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Free association, also known as free association of producers, is a relationship among individuals where there is no private ownership of the means of production. A key feature of socialist economics, it has been defined differently by different schools of socialism, entailing either the individual, collective or common ownership of the means of production.

Socialist theory

The free association of producers is a defining characteristic of socialism. It entails the abolition of private ownership of the means of production and its transfer to the ownership of workers, either as individuals or as self-managed collectives.^[1] Social equality, cooperation and workers' self-management are the main conditions required for the development of a free association of producers. Under free association, workers themselves determine what to produce, as well as why, how and for whom they will produce it.^[2]

The French socialist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon defined socialism as a free association of producers and smallholders. Proudhon argued for the abolition of capitalism, under which private ownership of the means of production had imposed "wage slavery" on artisans and farmers. He believed that socialism would end the capitalist monopoly over the means of production and thereby allow both free competition and cooperation to flourish.^[3]

In contrast, the German communist Karl Marx defined socialism as the abolition of all private property, rather than a redistribution of it as proposed by Proudhon. Marx considered free association to entail the collective ownership of the means of production and the abolition of profit, rather than association between competing small property owners, and opposed Proudhon's ideas on competition as antithetical to socialism.^[3]

The Russian anarchist Mikhail Bakunin also considered a free association of producers to entail the abolition of private property, and instead advocated that the means of production be brought under common ownership. He also called for the abolition of the state and the construction of free association from the bottom-up.^[4]

References

^ Tarrit 2024, pp. 84, 90–91.
^ Carchedi 2005, p. 290.
^ ^a ^b Deutscher 1952.
^ Chattopadhyay 2018, p. 169.

Bibliography

Carchedi, Guglielmo (2005). "On the production of knowledge". The Capitalist State and Its Economy: Democracy in Socialism. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. pp. 261–298. ISBN 978-0-76231-176-7.
Chattopadhyay, Paresh (2018). "Anarchist Communism". Socialism and Commodity Production. Leiden: Brill. pp. 169–185. doi:10.1163/9789004377516_008. ISBN 978-9004377516.
Deutscher, Isaac (1952). "Socialist Competition". Foreign Affairs. 30 (3): 376–390. doi:10.2307/20030907. ISSN 0015-7120. JSTOR 20030907.
Tarrit, Fabien (2024). "Marx, Socialism and Liberty". Liberalism and Socialism since the Nineteenth Century: Tensions, Exchanges, and Convergences. Springer International Publishing. pp. 79–97. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-41233-2_5. ISBN 978-3-031-41233-2.

