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{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{short description|National minority in Croatia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Redirect|Croatian Serbian|the language|Serbo-Croatian}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Serbs of Croatia
| group = Serbs of Croatia<br>Srbi u Hrvatskoj<br>Срби у Хрватској
| native_name = {{lang|sr|Срби у Хрватској}}<br>{{lang|sr-latn|Srbi u Hrvatskoj}}
| image =Croatia-Serbs-2011.PNG
| flag = Flag of Serbian national minority in Croatia.svg
| population = '''~ 369,000'''
| flag_caption = [[Flag of Serbs of Croatia]] as defined by the [[Serb National Council]]
|region1 = {{CRO}}
|pop1 = '''186,633''' (2011)<ref name=Census>{{Croatian Census 2011 | url = http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv/censuses/census2011/results/htm/usp_03_HR.htm | title = 3. Stanovništvo prema narodnosti, popisi 1971. – 2011. | accessdate = 2013-02-11}}</ref>
| population = '''123,892''' (2021)<ref name=Census>{{Croatian Census 2021 | EO | title=3. Stanovništvo prema narodnosti po gradovima/općinama | access-date=22 September 2022}}</ref>
| region1 =
|region2 = {{SRB}} and<br>{{BIH}}<br><small>(and some other countries)</small>:
| pop1 =
|pop2 = <br>'''183,000'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.balkanpeace.org/index.php?index=article&articleid=7898|title=Croatia: Operation "Storm" - still no justice ten years on|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref>
| region2 =
| langs = [[Serbo-Croatian]] ([[Croatian language|Croatian]] and [[Serbian language|Serbian]])
| rels = [[Serbian Orthodox Church]]
| pop2 =
| langs = [[Croatian language|Croatian]] and [[Serbian language|Serbian]] <br>(standard varieties of [[Serbo-Croatian]])
| related =
| rels = [[Serbian Orthodox Church]]
| related = [[Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Serbs of Vojvodina]], [[Serbs of Montenegro]], [[Kosovo Serbs]]
}}
}}


The '''Serbs of Croatia''' ({{lang-sr|Срби у Хрватској / ''Srbi u Hrvatskoj''}}) or '''Croatian Serbs''' ({{lang-sr|Хрватски Срби / ''Hrvatski Srbi''}}) constitute the largest [[national minority]] in [[Croatia]]. There has been a substantial [[Serbs|Serb]] population in Croatia since the Middle Ages, although the population has been declining.

==Overview==
{{Serbs}}
{{Serbs}}
The '''Serbs of Croatia''' ({{lang-sh-Cyrl-Latn|separator=" / "|Срби у Хрватској|Srbi u Hrvatskoj}}) or '''Croatian Serbs''' ({{lang-sh-Cyrl-Latn|separator=" / "|Хрватски Срби|Hrvatski Srbi}}) constitute the largest [[national minority]] in [[Croatia]]. The community is predominantly [[Eastern Orthodoxy in Croatia|Eastern Orthodox Christian]] by religion, as opposed to the [[Croats]] who are [[Catholic Church in Croatia|Catholic]].
Traditional elements of identity are the [[Serbian Orthodox Church|Orthodox faith]], [[Serbian Cyrillic|Cyrillic script]] and military history, while modern elements are [[Serbian language|language]] and [[Serbian literature|literature]], civic, social and political values, concern for ethnic status and national organisation, and celebration of the [[Liberation of Yugoslavia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/planeta.300.html:514233-Srbi-u-Hrvatskoj-zabrinuti-da-ce-nestati|title=Srbi u Hrvatskoj zabrinuti da će nestati}}</ref>


In some regions of modern-day Croatia, mainly in southern [[Dalmatia]], ethnic [[Serbs]] possibly have been present from the [[Early Middle Ages]]. Serbs from modern-day Serbia and [[Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia-Herzegovina]] started actively migrating to Croatia at a time the [[Habsburg monarchy]] was engaged in a series of wars against the [[Ottoman Empire]]. [[Great Migrations of the Serbs|Several migration waves]] happened after 1538, when the [[Emperor Ferdinand I]] granted them the right to settle on the territory of the [[Military Frontier]]. In exchange for land and exemption from taxation, they had to conduct military service and participate in the protection of the border. They populated the [[Dalmatian Hinterland]], [[Lika]], [[Kordun]], [[Banovina (region)|Banovina]], [[Slavonia]], and western [[Syrmia]]. From the beginning of the 20th century, the [[Croat-Serb Coalition]] led by Croat [[Frano Supilo]] and Serb [[Svetozar Pribićević]] governed the [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]] until the [[Dissolution of Austria-Hungary|dissolution]] of [[Austria-Hungary]]. After the [[Creation of Yugoslavia|creation]] of the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] in 1918 (later renamed to [[Yugoslavia]]), a few thousand Serbs moved to Croatian territory. During [[World War II in Yugoslavia|World War II]], Serbs were targeted for extermination as part of [[Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia|genocide]] by the [[Ustaše|Ustashas]] in the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] [[List of World War II puppet states|puppet state]] [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH).
According to the 2011 census there were 186,633 ethnic [[Serbs]] living in Croatia, 4.4% of the total population. Their number was reduced by more than two thirds in the aftermath of the 1991–95 [[Croatian War of Independence|War in Croatia]] as the 1991 pre-war census had reported 581,663 Serbs living in Croatia, 12.2% of the total population.


After the beginning of the [[breakup of Yugoslavia]] and Croatia's [[Independence of Croatia|proclamation of independence]], the Serbs living in Croatia rebelled against the [[Government of Croatia|Croatian government]] and proclaimed the [[Republic of Serbian Krajina]] (RSK) on parts of Croatian territory, which led to the [[Croatian War of Independence]] (1991–1995). Several RSK leaders have been later convicted of war crimes by the [[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia|ICTY]]. After the [[Croatian Army]]'s [[Operation Storm]], the RSK ceased to exist, its territory was reincorporated into Croatia, and approximately 200,000 Serbs fled from the country. In the post-war period, Serbs were exposed to [[Anti-Serb sentiment#Croatia|discriminatory measures and rhetoric]], including barriers to employment and property rights, and [[Anti-Cyrillic protests in Croatia|use of the minority languages]]. [[Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia|Denial of genocide in the NDH]] has also been a prominent issue at times. Following the [[2020 Croatian parliamentary election|2020 elections]], [[Boris Milošević]], member of the [[Independent Democratic Serb Party]] (SDSS) and President of the [[Serb National Council]], was elected one of the four [[Deputy Prime Minister of Croatia|Deputy Prime Ministers]]. Shortly afterward, the Croatian authorities and representatives of the Serbs marked the events of the 1991–95 war together. The expelled Croatian Serbs were the largest refugee population in Europe prior to the 2022 Ukraine war.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Adam |author-link=Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)|title=Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction |date=2023 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-95870-6 |language=en|page=64}}</ref>
==History==
{{Main article|History of the Serbs|History of Croatia}}


