are responsible for approximately 40% of global energy consumption^[30] and 13% carbon emissions,^[31] primarily related to building HVAC systems operation. Reducing operational carbon is critical to mitigate climate change. To address these emissions, renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind energy, are adopted by the building industry to support electricity generation. However, the electricity demand profile shows imbalance between supply and demand, which is known as the 'duck curve'. This could impact on maintaining grid system stability.^[32] Therefore, other strategies such as thermal energy storage systems are developed to achieve higher levels of sustainability by reducing grid peak power.^[23]

A push towards zero-energy building also known as Net-Zero Energy Building has been present in the Building Science field. The qualifications for Net Zero Energy Building Certification can be found on the Living Building Challenge website.

Embodied Carbon and Decarbonization

Embodied carbon refers to the total carbon emissions associated with the entire life cycle of a building material (i.e. material extraction, manufacturing and production, transportation, construction, and end of life).^[29] As building performance research has decreased operational carbon, there has been an increase in embodied carbon within the building sector, partly due to the higher material demands of energy-efficient designs.^[33] This shift has underscored the need to address embodied carbon alongside operational emissions to achieve holistic decarbonization.

Building decarbonization is most impactful during early-stage design, where materials, systems, and structural choices can be optimized to reduce embodied carbon and improve operational efficiency before moving forward in development stages.^[29] Structural materials, such as steel and concrete, contribute significantly to a building's embodied carbon footprint.^[33] Strategies to mitigate these impacts include material substitution, incorporating recycled and reused materials, and adopting low-carbon manufacturing processes.

Challenges in addressing embodied carbon include insufficient data, lack of standardization, cost considerations, and regulatory barriers. Reliable databases are often limited, region-specific, and inconsistent, making it difficult to apply universally. Existing standards are often voluntary and vary in scope, making comparisons and benchmarking difficult.^[33] Life cycle assessment standards for evaluating building embodied carbon include ISO 14040, ISO 14044, EN 15978, PAS 2050, and ReCiPe.^[34] These frameworks provide structured approaches to evaluate and quantify life cycle environmental impacts, such as embodied carbon.

Addressing embodied carbon is a growing aspect of building science, becoming critical for advancing building sustainability efforts and reducing the environmental impact of the built environment.

Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE)

POE is a survey-based method to measure the building performance after the built environment was occupied. The occupant responses were collected through structured or open inquiries. Statistical methods and data visualization were often used to suggest which aspects(features) of the building were supportive or problematic to the occupants. The results may become design knowledge for architects to design new buildings or provide a data-basis to improve the current environment.

Certification

Although there are no direct or integrated professional architecture or engineering certifications for building science, there are independent professional credentials associated with the disciplines. Building science is typically a specialization within the broad areas of architecture or engineering practice. However, there are professional organizations offering individual professional credentials in specialized areas. Some of the most prominent green building rating systems are:

BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method), which is the world's longest established sustainable building assessment system, developed by the Building Research Establishment;
LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design),^[35] developed by the U.S. Green Building Council;
Green Star (Australia), which is the main green building rating system in Australia, developed by the Green Building Council of Australia;
WELL which is delivered by the International WELL Building Institute and administered by the Green Business Certification Inc.;^[36]
CASBEE (Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency), which is the main green building rating system in Japan;
Living Building Challenge, developed by the International Living Future Institute;
Passivhaus (Passive House), developed by the Passive House Institute, which is an internationally recognized, performance-based energy standard in construction.^[37]

There are other building sustainability accreditation and certification institutions as well. Also in the US, contractors certified by the Building Performance Institute, an independent organization, advertise that they operate businesses as Building Scientists. This is questionable due to their lack of scientific background and credentials. On the other hand, more formal building science experience is true in Canada for most of the Certified Energy Advisors. Many of these trades and technologists require and receive some training in very specific areas of building science (e.g., air tightness, or thermal insulation).

List of principal building science journals

Building and Environment: This international journal publishes original research papers and review articles related to building science, urban physics, and human interaction with the indoor and outdoor built environment. The journal's most cited articles cover topics such as occupant behavior in buildings,^[38] green building certification systems,^[39] and tunnel ventilation systems.^[40] Publisher: Elsevier. Impact Factor (2019): 4.971^[41]
Energy and Buildings: This international journal publishes articles with explicit links to energy use in buildings. The aim is to present new research results, and new proven practice aimed at reducing the energy needs of a building and improving indoor air quality. The journal's most cited articles cover topics such as prediction models for building energy consumption,^[42] optimization models of HVAC systems,^[43] and life cycle assessment.^[44] Publisher: Elsevier. Impact Factor (2019): 4.867^[45]
Indoor Air: This international journal publishes papers reflecting the broad categories of interest in the field of indoor environment of non-industrial buildings, including health effects, thermal comfort, monitoring and modelling, source characterization, and ventilation (architecture) and other environmental control techniques. The journal's most cited articles cover topics such as the impact of indoor air pollutants and thermal conditions on occupant performance,^[46] the movement of droplets in indoor environments,^[47] and the effects of ventilation rates on occupant health.^[48] Publisher: John Wiley & Sons. Impact Factor (2019): 4.739^[49]
Architectural Science Review: Founded at the University of Sydney, Australia in 1958, this journal aims to promote the development, accumulation, and application of scientific knowledge on a wide range of environmental topics. According to the journal description, the topics may include but not limited to building science and technology, environmental sustainability, structures and materials, audio and acoustics, illumination, thermal systems, building physics, building services, building climatology, building economics, ergonomics, history and theory of architectural science, the social sciences of architecture. Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group
Building Research and Information: This journal focuses on buildings, building stocks and their supporting systems. Unique to BRI is a holistic and transdisciplinary approach to buildings, which acknowledges the complexity of the built environment and other systems over their life. Published articles utilize conceptual and evidence-based approaches which reflect the complexity and linkages between culture, environment, economy, society, organizations, quality of life, health, well-being, design and engineering of the built environment. The journal's most cited articles cover topics such as the gap between performance and actual energy consumption,^[50] barriers and drivers for sustainable building,^[51] and the politics of resilient cities.^[52] Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group. Impact Factor (2019): 3.887^[53]
Journal of Building Performance Simulation: This international, peer-reviewed journal publishes high quality research and state of the art “integrated” papers to promote scientifically thorough advancement of all the areas of non-structural performance of a building and particularly in heat transfer, air, moisture transfer. The journal's most cited articles cover topics such as co-simulation of building energy and control systems,^[54] the Buildings library,^[55] and the impact of occupant's behavior on building energy demand.^[56] Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group. Impact Factor (2019): 3.458^[57]
LEUKOS: This journal publishes engineering developments, scientific discoveries, and experimental results related to light applications. Topics of interest include optical radiation, light generation, light control, light measurement, lighting design, daylighting, energy management, energy economics, and sustainability. The journal's most cited articles cover topics such as lighting design metrics,^[58] psychological processes influencing lighting quality,^[59] and the effects of lighting quality and energy-efficiency on task performance, mood, health, satisfaction, and comfort.^[60] Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group. Impact Factor (2019): 2.667^[61]
Building Simulation: This international journal publishes original, high quality, peer-reviewed research papers and review articles dealing with modeling and simulation of buildings including their systems. The goal is to promote the field of building science and technology to such a level that modeling will eventually be used in every aspect of building construction as a routine instead of an exception. Of particular interest are papers that reflect recent developments and applications of modeling tools and their impact on advances of building science and technology. Publisher: Springer Nature. Impact Factor (2019): 2.472^[62]
Applied Acoustics: This journal covers research findings related to practical applications of acoustics in engineering and science. The journal's most cited articles related to building science cover topics such as the prediction of the sound absorption of natural materials,^[63] the implementation of low-cost urban acoustic monitoring devices,^[64] and sound absorption of natural kenaf fibers.^[65] Publisher: Elsevier. Impact Factor (2019): 2.440^[66]
Lighting Research & Technology: This journal covers all aspects of light and lighting, including the human response to light, light generation, light control, light measurement, lighting design equipment, daylighting, energy efficiency of lighting design, and sustainability. The journal's most cited articles cover topics such as light as a circadian stimulus for architectural lighting,^[67] human perceptions of color rendition,^[68] and the influence of color gamut size and shape on color preference.^[69] Publisher: SAGE Publishing. Impact Factor (2019): 2.226^[70]

