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Being an invasive species, the [[physiology]] of ''D. lumholtzi'' is relatively well studied for a daphnid. |
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''D. lumholtzi'' individuals prefer areas with high levels of dissolved oxygen and avoid areas where oxygen levels are low. Population surveys have found robust ''D. lumholtzi'' populations in water with oxygen saturation levels ranging from 65-163%, while no populations were found in water with saturation levels ranging from 7-50%.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Davidson|first1=NL|last2=Kelso|first2=WE|title=The exotic daphnid, "Daphnia lumholtzi", in a Louisiana river-swamp|journal=Journal of Freshwater Ecology|date=1997|volume=12|page=431-435|doi=10.1080/02705060.1997.9663553}}</ref> The mechanism ''D. lumholtzi'' uses for respiration is very similar to that used by other species of ''Daphnia'', with gas exchange occurring through gills that are fed oxygenated water by appendages on the thorax<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pennak|first1=Robert|title=Freshwater Invertebrates of the United States|date=1978|isbn=9780471358374|page=454}}</ref>. |
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The physiology of ''D. lumholtzi'' is relatively well studied for a Daphnid, this most likely being because it is an invasive species. Nevertheless, information on the physiology of ''D. lumholtzi'' is still rather limited compared to more charismatic species. |
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===Response to salinity=== |
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| ⚫ | As with most other members of the order [[Cladocera]], ''D. lumholtzi'' lives in freshwater and is [[hyperosmotic]] to its environment.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal|last1=Devries|first1=DR|last2=Devries|first2=TS|last3=Wright|first3=RA|title="Daphnia lumholtzi" in the mobile river drainage, USA: invasion of a habitat that experiences salinity|journal=Journal of Freshwater Ecology|date=2006|volume=21|page=527-530|doi=10.1080/02705060.2006.9665031}}</ref> ''D. lumholtzi'' is generally found in habitats with a salinity near 0 grams per liter, but can withstand slightly saline water, up to 1.5 grams per liter, for short amounts of time.<ref name=":1" /> This ability to survive short bouts of salinity has likely contributed to ''D. lumholtzi''’s ability to invade North America.<ref name=":1" /> |
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''D. lumholtzi'' individuals prefer areas with high levels of dissolved oxygen saturation and avoid areas where oxygen saturation is low. Population surveys have found robust ''D. lumholtzi'' populations in water with saturation ranging from 65-163% and no populations in water with saturation ranging from 7-50% (Davidson). |
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The mechanism ''D. lumholtzi'' uses for respiration is very similar to that used by other species of ''Daphnia'', with gas exchange occurring through gills that are fed oxygenated water by appendages on the thorax (Pennak). |
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What generally differs ''D. lumholtzi'' from most North American daphnid species is its ability to tolerate and thrive in relatively high temperatures. While most species of ''Daphnia'' see high mortality at temperatures greater than 25° C,<ref name=":2">{{cite journal|last1=Lennon|first1=JT|last2=Smith|first2=VH|last3=Williams|first3=K|title=Influence of temperature on exotic "Daphnia lumholtzi" and implication for invasion success|journal=Freshwater Biology|date=2001|volume=51|page=487-498|doi=10.1093/plankt/23.4.425}}</ref> ''D. lumholtzi'' individuals can survive and reproduce at temperatures up to 30° C,<ref name=":3">{{cite journal|last1=Engel|first1=K|last2=Tollrian|first2=R|title=Competitive ability, thermal tolerance and invasion success in exotic Daphnia lumholtzi|journal=Journal of Plankton Research|date=2012|volume=34|page=92-97|doi=10.1093/plankt/fbr083}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> with a thermal optimum occurring at 29° C.<ref name=":3" /> This ability to survive at higher temperatures in comparison to other daphnids may be a result of genetic changes in ''D. lumholtzi'' that resulted in [[enzymes]] that are better able to function in the higher temperatures of its native tropical habitats.<ref name=":5">{{cite journal|last1=Yurista|first1=PM|title=Bioenergetic of a semi-tropical Cladoceran, Daphnia lumholtzi|journal=Journal of Freshwater Ecology|date=2004|volume=19|page=681-694|doi=10.1080/02705060.2004.9664750}}</ref> The lower temperature range of ''D. lumholtzi'' extends to 5°C, where some individuals are able to survive,<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> with survival increasing significantly at 10° C<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> and reproduction beginning to occur at 15° C.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{cite journal|last1=Havel|first1=JE|last2=Lampert|first2=W|title=Habitat partitioning of native and exotic Daphnia in gradients of temperature and food: mesocosm experiments|journal=Freshwater Biology|date=2006|volume=51|page=487-498|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01511.x}}</ref> This significantly broad temperature range in which ''D. lumholtzi'' can survive has led to it being labeled a [[eurythermal]] species.<ref name=":5" /> |