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+{{Short description|Political concept}}
-{{Refimprove|date=April 2015}}
+{{Socialism sidebar}}
-'''Free association''' (also called ''free association of producers'' or, as [[Marx]] often called it, a ''community of freely associated individuals'') is a relationship among individuals where there is no [[State (polity)|state]], [[social class]] or [[authority]], and [[private property]] of [[means of production]]. Once private property is abolished, individuals are no longer deprived of access to means of production enabling them to freely associate (without social constraint) to produce and reproduce their own conditions of existence and fulfill their individual and creative needs and desires. The term is used by [[anarchists]] and [[Marxists]] and is often considered a defining feature of a [[Pure communism|fully developed communist]] society.
+'''Free association''', also known as '''free association of producers''', is a relationship among individuals where there is no [[private ownership]] of the [[means of production]]. A key feature of [[socialist economics]], it has been defined differently by different schools of socialism, entailing either the [[personal property|individual]], [[collective ownership|collective]] or [[common ownership]] of the means of production.
+==Socialist theory==
-The concept of free association, however, becomes more clear around the concept of the [[proletariat]]. The proletarian is someone who has no property nor any means of production and, therefore, to survive, sells the only thing that they have, their abilities (the [[labour power]]), to those owning the means of production. The existence of individuals deprived of property, deprived of livelihood, allows owners (or capitalists) to find in the market an object of consumption that thinks and acts (human abilities), which they use in order to accumulate increasing capital in exchange for the wage that maintains the survival of the proletarians. The relationship between proletarians and owners of the means of production is thereby a forced association in which the proletarian is only free to sell his labor power, in order to survive. By selling his productive capacity in exchange for the wage which ensures survival, the proletarian puts his practical activity under the will of the buyer (the owner), becoming [[Marx's theory of alienation|alienated]] from his/her own actions and products, in a relationship of domination and exploitation. Free association would be the form of society created if private property was abolished in order to allow individuals to freely dispose of the means of production, which would bring about an end to class society, i.e. there would be no more owners neither proletarians, nor state, but only freely associated individuals.
+The free association of producers is a defining characteristic of [[socialism]]. It entails the abolition of [[private ownership]] of the [[means of production]] and its transfer to the ownership of workers, either as individuals or as [[workers' self-management|self-managed]] collectives.{{Sfn|Tarrit|2024|pp=84, 90-91}} [[Social equality]], [[cooperation]] and [[workers' self-management]] are the main conditions required for the development of a free association of producers. Under free association, workers themselves determine what to produce, as well as why, how and for whom they will produce it.{{Sfn|Carchedi|2005|p=290}}
+The French socialist [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]] defined socialism as a free association of producers and [[Smallholding|smallholders]]. Proudhon argued for the abolition of [[capitalism]], under which private ownership of the means of production had imposed "[[wage slavery]]" on [[artisan]]s and [[farmer]]s. He believed that socialism would end the capitalist [[monopoly]] over the means of production and thereby allow both free competition and cooperation to flourish.{{Sfn|Deutscher|1952}}
-The abolition of private property by a free association of producers is the original goal of the communists and anarchists: it is identified with ''anarchy'' and ''Communism'' itself. However, the evolution of various trends have led some to virtually abandon the goal or to put it in the background in face of other tasks, while others believe free association should guide all challenges to the ''status quo''.
+In contrast, the German communist [[Karl Marx]] defined socialism as the abolition of all [[private property]], rather than a redistribution of it as proposed by Proudhon. Marx considered free association to entail the [[collective ownership]] of the means of production and the abolition of [[profit (economics)|profit]], rather than association between competing small property owners, and opposed Proudhon's ideas on competition as antithetical to socialism.{{Sfn|Deutscher|1952}}
-== Anarchists ==
-{{Anarchism sidebar |Theory}}
+The Russian anarchist [[Mikhail Bakunin]] also considered a free association of producers to entail the abolition of private property, and instead advocated that the means of production be brought under [[common ownership]]. He also called for the abolition of the [[state (polity)|state]] and the construction of free association [[Social movement|from the bottom-up]].{{Sfn|Chattopadhyay|2018|p=169}}