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^ Häkkinen, Tarja; Belloni, Kaisa (11 April 2011). "Barriers and drivers for sustainable building". Building Research and Information. 39 (3): 239–255. doi:10.1080/09613218.2011.561948. S2CID 110423146. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
^ Vale, Lawrence J. (7 December 2013). "The politics of resilient cities: whose resilience and whose city?". Building Research and Information. 42 (2): 191–201. doi:10.1080/09613218.2014.850602. S2CID 110758538. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
^ 2019 Journal Impact Factor, Journal Citation Reports (Report). Clarivate Analytics. 2020.
^ Wetter, Michael (22 August 2010). "Co-simulation of building energy and control systems with the Building Controls Virtual Test Bed". Journal of Building Performance Simulation. 4 (3): 185–203. doi:10.1080/19401493.2010.518631. S2CID 6403867. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
^ Wetter, Michael; Zuo, Wangda; Nouidui, Thierry S.; Pang, Xiufeng (13 March 2013). "Modelica Buildings library". Journal of Building Performance Simulation. 7 (4): 253–270. doi:10.1080/19401493.2013.765506. S2CID 62538895. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
^ Haldi, Frédéric; Robinson, Darren (4 May 2011). "The impact of occupants' behaviour on building energy demand". Journal of Building Performance Simulation. 4 (4): 323–338. doi:10.1080/19401493.2011.558213. S2CID 111315955. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
^ 2019 Journal Impact Factor, Journal Citation Reports (Report). Clarivate Analytics. 2020.
^ Van Den Wymelenberg, Kevin; Inanici, Mehlika (20 February 2014). "A Critical Investigation of Common Lighting Design Metrics for Predicting Human Visual Comfort in Offices with Daylight". LEUKOS. 10 (3): 145–164. doi:10.1080/15502724.2014.881720. S2CID 109233278. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
^ Veitch, Jennifer A. (2001). "Psychological Processes Influencing Lighting Quality". LEUKOS. 30 (1): 124–140. doi:10.1080/00994480.2001.10748341. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
^ Veitch, Jennifer A.; Newsham, Guy R. (1998). "Lighting Quality and Energy-Efficiency Effects on Task Performance, Mood, Health, Satisfaction, and Comfort". LEUKOS. 27 (1): 107–129. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
^ 2019 Journal Impact Factor, Journal Citation Reports (Report). Clarivate Analytics. 2020.
^ 2019 Journal Impact Factor, Journal Citation Reports (Report). Clarivate Analytics. 2020.
^ Berardi, Umberto; Iannace, Gino (1 January 2017). "Predicting the sound absorption of natural materials: Best-fit inverse laws for the acoustic impedance and the propagation constant". Applied Acoustics. 115: 131–138. doi:10.1016/j.apacoust.2016.08.012. S2CID 114303375. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
^ Mydlarz, Charlie; Salamon, Justin; Bello, Juan Pablo (1 February 2017). "The implementation of low-cost urban acoustic monitoring devices". Applied Acoustics. 117: 207–218. arXiv:1605.08450. doi:10.1016/j.apacoust.2016.06.010. S2CID 13961321. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
^ Lim, Z.Y.; Putra, Azma; Nor, Mohd Jailani Mohd; Yaakob, Mohd Yuhazri (15 January 2018). "Sound absorption performance of natural kenaf fibres". Applied Acoustics. 130: 107–114. doi:10.1016/j.apacoust.2017.09.012. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
^ 2019 Journal Impact Factor, Journal Citation Reports (Report). Clarivate Analytics. 2020.
^ Rea, Mark S.; Figueiro, Mariana G. (6 December 2016). "Light as a circadian stimulus for architectural lighting". Lighting Research & Technology. 50 (4): 497–510. doi:10.1177/1477153516682368. S2CID 114410985. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
^ Royer, Michael R.; Wilkerson, Andrea; Wei, Minchen; Houser, Kevin; Davis, Robert (10 August 2016). "Human perceptions of colour rendition vary with average fidelity, average gamut, and gamut shape". Lighting Research & Technology. 49 (8): 966–991. doi:10.1177/1477153516663615. S2CID 113506736. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
^ Wei, Minchen; Houser, Kevin; David, Aurelien; Krames, Mike R. (13 August 2016). "Colour gamut size and shape influence colour preference". Lighting Research & Technology. 49 (8): 992–1014. doi:10.1177/1477153516651472. S2CID 125131197. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
^ 2019 Journal Impact Factor, Journal Citation Reports (Report). Clarivate Analytics. 2020.

