Jump to content

Progymnosperm: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Ghart27 (talk | contribs)
156 edits
m corrected spelling of word 'anuerophytaleans' to 'aneurophytaleans'
alphabetize
 
(42 intermediate revisions by 26 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Extinct class of vascular plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Paraphyletic group
⚫
| taxon = Progymnospermopsida
| auto = yes
| fossil_range = {{Geological range|Middle Devonian|Mississippian}}
| fossil_range = {{Geological range|Middle Devonian|Lopingian}}
| image = Archaeopteris.JPG
| image = Archaeopteris.JPG
| image_caption = ''Archaeopteris'' fossil leaves
| image_caption = ''Archaeopteris'' fossil leaves
⚫
| taxon = Progymnospermopsida
| authority =
| subdivision_ranks = Orders
| subdivision_ranks = Orders
| subdivision =
| subdivision = *†[[Aneurophytales]]
⚫
*†[[Archaeopteridales]]
*[[Aneurophytales]]
*[[Protopityales]]
*†[[Noeggerathiales]]
*†[[Protopityales]]
⚫
*[[Archaeopteridales]]
}}
}}


The '''progymnosperms''' are an extinct group of woody, spore-bearing plants that is presumed to have evolved from the [[trimerophyte]]s, and eventually gave rise to the [[gymnosperms]].<ref name=gk>{{cite book|author=Stewart, W.N.; Rothwell, G.W.|title=Paleobiology and the evolution of plants|year=1993|publisher = Cambridge University Press|page=521pp}}</ref> They have been treated formally at the [[rank (botany)|rank]] of division '''Progymnospermophyta''' or class '''Progymnospermopsida''' (as opposite). The stratigraphically oldest known examples belong to the Middle Devonian order the Aneurophytales, with forms such as ''Protopteridium'', in which the vegetative organs consisted of relatively loose clusters of axes.<ref name="Lang">Lang, W. H. (1925). "Contributions to the study of the Old Red Sandstone flora of Scotland. I. On plant-remains from the fish-beds of Cromarty. II. On a sporangium-bearing branch-system from the Stromness Beds." ''Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh,'' '''54''': 253-279.</ref> ''[[Tetraxylopteris]]'' is another example of a genus lacking leaves. In more advanced aneurophytaleans such as ''Aneurophyton'' these vegetative organs started to look rather more like fronds,<ref name="Serlinbanks">Serlin, B. S. & Banks, H. P. (1978). "Morphology and anatomy of ''Aneurophyton'', a progymnosperm from the Late Devonian of New York. ''Palaeontographica Americana,'' '''8''': 343-359.</ref> and eventually during Late Devonian times the aneurophytaleans are presumed to have given rise to the [[pteridosperm]] order, the [[Lyginopteridales]]. In Late Devonian times, another group of progymnosperms gave rise to the first really large trees known as ''[[Archaeopteris]]''.
The '''progymnosperms''' are an extinct group of woody, spore-bearing plants that is presumed to have evolved from the [[trimerophyte]]s, and eventually gave rise to the [[seed plants|gymnosperms]], ancestral to [[gymnosperms|acrogymnosperms]] and [[angiosperms]] (flowering plants).<ref name=gk>{{cite book| vauthors = Stewart WN, Rothwell GW |title=Paleobiology and the evolution of plants|year=1993|publisher = Cambridge University Press|page=521pp}}</ref> They have been treated formally at the [[rank (botany)|rank]] of division '''Progymnospermophyta''' or class '''Progymnospermopsida''' (as opposite). The stratigraphically oldest known examples belong to the Middle [[Devonian]] order the [[Aneurophytales]], with forms such as ''[[Protopteridium]]'', in which the vegetative organs consisted of relatively loose clusters of axes.<ref name="Lang">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lang WH | title = II.—Contributions to the Study of the Old Red Sandstone Flora of Scotland. I. On Plant-Remains from the Fish-Beds of Cromarty. II. On a Sporangium-bearing Branch-System from the Stromness Beds. | journal = Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh | date = 1926 | volume = 54 | issue = 2 | pages = 253–79 | doi = 10.1017/S0080456800027599 | s2cid = 131163187 }}</ref> ''[[Tetraxylopteris]]'' is another example of a genus lacking leaves. In more advanced aneurophytaleans such as ''[[Aneurophyton]]'' these vegetative organs started to look rather more like fronds,<ref name="Serlinbanks">{{cite journal | vauthors = Serlin BS, Banks HP | date = 1979 | title = Morphology and anatomy of ''[[Aneurophyton]]'', a progymnosperm from the Late Devonian of New York. | journal = Palaeontographica Americana | volume = 8 | pages = 343–359 | doi = }}</ref> and eventually during Late Devonian times the aneurophytaleans are presumed to have given rise to the [[pteridosperm]] order, the [[Lyginopteridales]]. In Late Devonian times, another group of progymnosperms gave rise to the first really large trees known as ''[[Archaeopteris]]''. The latest surviving group of progymnosperms is the [[Noeggerathiales]], which persisted until the end of the [[Permian]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang J, Hilton J, Pfefferkorn HW, Wang S, Zhang Y, Bek J, Pšenička J, Seyfullah LJ, Dilcher D | display-authors = 6 | title = Ancient noeggerathialean reveals the seed plant sister group diversified alongside the primary seed plant radiation | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 118 | issue = 11 | pages = e2013442118 | date = March 2021 | pmid = 33836571 | pmc = 7980368 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.2013442118 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2021PNAS..11813442W }}</ref>