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===Ephippia stress response=== |
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=== '''Solute Exchange''' === |
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| ⚫ | ''D. lumholtzi'', as with most daphnid species, produces eggs called [[ephippia]] when exposed to high environmental stress.<ref name=":6">{{cite journal|last1=Dzialowski|first1=AR|last2=O'Brien|first2=WJ|last3=Swaffar|first3=SM|title=Range expansion and potential dispersal mechanisms of the exotic cladoceran Daphnia lumholtzi|journal=Journal of Plankton Research|date=2000|volume=22|page=2205-2223|doi=10.1093/plankt/22.12.2205}}</ref> These ephippia are able to survive temperature, oxygen, and salinity levels significantly lower and higher than those hospitable to adult daphnids, although exact ranges for ''D. lumholtzi'' ephippia have not been found.<ref name=":6" /> This ephippia stage is an example of [[diapause]], a state of suspended animation an organism can enter in order to survive a harsh environment.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wilmer|first1=Pat|last2=Stone|first2=Graham|last3=Johnston|first3=Ian|title=Environmental Physiology of Animals|date=2009|publisher=Wiley|isbn=9781405107242|page=213}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | As with most other members of the order Cladocera, ''D. lumholtzi'' lives in freshwater and is hyperosmotic to its environment |
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=== References === |
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{{Reflist}} |
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:[[User:JacobMwiki|JacobMwiki]] ([[User talk:JacobMwiki|talk]]) 00:28, 29 April 2016 (UTC) |
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The most unique characteristic of ''D. lumholtzi'' compared to most North American Daphnid species is its ability to tolerate and thrive in relatively high temperatures. While most species of ''Daphnia'' begin to see higher rates of mortality at temperatures greater than 25°C (Lennon), ''D. lumholtzi'' individuals have been found able to survive and reproduce at temperatures up to 30°C (Engel) (Lennon) (Havel), with a thermal optimum occurring at 29°C (Engel). This ability to survive at higher temperatures in comparison to other Daphnids seems to be a result of genetic changes in ''D. lumholtzi'' that resulted in enzymes that are better able to function at higher temperatures (Yurista). |
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The lower temperature range of ''D. lumholtzi'' extends to 5°C, where some individuals are able to survive (Engel) (Lennon) (Havel), with survival increasing significantly at 10°C (Lennon) (Havel) and reproduction beginning to occur at 15°C (Lennon) (Havel). This significantly broad temperature range in which ''D. lumholtzi'' can survive has led to it being labeled a eurythermal species (Yurista). |
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=== '''Ephippia''' === |
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Cherifi O, Chifaa A, and Tifnouti A. 1994. “Etude de regime alimentaire de cinq especes de Cladoceres dans la retenue Lalla Takerkoust”. International Journal of Limnology 30: 285-296. |
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Davidson NL and Kelso WE. 1997. “The exotic daphnid, Daphnia lumholtzi, in a Louisiana river-swamp”. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 12: 431-435. |
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Devries DR, Devries TS, and Wright RA. 2006. “Daphnia lumholtzi in the mobile river drainage, USA: invasion of a habitat that experiences salinity”. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 21: 527-530. |
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Engel K and Tollrian R. 2012. “Competitive ability, thermal tolerance and invasion success in exotic Daphnia lumholtzi”. Journal of Plankton Research 34: 92-97. |
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Havel JE and Lampert W. 2006. “Habitat partitioning of native and exotic Daphnia in gradients of temperature and food: mesocosm experiments”. Freshwater Biology 51: 487-498. |
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Lennon JT, Smith VH, and Williams K. 2001. “Influence of temperature on exotic Daphnia lumholtzi and implication for invasion success”. Journal of Plankton Research 23: 425-434. |
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Yurista PM. 2004. “Bioenergetic of a semi-tropical Cladoceran, Daphnia lumholtzi”. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 19: 681-694. |
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Latest revision as of 19:14, 3 May 2016
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Physiology
[edit]Being an invasive species, the physiology of D. lumholtzi is relatively well studied for a daphnid.