Many [[List of Serbs of Croatia|prominent Croatian Serbs]] have become internationally recognized in their fields, such as [[Nikola Tesla]], [[Milutin Milanković]], [[Sava Šumanović]], [[Rade Šerbedžija]], [[Siniša Mihajlović]] and [[Peja Stojaković]]. According to the 2021 census, there were 123,892 Serbs living in Croatia (3.2% of the population) which are recognized as a national minority by the [[Constitution of Croatia|Croatian Constitution]] and therefore have three permanent seats in the [[Croatian Parliament]].
===Middle Ages===
{{Main article|Serbia in the Middle Ages}}


==Overview==
According to ''[[De Administrando Imperio]]'' (960s), the Serbs settled in parts of modern-day Croatia during the rule of [[Heraclius]] (610–626) and soon formed a [[Principality of Serbia (medieval)|Serbian state]] which stretched across parts of modern-day Croatia, [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Montenegro]] and [[Serbia]]. The lands of [[Pagania]], [[Zachumlia]] and [[Travunia]] (which encompassed Dalmatia, roughly south of modern [[Split, Croatia|Split]]) were inhabited by Serbs.<ref>Fine (1994), 53</ref> According to the [[Royal Frankish Annals]] (821–822), ''Duke of Pannonia'' [[Ljudevit Posavski]] fled, during the Frankish invasion, from his seat in [[Sisak]] to the Serbs in western Bosnia, who controlled a great part of [[Dalmatia (Roman province)|Dalmatia]] ("''Sorabos, quae natio magnam Dalmatiae partem obtinere dicitur''").<ref>{{cite book|title=Serbian Studies|volume=2-3|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IXVpAAAAMAAJ|year=1982|publisher=North American Society for Serbian Studies|page=29}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Eginhard|title=Eginhartus de vita et gestis Caroli Magni|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kDrP2Y1lH-sC&pg=PA192|year=1711|publisher=ex Officina Guilielmi Vande Water|page=192}}</ref> The event would have taken place during the rule of either [[Radoslav of Serbia|Radoslav]] or his son, [[Prosigoj]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Sima M. Cirkovic|title=The Serbs|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sJJWEnXTHdIC|date=15 April 2008|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-4051-4291-5|page=14}}</ref> In the 880s, the Serb Prince [[Mutimir of Serbia|Mutimir]] exiled his two brothers due to treachery, but kept his nephew [[Petar Gojniković|Petar]] at the court. Petar later fled to the Croatian principality.<ref name=EB141>The early medieval Balkans, p. 141</ref> When Mutimir's son [[Pribislav of Serbia|Pribislav]] had ruled for a year, Petar returned and defeated him, making him flee with his brothers [[Bran Mutimirović|Bran]] and [[Stefan Mutimirović|Stefan]] to Croatia.<ref name=EB141/> In 894 Bran returned but was defeated and blinded.<ref name=EB150>The early medieval Balkans, p. 150</ref> [[Pavle Branović|Pavle]], the son of Bran, later returned and defeated Pavle with Bulgarian aid.<ref name=EB150/>
Traditional elements of their identity are the [[Serbian Orthodox Church|Orthodox faith]], [[Serbian Cyrillic|Cyrillic script]] and military history, while modern elements are [[Serbian language|language]] and [[Serbian literature|literature]], civic, social and political values, concern for ethnic status and national organisation, and celebration of the [[Liberation of Yugoslavia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/planeta.300.html:514233-Srbi-u-Hrvatskoj-zabrinuti-da-ce-nestati|title=Srbi u Hrvatskoj zabrinuti da će nestati}}</ref>
[[File:Manastir Krka - Crkva Sv.arhanđela Mihaila.JPG|thumb|[[Krka monastery]], one of the oldest [[Serbian Orthodox]] monastery in Croatia]]


According to the 2021 census there were 123,892 ethnic [[Serbs]] living in Croatia, 3.2% of the total population. Their number was reduced by more than two-thirds in the aftermath of the 1991–95 [[Croatian War of Independence|War in Croatia]] as the 1991 pre-war census had reported 581,663 Serbs living in Croatia, 12.2% of the total population.
King [[Mihailo I of Duklja|Mihailo I]] (1050–1081) built the St. Michael's Church in [[Ston]], which has a fresco depicting him.<ref>{{cite book|author=Pavle Ivić|title=The history of Serbian culture|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7nItAQAAIAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Porthill Publishers|page=101}}</ref>


==History==
[[Beloš Vukanović]], a member of the Serb [[Vukanović dynasty]], was given the title of ''Ban of Croatia'' by the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] and ruled 1142-1158 and briefly in 1163.<ref>Dr. M. Wertner, "Ungarns Palatine und Bane im Zeit-alter der Arpaden" (Ungarische Revue, 14, 1894, 129—177)</ref>
===Medieval history===