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+[[File:Nrcc 600 c and load.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Small furnace capable of 600°C and of applying a static load for testing building materials]]
-{{refimprove|date=February 2014}}
+'''Building Science''' is the science and technology-driven collection of knowledge to provide better indoor environmental quality (IEQ), [[LEED|energy-efficient built environments]], and [[Occupant-centric building controls|occupant comfort and satisfaction]].  ''Building physics, architectural science'', and ''applied physics'' are terms used for the knowledge domain that overlaps with building science. In building science, the methods used in natural and [[Hard and soft science|hard sciences]] are widely applied, which may include controlled and [[quasi-experiment]]s, randomized control, physical measurements, remote sensing, and [[simulations]]. On the other hand, methods from social and [[Hard and soft science|soft sciences]], such as [[case study]], [[Focus group|interviews & focus group]], [[Observational study|observational method]], [[Survey (human research)|surveys]], and [[Experience sampling method|experience sampling]], are also widely used in building science to understand occupant satisfaction, comfort, and experiences by acquiring qualitative data. One of the recent trends in building science is a combination of the two different methods. For instance, it is widely known that occupants' thermal sensation and comfort may vary depending on their sex, age, emotion, experiences, etc. even in the same indoor environment. Despite the advancement in data extraction and collection technology in building science, objective measurements alone can hardly represent occupants' state of mind such as comfort and preference. Therefore, researchers are trying to measure both physical contexts and understand human responses to figure out complex interrelationships.
-[[File:Nrcc 600 c and load.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Small furnace capable of 600°C and of applying a static load for testing building materials]]'''Building science''' is the collection of scientific knowledge and experience that focuses on the analysis and control of the physical phenomena affecting buildings and architecture. It traditionally includes areas such as [[building materials]], [[building envelope]], heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems, natural and electrical lighting, acoustic, indoor air quality, passive strategies, fire protection, and renewable energies in buildings. In Europe, ''building physics'' and ''applied physics'' are terms used for the knowledge domain that overlaps with building science. The practical purpose of building science is to provide predictive capability to optimize the [[building performance]] of new and existing buildings, understand or prevent building failures, and guide the design of new techniques and technologies.
+Building science traditionally includes the study of indoor thermal environment, [[Architectural acoustics|indoor acoustic environment]], [[Architectural lighting design|indoor light environment]], [[indoor air quality]], and building resource use, including energy and [[building material]] use.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Introduction to architectural science: the basis of sustainable design|last=Szokolay |first=S. V. |isbn=9781317918592 |edition=3rd |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon |oclc=876592619 |date=2014-04-11}}</ref> These areas are studied in terms of physical principles, relationship to building occupant health, [[Thermal comfort|comfort]], and productivity, and how they can be controlled by the [[building envelope]] and electrical and [[HVAC|mechanical systems]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Heating, cooling, lighting: sustainable design methods for architects |last=Norbert |first=Lechner |isbn=9781118849453 |edition=4th |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=Hoboken, New Jersey |oclc=867852750 |date=2014-09-23}}</ref> The National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) additionally includes the areas of [[building information modeling]], [[New-construction building commissioning|building commissioning]], [[fire protection engineering]], [[Seismic analysis|seismic design]] and resilient design within its scope.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About NIBS {{!}} National Institute of Building Sciences|website=www.nibs.org |url=https://www.nibs.org/about|access-date=2021-08-24}}</ref>
-==Overview==
-Building science is the '''architecture-engineering-construction technology''' discipline that concerns itself with the 'mainly detail-design' of buildings in response to naturally occurring physical phenomenon such as:
+One of the applications of building science is to provide predictive capability to optimize the [[building performance]] and [[Sustainable architecture|sustainability]] of new and existing buildings, understand or prevent building failures, and guide the design of new techniques and technologies.
-* the weather (sun, wind, rain, temperature, humidity), and related issues:e.g. freeze/thaw cycles, dew point/frost point, snow load & drift prediction, lightning patterns etc.
-* subterranean conditions including (potential for seismic or other soil + ground-water activity, frost penetration etc.).
-under the constraints of
-* characteristics of materials,(e.g.response to UV, freeze-thaw, rot, mold, [[Galvanic corrosion]] between dissimilar metals, and properties such as permeability of materials to water and water vapor, swelling, shrinkage, compatibility, etc).
-* physics, chemistry and biology such as capillary-action, absorption, condensation ("will condensation occur at a good or bad place within the wall?"), gravity, thermal migration/transfer (conductivity, radiation and convection), vapor pressure dynamics, chemical reactions (incl. combustion process), adhesion/cohesion, friction, ductility, elasticity, and also the physiology of fungus/mold.
-* human physiology (comfort, sensory reaction e.g.radiance perception, sweat function, chemical sensitivity etc.).
-* energy consumption, environmental control-ability, building maintenance considerations, longevity/sustainability, and occupant (physical) comfort/health.
+==Applications==
-The building science of a project refers to strategies implemented in the general and specific arrangement of [[building materials]] and component-assemblies.
+During the architectural design process, building science knowledge is used to inform design decisions to optimize building performance. Design decisions can be made based on knowledge of building science principles and established guidelines, such as the NIBS [[Whole Building Design Guide|Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)]] and the collection of [[ASHRAE#Publications|ASHRAE Standards]] related to building science.
+Computational tools can be used during design to [[Building performance simulation|simulate building performance]] based on input information about the designed [[building envelope]], [[Architectural lighting design|lighting system]], and [[HVAC|mechanical system]]. Models can be used to predict operational [[Energy modeling|energy]] use, solar heat and radiation distribution, [[Computational fluid dynamics|air flow]], and other physical phenomena within the building.<ref name="Spon Press">{{Cite book|title=Building performance simulation for design and operation |date=2011|publisher=Spon Press|last1=Hensen |first1=Jan |last2=Lamberts |first2=Roberto |isbn=9780415474146 |location=Abingdon, Oxon |oclc=244063540}}</ref> These tools are valuable for evaluating a design and ensuring it will perform within an acceptable range before construction begins. Many of the available computational tools analyze building performance goals and perform [[Design Optimization|design optimization]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nguyen |first1=Anh-Tuan |last2=Reiter |first2=Sigrid |last3=Rigo |first3=Philippe |date=2014-01-01 |title=A review on simulation-based optimization methods applied to building performance analysis |journal=Applied Energy |volume=113 |pages=1043–1058 |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.08.061 |hdl=2268/155988 |issn=0306-2619 |url=http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/handle/2268/155988 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> The accuracy of the models is influenced by the modeler's knowledge of building science principles and by the amount of [[Verification and validation of computer simulation models|validation]] performed for the specific program.<ref name="Spon Press"/>
-The practical outcome of building science knowledge is reflected in the design of the architectural details of the building enclosure (see [[building envelope]]), and ultimately in the long-term performance of the building's 'skin'. The scope can be, and is, much wider than this on most projects; after all, engineering is applied science mixed with experience and judgement. When architects talk of "building science", they usually mean the 'science' issues that traditional engineering disciplines traditionally avoided, albeit there are emerging disciplines of 'building scientists', 'envelope consultants', and 'building engineers'.
+When existing buildings are being evaluated, measurements and computational tools can be used to evaluate performance based on measured existing conditions. An array of in-field testing equipment can be used to measure temperature, moisture, sound levels, air pollutants, or other criteria. Standardized procedures for taking these measurements are provided in the Performance Measurement Protocols for Commercial Buildings.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Performance measurement protocols for commercial buildings|date=2010|publisher=American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers|others=American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers; U.S. Green Building Council; Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers|isbn=9781461918226|location=Atlanta |oclc=826659791}}</ref> For example, [[Thermographic camera|thermal infrared (IR) imaging devices]] can be used to measure temperatures of building components while the building is in use. These measurements can be used to evaluate how the mechanical system is operating and if there are areas of anomalous heat gain or heat loss through the building envelope.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Balaras |first1=C.A. |last2=Argiriou |first2=A.A. |date=2002-02-01 |title=Infrared thermography for building diagnostics |journal=Energy and Buildings |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=171–183 |doi=10.1016/s0378-7788(01)00105-0 |issn=0378-7788}}</ref>
-Many aspects of building science are the responsibility of the [[architect]] (in Canada, many architectural firms employ an [[architectural technologist]] for this purpose), often in collaboration with the engineering disciplines that have evolved to handle 'non-building envelope' building science concerns:
-[[Civil engineering]], [[Structural engineering]], [[Earthquake engineering]], [[Geotechnical engineering]], Mechanical engineering, Electrical engineering, [[Acoustic engineering]], & fire code engineering. Even the interior designer will inevitably generate a few building science issues.
+Measurements of conditions in existing buildings are used as part of [[Post-occupancy evaluation|post occupancy evaluations]]. Post occupancy evaluations may also include surveys<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/survey.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040222035122/http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/RESEARCH/survey.htm |archive-date=2004-02-22 |title=Occupant Satisfaction Survey}}</ref> of building occupants to gather data on occupant satisfaction and well-being and to gather qualitative data on building performance that may not have been captured by measurement devices.
-==Earthquake/seismic design==
-{{merge to |Earthquake engineering |section=yes |discuss=Talk:Building science|date=June 2014}}
-[[Image:buildingdesign.JPG|right|450px]]
-All kinds of [[structures]] are projected according to two strain conditions: [[statics|static]] and [[dynamics (mechanics)|dynamic]].
-The static ones are tied to the structure’s dead loads added to the so-called live loads (of people, furniture, etc.), the dynamic ones are tied to the natural, abnormal, and artificial movements ([[earthquake]] and loads [[wind]]) the structure can sustain during its [[building life cycle|life cycle]].
-The [[parameters]] which characterize structure dynamics are tied to the [[geometry]] of the building and to the physical and [[mechanic]] properties of its composition. The parameters are:
+Many aspects of building science are the responsibility of the [[architect]] (in Canada, many architectural firms employ an [[architectural technologist]] for this purpose), often in collaboration with the engineering disciplines that have evolved to handle 'non-building envelope' building science concerns: [[Civil engineering]], [[Structural engineering]], [[Earthquake engineering]], [[Geotechnical engineering]], Mechanical engineering, Electrical engineering, [[Acoustic engineering]], & fire code engineering. Even the interior designer will inevitably generate a few building science issues.
-- The fundamental frequency of vibration (f) and the respective oscillation period (T=1/f) (see [[oscillation frequency]]);
+==Topics==
-- The [[equivalent dumping coefficient]] (neq);
+===Daylighting and visual comfort===