Other characteristics:
Other characteristics:
Line 21: Line 24:
*Some were [[heterosporous]] but others were [[homosporous]].
*Some were [[heterosporous]] but others were [[homosporous]].


==References==
==Phylogeny==
Progymnosperms are a paraphyletic grade of plants.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Crane PR, Herendeen P, Friis EM | title = Fossils and plant phylogeny | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 91 | issue = 10 | pages = 1683–99 | date = October 2004 | pmid = 21652317 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.91.10.1683 | name-list-style = amp | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author=Pelletier | year=2012 | title=Empire biota: taxonomy and evolution 2nd ed | pages=354 | publisher=Lulu.com| isbn=978-1329874008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang J, Hilton J, Pfefferkorn HW, Wang S, Zhang Y, Bek J, Pšenička J, Seyfullah LJ, Dilcher D | display-authors = 6 | title = Ancient noeggerathialean reveals the seed plant sister group diversified alongside the primary seed plant radiation | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 118 | issue = 11 | pages = e2013442118 | date = March 2021 | pmid = 33836571 | pmc = 7980368 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.2013442118 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2021PNAS..11813442W }}</ref>
{{reflist}}


{{barlabel |size=1 |at=3 |label=Progymnosperms|cladogram=
⚫
==External links==
{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:80%
⚫
*[http://comenius.susqu.edu/biol/202/ARCHAEPLASTIDA/VIRIDIPLANTAE/Vascular%20Cryptogams/PROGYMNOSPERMOPHYTA/default.htm Progymnospermophyta]
|label1=[[Tracheophyta]]
⚫
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=0DfYJsVRmUcC&pg=PA723&lpg=PA723&dq=Progymnospermophyta&source=bl&ots=8gLDGKNZ3U&sig=K86Hb_ITkTlATOtMQpJrByaMx3w&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=7&ct=result Botany: an introduction to plant biology]
|1={{Clade
|1=†[[Rhyniopsida]]
|2={{Clade
|1=[[Lycopodiophyta|Lycopodiophytina]] (Clubmosses, Spikemosses & Quillworts)
|2={{Clade
|1=†''[[Eophyllophyton]]''
|2={{Clade
|1=†[[Trimerophyta|Trimerophytopsida]]
|2={{Clade
|label1=Moniliformopses
|1=[[Polypodiophyta|Polypodiophytina]] (Ferns)
|label2=Radiatopses
|2={{Cladex
|1=†''[[Pertica]]''
|label2=Lignophytes
|2={{Cladex |barbegin1=darkgreen
|1=†[[Aneurophytophyta|Aneurophytopsida]]
|label2=Metalignophytes
|2={{Cladex
|1={{Cladex
|1=†[[Protopityales]] <small>Nemejc 1963</small>
|2={{Cladex
|1=†[[Archaeopteridales]]
|2=†[[Noeggerathiales]] <small>Nemejc emend. J. Wang ''et al''. 2021</small>
}}
}}|barend1=darkgreen
|2=[[Spermatophyta|Spermatophytina]] (Seed plants)
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

⚫
== External links ==
⚫
*[http://comenius.susqu.edu/biol/202/ARCHAEPLASTIDA/VIRIDIPLANTAE/Vascular%20Cryptogams/PROGYMNOSPERMOPHYTA/default.htm Progymnospermophyta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154657/http://comenius.susqu.edu/biol/202/archaeplastida/viridiplantae/vascular%20cryptogams/progymnospermophyta/default.htm |date=2015-04-02 }}
⚫
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=0DfYJsVRmUcC&dq=Progymnospermophyta&pg=PA723 Botany: an introduction to plant biology]