[[File:Srpski kralj Mihajlo.jpg|thumb|180px|Fresco of [[Mihailo Vojislavljević]] in the Church of St. Michael in [[Ston]].]]
In 1222, the ''King of Serbia'' [[Stefan Prvovenčani]] gifted [[Mljet]], [[Babino Polje]], the Saint Vid church on Korčula, Janin and Popova Luka and churches of St. Stephen and St. George, to a Benedictine monastery on [[Mljet]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Diplomatički zbornik kraljevine Hrvatske, Dalmacije i Slavonije|volume=3|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=m3NUAAAAYAAJ|year=1905|publisher=Zavod za povijesne znanosti JAZU|page=480|quote=Stephanus rex Serviae monasterio St. Mariae in insula Mljet donat pagos quosdam [...] 1222, kralj srpski Stefan Prvovjenčani dava benediktinskome manastiru na Mljetu cio Mljet i Babino Polje, i na Korčuli crkvu sv. Vida, pa Janinu s Popovom Lukom i crkve sv. Stjepana i sv. Gjurgja, a u Stonu crkvu sv. [...]}}</ref>
In the 10th-century ''[[De Administrando Imperio]]'' (DAI), the lands of [[Konavle]], [[Zahumlje]] and [[Narentines|Pagania]] (which included parts of southern Dalmatia now in Croatia) is described as inhabited by Serbs who immigrated there from [[Servia, Greece|an area near Thessaloniki]] previously arrived there from [[White Serbia]].{{sfn|Fine|1991|p=53}}<ref>Sima M. Ćirković (2008). [http://www.mo-vrebac-pavlovac.hr/attachments/article/451/Sima%20%C4%86irkovi%C4%87%20SRBI%20ME%C4%90U%20EVROPSKIM%20NARODIMA.pdf Srbi među Europsim narodima] (The Serbs), p. 26-27</ref> However, some scholars like [[Francis Dvornik]], [[Tibor Živković]], and [[Neven Budak]] doubt such a claim and consider that a closer reading of the ''DAI'' suggests that the Constantine VII's consideration about the regional population ethnic identity is based on Serbian political rule during the expansion of [[Časlav]] in the 10th century and does not indicate ethnic origin.<ref>{{harvnb|Dvornik|Jenkins|Lewis|Moravcsik|1962|pp=138–139, 142}}: He probably saw that in his time all these tribes were in the Serb sphere of influence, and therefore called them Serbs, thus ante-dating by three centuries the state of affairs in his day... It is obvious that the small retinue of the Serbian prince could not have populated Serbia, Zachlumia, Terbounia and Narenta.</ref>{{sfn|Živković|2006|p=60–61|ps=:Data on the family origin of Mihailo Višević indicate that his family did not belong to a Serbian or Croatian tribe, but to another Slavic tribe who lived along the Vistula River and who joined the Serbs during the migration during the reign of Emperor Heraclius. The introduction of Mihajlo Višević and his family by Porphyrogenitus suggests that the rulers of Zahumlje until his time belonged to this ruling family, so that, both in Serbia and Croatia, and in Zahumlje, there would be a very early established principle of inheriting power by members of one family. Constantine Porphyrogenitus explicitly calls the inhabitants of Zahumlje Serbs who have settled there since the time of Emperor Heraclius, but we cannot be certain that the Travunians, Zachlumians and Narentines in the migration period to the Balkans were Serbs or Croats or Slavic tribes which in alliance with Serbs or Croats arrived in the Balkans. The emperor-writer says that all these principalities are inhabited by Serbs, but this is a view from his time when the process of ethnogenesis had already reached such a stage that the Serbian name became widespread and generally accepted throughout the land due to Serbia's political domination. Therefore, it could be concluded that in the middle of the 10th century the process of ethnogenesis in Zahumlje, Travunija, and Paganija was probably completed, because the emperor's informant collected data from his surroundings and transferred to Constantinople the tribal sense of belonging of the inhabitants of these archons ... The Byzantine writings on the De Ceremoniis, which were also written under the patronage of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, listed the imperial orders to the surrounding peoples. The writings cite orders from the archons of Croats, Serbs, Zahumljani, Kanalites, Travunians, Duklja and Moravia. The above-mentioned orders may have originated at the earliest during the reign of Emperor Theophilus (829 - 842) and represent the earliest evidence of the political fragmentation of the South Slavic principalities, that is, they confirm their very early formation. It is not known when Zahumlje was formed as a separate principality. All the news that Constantine Porphyrogenitus provides about this area agrees that it has always been so - that is, since the seventh-century settlement in the time of Emperor Heraclius. It is most probable that the prefects in the coastal principalities recognized the supreme authority of the Serbian ruler from the very beginning, but that they aspired to become independent, which took place according to the list of orders preserved in the book De Ceremoniis, no later than the first half of the 9th century. A falsified and highly controversial papal charter from 743 also mentions Zahumlje and Travunija as separate areas. If the basic information about these countries were correct, it would mean that they formed as very early principalities that were practically independent of the archon of Serbia.}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Budak|first=Neven|title=Prva stoljeća Hrvatske|year=1994|location=Zagreb|publisher=Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada|url=http://inet1.ffst.hr/_download/repository/Budak_1994.pdf|pages=58–61|quote=Glavnu poteškoću uočavanju etničke raznolikosti Slavena duž jadranske obale činilo je tumačenje Konstantina Porfirogeneta, po kojemu su Neretvani (Pagani), Zahumljani, Travunjani i Konavljani porijeklom Srbi. Pri tome je car dosljedno izostavljao Dukljane iz ove srpske zajednice naroda. Čini se, međutim, očitim da car ne želi govoriti ο stvarnoj etničkoj povezanosti, već da su mu pred očima politički odnosi u trenutku kada je pisao djelo, odnosno iz vremena kada su za nj prikupljani podaci u Dalmaciji. Opis se svakako odnosi na vrijeme kada je srpski knez Časlav proširio svoju vlast i na susjedne sklavinije, pored navedenih još i na Bosnu. Zajedno sa širenjem političke prevlasti, širilo se i etničko ime, što u potpunosti odgovara našim predodžbama ο podudarnosti etničkog i političkog nazivlja. Upravo zbog toga car ne ubraja Dukljane u Srbe, niti se srpsko ime u Duklji/Zeti udomaćilo prije 12. stoljeća. Povjesničari koji su bez imalo zadrške Dukljane pripisivali Srbima, pozivali su se na Konstantina, mada im on nije za takve teze davao baš nikakve argumente, navodeći Dukljane isključivo pod njihovim vlastitim etnonimom.|isbn=953-169-032-4}}</ref>{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=210|ps=: According to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, the Slavs of the Dalmatian zhupanias of Pagania, Zahumlje, Travounia, and Konavli all "descended from the unbaptized Serbs."51 This has been rightly interpreted as an indication that in the mid-tenth century the coastal zhupanias were under the control of the Serbian zhupan Časlav, who ruled over the regions in the interior and extended his power westwards across the mountains to the coast.}} [[John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.]] and [[Noel Malcolm]] believe that what is today western and proper Bosnia and Herzegovina was part of [[Duchy of Croatia|Croatia]], while the rest was divided between Croatia and [[Principality of Serbia (early medieval)|Serbia]].{{sfn|Fine|1991|p=53(I)|ps=:The Croats settled in Croatia, Dalmatia, and western Bosnia. The rest of Bosnia seems to have been territory between Serb and Croatian rule.}}{{sfn|Malcolm|2002|p=8|ps=:The Serbs settled in an area corresponding to modern south-western Serbia (a territory which later in the middle ages became known as Raška or Rascia), and gradually extended their rule into the territories of Duklje or Dioclea (Montenegro) and Hum or Zachumlje (Hercegovina). The Croats settled in areas roughly corresponding to modern Croatia, and probably also including most of Bosnia proper, apart from the eastern strip of the Drina valley.}} Some members of the [[Vlastimirović dynasty|Serbian royal family]] took refuge in Croatia amid dynastic rivalry and war with the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] in the 9th and 10th century.{{sfn|Fine|1991|p=141, 150}}
[[File:Manastir Krka DSC07498.JPG|thumb|180px|left|[[Krka monastery]], one of the oldest [[Serbian Orthodox]] monasteries in Croatia]]


