Jump to content

Protistology: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Citation bot (talk | contribs)
Bots
5,389,269 edits
Added isbn. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | #UCB_CommandLine
 
(95 intermediate revisions by 37 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|Scientific discipline devoted to the study of protists}}
{{Refimprove|date=February 2013}}
{{Refimprove|date=February 2013}}
{{TopicTOC-Biology}}
'''Protistology''' is a scientific discipline devoted to the study of [[protists]], a highly diverse group of [[Microorganism#Eukaryotes|eukaryotic]] organisms. All eukaryotes apart from animals, plants and fungi are considered protists.<ref name="Geisen et al 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Geisen |first1=Stefan |last2=Mitchell |first2=Edward A D |last3=Adl |first3=Sina |last4=authors |first4=and 10 further |title=Soil protists: a fertile frontier in soil biology research |journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews |date=2018 |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=293–323 |doi=10.1093/femsre/fuy006 |pmid=29447350 |url=https://academic.oup.com/femsre/article/42/3/293/4855940 |access-date=25 December 2020|doi-access=free }}</ref> Its field of study therefore overlaps with the more traditional disciplines of [[phycology]], [[mycology]], and [[protozoology]], just as protists embrace mostly [[unicellular]] organisms described as [[algae]], some organisms regarded previously as primitive [[fungi]], and [[protozoa]] ("animal" motile protists lacking chloroplasts).<ref name="Geisen et al 2018" />


They are a [[paraphyletic group]] with very diverse morphologies and lifestyles. Their sizes range from unicellular [[picoeukaryotes]] only a few micrometres in diameter to multicellular [[marine algae]] several metres long.<ref name="Geisen et al 2018" />
'''Protistology''' is a scientific discipline devoted to the study of [[protists]], a highly diverse group of [[Microorganism#Eukaryotes|eukaryotic]] organisms. Its field of study overlaps with more traditional disciplines of [[phycology]], [[mycology]], and [[protozoology]], just as protists, which, being a [[paraphyletic group]] embrace [[algae]], some organisms regarded previously as primitive [[fungi]], and [[protozoa]] ("animal" motile protists lacking chloroplasts).


==Journals==
==History==
The history of the study of protists has its origins in the [[17th century]]. Since the beginning, the study of protists has been intimately linked to developments in [[microscopy]], which have allowed important advances in the understanding of these organisms due to their generally microscopic nature. Among the pioneers was [[Anton van Leeuwenhoek]], who observed a variety of free-living protists and in 1674 named them “very little [[animalcule]]s”.<ref name="The Flagellates">{{cite book|title=The Flagellates. Unity, diversity and evolution|editor1=Barry S. C. Leadbeater|editor2=J. C. Green|chapter=Chapter 1. The flagellates: historical perspectives|author1=Barry S. C. Leadbeater|author2=Sharon M. M. McReady|publisher=Taylor & Francis|publication-place=London|date=2000|pages=1–26| doi=10.1201/9781482268225|isbn=978-0-429-18213-6 }}</ref>
Dedicated academic journals include:
* ''European Journal of Protistology'' (formerly ''Protistologica'');<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elsevier.com/journals/european-journal-of-protistology/0932-4739 |title=''European Journal of Protistology'' |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= |work= |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |accessdate=12 January 2013}}</ref>
* ''International Journal of Protistology'' (''Acta Protozoologica'');<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eko.uj.edu.pl/ap/ |title=''International Journal of Protistology'' (''Acta Protozoologica'') |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= |work= |publisher=[[Jagiellonian University|Jagiellonian University Press]] |accessdate=12 January 2013}}</ref>
* ''Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology'' (formerly ''Journal of Protozoology'');<ref>{{cite web |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1550-7408 |title=''Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology'' |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=18 June 2013}}</ref>
* ''Protist'' (formerly ''Archiv für Protistenkunde'');<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elsevier.com/journals/protist/1434-4610 |title=''Protist'' |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= |work= |publisher=Elsevier |accessdate=12 January 2013}}</ref>
* ''Protistology''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://protistology.ifmo.ru/ |title=''Protistology'', an international journal |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=12 January 2013}}</ref>


During the [[18th century]] studies on the Infusoria were dominated by [[Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg]] and [[Félix Dujardin]].<ref>Fauré-Frémiet, E. & Théodoridès, J. (1972). [http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rhs_0151-4105_1972_num_25_1_3263 État des connaissances sur la structure des Protozoaires avant la formulation de la Théorie cellulaire]. ''Revue d'histoire des sciences'', 27–44.</ref>
==Notable protistologists==
The field of protistology was idealized by Haeckel, but its widespread recognition is more recent. In fact, many of the researchers cited below considered themselves as protozoologists, phycologists, mycologists, microbiologists, microscopists, parasitologists, biologists, naturalists, zoologists, botanists, etc., but made significant contributions to the field.