+Daylighting is the controlled admission of natural light, direct sunlight, and diffused skylight into a building to reduce electric lighting and save energy. A daylighting system comprises of not just daylight apertures, such as skylights and windows, but is coupled with a daylight-responsive lighting control system.<ref>“Daylighting | WBDG - Whole Building Design Guide.” n.d. Accessed November 15, 2024. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.</ref> Daylight positively impacts the psychological and physiological health of a human being by stimulating the human circadian rhythm, which can lower depression, improve sleep quality, reduce lethargy, and prevent illness.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Edwards|first1=L.|last2= Torcellini|first2=P.|date=2002|title=A literature review of the effects of natural light on building occupants.|url=https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/30769.pdf|journal=National Renewable Energy Laboratory}}</ref>
+However, studies do not always lead to a positive correlation between maximizing daylighting availability and human comfort and health.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Elzeyadi |first1=I. |last2=Abboushi |first2=B. |title=IES Annual Conference 2017 |chapter=Dynamic daylight: measuring the impacts of high performance daylighting systems on occupant’s health, satisfaction, and productivity. |date=2017|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320567363_Dynamic_Daylight_Measuring_the_impacts_of_high_performance_daylighting_systems_on_occupants_health_satisfaction_and_productivity |location=Portland, OR, USA |publisher=Illuminating Engineering Society}}</ref> When large windows exist within the buildings, we need to control the quantity and the quality of the visual environment.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Daylighting Design: Planning Strategies and Best Practice Solutions |last=Boubekri |first=M. |isbn=978-3764377281 |edition=1st |date=2014-09-29}}</ref> A lack of attention to visual comfort issues often makes the best daylighting intentions ineffective due to excessive brightness and high contrast luminance ratios within the space which result in glare. Illuminating Engineering Society (IES)’s Lighting Handbook defines glare as the sensation produced by luminance levels in the visual field, sufficiently greater than those that our eyes can adapt to, that causes discomfort or loss in visual performance or visibility.<ref>{{Cite book|title=IES lighting handbook: reference and application |last1=Dilaura |first1=David L. |last2=Houser |first2=K.W. |last3=Mistrick |first3=R.G. |last4=Steffy |first4=G.R. |isbn=978-0879952419 |edition=10th |date=2011-01-11}}</ref> Glare interferes with visual perception caused by an uncomfortably bright light source or reflection. If the occupants experience visual discomfort from excessive sunlight penetration through the windows of the buildings, they may wish to close the shading devices which would decrease the daylight availability and increase the electric lighting energy consumption.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Suk |first1=J.Y. |date=2019 |title=Luminance and vertical eye illuminance thresholds for occupants’ visual comfort in daylit office environments |journal=Building and Environment |language=en |volume=148 |pages=107-115 |doi=10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.10.058}}</ref>
-- The [[mode shape]] (the way in which the structure buckles);
+Daylighting and visual comfort is an extensively studied topic in building science that allows for successful harvesting of daylighting and energy savings. It is critical that architects, engineers, and building owners use daylight and glare metrics to evaluate lighting conditions in daylit spaces for occupant health and comfort.
-The first parameter varies according to the structure stiffness; very tall and then very flexible buildings as [[skyscrapers]] (low oscillation frequencies) oscillate slowly with respect to lower and squat buildings, and according to the building mass.
-The second parameter takes into account all the [[dissipation]] phenomena tied to the [[viscosity]] of materials and to friction phenomena.
-The [[mode shape]] describes the way of [[Deformation (engineering)|deformation]] which the structure is subjected to during the [[seismic]] event, and highlights whether or not the structures presents a good seismic behavior.
+===Indoor environmental quality (IEQ)===
-=== Reducing the effect of earthquakes on buildings ===
+Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) refers to the quality of a building's environment in relation to the health and wellbeing of those who occupy space within it. IEQ is determined by many factors, including lighting, air quality, and temperature.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kent |first1=Michael |last2=Parkinson |first2=Thomas |last3=Kim |first3=Jungsoo |last4=Schiavon |first4=Stefano |date=2021 |title=A data-driven analysis of occupant workspace dissatisfaction |journal=Building and Environment |language=en |volume=205 |pages=108270 |doi=10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108270|doi-access=free}}</ref> Workers are often concerned that they have symptoms or health conditions from exposures to contaminants in the buildings where they work. One reason for this concern is that their symptoms often get better when they are not in the building. While research has shown that some respiratory symptoms and illnesses can be associated with damp buildings,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fisk |first1=W. J.|last2=Lei-Gomez|first2=Q.|last3=Mendell|first3=M. J. |s2cid=21733433|date=2007-07-25|title=Meta-analyses of the associations of respiratory health effects with dampness and mold in homes |journal=Indoor Air |language=en |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=284–296 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0668.2007.00475.x |pmid=17661925 |issn=0905-6947 |doi-access=free}}</ref> it is still unclear what measurements of indoor contaminants show that workers are at risk for disease. In most instances where a worker and his or her physician suspect that the building environment is causing a specific health condition, the information available from medical tests and tests of the environment is not sufficient to establish which contaminants are responsible. Despite uncertainty about what to measure and how to interpret what is measured, research shows that building-related symptoms are associated with building characteristics, including dampness, cleanliness, and ventilation characteristics.
-By monitoring the response of structures subject to earthquakes and by applying new knowledge and technologies, scientists and engineers continuously develop design and repair techniques on buildings, so that their ability to control the earthquake effects will grow.  In order to reduce the destructive effects of earthquakes both on new-built buildings and especially on older ones, there exist some seismic adjustment techniques, with the aim of reducing the strain effects that earthquake causes.  These techniques can be divided into two different categories:
+Indoor environments are highly complex and building occupants may be exposed to a variety of contaminants (in the form of gases and particles) from office machines, cleaning products, construction activities, carpets and furnishings, perfumes, cigarette smoke, water-damaged building materials, microbial growth (fungal, mold, and bacterial), insects, and outdoor pollutants. Other factors such as indoor temperatures, relative humidity, and ventilation levels can also affect how individuals respond to the indoor environment. Understanding the sources of indoor environmental contaminants and controlling them can often help prevent or resolve building-related worker symptoms. Practical guidance for improving and maintaining the indoor environment is available.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-29|title=Indoor Environmental Quality {{!}} NIOSH {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/indoorenv/default.html|access-date=2021-08-24|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref>
-'''''Base isolation''''': it is aimed to untie the ground-foundation system, so that the structure can be seen as it is “floating” on the ground during the seismic event, thus reducing the strains.
+Building indoor environment covers the environmental aspects in the design, analysis, and operation of energy-efficient, healthy, and comfortable buildings.  Fields of specialization include architecture, [[HVAC]] design, [[Thermal Comfort|thermal comfort]], [[Indoor Air Quality|indoor air quality]] (IAQ), [[lighting]], [[Architectural acoustics|acoustics]], and [[control systems]].
-'''''[[Dissipation]] systems''''': there exist various types of dissipation systems, but they all have in common the effect of increasing the previously seen viscous dissipation coefficient of the structure.  The better known base isolation technique consists of inserting some special equipment ([[isolator (building design)]]) in the proximity of foundations.  This equipment offers a high [[stiffness]] for vertical loads so that the structure is not subject to sinking, while offering a low stiffness for horizontal ones, which are peculiar of seismic events.  This way all seismic effects are absorbed by the equipment, whereas the structure is subject to low oscillations and consequently to low strains.
+===HVAC systems===
-The dissipation systems ([[dissipator (building design)]])  are made by a series of devices inserted on the inside of the building frame using different techniques, with the aim of slowing down the structure [[oscillation]] and dispelling seismic energy.
+The mechanical systems, usually a sub-set of the broader Building Services, used to control the temperature, humidity, pressure and other select aspects of the indoor environment are often described as the Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems. These systems have grown in complexity and importance (often consuming around 20% of the total budget in commercial buildings) as occupants demand tighter control of conditions, buildings become larger, and enclosures and passive measures became less important as a means of providing comfort.
+Building science includes the analysis of HVAC systems for both physical impacts (heat distribution, air velocities, relative humidities, etc.) and for effect on the comfort of the building's occupants. Because occupants' perceived comfort is dependent on factors such as current weather and the type of climate the building is located in, the needs for HVAC systems to provide comfortable conditions will vary across projects.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brager|first1=Gail S.|last2=de Dear|first2=Richard J.|date=1998-02-01|title=Thermal adaptation in the built environment: a literature review|journal=Energy and Buildings|volume=27|issue=1|pages=83–96|doi=10.1016/s0378-7788(97)00053-4|s2cid=114893272 |issn=0378-7788|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5ts1r442}}</ref> In addition, various HVAC control strategies have been implemented and studied to better contribute to occupants' comfort. In the U.S., [[ASHRAE]] has published standards to help building managers and engineers design and operate the system.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/standard-90-1 |title=ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2019 Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings |last=ASHRAE |date=2019}}</ref> In the UK, a similar guideline was published by [[CIBSE]].<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.cibse.org/knowledge-research/knowledge-portal/guide-b0-applications-and-activities-hvac-strategies-2016-pdf |title=Guide B0: Applications and activities: HVAC strategies |last=CIBSE |date=2016}}</ref> Apart from industry practice, advanced control strategies are widely discussed in research as well. For example, [[Closed-loop control|closed-loop feedback control]] can compare air temperature set-point with sensor measurements;<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tashtoush |first1=Bourhan |last2=Molhim |first2=M. |last3=Al-Rousan |first3=M. |date=2005-07-01 |title=Dynamic model of an HVAC system for control analysis |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544204004761 |journal=Energy |language=en |volume=30 |issue=10 |pages=1729–1745 |doi=10.1016/j.energy.2004.10.004 |issn=0360-5442}}</ref> [[demand response]] control can help prevent [[Electrical grid|electric power-grid]] from having peak load by reducing or shifting their usage based on time-varying rate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yoon |first1=Ji Hoon |last2=Baldick |first2=Ross |last3=Novoselac |first3=Atila |date=2016-08-17 |title=Demand response control of residential HVAC loads based on dynamic electricity prices and economic analysis |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/23744731.2016.1195659 |journal=Science and Technology for the Built Environment |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=705–719 |doi=10.1080/23744731.2016.1195659 |s2cid=157771793 |issn=2374-4731}}</ref> With the improvement from [[Computer performance|computational performance]] and [[machine learning]] algorithms, [[Model predictive control|model prediction]] on cooling and heating load with optimal control can further improve occupants comfort by pre-operating the HVAC system.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Ma |first1=Yudong |last2=Kelman |first2=Anthony |last3=Daly |first3=Allan |last4=Borrelli |first4=Francesco |date=2012 |title=Predictive Control for Energy Efficient Buildings with Thermal Storage: Modeling, Stimulation, and Experiments |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6153586 |journal=IEEE Control Systems Magazine |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=44–64 |doi=10.1109/MCS.2011.2172532 |s2cid=18462462 |issn=1941-000X}}</ref> It is recognized that advanced control strategies implementation is under the scope of developing [[Building automation|Building Automation]] System (BMS) with integrated smart communication technologies, such as [[Internet of things|Internet of Things]] (IoT). However, one of the major obstacles identified by practitioners is the scalability of control logics and building data mapping due to the unique nature of building designs. It was estimated that due to inadequate interoperability, building industry loses $15.8 billion annually in the U.S.