[[Stefan Vojislav]] (r. 1018–1043) ruled a territory that included the coastal region from [[Ston]] in the north down to [[Shkodër|Skadar]] by 1040 after his rebellion against Byzantine rule.{{sfn|Fine|1991|p=206}} [[Mihailo Vojislavljević]] (1050–1081) built the St. Michael's Church in [[Ston]], which has a fresco depicting him.<ref>{{cite book|author=Pavle Ivić|title=The history of Serbian culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7nItAQAAIAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Porthill Publishers|page=101|isbn=9781870732314}}</ref> Croatia entered union with Hungary in the beginning of the 12th century.<ref name="JWSedlar">{{cite book|last=Sedlar|first=Jean W.|title=East Central Europe in the Middle Ages|page=280|publisher=[[University of Washington Press]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0295800646|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ANdbpi1WAIQC&pg=PA280|access-date=16 January 2014}}</ref> Serbia also entered close relations with Hungary ([[Béla II]] married [[Helena of Serbia, Queen of Hungary|a Serbian princess]]). [[Beloš Vukanović|Beloš]], a member of the Serbian royal family, became the "Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia" in 1142.{{sfn|Fine|1991|p=236–240}} By the early 13th century, the territory of Hum was under jurisdiction of the Western i.e. Roman Church,<ref>Milenko Krešić; (2016) Religious situation in the Hum land (Ston and Rat) during the Middle Ages p. 66; [https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=247029]</ref> while the [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] established the diocese of Hum in 1219, seated at Ston, that linked the [[Pelješac]] peninsula with Hum which lasted until 1321 when Serbian Orthodox bishop had to withdraw from Ston.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Andric |first=Ivo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQpaC_ttluQC |title=The Development of Spiritual Life in Bosnia under the Influence of Turkish Rule |date=1991-01-22 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-8255-3 |language=en}}</ref> Serbia continued to hold parts of southernmost Dalmatia into the 14th century. In 1333 King of Serbia [[Stefan Dušan]] sold the Pelješac peninsula and the coast land between Ston and Dubrovnik to the Republic of Ragusa, while Ragusa had to pay an annual tribute and also had to guarantee freedom of worship for Orthodox believers in this territory.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fine (jr.) |first1=John V. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC |title=The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest |last2=Fine |first2=John Van Antwerp |date=1994 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-08260-5 |language=en}}</ref> Among the oldest Orthodox churches in Croatia are the monasteries of [[Krupa monastery|Krupa]], [[Krka monastery|Krka]] and [[Dragović monastery|Dragović]], but their dating to the 14th century is controversial and improbable, as among other evidence and forgeries, have Romanesque and Gothic architectural characteristics uncommon for the style of Byzantine-Orthodox churches, showing instead 16th and later centuries foundation.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Krka & Krupa |encyclopedia=Enciklopedija likovnih umjetnosti (Encyclopedia of Fine Arts) |date=1964 |publisher=[[Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography|FNRJ]] |location=Zagreb |volume=3 |pages=251, 256 |language=sh |quote=Krka (Krovac), manastir, između Knina i Šibenika, Hrvatska, sa crkvom posvećenom sv. arhanđelu Mihailu. Prvi put se pominje 1350. po narodnom pređanju, osnovala ga je Jelena, udovica kneza Mladena III Šubića, sestra cara Dušana. I crkva i zgrade za stanovanje bile su više puta pregrađivane. U poslednje vreme crkva je imala oblik vizant. građevine s kubetom, a zvonik je podignut u romaničkom stilu. U manastirskoj riznici se čuvalo nekoliko ikona i umetničko-zanatlijskih predmeta iz XVII-XVIII. v., a u biblioteci ''Paterik'' (1346) i knjige iz XVI i XVII v... Krupa, srpsko-pravoslavni manastir u dalm. Bukovici, Hrvatska. Osnovali su ga, vjerojatno, bos. kaluđeri koji su bježali pred Turcima (1642). Na manastirskim zgradama sačuvani su gotički prozori; crkva je jednobrodna građevina s kubetom. U crkvi se ističu bogato rezbarene carske dveri, zbirka ikona iz XVII i iz XVIII st. (većinom djela italo-keltske škole), te srebrni predmeti iz XVIII st. venec. podrijetla. Bogata biblioteka stradala je u Drugom svjetskom ratu.}}</ref><ref name="Marčinko">{{cite news |last=Marčinko |first=Mate |date=19 August 1999 |title=Pravoslavni manastir sv. Arhanđela Mihaila na rijeci Krki sagrađen je na temeljima katoličkoga samostana |url=http://www.vjesnik.com/pdf/1999%5C08%5C19%5C15A15.PDF |work=[[Vjesnik]] |location=Zagreb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050520020023/http://www.vjesnik.com/pdf/1999%5C08%5C19%5C15A15.PDF |archive-date=20 May 2005 |quote=...trebao je barem zaviriti u Enciklopediju likovnih umjetnosti (ELU) Leksikografskoga zavoda. Tamo bi našao da je manastir Krka po narodnom predanju (hrv. predaji) osnovala Jelena Šubička. To je narodno predanje izmislila Srpska pravoslavna crkva i proširila ga među svojim vjernicima, da bi se onda na njega pozivala u nedostatku pravih dokaza. Još bi tamo našao i to da je zvonik krčke manastirske crkve »podignut u romaničkom stilu« (ELU, 3, Zagreb 1964., str. 251.). Na temelju svega ovoga možemo zaključiti: Pravoslavni manastir sv. Arhandjela Mihaila na rijeci Krki sagrađen je na temeljima katoličkoga samostana, ali ne prije XVIII. st. I dva ostala »glavna manastira« u južnoj Hrvatskoj – Krupa i Dragović – sagrađena su na temeljima katoličkih samostana. U manastiru Krupa do danas su »na manastirskim zgradama sačuvani gotički prozori« (ELU, 3, Zagreb 1964., str. 256.).}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sinobad |first=Marko |date=2021 |title=Manastir Krka: arheološki lokalitet, postanak i prostorno-historijski razvoj današnjeg arhitektonskog kompleksa |url=https://www.academia.edu/69811115 |journal=Zbornik Šime Pilića |volume=1 |issue=1 |location=Split |pages=159–160 |isbn=9789533520704 |quote=Dejan Medaković (1922.-2008.), profesor na Filozofskom fakultetu u Beogradu i akademik SANU ... konstatira općenito za sva tri dalmatinska manastira kako je teško reći kada su osnovani i da je pretjerano dovoditi ih u vezu s periodom srpske srednjovjekovne države (Медаковић, 1950.: 184)}}</ref>
The first [[Serbian Orthodox monastery]] in Croatia, ''[[Krupa monastery|Krupa]]'', was built in 1317 by [[Stephen Uroš II Milutin of Serbia]], other medieval monuments include ''[[Krka monastery|Krka]]'' (before 1345) and ''[[Dragović monastery|Dragović]]'' (late 14th century). Many monasteries and churches were damaged in the [[War in Croatia]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Mitja Velikonja|title=Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Rf8P-7ExoKYC|date=5 February 2003|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|isbn=978-1-58544-226-3|page=261}}</ref> In 1333 the [[Republic of Ragusa]] bought the [[Pelješac]] peninsula and the coast land between [[Ston]] and [[Dubrovnik]] from Serbian King [[Stefan Dušan]], the Ragusans promised freedom of religion to the Orthodox Serbs.<ref>Fine (1994), p. 286</ref>