The term "[[protozoology]]" has become dated as understanding of the evolutionary relationships of the eukaryotes has improved, and is frequently replaced by the term "protistology". For example, the Society of Protozoologists, founded in 1947, was renamed International Society of Protistologists in 2005. However, the older term is retained in some cases (e.g., the Polish journal ''Acta Protozoologica'').<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://protistologists.org/this-url-is-canonical/|access-date=2021-06-28|website=International Society of Protistologists|language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[O.F. Müller]]

* [[C.G. Ehrenberg]]
==Journals and societies==
* [[A. Braun]]
Dedicated academic journals include:<ref>{{cite journal | author = Wolf M., Hausmann K. | year = 2001 | title = Protozoology from the perspective of science theory: history and concept of a biological discipline | url = http://www.igb-berlin.de/IGB-Publikationen/Wolf_2001_j_LBB.pdf | journal = Linzer Biol. Beitr | volume = 33 | pages = 461–488 }}</ref>
* [[Kützing]]

* ''[[Archiv für Protistenkunde]]'', 1902-1998, Germany (renamed ''[[Protist (journal)|Protist]]'', 1998-);<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elsevier.com/journals/protist/1434-4610 |title=''Protist'' |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |publisher=Elsevier |access-date=12 January 2013}}</ref>
* ''[[Archives de la Societe Russe de Protistologie]]'', 1922-1928, Russia;
* ''[[Journal of Protozoology]]'', 1954-1993, USA (renamed ''[[Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology]]'', 1993-);<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1550-7408 |title=''Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology'' |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |journal= Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology|access-date=18 June 2013|doi=10.1111/(ISSN)1550-7408 }}</ref>
* ''[[Acta Protozoologica]]'', 1963-, Poland;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eko.uj.edu.pl/ap/ |title=''Acta Protozoologica'' (''International Journal of Protozoology'') |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |publisher=[[Jagiellonian University|Jagiellonian University Press]] |access-date=12 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504190807/http://www.eko.uj.edu.pl/ap/ |archive-date=4 May 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ''[[Protistologica]]'', 1968-1987, France (renamed ''[[European Journal of Protistology]]'', 1987-);<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elsevier.com/journals/european-journal-of-protistology/0932-4739 |title=''European Journal of Protistology'' |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |access-date=12 January 2013}}</ref>
* ''[[Japanese Journal of Protozoology]]'', 1968-2017, Japan (renamed ''[[Journal of Protistology]]'', 2018-);<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jop/-char/en |title=''Journal of Protistology'' |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |publisher=[[J-STAGE]] |access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref>
* ''Protistology'', 1999-, Russia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://protistology.ifmo.ru/ |title=''Protistology'', an international journal |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |access-date=12 January 2013}}</ref>

Other less specialized journals, important to protistology before the appearance of the more specialized:
* ''[[Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences]]'', 1666-, France;
* ''[[Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science]]'', 1853-1966, UK (renamed ''[[Journal of Cell Science]]'', 1966-);
* ''[[Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie]]'', 1865-1923, Germany;
* ''[[Transactions of the Microscopical Society]]'', 1841-1869, UK (renamed ''[[Journal of Microscopy]]'', 1869-);
* ''[[Transactions of the American Microscopical Society]]'', 1880-1994, USA (renamed ''[[Invertebrate Biology]]'', 1995-);
* ''[[Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz]]'', 1909-, Brazil.