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gallaher |first1=Michael P. |last2=O'Connor |first2=Alan C. |last3=Dettbarn  |first3=John L.  Jr.|last4=Gilday |first4=Linda T. |date=2004 |title=Cost Analysis of Inadequate Interoperability in the U.S. Capital Facilities Industry |url=https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.GCR.04-867 |journal=National Institute of Standards and Technology |doi=10.6028/nist.gcr.04-867}}</ref> Recent research projects like Haystack<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home – Project Haystack |url=https://project-haystack.org/ |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=project-haystack.org}}</ref> and Brick<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Balaji |first1=Bharathan |last2=Bhattacharya |first2=Arka |last3=Fierro |first3=Gabriel |last4=Gao |first4=Jingkun |last5=Gluck |first5=Joshua |last6=Hong |first6=Dezhi |last7=Johansen |first7=Aslak |last8=Koh |first8=Jason |last9=Ploennigs |first9=Joern |last10=Agarwal |first10=Yuvraj |last11=Berges |first11=Mario |last12=Culler |first12=David |last13=Gupta |first13=Rajesh |last14=Kjærgaard |first14=Mikkel Baun |last15=Srivastava |first15=Mani |title=Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Conference on Systems for Energy-Efficient Built Environments |chapter=Brick |date=2016-11-16 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/2993422.2993577 |series=BuildSys '16 |location=New York, NY, USA |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=41–50 |doi=10.1145/2993422.2993577 |isbn=978-1-4503-4264-3|s2cid=207243610 }}</ref> intend to address the problem by utilizing [[Metadata|metadata schema]], which could provide more accurate and convenient ways of capturing data points and connection hierarchies in building mechanical systems. With the support of semantic models, automated configuration can further benefit HVAC control [[Building Commissioning|commissioning]] and software upgrades.<ref>{{Cite report |last1=Amir |first1=Roth |last2=Michael |first2=Wetter |last3=Kyle |first3=Benne |last4=David |first4=Blum |last5=Yan |first5=Chen |last6=Gabriel |first6=Fierro |last7=Marco |first7=Pritoni |last8=Avijit |first8=Saha |last9=Draguna |first9=Vrabie |date=2022-08-01 |title=Towards Digital and Performance-Based Supervisory HVAC Control Delivery |publisher=Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory |series=LBL Publications |language=en |doi=10.20357/b70g62 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
-==Topics in Building Science==
+===Enclosure (envelope) systems===
-===Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ)===
+The building enclosure is the part of the building that separates the indoors from the outdoors. This includes the wall, roof, windows, slabs on grade, and joints between all of these. The comfort, productivity, and even health of building occupants in areas near the building enclosure (i.e., perimeter zones) are affected by outdoor influences such as noise, temperature, and solar radiation, and by their ability to control these influences. As part of its function, the enclosure must control (not necessarily block or stop) the flow of moisture, heat, air, vapor, solar radiation, insects, or noise, while resisting the loads imposed on the structure (wind, seismic). Daylight transmittance through glazed components of the facade can be analyzed to evaluate the reduced need for electric lighting.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leslie |first=R.P. |date=2003-02-01 |title=Capturing the daylight dividend in buildings: why and how? |journal=Building and Environment |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=381–385 |doi=10.1016/s0360-1323(02)00118-x|issn=0360-1323}}</ref><!-- High Performance Facades Case Studies: [http://escholarship.org/uc/item/4vq936rc] -->
-Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) refers to the quality of a building’s environment in relation to the health and wellbeing of those who occupy space within it. IEQ is determined by many factors, including lighting, air quality, and damp conditions. Workers are often concerned that they have symptoms or health conditions from exposures to contaminants in the buildings where they work. One reason for this concern is that their symptoms often get better when they are not in the building. While research has shown that some respiratory symptoms and illnesses can be associated with damp buildings, it is still unclear what measurements of indoor contaminants show that workers are at risk for disease. In most instances where a worker and his or her physician suspect that the building environment is causing a specific health condition, the information available from medical tests and tests of the environment is not sufficient to establish which contaminants are responsible. Despite uncertainty about what to measure and how to interpret what is measured, research shows that building-related symptoms are associated with building characteristics, including dampness, cleanliness, and ventilation characteristics.
-Indoor environments are highly complex and building occupants may be exposed to a variety of contaminants (in the form of gases and particles) from office machines, cleaning products, construction activities, carpets and furnishings, perfumes, cigarette smoke, water-damaged building materials, microbial growth (fungal, mold, and bacterial), insects, and outdoor pollutants. Other factors such as indoor temperatures, relative humidity, and ventilation levels can also affect how individuals respond to the indoor environment.
-Understanding the sources of indoor environmental contaminants and controlling them can often help prevent or resolve building-related worker symptoms. Practical guidance for improving and maintaining the indoor environment is available.[http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/indoorenv/]
+===Building sustainability===
-Building indoor environment covers the environmental aspects in the design, analysis, and operation of energy-efficient, healthy, and comfortable buildings.  Fields of specialization include architecture, [[HVAC]] design, [[Thermal Comfort|thermal comfort]], [[Indoor Air Quality|indoor air quality]] (IAQ), [[lighting]], [[acoustics]], and [[control systems]].
+Building sustainability, often referred to as [[Sustainable architecture|sustainable design]], integrates strategies to lower building environmental impacts, including lowering both operational carbon, which is the emissions from energy use during a building's life, and [[embodied carbon]], which accounts for the emissions from material production and construction.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Hammond |first=G. P. |last2=Jones |first2=C. I. |date=May 2008 |title=Embodied energy and carbon in construction materials |url=https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/10.1680/ener.2008.161.2.87 |journal=Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Energy |language=en |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=87–98 |doi=10.1680/ener.2008.161.2.87 |issn=1751-4223}}</ref> Building sustainability practices aim to design with consideration for future resources and environmental realities.
+Buildings are responsible for approximately 40% of global energy consumption<ref>{{Cite report |last1=Conti |first1=John |last2=Holtberg |first2=Paul |last3=Diefenderfer |first3=Jim |last4=LaRose |first4=Angelina |last5=Turnure |first5=James T. |last6=Westfall |first6=Lynn |date=2016-05-01 |title=International Energy Outlook 2016 With Projections to 2040 |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1296780/ |language=en |doi=10.2172/1296780 |osti=1296780 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and 13% carbon emissions,<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/key-world-energy-statistics-2021 |title=Key World Energy Statistics 2021 |last=IEA |date=2021 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris}}</ref> primarily related to building HVAC systems operation. Reducing operational carbon is critical to mitigate climate change. To address these emissions, [[renewable energy]] sources, such as solar and wind energy, are adopted by the building industry to support electricity generation. However, the electricity demand profile shows imbalance between supply and demand, which is known as the '[[duck curve]]'. This could impact on maintaining grid system stability.<ref>{{Cite report |url=http://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1226167/ |title=Overgeneration from Solar Energy in California. A Field Guide to the Duck Chart |last1=Denholm |first1=Paul |last2=O'Connell |first2=Matthew |date=2015 |doi=10.2172/1226167 |publication-date=2015 |last3=Brinkman |first3=Gregory |last4=Jorgenson |first4=Jennie|doi-access=free }}</ref> Therefore, other strategies such as [[thermal energy storage]] systems are developed to achieve higher levels of sustainability by reducing grid peak power.<ref name=":0" />
-===[[HVAC]] Systems===
-The mechanical systems, usually a sub-set of the broader Building Services, used to control the temperature, humidity, pressure and other select aspects of the indoor environment are often described as the Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems.
-These systems have grown in complexity and importance (often consuming around 20% of the total budget in commercial buildings) as occupants demand tighter control of conditions, buildings become larger, and enclosures and passive measures became less important as a means of providing comfort.
+A push towards [[zero-energy building]] also known as Net-Zero Energy Building has been present in the Building Science field. The qualifications for Net Zero Energy Building Certification can be found on the [[Living Building Challenge]] website.
-===Enclosure (Envelope) Systems===
-The building enclosure is the part of the building that seperates the indoors from the outdoors.  This includes the wall, roof, windows, slabs on grade, and joints between all of these.  As part of its function, the enclosure must control (not necessarily block or stop) the flow of heat, air, vapor, solar radiation, insects, noise, etc.
-The comfort, productivity, and even health of building occupants in areas near the building enclosure (i.e., perimeter zones) are affected by outdoor influences such as noise, temperature, and solar radiation, and by their ability to control these influences.
+==== Embodied Carbon and Decarbonization ====
-High Performance Facades Case Studies [http://escholarship.org/uc/item/4vq936rc]
+[[Embodied carbon]] refers to the total carbon emissions associated with the entire [[Life-cycle assessment|life cycle]] of a building material (i.e. material extraction, manufacturing and production, transportation, construction, and end of life).<ref name=":1" /> As building performance research has decreased operational carbon, there has been an increase in embodied carbon within the building sector, partly due to the higher material demands of energy-efficient designs.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Röck |first=Martin |last2=Saade |first2=Marcella Ruschi Mendes |last3=Balouktsi |first3=Maria |last4=Rasmussen |first4=Freja Nygaard |last5=Birgisdottir |first5=Harpa |last6=Frischknecht |first6=Rolf |last7=Habert |first7=Guillaume |last8=Lützkendorf |first8=Thomas |last9=Passer |first9=Alexander |date=January 2020 |title=Embodied GHG emissions of buildings – The hidden challenge for effective climate change mitigation |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306261919317945 |journal=Applied Energy |language=en |volume=258 |pages=114107 |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114107|hdl=20.500.11850/381047 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> This shift has underscored the need to address embodied carbon alongside operational emissions to achieve holistic decarbonization.
+Building decarbonization is most impactful during early-stage design, where materials, systems, and structural choices can be optimized to reduce embodied carbon and improve operational efficiency before moving forward in development stages.<ref name=":1" /> Structural materials, such as steel and concrete, contribute significantly to a building's embodied carbon footprint.<ref name=":2" /> Strategies to mitigate these impacts include material substitution, incorporating recycled and reused materials, and adopting low-carbon manufacturing processes.
-===Building Sustainability===
-[[Environmental design]]
-Part of building science is the attempt to design buildings with consideration for the future and the resources and realities of tomorrow.
+Challenges in addressing embodied carbon include insufficient data, lack of standardization, cost considerations, and regulatory barriers. Reliable databases are often limited, region-specific, and inconsistent, making it difficult to apply universally. Existing standards are often voluntary and vary in scope, making comparisons and benchmarking difficult.<ref name=":2" /> Life cycle assessment standards for evaluating building embodied carbon include ISO 14040, ISO 14044, EN 15978, PAS 2050, and ReCiPe.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2336716/ |title=Embodied Carbon Reduction in New Construction: Reference Guide |date=2024-02-01 |publisher=USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EE) |location=Washington, DC (United States) |id=DOE/EE-2812 |language=en}}</ref> These frameworks provide structured approaches to evaluate and quantify life cycle environmental impacts, such as embodied carbon.