{{Plant classification}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q2032825|from2=Q18657593}}


[[Category:Middle Devonian first appearances]]
[[Category:Middle Devonian first appearances]]
[[Category:Devonian plants]]
[[Category:Middle Devonian plants]]
[[Category:Carboniferous plants]]
[[Category:Mississippian plants]]
[[Category:Mississippian extinctions]]
[[Category:Mississippian extinctions]]
[[Category:Late Devonian plants]]
[[Category:Paraphyletic groups]]
[[Category:Prehistoric plant taxa]]



{{plant-stub}}
{{devonian-plant-stub}}
{{paleobotany-stub}}
{{carboniferous-plant-stub}}
{{permian-plant-stub}}

Latest revision as of 19:17, 6 May 2024

Progymnosperm
Temporal range: Middle Devonian–Lopingian
Archaeopteris fossil leaves
Archaeopteris fossil leaves
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Class: †Progymnospermopsida
Orders

The progymnosperms are an extinct group of woody, spore-bearing plants that is presumed to have evolved from the trimerophytes, and eventually gave rise to the gymnosperms, ancestral to acrogymnosperms and angiosperms (flowering plants).[1] They have been treated formally at the rank of division Progymnospermophyta or class Progymnospermopsida (as opposite). The stratigraphically oldest known examples belong to the Middle Devonian order the Aneurophytales, with forms such as Protopteridium, in which the vegetative organs consisted of relatively loose clusters of axes.[2] Tetraxylopteris is another example of a genus lacking leaves. In more advanced aneurophytaleans such as Aneurophyton these vegetative organs started to look rather more like fronds,[3] and eventually during Late Devonian times the aneurophytaleans are presumed to have given rise to the pteridosperm order, the Lyginopteridales. In Late Devonian times, another group of progymnosperms gave rise to the first really large trees known as Archaeopteris. The latest surviving group of progymnosperms is the Noeggerathiales, which persisted until the end of the Permian.[4]

Other characteristics:

Phylogeny

[edit]

Progymnosperms are a paraphyletic grade of plants.[5][6][7]

Tracheophyta

†Rhyniopsida

Lycopodiophytina (Clubmosses, Spikemosses & Quillworts)

†Eophyllophyton

†Trimerophytopsida

Moniliformopses

Polypodiophytina (Ferns)

Radiatopses

†Pertica

Lignophytes

†Aneurophytopsida

Metalignophytes

†Protopityales Nemejc 1963

†Archaeopteridales

†Noeggerathiales Nemejc emend. J. Wang et al. 2021

Spermatophytina (Seed plants)

Progymnosperms

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Stewart WN, Rothwell GW (1993). Paleobiology and the evolution of plants. Cambridge University Press. p. 521pp.
  2. ^ Lang WH (1926). "II.—Contributions to the Study of the Old Red Sandstone Flora of Scotland. I. On Plant-Remains from the Fish-Beds of Cromarty. II. On a Sporangium-bearing Branch-System from the Stromness Beds". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 54 (2): 253–79. doi:10.1017/S0080456800027599. S2CID 131163187.
  3. ^ Serlin BS, Banks HP (1979). "Morphology and anatomy of Aneurophyton, a progymnosperm from the Late Devonian of New York". Palaeontographica Americana. 8: 343–359.
  4. ^ Wang J, Hilton J, Pfefferkorn HW, Wang S, Zhang Y, Bek J, et al. (March 2021). "Ancient noeggerathialean reveals the seed plant sister group diversified alongside the primary seed plant radiation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (11): e2013442118. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11813442W. doi:10.1073/pnas.2013442118. PMC 7980368. PMID 33836571.
  5. ^ Crane PR, Herendeen P, Friis EM (October 2004). "Fossils and plant phylogeny". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1683–99. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1683. PMID 21652317.
  6. ^ Pelletier (2012). Empire biota: taxonomy and evolution 2nd ed. Lulu.com. p. 354. ISBN 978-1329874008.
  7. ^ Wang J, Hilton J, Pfefferkorn HW, Wang S, Zhang Y, Bek J, et al. (March 2021). "Ancient noeggerathialean reveals the seed plant sister group diversified alongside the primary seed plant radiation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (11): e2013442118. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11813442W. doi:10.1073/pnas.2013442118. PMC 7980368. PMID 33836571.
[edit]


Stub icon

This article related to a Devonian plant is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Stub icon

This article related to a Carboniferous plant is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Stub icon

This article related to a Permian plant is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Progymnosperm&oldid=1222581295"