Some societies:
* [[Society of Protozoloogists]], 1947-2005, USA (renamed [[International Society of Protistologists]], 2005-), with many affiliates;<ref>{{cite web|title = New President's Address|url = http://protozoa.uga.edu/artman/publish/article_37.shtml|website = protozoa.uga.edu|access-date = 2015-05-01}}</ref>
* [[International Society for Evolutionary Protistology]], 1975, USA.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1099/ijs.0.02587-0|title = The collapse of the two-kingdom system, the rise of protistology and the founding of the International Society for Evolutionary Protistology (ISEP)| journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology| volume=53| issue=6| pages=1707–1714|year = 2003|last1 = Taylor|first1 = F. J. R. 'M.| pmid=14657097| doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Protistology UK (previously British Society for Protist Biology)<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to Protistology UK! |url=https://www.protistology.org.uk/ |website=Protistology UK |access-date=25 December 2020}}</ref>
* International Society of Protistologists (previously the Society of Protozoologists)<ref>{{cite web |title=International Society of Protistologists |url=https://protistologists.org/ |website=International Society of Protistologists |access-date=25 December 2020}}</ref>

==Notable protistologists (sorted by alphabetical order of surnames) ==
The field of protistology was idealized by Haeckel, but its widespread recognition is more recent. In fact, many of the researchers cited below considered themselves as protozoologists, phycologists, mycologists, microbiologists, microscopists, parasitologists, limnologists, biologists, naturalists, zoologists, botanists, etc., but made significant contributions to the field.

{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Carl Agardh]]
* [[Carl Agardh]]
* [[William Archer (naturalist)|William Archer]]
* [[Nägeli]]
* [[C. von Siebold]]
* [[Anton de Bary]]
* [[Haeckel]]
* [[Karl Bělař]]
* [[Georg Klebs]]
* [[Harold C. Bold]]
* [[Alexander Braun]]
* [[Gottlob Ludwig Rabenhorst|Rabenhorst]]
* [[Julius von Sachs|Sachs]]
* [[Friedrich von Stein]]
* [[Rudolf Leuckart]]
* [[Otto Bütschli]]
* [[Otto Bütschli]]
* [[Thomas Cavalier-Smith]]
* {{Interlanguage link multi|Marius Chadefaud|ru|3=Шадфо, Мариус}}
* [[Carlos Chagas]]
* [[Édouard Chatton]]
* [[Tyge Ahrengot Christensen]]
* [[Lev Tsenkovsky|Lev Tsenkovsky (Cienkowski)]]
* [[Herbert Copeland (biologist)|Herbert Copeland]]
* [[Pierre Dangeard]]
* [[Yves Delage]]
* [[Karl Moriz Diesing]]
* [[Karl Moriz Diesing]]
* [[Clifford Dobell]]
* [[Franz Theodor Doflein]]
* [[Franz Theodor Doflein]]
* [[Richard Hertwig]]
* [[Valentin Dogiel]]
* [[Alfred Kahl]]
* [[Max Hartmann]]
* [[Adolf Pascher]], [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Pascher]
* [[Pringsheim]]
* [[Heinrich Leonhards Skuja|Skuja]]
* [[Tyge Ahrengot Christensen|Christensen]]
* [[Bohuslav Fott]], [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohuslav_Fott]
* [[Hanuš Ettl]], [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanu%C5%A1_Ettl]
* [[Jiří Komárek]], [https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Kom%C3%A1rek]
* [[Hubber-Pestalozzi]], [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Huber-Pestalozzi]
* [[Karl Gottlieb Grell|Grell]], [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Gottlieb_Grell]
* [[Wilhelm Foissner|Foissner]], [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Foissner]
* [[Klaus Hausmann]], [http://www.bcp.fu-berlin.de/en/biologie/arbeitsgruppen/zoologie/ag_hausmann/personen/Hausmann/index.html]
* [[Moestrup]]

* [[Lev Tsenkovsky|Cienkowski]]
* [[Dogiel]]
* [[Schewiakoff]]
* [[Skvortzov]]
* [[Valkanov]]
* [[Merechovsky]]

* [[Delage]] and [[Hérouard]]
* [[Claparède]] and [[Lachman]]
* [[Perty]]
* [[Pénard]]
* [[d'Orbigny]]
* [[Félix Dujardin]]
* [[Félix Dujardin]]
* [[Aimé Schneider]]
* [[C.G. Ehrenberg]]
* {{Interlanguage link multi|Hanuš Ettl|de}}
* [[Léger]]
* [[Labbé]]
* [[Bourrelly]]
* [[Chatton]]
* [[Lwoff]]
* [[Fauré-Fremiet]]
* [[Fauré-Fremiet]]
* {{Interlanguage link multi|Wilhelm Foissner|de}}
* [[Grassé]]
* {{Interlanguage link multi|Bohuslav Fott|es}}
* [[de Puytorac]]
* [[Felix Eugen Fritsch]]