-Anarchists argue that the free association must rise immediately in the struggle of the proletariat for a new society and against the ruling class. So they promote a social revolution to immediately abolish the state, private property and classes. They identify the state as the main guarantor of private property (through the repressive apparatus: the police, justice), hence the abolition of the state is their main target. Regarding free association, there is a difference between [[collectivist anarchism|collectivist anarchists]] and [[anarchist communism|anarchist communists]]: the collectivist anarchists ([[Mikhail Bakunin]] for example) argued that free association is to function as the maxim "to each according to his deeds". In contraposition the anarcho-communists (such as [[Peter Kropotkin]], [[Carlo Cafiero]] and [[Errico Malatesta]]) argue that free association should operate as the maxim "[[From each according to his ability, to each according to his need]]." Anarchist communists argue against the collectivists that remuneration according to work performed require that the individuals involved were subjected to a body above them to compare the various works in order to pay them, and that this body would necessarily be a state or ruling class, could even bring back [[wage slavery]], that is the very thing against which anarchists are fighting. They also argue that if any work is done, it is necessary and important, there is no quantitative aspect to comparate between them, and that everything that is produced involves something essential to the contribution of all past and contemporary generations as a whole. Therefore, there are no fair criteria to compare a work with another and measure it to give all individuals their share. For the anarcho-communists, therefore, free association is possible only through the abolition of money and the market, along with the abolition of the state.<ref>Kropotkin, Peter. The Wages System. 1920. Also available: http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/kropotkin-peter/1920/wage.htm</ref><ref>Now and After: The ABC of Communist Anarchism, New York: Vanguard Press, 1929. [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/ANARCHIST_ARCHIVES/bright/berkman/communistanarchy.pdf]</ref>
-== Marxists ==
+== See also ==
+* [[Cooperative]]
+* [[Economic freedom]]
+* [[Freedom of association]]
+* [[Self-governance]]
+* [[Workplace democracy]]
+==References==
-The [[Socialism (Marxism)|Marxian socialists]] and [[Communism|communists]] generally differ from anarchists in claiming that there must be an intermediate stage between the capitalist society and free association. But there are major differences between the various Marxists trends. The Marxist position about this transition period ranged from "the expansion of the means of production owned by the state" <ref>[[Manifesto of the Communist Party]], section "Proletarians and communists"</ref> to the clear statement that the state machinery can not be assumed by the workers, but destroyed.<ref>[[the Civil War in France]], Marx</ref> Therefore, Marx's writings gave rise to three basic trends: [[democratic socialism]], [[Leninism]], and [[Libertarian Marxism]]. Democratic socialism (e.g., [[Eduard Bernstein]] and [[Karl Kautsky]]) argues that the advent of free association will come gradually through reforms made by representatives elected in a democratic state. Leninists (such as [[Lenin]] and [[Trotsky]]) argue that it will come only after reforms that they themselves make after taking power through a [[Coup d'état|coup]] or political revolution. The content of these reforms, for both democratic socialism and Leninism, would be the transfer of private property into the hands of the state, which would keep the rest of society deprived of access to means of production, as in capitalism, but it would be used to fight the bourgeoisie and direct the society towards free association in the future.
+{{reflist|2}}
+== Bibliography ==
-Libertarian Marxists (e.g., [[Anton Pannekoek]], [[Otto Rühle]], [[Herman Gorter]] and [[Rosa Luxemburg]]) generally claim that the state can not be directed towards the free association because it can only act within the frame of capitalist society itself, leading towards [[state capitalism]] (i.e., capitalism in which private property is owned and managed by the state) which would seek to remain indefinitely, and never lead to free association. Most Libertarian Marxists claim that free association can only be achieved through the [[direct action]] of workers themselves, which should create [[workers' councils]] (which operate under [[direct democracy]]) to take the means of production and abolish the state in a social revolution.<ref>The Thin Red Line: Non-Market Socialism in the Twentieth Century, John Crump (1987) [http://www.theoryandpractice.org.uk/library/thin-red-line-non-market-socialism-twentieth-century-john-crump-1987]</ref><ref>Eclipse and Re-Emergence of the Communist Movement, by Francois Martin and Jean Barrot [http://libcom.org/library/eclipse-re-emergence-communist-movement]</ref> However, Luxemburgists are not opposed in principle to short-term participation within the state and expansion of public-ownership<ref>"Reform or Revolution, Part II", "Chapter VII: Co-operatives, Unions, Democracy", Rosa Luxemburg (1900) [http://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1900/reform-revolution/ch07.htm]</ref> as long as the institution itself exists.