According to Yugoslav ethnologist [[Jovan Erdeljanović]], members of the [[Orlović clan]] settled in [[Lika]] and [[Senj]] in 1432, later joining the [[Uskoks]].{{sfn|Erdeljanović|1930}} In 1436 on the [[Cetina]], Croats, Vlachs, and Serbs appeared at the same time living on the estate of [[Ivan Frankopan]].<ref>Sima Ćirković; (2004) ''The Serbs'' p. 117; Wiley-Blackwell, {{ISBN|0631204717}}</ref> Serbs are reported in Hungarian documents as living in Croatia in 1437 (three documents call the Serbs in Syrmia and Slavonia as ''Rascianos''–[[Rascians]]){{sfn|Erdeljanović|1930|p=353}} and on 22 November 1447, the Hungarian King Ladislaus V wrote a letter which mentioned "Rascians, who live in our cities of [[Medvedgrad]], [[Rakovac (Beočin)|Rakovac]], both [[Kalnik, Koprivnica-Križevci County|Kalinik]] and in [[Koprivnica]]".<ref>{{harvnb|Erdeljanović|1930|p=353}}; {{harvnb|Derić|1914|p=50}} "Rascianis in castris nostris Medwe, Rakonok, utriusque Kemlek et Caproncza constitutis"</ref> [[Matthias Corvinus]] complained in a letter from 1462 that 200,000 peoples during the previous three years had been taken from his country by Turks, but this information was mistakenly used in Serbian and other historiographies as a reference for Serb migration to Hungary.<ref name="Cirkovic">{{Cite book |last=Cirkovic |first=Sima M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ki1icLbr_QQC |title=The Serbs |date=2004-06-07 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-631-20471-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Sima Ćirković, Сеоба Срба у Краљевину Угарску у XIV и XV веку, (Migration of the Serbian people to the Kingdom of Hungary in the fourteenth and fifteenth century){"У једном писму Венецијанцима из 1462. краљ се жалио да су у протекле три године, дакле од 1459, Турци из његове земље одвукли више од 200.000 становника. (Овде морам приметити да је услед неспоразума у једној старој мађарској збирци регеста овај број тако употребљен као да се односи на становнике Србије који су прешли у Угарску. Радонић га је у том смислу употребио у својој на француском објављеној краткој историји Срба у Угарској, одатле су је преузели Јиречек, затим Ивић, а касније је безорој пута поновљено, и тешко и споро ће се та грешка отклањати.")..In a letter to the Venetians of 1462, the king complained that the Turks had taken more than 200,000 inhabitants from his country in the past three years, or since 1459. (I have to mention here that due to misunderstandings in the old Hungarian original collection, this number was used as a reference to the Serbs who immigrated to Hungary. Information was taken by [[Konstantin Jireček]], then Aleksa Ivić, and later repeated many times, and this error will be difficult and slow corrected} https://www.rastko.rs/rastko-hu/istorija/istorija/Cirkovic_Seobe.html</ref> After the Ottoman
Members of the [[Orlović]] [[Serb clan]] settled in Lika and Senj in 1432, they later joined the [[Uskoks]].<ref>Јован Ердељановић (1930). О Пореклу Буњеваца.</ref>{{better source|date=June 2014}} On 22 November 1447, the Hungarian King Ladislaus V wrote a letter which mentioned "Rascians, who live in our cities of [[Medvedgrad]], [[Rakovac (Beočin)|Rakovac]], both [[Kalnik, Koprivnica-Križevci County|Kalinik]] and in [[Koprivnica]]".<ref>"Rascianos in castris nostris Medwe, Rakonok, utriusque Kemlek et Caproncza constitutis"</ref>{{better source|date=June 2014}}
conquests of Serbia and capture of [[Smederevo fortress]] in 1459 and fall of Bosnia 1463 different populations of Orthodox Christians moved into [[Syrmia]] and by 1483 perhaps 200,000 Orthodox Christians moved into central Slavonia and Syrmia. The Turkish conquest of Bosnia also pushed refugees and migrants into eastern Croatia.<ref>{{harvnb|Frucht|2005|p=535}}: "Population movements began in earnest after the Battle of Smederevo in 1459, and by 1483, up to two hundred thousand had moved into central Slavonia and Srijem (eastern Croatia)."</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Nicholas J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=huXruAEACAAJ&q=Between+Nation+and+State+:+Serbian+Politics+in+Croatia+Before+the+First+World |title=Between Nation and State: Serbian Politics in Croatia Before the First World War |last2=Miller |first2=Nick |date=1997 |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |isbn=978-0-8229-3989-4 |language=en}}</ref>


===Early modern period===
===Ottoman conquest and Habsburg Empire===
[[File:Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia and Montenegro religious demographics map, 1901.png|thumb|left|Map of demographic distribution of main religious confessions in [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia|Croatia]], [[Kingdom of Dalmatia|Dalmatia]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina (Austro-Hungarian condominium)|Bosnia]], [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]] and [[Kingdom of Montenegro|Montenegro]] in 1901:
[[File:Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia and Montenegro religious demographics map, 1901.png|thumb|Map of demographic distribution of main religious confessions in [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia|Croatia]], [[Kingdom of Dalmatia|Dalmatia]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina (Austro-Hungarian condominium)|Bosnia]], [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]] and [[Kingdom of Montenegro|Montenegro]] in 1901:
{{legend2|#c2efee|Catholic}}<br>
{{legend2|#c2efee|Catholic}}<br>
{{legend2|#ff9933|Muslim}}<br>
{{legend2|#ff9933|Muslim}}<br>
Line 48: Line 52:
{{legend2|#e0ced4|Mixed Catholic and Protestant}}]]
{{legend2|#e0ced4|Mixed Catholic and Protestant}}]]