* [[E. R. Lankester]]
* [[Wendy Gibson]]
* [[Louis Édouard Gourdan de Fromentel|Édouard de Fromentel]]
* [[Stokes]]
* [[Copeland]]
* [[Pierre-Paul Grassé]]
* [[Kudo]]
* [[Battista Grassi]]
* [[Corliss]]
* [[Karl Gottlieb Grell]]
* {{Interlanguage link multi|August Gruber|de}}
* [[Olive]]
* [[Norman D. Levine]]
* [[Ernst Haeckel]]
* [[Honigberg]]
* [[Max Hartmann]]
* [[Paul Silva|P.C. Silva]]
* [[Edgard Hérouard]]
* [[Richard Hertwig]]
* [[George Stephen West]], [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephen_West]
* [[Gerald W. Prescott]]
* [[Bronislaw M. Honigberg]]
* {{Interlanguage link multi|Gottfried Huber-Pestalozzi|de}}
* [[Fritsch]]
* [[G. M. Smith]]
* [[Alfred Kahl]]
* [[George F. Papenfuss]]
* [[Patrick John Keeling]]
* [[Leedale]]
* [[Georg Klebs]]
* [[Charles Atwood Kofoid|C. A. Kofoid]]

* {{Interlanguage link multi|Jiří Komárek|cs}}
* [[Whittaker]]
* [[Friedrich Traugott Kützing]]
* [[Margulis]]
* [[F.C. Page]]
* [[Ray Lankester]]
* {{Interlanguage link multi|Gordon Frank Leedale|fr}}
* [[Loeblich]] and [[Tappan]]
* {{Interlanguage link multi|Louis-Urbain-Eugène Léger|fr}}
* [[Cavalier-Smith]]
* [[Ernst Lemmermann]]
* [[Rudolf Leuckart]]
* [[Gustav Lindau]]
* [[Alfred R. Loeblich Jr]]
* [[André Lwoff]]
* [[Lynn Margulis]]
* [[Émile Maupas]]
* [[Michael Melkonian]]
* [[Konstantin Mereschkowski]]
* [[Walter Migula]]
* [[Edward Alfred Minchin]]
* [[Øjvind Moestrup]]
* [[O.F. Müller]]
* [[Carl Nägeli]]
* {{Interlanguage link multi|Hermann Neubert|de}}
* [[Alcide d'Orbigny]]
* {{Interlanguage link multi|Lindsay Shepherd Olive|de}}
* [[Adolf Pascher]]
* [[David J. Patterson]]
* [[David J. Patterson]]
* [[Eugène Penard]]
* [[Maximilian Perty]]
* {{Interlanguage link multi|Franz Poche|fr}}
* [[Ernst Pringsheim Jr.]]
* [[Andrew Pritchard]]
* [[Stanislaus von Prowazek|S. von Prowazek]]
* [[Gottlob Ludwig Rabenhorst]]
* [[Eduard Reichenow]]
* [[Muriel Robertson]]
* [[Julius von Sachs]]
* [[William Saville-Kent]]
* {{Interlanguage link multi|Asa Arthur Schaeffer|de}}
* [[Fritz Schaudinn]]
* [[Joseph Schröter]]
* [[Max Schultze]]
* [[Franz Eilhard Schulze|F. E. Schulze]]
* [[Vladimir Shevyakov|Vladimir Shevyakov (Schewiakoff)]]
* [[C. von Siebold]]
* [[Paul Silva|P.C. Silva]]
* [[Heinrich Leonhards Skuja]]
* {{Interlanguage link multi|Borís Skvortsov (Skvortzov)|es|3=Borís Skvortsov}}
* [[Gilbert Morgan Smith]]
* [[Frederick Kroeber Sparrow]]
* [[Friedrich von Stein]]
* [[Helen Niña Tappan Loeblich|Helen Tappan]]
* {{Interlanguage link multi|Alexandar Walkanow (Valkanov)|de|3=Alexandar Walkanow}}
* [[Charles Morley Wenyon|C. M. Wenyon]]
* [[George Stephen West]]
* [[Robert Whittaker (ecologist)|Robert Whittaker]]
* [[Heinrich Georg Winter]]
* [[Otto Zacharias]]
* [[Friedrich Wilhelm Zopf]]
}}


==References==
==References==
Line 96: Line 147:


==External links==
==External links==
*{{Commonscat-inline}}
* [http://protozoa.uga.edu/portal/portal.html Portal to protistology] by the [http://protozoa.uga.edu/ International Society of Protistologists]
*[http://protozoa.uga.edu/portal/portal.html Portal to protistology] by the [http://protozoa.uga.edu/ International Society of Protistologists]