+{{Refbegin|2}}
+* {{cite book|last=Carchedi|first=Guglielmo|year=2005|chapter=On the production of knowledge|title=The Capitalist State and Its Economy: Democracy in Socialism|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing Limited|pages=261–298|isbn=978-0-76231-176-7}}
+* {{cite book|last=Chattopadhyay|first=Paresh|year=2018|chapter=Anarchist Communism|title=Socialism and Commodity Production|location=[[Leiden]]|publisher=[[Brill (publisher)|Brill]]|isbn=978-9004377516|doi=10.1163/9789004377516_008|pages=169–185}}
+*{{cite journal|last=Deutscher|first=Isaac|year=1952|title=Socialist Competition|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/deutscher/1952/socialist-competition.htm|journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]|issn=0015-7120|volume=30|issue=3|pages=376–390|doi=10.2307/20030907 |jstor=20030907 }}
+* {{cite book|last=Tarrit|first=Fabien|year=2024|chapter=Marx, Socialism and Liberty|title=Liberalism and Socialism since the Nineteenth Century: Tensions, Exchanges, and Convergences|publisher=[[Springer International Publishing]]|pages=79–97|isbn=978-3-031-41233-2|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-41233-2_5}}
+{{refend}}
-== Socialists ==
+== Further reading ==
+{{refbegin}}
-{{Socialism sidebar |Ideas}}
+*{{Cite book|last=Raekstad|first=Paul|year=2022|chapter=The Socialist Alternative|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-06353-4_8|title=Karl Marx's Realist Critique of Capitalism. Marx, Engels, and Marxisms|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=978-3-031-06353-4|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-06353-4_8|pages=155–194}}
+{{refend}}
-Socialists consider a free association the defining feature of developed [[socialism]]. A free association would displace the [[Sovereign state|state apparatus]] in socialism; the role of this association would be to direct the processes of production and the administration of things. This is in contrast to the state in non-socialist and capitalist society, which is the government over people via coercive action.<ref>''Socialism: Utopian and Scientific'', on Marxists.org: http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/soc-utop/ch01.htm: "The first act by virtue of which the State really constitutes itself the representative of the whole of society—the taking possession of the means of production in the name of society—this is, at the same time, its last independent act as a State. State interference in social relations becomes, in one domain after another, superfluous, and then dies out of itself; the government of persons is replaced by the administration of things, and by the conduct of processes of production. The State is not “abolished.” It dies out."</ref> The free association represents a coordinating entity for economic activity that is concerned with administrative decision-making and the flow of goods and services to satisfy demand.<ref>''The Alternative to Capitalism'', on WSPUS.org: http://wspus.org/in-depth/the-alternative-to-capitalism/</ref> Socialists consider this a defining element of mature socialism; however many socialists are of the opinion that such an arrangement will follow a transitional phase of economic and social development, such as [[market socialism]].
-== Critical views ==
-The anarchist and communist concept of free association is often considered [[utopia]]n or too abstract to guide a transforming society.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Misconceptions of Anarchism|url=http://flag.blackened.net/liberty/miscon.html|publisher=flag.blackened.net|accessdate=Aug 30, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Anarchist Utopia|url=http://bravenewworld.in/2011/01/23/anarchist-utopia/|publisher=Brave New World|accessdate=Aug 30, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Anarchist response to being called utopian?|url=http://www.anarchy101.org/3962/anarchist-response-to-being-called-utopian|publisher=Anarchy 101|accessdate=Aug 30, 2013}}</ref> However, it is valued by present trends such as the [[free software movement]], and considered as a basic principle in the relationship between developers of [[free software]].
-Others reply to this critique by asserting that free association is not a utopia, but an emancipatory exigence which necessarily come from the very material condition which is the proletariat (i.e., '''deprivation of property''' and a constant '''social struggle''' against the submission and deprivation that it causes, and that puts them against the state and capital). However, the trends that advocate a transition (especially social democracy and Marxism–Leninism) postpone it for a more or less remote future, pushing free association so increasingly in the background, in exchange for the task of establishing a transitional phase. And as the proletariat can have no interest in their own emancipation when it is postponed for the indefinite future, the search for a "transition" is necessarily a task that is not assumed by the proletariat themselves but by an intelligentsia or political professionals. This culminated in [[Stalinism]] (for example, the so-called [[socialist countries]] like Cuba, USSR, China) and the present social democratic parties, in which the concept of free association was virtually abandoned. In contrast, the present trends derived from anarchism and council communism understand the free association as the practical basis for the fundamental transformation of society at all levels, from the everyday level (search of a libertarian interpersonal relationship, critique of the family, consumerism, criticism of conformist and obedient behavior) to the level of world society as a whole (the fight against the state and against the ruling class in all countries, the destruction of national borders, support for self-organized struggle of the oppressed, attacks on property, support to wildcat strikes and to workers and unemployed autonomous struggles).