-A push towards [[Zero-energy building]] also known as Net-Zero Energy Building has been present in the Building Science field. The qualifications for Net Zero Energy Building Certification can be found on the [[Living Building Challenge]] website.  [http://c/living-future.org/netzero]
+Addressing embodied carbon is a growing aspect of building science, becoming critical for advancing building sustainability efforts and reducing the environmental impact of the built environment.
-==Certification==
-There are no professional architecture or engineering certifications for building science. It is currently a specialization within these broad areas of practise. In the US contractors certified by the Building Performance Institute, an independent organization, advertise that they operate businesses as Building Scientists.  This is questionable due to their lack of scientific background and credentials. This is true in Canada for most of the Certified Energy Advisors. However, many of these trades and technologists require and receive some training is very specific areas of building science (e.g., air tightness, or thermal insulation).
+===Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE)===
-==List of Journals with High Impact Factor in Building Science==
+POE is a survey-based method to measure the building performance after the built environment was occupied. The occupant responses were collected through structured or open inquiries. Statistical methods and data visualization were often used to suggest which aspects(features) of the building were supportive or problematic to the occupants. The results may become design knowledge for architects to design new buildings or provide a data-basis to improve the current environment.
-''Building and Environment'': This international journal publishes original research papers and review articles related to building science and human interaction with the built environment. [http://www.journals.elsevier.com/building-and-environment/]
+==Certification==
-''Building Research and Information'': This journal focuses on buildings, building stocks and their supporting systems. Unique to BRI is a holistic and transdisciplinary approach to buildings, which acknowledges the complexity of the built environment and other systems over their life. Published articles utilize conceptual and evidence-based approaches which reflect the complexity and linkages between culture, environment, economy, society, organizations, quality of life, health, well-being, design and engineering of the built environment. [http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rbri20#.VJB5iyvF8uc]
+Although there are no direct or integrated professional architecture or engineering certifications for building science, there are independent professional credentials associated with the disciplines. Building science is typically a specialization within the broad areas of architecture or engineering practice. However, there are professional organizations offering individual professional credentials in specialized areas. Some of the most prominent green building rating systems are:
+* [[BREEAM]] (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method), which is the world's longest established sustainable building assessment system, developed by the [[Building Research Establishment]];
+* [[LEED]] ([[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design]]),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://new.usgbc.org/credentials#ap|title=LEED professional credentials {{!}} USGBC|website=new.usgbc.org|access-date=2019-04-06}}</ref> developed by the [[U.S. Green Building Council]];
+* [[Green Star (Australia)]], which is the main green building rating system in Australia, developed by the [[Green Building Council of Australia]];
+* [[WELL Building Standard|WELL]] which is delivered by the International WELL Building Institute and administered by the [[Green Business Certification Inc.]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wellcertified.com/en/become-a-well-ap|title=Become a WELL AP|date=2017-02-11|website=International WELL Building Institute|language=en|access-date=2019-04-06}}</ref>
+*  [[CASBEE]] (Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency), which is the main green building rating system in Japan;
+*  [[Living Building Challenge]], developed by the International Living Future Institute;
+*  [[Passivhaus]] (Passive House), developed by the [[Passivhaus-Institut|Passive House Institute]], which is an internationally recognized, performance-based energy standard in construction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Passivhaus Institut |url=https://passivehouse.com/02_informations/01_whatisapassivehouse/01_whatisapassivehouse.htm |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=passivehouse.com}}</ref>
+There are other building sustainability accreditation and certification institutions as well. Also in the US, contractors certified by the Building Performance Institute, an independent organization, advertise that they operate businesses as Building Scientists. This is questionable due to their lack of scientific background and credentials. On the other hand, more formal building science experience is true in Canada for most of the Certified Energy Advisors. Many of these trades and technologists require and receive some training in very specific areas of building science (e.g., air tightness, or thermal insulation).
+==List of principal building science journals==
-''Building Simulation'': This international journal publishes original, high quality, peer-reviewed research papers and review articles dealing with modeling and simulation of buildings including their systems. The goal is to promote the field of building science and technology to such a level that modeling will eventually be used in every aspect of building construction as a routine instead of an exception. Of particular interest are papers that reflect recent developments and applications of modeling tools and their impact on advances of building science and technology. Impact Factor: 0.631 [http://www.springer.com/engineering/civil+engineering/journal/12273]
+* ''Building and Environment'': This international journal publishes original research papers and review articles related to building science, urban physics, and human interaction with the indoor and outdoor built environment. The journal's most cited articles cover topics such as occupant behavior in buildings,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hong |first1=Tianzhen |last2=Yan |first2=Da | last3=D'Oca|first3=Simona |last4=Chen |first4=Chien-fei |date=March 2017 |title= Ten questions concerning occupant behavior in buildings: The big picture |journal= Building and Environment |volume= 114 |pages= 518–530 |doi= 10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.12.006 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[green building certification systems]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Doan |first1=Dat Tien |last2=Ghaffarianhoseini |first2=Ali | last3=Naismith|first3=Nicola |last4=Zhang |first4=Tongrui |last5=Ghaffarianhoseini |first5=Amirhosein |last6=Tookey |first6=John |date=October 2017 |title= A critical comparison of green building rating systems |journal= Building and Environment |volume= 123 |pages= 243–260 |doi= 10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.12.006 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and tunnel ventilation systems.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Qiang |last2=Nie |first2=Wen |last3=Hua |first3=Yun |last4=Peng |first4=Huitian |last5=Liu |first5=Changqi |last6=Wei |first6=Cunhou |date=January 2019 |title=Research on tunnel ventilation systems: Dust Diffusion and Pollution Behaviour by air curtains based on CFD technology and field measurement |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.08.061 |journal=Building and Environment |volume=147 |pages=444–460 |doi=10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.08.061 |s2cid=117267043 |access-date=November 20, 2020}}</ref> Publisher: [[Elsevier]]. Impact Factor (2019): 4.971<ref>{{cite report |date=2020 |title=2019 Journal Impact Factor, Journal Citation Reports |publisher=Clarivate Analytics}}</ref>
-''Energy and Buildings'': This international journal is devoted to investigations of energy use and efficiency in buildings.  [http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy-and-buildings/]
+* ''Energy and Buildings'': This international journal publishes articles with explicit links to energy use in buildings. The aim is to present new research results, and new proven practice aimed at reducing the energy needs of a building and improving [[indoor air quality]]. The journal's most cited articles cover topics such as prediction models for building energy consumption,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ahmad |first1=Muhammad Waseem |last2=Mourshed |first2=Monjur |last3=Rezgui |first3=Yacine |date=15 July 2017 |title=Trees vs Neurons: Comparison between random forest and ANN for high-resolution prediction of building energy consumption |journal=Energy and Buildings |volume=147 |pages=77–89 |doi=10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.04.038 |doi-access=free }}</ref> optimization models of [[HVAC]] systems,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Afram |first1=Abdul |last2=Janabi-Sharifi |first2=Farrokh |last3=Fung |first3=Alan |last4=Raahemifar |first4=Kaamran |date=15 April 2017 |title=Artificial neural network (ANN) based model predictive control (MPC) and optimization of HVAC systems: A state of the art review and case study of a residential HVAC system |url=https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.02.012 |journal=Energy and Buildings |volume=141 |pages= 96–113|doi=10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.02.012 }}</ref> and [[life cycle assessment]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vilches|first1=Alberto|last2=Garcia-Martinez|first2=Antonio|last3=Sanchez-Montañes|first3=Benito|date=2017|title=Life cycle assessment (LCA) of building refurbishment: A literature review|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378778816315912|journal=Energy and Buildings|language=en|volume=135|pages=286–301|doi=10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.11.042}}</ref> Publisher: Elsevier. Impact Factor (2019): 4.867<ref>{{cite report |date=2020 |title=2019 Journal Impact Factor, Journal Citation Reports |publisher=Clarivate Analytics}}</ref>
+* ''Indoor Air:'' This international journal publishes papers reflecting the broad categories of interest in the field of indoor environment of non-industrial buildings, including [[health effects]], [[thermal comfort]], monitoring and modelling, source characterization, and [[ventilation (architecture)]] and other [[environmental control]] techniques. The journal's most cited articles cover topics such as the impact of indoor [[air pollutants]] and thermal conditions on occupant performance,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mendell |first1=Mark J. |last2=Heath |first2=Garvin A. |date=23 November 2004 |title= Do indoor pollutants and thermal conditions in schools influence student performance? A critical review of the literature |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00320.x |journal=Indoor Air |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=27–52 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00320.x |pmid=15660567 |s2cid=21132223 |access-date=November 20, 2020}}</ref> the movement of droplets in indoor environments,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Xie |first1=Xiaochen |last2=Li |first2=Yuguo |last3=Chwang |first3=Allen T.Y. |last4=Ho |first4=Pak-Leung|last5=Seto |first5=Wing Hong |date=29 May 2007 |title=How far droplets can move in indoor environments – revisiting the Wells evaporation–falling curve |url= https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2007.00469.x |journal=Indoor Air |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=211–225 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0668.2007.00469.x |pmid=17542834 |access-date=November 20, 2020|doi-access=free }}</ref> and the effects of ventilation rates on occupant health.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sundell |first1=Jan |last2=Levin |first2=Hal |last3=Nazaroff |first3=William W. |last4=Cain |first4=William S. |last5=Fisk |first5=William J. |last6=Grimsrud |first6=David T. |last7=Gyntelberg |first7=Finn |last8=Persily |first8=Andrew K. |last9=Pickering |first9=Anthony C. |author10-link=Jonathan Samet |last10=Samet |first10=Jonathan M. |author11-link=John Spengler |last11=Spengler |first11=John D. |last12=Taylor |first12=Steven |last13=Weschler |first13=Charles J. |date=7 December 2010 |title=Ventilation rates and health: multidisciplinary review of the scientific literature |url=https://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00703.x |journal=Indoor Air |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=191–204 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00703.x |pmid=21204989 |access-date=November 20, 2020|doi-access=free }}</ref> Publisher: [[John Wiley & Sons]]. Impact Factor (2019): 4.739<ref>{{cite report |date=2020 |title=2019 Journal Impact Factor, Journal Citation Reports |publisher=Clarivate Analytics}}</ref>
+* ''Architectural Science Review'': Founded at the University of Sydney, Australia in 1958,  this journal aims to promote the development, accumulation, and application of scientific knowledge on a wide range of environmental topics. According to the journal description, the topics may include but not limited to building science and technology, [[environmental sustainability]], structures and materials, audio and acoustics, illumination, thermal systems, building physics, building services, building climatology, building economics, ergonomics, history and theory of architectural science, the social sciences of architecture.  Publisher: [[Taylor & Francis Group]]