{{Protist structures}}
{{Protist structures}}
{{Branches of biology}}


[[Category:Protista]]
[[Category:Protista|.]]
[[Category:Protistologists|.]]
[[Category:Branches of biology]]
[[Category:Branches of biology]]

Latest revision as of 21:13, 11 November 2024

Part of a series on
Biology
Science of life
Key components
Branches
Research
Applications

Protistology is a scientific discipline devoted to the study of protists, a highly diverse group of eukaryotic organisms. All eukaryotes apart from animals, plants and fungi are considered protists.[1] Its field of study therefore overlaps with the more traditional disciplines of phycology, mycology, and protozoology, just as protists embrace mostly unicellular organisms described as algae, some organisms regarded previously as primitive fungi, and protozoa ("animal" motile protists lacking chloroplasts).[1]

They are a paraphyletic group with very diverse morphologies and lifestyles. Their sizes range from unicellular picoeukaryotes only a few micrometres in diameter to multicellular marine algae several metres long.[1]

History

[edit]

The history of the study of protists has its origins in the 17th century. Since the beginning, the study of protists has been intimately linked to developments in microscopy, which have allowed important advances in the understanding of these organisms due to their generally microscopic nature. Among the pioneers was Anton van Leeuwenhoek, who observed a variety of free-living protists and in 1674 named them “very little animalcules”.[2]

During the 18th century studies on the Infusoria were dominated by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg and Félix Dujardin.[3]

The term "protozoology" has become dated as understanding of the evolutionary relationships of the eukaryotes has improved, and is frequently replaced by the term "protistology". For example, the Society of Protozoologists, founded in 1947, was renamed International Society of Protistologists in 2005. However, the older term is retained in some cases (e.g., the Polish journal Acta Protozoologica).[4]

Journals and societies

[edit]

Dedicated academic journals include:[5]

Other less specialized journals, important to protistology before the appearance of the more specialized:

Some societies:

Notable protistologists (sorted by alphabetical order of surnames)

[edit]

The field of protistology was idealized by Haeckel, but its widespread recognition is more recent. In fact, many of the researchers cited below considered themselves as protozoologists, phycologists, mycologists, microbiologists, microscopists, parasitologists, limnologists, biologists, naturalists, zoologists, botanists, etc., but made significant contributions to the field.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Geisen, Stefan; Mitchell, Edward A D; Adl, Sina; authors, and 10 further (2018). "Soil protists: a fertile frontier in soil biology research". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 42 (3): 293–323. doi:10.1093/femsre/fuy006. PMID 29447350. Retrieved 25 December 2020.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Barry S. C. Leadbeater; Sharon M. M. McReady (2000). "Chapter 1. The flagellates: historical perspectives". In Barry S. C. Leadbeater; J. C. Green (eds.). The Flagellates. Unity, diversity and evolution. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. 1–26. doi:10.1201/9781482268225. ISBN 978-0-429-18213-6.
  3. ^ Fauré-Frémiet, E. & Théodoridès, J. (1972). État des connaissances sur la structure des Protozoaires avant la formulation de la Théorie cellulaire. Revue d'histoire des sciences, 27–44.
  4. ^ "Home". International Society of Protistologists. Retrieved 2021-06-28.
  5. ^ Wolf M., Hausmann K. (2001). "Protozoology from the perspective of science theory: history and concept of a biological discipline" (PDF). Linzer Biol. Beitr. 33: 461–488.
  6. ^ "Protist". Elsevier. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  7. ^ "Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. doi:10.1111/(ISSN)1550-7408. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
  8. ^ "Acta Protozoologica (International Journal of Protozoology)". Jagiellonian University Press. Archived from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  9. ^ "European Journal of Protistology". Elsevier. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  10. ^ "Journal of Protistology". J-STAGE. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  11. ^ "Protistology, an international journal". Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  12. ^ "New President's Address". protozoa.uga.edu. Retrieved 2015-05-01.
  13. ^ Taylor, F. J. R. 'M. (2003). "The collapse of the two-kingdom system, the rise of protistology and the founding of the International Society for Evolutionary Protistology (ISEP)". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 53 (6): 1707–1714. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02587-0. PMID 14657097.
  14. ^ "Welcome to Protistology UK!". Protistology UK. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  15. ^ "International Society of Protistologists". International Society of Protistologists. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Protistology&oldid=1256844592"