As many former inhabitants of the Austrian-Ottoman borderland fled northwards or were captured by the Ottoman invaders, they left unpopulated areas. At the beginning of the 16th century settlements of Orthodox Christians were also established in modern-day western Croatia.<ref>{{harv|Frucht|2005|p=535}}: "In the early sixteenth century Orthodox populations had also been established in western Croatia."</ref> In the first half of the 16th century Serbs settled Ottoman part of Slavonia while in the second part of the 16th century they moved to Austrian part of Slavonia.<ref name="sinod1972">{{cite book|last=sinod|first=Srpska pravoslavna crkva. Sveti arhijerejski|title=Službeni list Srpske pravoslavne crkve|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBkoAQAAIAAJ|year=1972|page=55|quote=Тридесетих година XVI в. многи Срби из Босне су се населили у Крањској, Штајерској и Жумберку. ... Сеобе Срба у Славонију и Хрватску трајале су кроз цео XVI, XVII и XVIII в. У првој половини XVI в. су се најпре засељавали у турском делу Славоније, а у другој половини истог века су се пресељавали из турског у аустријски део Славони- је.}}</ref><ref name="Kostić1965-58">{{cite book|author=Lazo M. Kostić|title=Obim Srba i Hrvata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9cK3AAAAIAAJ|year=1965|publisher=Logos|page=58}}</ref> In 1550 they established the [[Lepavina Monastery]].<ref name="sinod2007">{{cite book|last=sinod|first=Srpska pravoslavna crkva. Sveti arhijerejski|title=Glasnik|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iqtDAQAAIAAJ|volume=89|year=2007|page=290|quote=МАНАСТИР ЛЕПАВИНА, посвећен Ваведењу Пресвете Богородице, подигнут 1550.}}</ref> As Vlach settlements by name and signature we find marked Mali i Veliki Poganac (Poganetz) which was mentioned as Vlach settlement in 1610 and [[Lepavina, Croatia|Lepavina]] (Lipavina) and Marča Monastery ( [[Eparchy of Marča]] ).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Slukan Altić |first=Mirela |date=2008-06-01 |title=Kartografski izvori za povijest etnokonfesionalnih odnosa na području Varaždinskog generalata i dijela Križevačke županije |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/78016 |journal=Podravina: časopis za geografska i povijesna multidisciplinarna istraživanja |language=hr |volume=7 |issue=13 |pages=41–64 |issn=1333-5286}}</ref> The [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Empire]] encouraged people from the [[Ottoman Empire]] to settle as free peasant soldiers, establishing the [[Military Frontier]]s (''Militärgrenze'') in 1522 (hence they were known as [[Grenz infantry|Grenzers]], ''Krajišnici'').{{sfn|Miller|1997|p=2}}<ref name=Ramet82>Ramet, p. 82</ref> When it comes to the Austrian colonization of the Turkish Vlachs to [[Slavonian Military Frontier]] and the Vlachs in the [[Croatian Military Frontier]] there are some minor differences. Vlachs to western Slavonia or to the [[Varaždin Generalate]] of Slavonian Krajina are coming en masse and in a very short time: from yeare 1597 to 1600. To Croatian Krajina and Karlovac Generalate Vlachs arrive in smaller groups but throughout the whole XVII. century. Therefore, the Slavonian region was the first to open the door to the Balkans Vlachs. Biggest number of Vlachs comes from Slavonian Turkish Sandžaks<ref>Mirko Valentić, O etničkom korijenu hrvatskih bosanskih Srba, Vol. 24 No. 3, 1992. "Kada je riječ o austrijskoj kolonizaciji turskih vlaških prebjega u Slavonskoj i vlaških prebjega u Hrvatskoj krajini, postoje neke manje razlike. Vlasi u zapadnu Slavoniju, odnosno u Varaždinski generalat Slavonske krajine, prelaze masovno i u veoma kratko vrijeme: od 1597. do 1600. godine. U Hrvatsku krajinu, tj. u Karlovački generalat, Vlasi pristižu u manjim skupinama, ali u tijeku cijeloga XVII. stoljeća. Prema tome, Slavonska je krajina prva otvorila vrata balkanskim Vlasima. Najveći broj stiže iz slavonskih turskih sandžaka https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=307682#page=14</ref> In the first half of the 16th century Serbs settled Ottoman part of Slavonia while in the second part of the 16th century they moved to Austrian part of Slavonia.<ref name="sinod1972" /><ref name="Kostić1965-58"/>{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}Serbs were mentioned in the Slavonian area at the end of the 14th century where they along with the Turks plundered and burned villages (Turcos et Rascianos).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mažuran |first1=Ive |title=Povijest Hrvatske Od 15. Stoleća do 18. Stoleća |url=https://www.academia.edu/3749487 |page=16 |language=hr |quote=Molba učenika novaka Pečuške biskupije, Nikole iz Nevne (Levanjske Varoši), upućena papi Bonifaciju IX. da ga oslobodisvih crkvenih kazni, jer je u obrani domovine i kršćanstva okupio manji broj kršćana i ratnika (bellatores) s kojima je zarobio i ubio nekolicinu Turaka i Srba Turcos et Rascianos koji su spalili crkve, kuće, sela i posjede.}}</ref> The [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Empire]] encouraged people from the [[Ottoman Empire]] to settle as free peasant soldiers, establishing the [[Military Frontier]]s (''Militärgrenze'') in 1522 (hence they were known as [[Grenz infantry|Grenzers]], ''Krajišnici'').{{sfn|Miller|1997|p=2}}<ref name=Ramet82/> They were mostly of Orthodox faith, Serbs and [[Vlachs]] (Romance-speaking).{{sfn|Miller|1997|p=4-8}}{{citation needed|date=October 2019}} Catholic Vlachs were assimilated into Croats, while the Orthodox, under the jurisdiction of the [[Serbian Orthodox Church]], assimilated into Serbs.<ref name=Banac>{{cite book |last1= Banac |first1= Ivo |title= The national question in Yugoslavia: origins, history, politics |year= 1984 |publisher= Cornell University Press |isbn= 0-8014-1675-2 |page= [https://archive.org/details/nationalquestion0000bana/page/43 43] |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/nationalquestion0000bana/page/43}}</ref><ref name=Bues>{{cite book |last1=Bues |first1=Almut |title= Zones of fracture in modern Europe: the Baltic countries, the Balkans, and Northern Italy |year= 2005 |publisher= Harassowitz Verlag |isbn= 3-447-05119-1 |page= 101}}</ref>
As many former inhabitants of the Austrian-Ottoman borderland fled northwards or were captured by the Ottoman invaders, they left unpopulated areas.<ref name=Tomasevich>{{cite book |last1=Tomasevich |first1=Jozo |title= War and revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: occupation and collaboration |year= 2001 |publisher= Board of Trustees of Leland Stanford Junior University |isbn= 0-8047-3615-4 |page= 390}}</ref> The [[Austrian Empire]] encouraged people from the [[Ottoman Empire]] to settle as free peasant soldiers, establishing the [[Military Frontier]]s (''Militärgrenze'') in 1522 (hence they were known as [[Grenz infantry|Grenzers]], ''Krajišnici'').<ref name=Ramet82>Ramet, p. 82</ref> They were mostly, not only of Orthodox faith, Serbs and [[Vlachs]].<ref name=Tomasevich/> The militarized frontier would serve as a buffer against Ottoman incursions.<ref name=Ramet82/> The Military frontiers had territory of modern Croatia, Serbia, Romania and Hungary. The colonists were granted small tracts of land, exempted from some obligations, and were to retain a share of all war booty.<ref name=Ramet82/> The Grenzers elected their own captains (vojvode) and magistrates (knezovi). All Orthodox settlers were promised freedom of worship.<ref name=Tomasevich/><ref name=Ramet83>Sabrina P. Ramet, "Whose democracy?: nationalism, religion, and the doctrine of collective rights in post-1989 Eastern Europe", Rowman & Littlefield, 1997, ISBN 0-8476-8324-9, p. 83</ref> By 1538, the [[Croatian Military Frontier|Croatian]] and [[Slavonian Military Frontier]] were established.<ref name=Ramet82/> Serbs acted as the ''[[cordon sanitaire]]'' against Turkish incursions from the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>William Safran, The secular and the sacred: nation, religion, and politics, p. 169</ref> The Military frontiers are virtually identical to the present Serbian settlements (war-time [[Republic of Serbian Krajina]]).<ref>Nicholas J. Miller, 1998, Between Nation and State: Serbian Politics in Croatia Before the First World War, p. 10</ref>