+* ''Building Research and Information'': This journal focuses on buildings, building stocks and their supporting systems. Unique to BRI is a holistic and transdisciplinary approach to buildings, which acknowledges the complexity of the built environment and other systems over their life. Published articles utilize conceptual and evidence-based approaches which reflect the complexity and linkages between culture, environment, economy, society, organizations, quality of life, health, well-being, design and engineering of the built environment. The journal's most cited articles cover topics such as the gap between performance and actual energy consumption,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sunikka-Blank |first1=Minna |last2=Galvin |first2=Ray |date=1 June 2012 |title=Introducing the prebound effect: the gap between performance and actual energy consumption |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2012.690952 |journal=Building Research and Information |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=260–273 |doi=10.1080/09613218.2012.690952 |s2cid=111136278 |access-date=November 20, 2020|doi-access=free }}</ref> barriers and drivers for sustainable building,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Häkkinen |first1=Tarja |last2=Belloni |first2=Kaisa |date=11 April 2011 |title=Barriers and drivers for sustainable building |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2011.561948 |journal=Building Research and Information |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=239–255 |doi=10.1080/09613218.2011.561948 |s2cid=110423146 |access-date=November 20, 2020}}</ref> and the politics of resilient cities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vale |first1=Lawrence J. |date=7 December 2013 |title=The politics of resilient cities: whose resilience and whose city? |url= https://www.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2014.850602 |journal=Building Research and Information |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=191–201 |doi=10.1080/09613218.2014.850602 |s2cid=110758538 |access-date=November 20, 2020}}</ref> Publisher: [[Taylor & Francis Group]]. Impact Factor (2019): 3.887<ref>{{cite report |date=2020 |title=2019 Journal Impact Factor, Journal Citation Reports |publisher=Clarivate Analytics}}</ref>
+* ''Journal of Building Performance Simulation'': This international, peer-reviewed journal publishes high quality research and state of the art “integrated” papers to promote scientifically thorough advancement of all the areas of non-structural performance of a building and particularly in [[heat transfer]], air, moisture transfer. The journal's most cited articles cover topics such as co-simulation of building energy and control systems,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wetter |first1=Michael |date=22 August 2010 |title=Co-simulation of building energy and control systems with the Building Controls Virtual Test Bed |url=https://www.doi.org/10.1080/19401493.2010.518631 |journal=Journal of Building Performance Simulation |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=185–203 |doi=10.1080/19401493.2010.518631 |s2cid=6403867 |access-date=November 20, 2020}}</ref> the Buildings library,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wetter |first1=Michael |last2=Zuo |first2=Wangda |last3=Nouidui |first3=Thierry S. |last4=Pang |first4=Xiufeng |date=13 March 2013 |title=Modelica Buildings library |url=https://www.doi.org/10.1080/19401493.2013.765506 |journal=Journal of Building Performance Simulation |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=253–270 |doi=10.1080/19401493.2013.765506 |s2cid=62538895 |access-date=November 20, 2020}}</ref> and the impact of occupant's behavior on building energy demand.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Haldi |first1=Frédéric |last2=Robinson |first2=Darren |date=4 May 2011 |title=The impact of occupants' behaviour on building energy demand |url=https://www.doi.org/10.1080/19401493.2011.558213 |journal=Journal of Building Performance Simulation |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=323–338 |doi=10.1080/19401493.2011.558213 |s2cid=111315955 |access-date=November 20, 2020}}</ref> Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group. Impact Factor (2019): 3.458<ref>{{cite report |date=2020 |title=2019 Journal Impact Factor, Journal Citation Reports |publisher=Clarivate Analytics}}</ref>
+* ''LEUKOS'': This journal publishes engineering developments, scientific discoveries, and experimental results related to light applications. Topics of interest include [[optical radiation]], [[light generation]], [[lighting control system|light control]], light measurement, lighting design, [[Daylighting (architecture)|daylighting]], [[energy management]], [[energy economics]], and sustainability. The journal's most cited articles cover topics such as lighting design metrics,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Van Den Wymelenberg |first1=Kevin |last2=Inanici |first2=Mehlika |date=20 February 2014 |title=A Critical Investigation of Common Lighting Design Metrics for Predicting Human Visual Comfort in Offices with Daylight |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/15502724.2014.881720 |journal=LEUKOS |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=145–164 |doi=10.1080/15502724.2014.881720 |s2cid=109233278 |access-date=November 23, 2020}}</ref> psychological processes influencing lighting quality,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Veitch |first1=Jennifer A. |date=2001 |title=Psychological Processes Influencing Lighting Quality |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00994480.2001.10748341 |journal=LEUKOS |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=124–140 |doi=10.1080/00994480.2001.10748341 |access-date=November 23, 2020}}</ref> and the effects of lighting quality and energy-efficiency on task performance, mood, health, satisfaction, and comfort.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Veitch |first1=Jennifer A. |last2=Newsham |first2=Guy R. |date=1998 |title=Lighting Quality and Energy-Efficiency Effects on Task Performance, Mood, Health, Satisfaction, and Comfort |url=https://doi.org/ |journal=LEUKOS |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=107–129 |access-date=November 23, 2020}}</ref> Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group. Impact Factor (2019): 2.667<ref>{{cite report |date=2020 |title=2019 Journal Impact Factor, Journal Citation Reports |publisher=Clarivate Analytics}}</ref>
+* ''Building Simulation'': This international journal publishes original, high quality, peer-reviewed research papers and review articles dealing with modeling and simulation of buildings including their systems. The goal is to promote the field of building science and technology to such a level that modeling will eventually be used in every aspect of building construction as a routine instead of an exception. Of particular interest are papers that reflect recent developments and applications of modeling tools and their impact on advances of building science and technology. Publisher: [[Springer Nature]]. Impact Factor (2019): 2.472<ref>{{cite report |date=2020 |title=2019 Journal Impact Factor, Journal Citation Reports |publisher=Clarivate Analytics}}</ref>
+* ''Applied Acoustics'': This journal covers research findings related to practical applications of acoustics in engineering and science. The journal's most cited articles related to building science cover topics such as the prediction of the sound [[absorption (acoustics)|absorption]] of natural materials,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Berardi |first1=Umberto |last2=Iannace |first2=Gino |date=1 January 2017 |title=Predicting the sound absorption of natural materials: Best-fit inverse laws for the acoustic impedance and the propagation constant |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2016.08.012 |journal=Applied Acoustics |volume=115 |pages=131–138 |doi=10.1016/j.apacoust.2016.08.012 |s2cid=114303375 |access-date=November 23, 2020}}</ref> the implementation of low-cost urban acoustic monitoring devices,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mydlarz |first1=Charlie |last2=Salamon |first2=Justin |last3=Bello |first3=Juan Pablo |date=1 February 2017 |title=The implementation of low-cost urban acoustic monitoring devices |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2016.06.010 |journal=Applied Acoustics |volume=117 |pages=207–218 |doi=10.1016/j.apacoust.2016.06.010 |arxiv=1605.08450 |s2cid=13961321 |access-date=November 23, 2020}}</ref> and sound [[absorption (acoustics)|absorption]] of natural [[kenaf]] fibers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lim |first1=Z.Y. |last2=Putra |first2=Azma |last3=Nor |first3=Mohd Jailani Mohd |last4=Yaakob |first4=Mohd Yuhazri |date=15 January 2018 |title=Sound absorption performance of natural kenaf fibres |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2017.09.012 |journal=Applied Acoustics |volume=130 |pages=107–114 |doi=10.1016/j.apacoust.2017.09.012 |access-date=November 23, 2020}}</ref> Publisher: Elsevier. Impact Factor (2019): 2.440<ref>{{cite report |date=2020 |title=2019 Journal Impact Factor, Journal Citation Reports |publisher=Clarivate Analytics}}</ref>
+* ''[[Lighting Research & Technology]]'': This journal covers all aspects of light and lighting, including the human response to light, [[light generation]], [[lighting control system|light control]], light measurement, lighting design equipment, [[Daylighting (architecture)|daylighting]], [[Efficient energy use|energy efficiency]] of lighting design, and sustainability. The journal's most cited articles cover topics such as light as a circadian stimulus for architectural lighting,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rea |first1=Mark S. |last2=Figueiro |first2=Mariana G. |date=6 December 2016 |title=Light as a circadian stimulus for architectural lighting |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153516682368 |journal=Lighting Research & Technology |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=497–510 |doi=10.1177/1477153516682368 |s2cid=114410985 |access-date=November 23, 2020}}</ref> human perceptions of color rendition,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Royer |first1=Michael R. |last2=Wilkerson |first2=Andrea |last3=Wei |first3=Minchen |last4=Houser |first4=Kevin |last5=Davis |first5=Robert |date=10 August 2016 |title=Human perceptions of colour rendition vary with average fidelity, average gamut, and gamut shape |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153516663615 |journal=Lighting Research & Technology |volume=49 |issue=8 |pages=966–991 |doi=10.1177/1477153516663615 |s2cid=113506736 |access-date=November 23, 2020}}</ref> and the influence of color gamut size and shape on color preference.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wei |first1=Minchen |last2=Houser |first2=Kevin |last3=David |first3=Aurelien |last4=Krames |first4=Mike R. |date=13 August 2016 |title=Colour gamut size and shape influence colour preference |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153516651472 |journal=Lighting Research & Technology |volume=49 |issue=8 |pages=992–1014 |doi=10.1177/1477153516651472 |s2cid=125131197 |access-date=November 23, 2020}}</ref> Publisher: [[SAGE Publishing]]. Impact Factor (2019): 2.226<ref>{{cite report |date=2020 |title=2019 Journal Impact Factor, Journal Citation Reports |publisher=Clarivate Analytics}}</ref>
 ==See also==
 * [[Architectural engineering]]
+* [[Architectural Institute of Japan]]
 * [[Architecture]]
-* [[Building biology]]
+* [[ASHRAE]]
 * [[Building enclosure commissioning]]
 * [[Central Building Research Institute]], India
-* [[Civil engineering]], [[Earthquake engineering]]
 * [[Galvanic corrosion]]
+* [[Indoor air quality]]
 * [[Kansas Building Science Institute]]
-* [[Architectural Institute of Japan]]
-* [[Joseph Lstiburek]]
 * [[National Institute of Building Sciences]]
+* [[Passive house|Passive House]]
 * [[Seismic analysis]]
+* [[Sustainable refurbishment]]
 * [[Vapor barrier]]
-* [[Whole Building Design Guide]]
-==External links==
-* [http://www.csinet.org/  Construction Specifications Institute]
-* [http://www.buildingscience.com www.buildingscience.com]
-* [http://www.jrsengineering.com JRS Engineering Group]
-* [http://www.buildingsciencepress.com/ Building Science Textbook for Building Enclosures]
-* [http://www.nibs.org/ The National Institute of Building Sciences]
-* [http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/blogs/dept/building-science Building Science Blog, Green Building Advisor]
-* [http://www.eng.monash.edu.au/uicee/worldtransactions/WorldTransAbstractsVol1No1/Microsoft%20Word%20-%2014_Tan.pdf To go into the oscillation phenomena and their characterizing parameters issue ]
-* [http://www.kettering.edu/~drussell/Demos.html Do you like to watch at some animations of mechanical vibrations subjected to particular loads?]
-* [http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile/edumod/building/building.htm Build your own model buildings and verify their behavior in the case of earthquake]
-* [http://www.scieds.com/spinet/historical/mexico_bldngs.html Click here to see how you can adopt new design strategies in order to protect structures from earthquakes]
-* [http://www.succeed.ufl.edu/asce/Program/Extras%5CPres_855_1010.ppt Close examinations about all types and effects of isolation systems]
-* [http://www.wheel.eng.fsu.edu/research/wbarnawi/REUJATPresentation.ppt Close examinations about dissipation systems]
 ==References==
 {{reflist}}
+{{HVAC}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Building Science}}
 [[Category:Building engineering]]
+[[Category:Building research|Science]]