Respiration
[edit]D. lumholtzi individuals prefer areas with high levels of dissolved oxygen and avoid areas where oxygen levels are low. Population surveys have found robust D. lumholtzi populations in water with oxygen saturation levels ranging from 65-163%, while no populations were found in water with saturation levels ranging from 7-50%.[1] The mechanism D. lumholtzi uses for respiration is very similar to that used by other species of Daphnia, with gas exchange occurring through gills that are fed oxygenated water by appendages on the thorax[2].
Response to salinity
[edit]As with most other members of the order Cladocera, D. lumholtzi lives in freshwater and is hyperosmotic to its environment.[3] D. lumholtzi is generally found in habitats with a salinity near 0 grams per liter, but can withstand slightly saline water, up to 1.5 grams per liter, for short amounts of time.[3] This ability to survive short bouts of salinity has likely contributed to D. lumholtzi’s ability to invade North America.[3]
Temperature maintenance
[edit]What generally differs D. lumholtzi from most North American daphnid species is its ability to tolerate and thrive in relatively high temperatures. While most species of Daphnia see high mortality at temperatures greater than 25° C,[4] D. lumholtzi individuals can survive and reproduce at temperatures up to 30° C,[5][4][6] with a thermal optimum occurring at 29° C.[5] This ability to survive at higher temperatures in comparison to other daphnids may be a result of genetic changes in D. lumholtzi that resulted in enzymes that are better able to function in the higher temperatures of its native tropical habitats.[7] The lower temperature range of D. lumholtzi extends to 5°C, where some individuals are able to survive,[5][4][6] with survival increasing significantly at 10° C[4][6] and reproduction beginning to occur at 15° C.[4][6] This significantly broad temperature range in which D. lumholtzi can survive has led to it being labeled a eurythermal species.[7]
Ephippia stress response
[edit]D. lumholtzi, as with most daphnid species, produces eggs called ephippia when exposed to high environmental stress.[8] These ephippia are able to survive temperature, oxygen, and salinity levels significantly lower and higher than those hospitable to adult daphnids, although exact ranges for D. lumholtzi ephippia have not been found.[8] This ephippia stage is an example of diapause, a state of suspended animation an organism can enter in order to survive a harsh environment.[9]
References
[edit]- ^ Davidson, NL; Kelso, WE (1997). "The exotic daphnid, "Daphnia lumholtzi", in a Louisiana river-swamp". Journal of Freshwater Ecology. 12: 431-435. doi:10.1080/02705060.1997.9663553.
- ^ Pennak, Robert (1978). Freshwater Invertebrates of the United States. p. 454. ISBN 9780471358374.
- ^ a b c Devries, DR; Devries, TS; Wright, RA (2006). ""Daphnia lumholtzi" in the mobile river drainage, USA: invasion of a habitat that experiences salinity". Journal of Freshwater Ecology. 21: 527-530. doi:10.1080/02705060.2006.9665031.
- ^ a b c d e Lennon, JT; Smith, VH; Williams, K (2001). "Influence of temperature on exotic "Daphnia lumholtzi" and implication for invasion success". Freshwater Biology. 51: 487-498. doi:10.1093/plankt/23.4.425.
- ^ a b c Engel, K; Tollrian, R (2012). "Competitive ability, thermal tolerance and invasion success in exotic Daphnia lumholtzi". Journal of Plankton Research. 34: 92-97. doi:10.1093/plankt/fbr083.
- ^ a b c d Havel, JE; Lampert, W (2006). "Habitat partitioning of native and exotic Daphnia in gradients of temperature and food: mesocosm experiments". Freshwater Biology. 51: 487-498. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01511.x.
- ^ a b Yurista, PM (2004). "Bioenergetic of a semi-tropical Cladoceran, Daphnia lumholtzi". Journal of Freshwater Ecology. 19: 681-694. doi:10.1080/02705060.2004.9664750.
- ^ a b Dzialowski, AR; O'Brien, WJ; Swaffar, SM (2000). "Range expansion and potential dispersal mechanisms of the exotic cladoceran Daphnia lumholtzi". Journal of Plankton Research. 22: 2205-2223. doi:10.1093/plankt/22.12.2205.
- ^ Wilmer, Pat; Stone, Graham; Johnston, Ian (2009). Environmental Physiology of Animals. Wiley. p. 213. ISBN 9781405107242.
- JacobMwiki (talk) 00:28, 29 April 2016 (UTC)