[[File:Serbian frontiersman in Syrmia, 1742.jpg|150px|thumb|left|Serbian frontiersman in [[Syrmia]], [[Military Frontier]], 1742]]
According to Croatian writer Branimir Anzulovic, native Vlachs of Croatia adopted the Croatian language prior to the Ottoman conquest, but still identified themselves as Vlachs,<ref name=Anzulovic>{{cite book |last1=Anzulovic |first1=Branimir |title= Heavenly Serbia: from myth to genocide |year= 1999 |publisher= [[C. Hurst & Co]] |isbn= 1-85065-342-9 |page= 43}}</ref> and the places with Vlach majority enjoyed privileges under the [[Statuta Valachorum]].<ref name=Anzulovic/>{{better source|date=December 2013}} Catholic Vlachs were assimilated into Croats, while the Orthodox, under the [[Serbian Orthodox Church]], identified with Serbs.<ref name=Anzulovic/><ref name=Banac>{{cite book |last1=Banac |first1=Ivo |title= The national question in Yugoslavia: origins, history, politics |year= 1984 |publisher= Cornell University Press |isbn= 0-8014-1675-2 |page= 43}}</ref><ref name=Bues>{{cite book |last1=Bues |first1=Almut |title= Zones of fracture in modern Europe: the Baltic countries, the Balkans, and Notrhen Italy |year= 2005 |publisher= Harassowitz Verlag |isbn= 3-447-05119-1 |page= 101}}</ref> Anzulovic claims that the [[Serbianisation|serbianized]] Vlachs became the bulk of the Serbian population in Croatia.<ref name=Anzulovic/>{{better source|date=December 2013}} According to David Kideckeln, majority of the population of the [[Croatian Military Frontier]] were Orthodox Vlachs, originating from Southern and Central Balkans, who, under assimilation, spoke South Slavic language.<ref name=HalpernKideckel>{{cite book |last1=Halpern |first1=Joel M. |last2=Kideckel | first2=David A. |title= Neighbors at War |year= 2000 |publisher= Pennsylvania State University |isbn= 0-271-01978-6 |page= 127}}</ref>
The militarized frontier would serve as a buffer against Ottoman incursions.<ref name=Ramet82/> The Military frontiers had territory of modern Croatia, Serbia, Romania and Hungary. The colonists were granted small tracts of land, exempted from some obligations, and were to retain a share of all war booty.<ref name=Ramet82/> The Grenzers elected their own captains (vojvode) and magistrates (knezovi). All Orthodox settlers were promised freedom of worship.{{sfn|Miller|1997|p=4-8}}<ref name=Ramet83>Sabrina P. Ramet, "Whose democracy?: nationalism, religion, and the doctrine of collective rights in post-1989 Eastern Europe", Rowman & Littlefield, 1997, {{ISBN|0-8476-8324-9}}, p. 83</ref> By 1538, the [[Croatian Military Frontier|Croatian]] and [[Slavonian Military Frontier]] were established.<ref name=Ramet82/> Austrians offered land to Serbs and Vlachs which acted as the ''[[Cordon sanitaire (international relations)|cordon sanitaire]]'' together with Croats against Turkish incursions from the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>William Safran, The secular and the sacred: nation, religion, and politics, p. 169</ref>{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=389}} The Military frontiers are virtually identical to the present Serbian settlements (war-time [[Republic of Serbian Krajina]]).{{sfn|Miller|1997|p=10}} Colonization into Habsburg lands continued from 1526 to well into the seventeenth century. Serbian communities were dotted about until the twentieth century, preserving memories of their origin.<ref name="Cirkovic"/>


In 1593, ''[[Provveditore Generale]]'' Cristoforo Valier, mentions three nations constituting the [[Uskoks]]; "natives of Senj, Croatians, and Morlachs from the Turkish parts".<ref>Fine (2006), p. 218</ref> Many of the Uskoks, who fought a guerrilla war with the [[Ottoman Empire]] were Serbs (Orthodox Christians), who fled from Ottoman Turkish rule and settled in [[White Carniola]] and [[Zumberak]].<ref name="Davies">Europe:A History by Norman Davies (1996), p. 561.</ref><ref name="Goffman">Goffman (2002), p. 190.</ref><ref name="ER">http://books.google.com/books?id=ovCVDLYN_JgC {{page needed|date=February 2012}}</ref><ref name="GEO">http://books.google.com/books?id=0pmkrY29qkIC{{page needed|date=February 2012}}</ref><!-- the authors statements could be out of context, and there's a need for the link to the original source, letter. --> A letter of Emperor Ferdinand, sent on November 6, 1538, to Croatian ban Petar Keglević, in which he wrote ''"Captains and dukes of the Rasians, or the Serbs, or the Vlachs, who are commonly called the Serbs"''.<ref name=Gavrilovic>Gavrilović, Danijela, "Elements of Ethnic Identification of the Serbs" from FACTA UNIVERSITATIS - Series Philosophy, Sociology, Psychology and History (10/2003), [http://facta.junis.ni.ac.rs/pas/pas2003/pas2003-02.pdf pp. 717-730]</ref> Tihomir Đorđević points to the already known fact that the name 'Vlach' didn't only refer to genuine [[Vlachs]] or [[Serbs]] but also to cattle breeders in general.<ref name=Gavrilovic/>
In 1593, ''[[Provveditore Generale]]'' Cristoforo Valier mentions three nations constituting the [[Uskoks]]: "natives of Senj, Croatians, and Morlachs from the Turkish parts".{{sfn|Fine|2005|p=218}} Many of the Uskoks, who fought a guerrilla war with the [[Ottoman Empire]] were Orthodox Christian Serbs, who fled from Ottoman Turkish rule and settled in [[White Carniola]] and [[Žumberak, Croatia|Žumberak]].<ref name="Davies">Europe:A History by Norman Davies (1996), p. 561.</ref><ref name="Goffman">Goffman (2002), p. 190.</ref><ref name="ER">{{cite book |editor1-last=Magosci |editor1-first=Paul Robert |editor2-last=Pop |editor2-first=Ivan Ivanovich |editor3-last=Pop |editor3-first=Ivan |title=Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ovCVDLYN_JgC |date=2002 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=9780802035660}}{{page needed|date=February 2012}}</ref><ref name="GEO">{{cite book |editor1-last=Armstrong |editor1-first=Warwick |editor2-last=Anderson |editor2-first=James |title=Geopolitics of European Union Enlargement: The Fortress Empire |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415339391 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0pmkrY29qkIC}}{{page needed|date=February 2012}}</ref><!-- the authors statements could be out of context, and there's a need for the link to the original source, letter. --> The Vlachs from [[Glamoč]], [[Srb]] and [[Una (Sava)|Una]] area move in among Orthodox Christians and settling in 1530 under protection of King Ferdinand I. on the border of the Julian Alps (now Uskoks mountain) in Žumberak area.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mužić |first1=Ivan |title=Vlasi u starijoj hrvatskoj historiografiji |url=http://www.muzic-ivan.info/vlasi_u_starijoj_hrvatskoj_historiografiji.pdf |publisher=Muzej hrvatskih arheoloških spomenika |page=46 |year=2010}}</ref> Tihomir Đorđević points to the already known fact that the name 'Vlach' didn't only refer to genuine [[Vlachs]] or [[Serbs]] but also to cattle breeders in general.<ref name=Gavrilovic>Gavrilović, Danijela, "Elements of Ethnic Identification of the Serbs" from FACTA UNIVERSITATIS Series Philosophy, Sociology, Psychology and History (10/2003), [http://facta.junis.ni.ac.rs/pas/pas2003/pas2003-02.pdf pp. 717–730]</ref> In the Venetian documents from the late 16th and 17th centuries, the name "[[Morlachs#16th century|Morlachs]]" (another term of Vlachs, first mentioned in the 14th century) was used for immigrants from conquered territory previously of Croatian and Bosnian kingdoms by the Ottoman Empire. They were of both Orthodox and Catholic faith, settled inland of the coastal cities of Dalmatia, and entered the military service of both Venice and Ottoman Empire.<ref>{{cite web| title=Morlaci| url=http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=41968| author=Croatian Encyclopaedia| year=2011| language=hr}}</ref>