-== Literature ==
-Since anarchists, some Libertarian Marxists (mainly the [[Situationists]]) and other [[libertarian socialists]] consider free association as an immediate task for introduction and maintenance of stateless socialism, most theorists of these ideologies have gone into great detail about how it will operate, unlike most Leninists and democratic socialists who tend to be more concerned with the "transition" than the final goal.
-Some of most important works:
-* The Humanisphere - Anarchist Utopia (L'Humanisphère - Utopie anarchique, 1857), by the libertarian communist [[Joseph Déjacque]]. Complete text in French:<ref>[http://joseph.dejacque.free.fr/libertaire/n01/humanisphere.htm Le Libertaire, Journal du mouvement social]. Joseph.dejacque.free.fr. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</ref>
-* [[The Conquest of Bread]] (1892), by Peter Kropotkin. Complete text:.<ref>[http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/kropotkin/conquest/toc.html Kropotkin: Conquest of Bread]. Dwardmac.pitzer.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</ref>
-* ''[[New Babylon (Constant Nieuwenhuys)|New Babylon]]'' (1959–74), by [[Constant Nieuwenhuys]]. Complete text:.<ref>[http://www.notbored.org/new-babylon.html Constant Nieuwenhuis: New Babylon]. Notbored.org (1963-05-18). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</ref>
-* A World Without Money: Communism (1975–76), by the French group Friends of 4 Millions of Young Workers . Complete text, in French.<ref>http://www.rising4.net/mondtitl.htm</ref>
-* Bolo'bolo (1983), the PM Complete text in French:<ref>[http://www.lyber-eclat.net/lyber/bolo/bolo.html BoloBolo, P.M]. Lyber-eclat.net. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</ref> and Portuguese.<ref>[http://www.correcotia.com/bolobolo/ bolo'bolo]. Correcotia.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</ref>
-* The thin red line: non-market socialism in the twentieth century (1987), by John Crump, offers an account of the ideas of several trends which considered important the free association. Text in English:<ref>[http://www.theoryandpractice.org.uk/library/thin-red-line-non-market-socialism-twentieth-century-john-crump-1987 The Thin Red Line: Non-Market Socialism in the Twentieth Century - John Crump (1987)]. theoryandpractice.org.uk. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</ref>
-== Quotations ==
-{{Quotation|"It follows from all we have been saying up till now that the communal relationship into which the individuals of a class entered, and which was determined by their common interests over against a third party, was always a community to which these individuals belonged only as average individuals, only insofar as they lived within the conditions of existence of their class — a relationship in which they participated not as individuals but as members of a class. With the community of revolutionary proletarians, on the other hand, who take their conditions of existence [...] under their control, it is just the reverse; it is as individuals that the individuals participate in it.
-[...]
-Communism differs from all previous movements in that it overturns the basis of all earlier relations of production and intercourse, and for the first time consciously treats all natural premises as the creatures of hitherto existing men, strips them of their natural character and subjugates them to the power of the united individuals. Its organization is, therefore, essentially economic, the material production of the conditions of this unity; it turns existing conditions into conditions of unity. The reality, which communism is creating, is precisely the true basis for rendering it impossible that anything should exist independently of individuals, insofar as reality is only a product of the preceding intercourse of individuals themselves." Marx (German Ideology) [[s:The German Ideology/Section 12]]}}
-== See also ==
-*[[Cooperative]]
-*[[Economic freedom]]
-*[[Freedom of association]]
-*[[Libertarian socialism]]
-*[[Self-government]]
-*[[Self-managed economy|Self-management]]
-*[[Workplace democracy]]
-== References ==
-<references/>
+{{Portal bar|Anarchism|Communism|Socialism|Organized Labour|Society}}
+{{Anarchism}}
 {{Anarcho-communism}}
+{{Communism}}
 {{Marxist & Communist phraseology}}
+{{Socialism}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Free Association (Communism And Anarchism)}}
-[[Category:Marxist theory]]
 [[Category:Anarchist theory]]
+[[Category:Anarcho-communism]]
 [[Category:Anti-capitalism]]
+[[Category:Anti-fascism]]
+[[Category:Marxist theory]]
+[[Category:Concepts in political philosophy]]
+[[Category:Communism]]
 [[Category:Socialism]]
-[[Category:Political philosophy]]

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