v t e Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
Fundamental concepts	Air changes per hour Bake-out Building envelope Convection Dilution Domestic energy consumption Enthalpy Fluid dynamics Gas compressor Heat pump and refrigeration cycle Heat transfer Humidity Infiltration Latent heat Noise control Outgassing Particulates Psychrometrics Sensible heat Stack effect Thermal comfort Thermal destratification Thermal mass Thermodynamics Vapour pressure of water
Technology	Absorption-compression heat pump Absorption refrigerator Air barrier Air conditioning Antifreeze Automobile air conditioning Autonomous building Building insulation materials Central heating Central solar heating Chilled beam Chilled water Constant air volume (CAV) Coolant Cross ventilation Dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS) Deep water source cooling Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) Displacement ventilation District cooling District heating Electric heating Energy recovery ventilation (ERV) Firestop Forced-air Forced-air gas Free cooling Heat recovery ventilation (HRV) Hybrid heat Hydronics Ice storage air conditioning Kitchen ventilation Mixed-mode ventilation Microgeneration Passive cooling Passive daytime radiative cooling Passive house Passive ventilation Radiant heating and cooling Radiant cooling Radiant heating Radon mitigation Refrigeration Renewable heat Room air distribution Solar air heat Solar combisystem Solar cooling Solar heating Thermal insulation Thermosiphon Underfloor air distribution Underfloor heating Vapor barrier Vapor-compression refrigeration (VCRS) Variable air volume (VAV) Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) Ventilation Water heat recycling
Components	Air conditioner inverter Air door Air filter Air handler Air ionizer Air-mixing plenum Air purifier Air source heat pump Attic fan Automatic balancing valve Back boiler Barrier pipe Blast damper Boiler Centrifugal fan Ceramic heater Chiller Condensate pump Condenser Condensing boiler Convection heater Compressor Cooling tower Damper Dehumidifier Duct Economizer Electrostatic precipitator Evaporative cooler Evaporator Exhaust hood Expansion tank Fan Fan coil unit Fan filter unit Fan heater Fire damper Fireplace Fireplace insert Freeze stat Flue Freon Fume hood Furnace Gas compressor Gas heater Gasoline heater Grease duct Grille Ground-coupled heat exchanger Ground source heat pump Heat exchanger Heat pipe Heat pump Heating film Heating system HEPA High efficiency glandless circulating pump High-pressure cut-off switch Humidifier Infrared heater Inverter compressor Kerosene heater Louver Mechanical room Oil heater Packaged terminal air conditioner Plenum space Pressurisation ductwork Process duct work Radiator Radiator reflector Recuperator Refrigerant Register Reversing valve Run-around coil Sail switch Scroll compressor Solar chimney Solar-assisted heat pump Space heater Smoke canopy Smoke damper Smoke exhaust ductwork Thermal expansion valve Thermal wheel Thermostatic radiator valve Trickle vent Trombe wall TurboSwing Turning vanes Ultra-low particulate air (ULPA) Whole-house fan Windcatcher Wood-burning stove Zone valve
Measurement and control	Air flow meter Aquastat BACnet Blower door Building automation Carbon dioxide sensor Clean air delivery rate (CADR) Control valve Gas detector Home energy monitor Humidistat HVAC control system Infrared thermometer Intelligent buildings LonWorks Minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) Normal temperature and pressure (NTP) OpenTherm Programmable communicating thermostat Programmable thermostat Psychrometrics Room temperature Smart thermostat Standard temperature and pressure (STP) Thermographic camera Thermostat Thermostatic radiator valve
Professions, trades, and services	Architectural acoustics Architectural engineering Architectural technologist Building services engineering Building information modeling (BIM) Deep energy retrofit Duct cleaning Duct leakage testing Environmental engineering Hydronic balancing Kitchen exhaust cleaning Mechanical engineering Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing Mold growth, assessment, and remediation Refrigerant reclamation Testing, adjusting, balancing
Industry organizations	AHRI AMCA ASHRAE ASTM International BRE BSRIA CIBSE Institute of Refrigeration IIR LEED SMACNA UMC
Health and safety	Indoor air quality (IAQ) Passive smoking Sick building syndrome (SBS) Volatile organic compound (VOC)
See also	ASHRAE Handbook Building science Fireproofing Glossary of HVAC terms Warm Spaces World Refrigeration Day Template:Home automation Template:Solar energy