[[File:Serbs in their national costumes in Knin, Dalmatia, 1874.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[Serbian traditional clothing|Serb national costume]] from Knin, 1899]]
In the Venetian documents from late 16th and 17th century, was used name "[[Morlachs#16th century|Morlachs]]" (another term of Vlachs, first mentioned in the 14th century) for immigrants from conquested territory previously of Croatian and Bosnian kingdoms by Ottoman Empire. They were of both Orthodox and Catholic faith, settled in inland of the coastal cities of Dalmatia, and enterted the military service of both Venice and Ottoman Empire.<ref>{{cite web| title=Morlaci| url=http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=41968| author=Croatian Encyclopaedia| year=2011| language=Croatian}}</ref>
There was a population movement from the Ottoman territories into Venetian Dalmatia in this period. The Venetian government welcomed immigrants, as they protected possessions against the Ottomans. The [[Morlachs]], former Ottoman subjects, helped Venice triple its size in Dalmatia. The bishop of Makarska described how many people migrated from the Ottoman Empire to Venetian territories. Major population movements into Venetian Dalmatia occurred during the 1670s and 1680s. In the summer of 1685, [[Stephanus Cosimi|Stjepan I. Cosmi,]] the Archbishop of Split, wrote that Morlach leader [[Stojan Janković]] had brought 300 families with him to Dalmatia, and also that around Trogir and Split there were 5,000 refugees from Ottoman lands, without food; this was seen as a serious threat to the defense of Dalmatia. Grain sent by the Pope proved insufficient, and these were forced to launch expeditions into Ottoman territory.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Živojinović|first=Dragan R.|title=Wars, population migrations and religious proselytism in Dalmatia during the second half of the XVIIth century|journal=Migrations in Balkan History|editor=Ninić, Ivan|year=1989|pages=77–82}}</ref> Under Janković's leadership Serbs settled in Dalmatia in several waves. In July 1684. around 9000 Serbs settled around borders of Dalmatia. By the end of the same year 1500 Serb families moved from Zagora into Venice territory and the same migration happened in March 1685. when 600 families moved from Cetina under their chieftain Peraičić <ref>{{cite book|last=Јачов|first=Марко|title=Историјски часопис 29-30 (1982-1983)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i8hqCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA228|date=1 August 1983|publisher=Istorijski institut|pages=228, 229, 230|quote= ... Krajem 1684. godine Stojan Janković realizovao je prelazak 1500 srpskih porodica iz Zagore na mletačku teritoriju.}}</ref> The military border was returned in 1881 to the [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]]. In 1918, it became part of the [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]], which immediately joined the Kingdom of Serbia to form the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]].


Throughout the history of the Serbs in Dalmatia, the Catholic clergy, particularly through the efforts of the Archbishop of Split, sought to assert their supreme authority over the "schismatics."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ivetić |first=Eđidio |title=GRANICA NA MEDITERANU. ISTOČNI JADRAN IZMEĐU ITALIJE I JUŽNOSLOVENSKOG SVETA OD XIII DO XX VEKA |publisher=Arhipelag |year=2015 |pages=70}}</ref> The formation of the Serbian identity of Vlachs in Croatia began in the 18th century under the influence of the [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] (SPC), and most of the local Orthodox priests of the [[Metropolitanate of Karlovci]] who were educated in monasteries outside Croatia under the guidance of SPC clergy who came to the southwestern region of the [[Habsburg monarchy]] during the [[Great Migrations of the Serbs]] (1690–1739). In 1695, Serbian Patriarch [[Arsenije III Čarnojević]] organized the SPC's hierarchy in Croatia – the territory of the [[Military Frontier]] was 'subjugated' to the [[Eparchy of Gornji Karlovac]], and [[Varaždin Generalate]] and the rest of Croatia to the [[Eparchy of Pakrac]] (since 1705). The [[Serbianisation]] of the Vlachs in southern Croatia was the result of the hierarchical linkage of Orthodox Vlachs from southern Croatian territories, at the time ruled by the Venetians, with the SPC in northern Croatia, which strengthened the ritual and ecclesiastical connection of the Vlachs with the Serb immigrants.<ref>Introduction by Mirko Valentić in: Mile Bogović: Katolička Crkva i Pravoslavlje u Dalmaciji za vrijeme mletačke vladavine, Kršćanska sadašnjost/Školska knjiga, Zagreb, 1993., p. 5-6</ref>
The Military Border was returned in 1881 to the [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]]. In 1918, it became part of the [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]], which immediately joined the Kingdom of Serbia to form the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]].

[[File:Etnografski muzej Beograd Dungodung 50.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Serbian costumes from Dalmatia, the end of the 19th and early 20th century]]
In the 1860s, the Serbian thought began spreading among the Orthodox Christians in the [[Kingdom of Dalmatia]]. At first through the religious denomination, and by the time as a sign of national affiliation. There was also a brief occurrence when certain Catholic intellectuals, predominantly in [[Dubrovnik]], were won over by the Serbian thought. They were known as "[[Serb Catholics]]".<ref>Benedikta Zelić-Bućan, predgovor u: Mihovio Pavlinović: Misao hrvatska i misao srbska u Dalmaciji, Laus, Split, 1994., p. 10</ref> The reason for this was that Dalmatia and the [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]], at the time ruled by [[Károly Khuen-Héderváry]], were extremely disadvantaged so intellectuals did not want to link themselves to them, while at the same time they found newly created Kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]] and [[Kingdom of Montenegro|Montenegro]] with their idea of unification of the South Slavs, appealing. With the creation of [[Yugoslavia]], their political goals were achieved, and after that these "one-time Serbs" disappeared from the political stage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slobodnadalmacija.hr/novosti/hrvatska/clanak/id/156882/pitanje-boskovica-dr-nikola-tolja-posrbljenje-dubrovcana-bio-je-cin-otpora-becu-i-pesti|title=Tolja: Posrbljenje Dubrovčana bio je čin otpora Beču i Pešti|date=7 February 2012}}</ref> Such developments in the spread of Serbian thought in the Croatian lands were the result of Serbian politicians' plans dating back to the first half of the 19th century when Serbia wasn't an independent country, but a province of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. According to the 1844 [[Ilija Garašanin]]'s Načertanije, they intended to establish a Serbian Empire on the territory of the collapsed Ottoman Empire. At first, its borders were supposed to be the borders of the Ottoman Empire and the Slavs in them, but they gradually expanded to the territory of present-day Croatia (including the Military Frointaire and Dalmatia).<ref name="auto">Benedikta Zelić-Bućan, Prologue in: Mihovil Pavlinović: Misao hrvatska i misao srbska u Dalmaciji, Laus, Split, 1994., p. 11</ref> To accomplish this, the ground had to be prepared, so that diplomacy and the military would have a stronger base for taking action. The bases for this was the Serbian state law, and where it wasn't possible to appropriate the land with it, the argument of nationality, and when that argument couldn't be applied, then it was necessary to "create" the Serbs among the target population, if not among all, then among the majority. The main target were Orthodox Christians in the neighboring, non-Serb countries. In 1848/50, Serbian government organized a secret network of agents who propagated the Serbian ideas. Those agents were concealed as cultural workers. The famous agents were [[Georgije Nikolajević]] and [[Stjepan Mitrov Ljubiša]].<ref name="auto"/> The 'creation' of new Serbs was carried out by identification of Orthodox Christianity in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina only with Serbs.<ref name="auto1">{{cite journal|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/67500|title=The Serbian question in Croatian politics, 1848–1918|first=Markus|last=Tomislav|date=1 April 2011|journal=Review of Croatian History|volume=VI|issue=1}}</ref> Another argument used in the areas with no Orthodox Christians was identifying people who spoke [[Shtokavian]] with the Serbs. The idea "all Shtokavians are Serbs" was created by German Slavists in the 1850s, and was promoted by the Austrian government who wanted to equalize Croats and Serbs so that it could more easily rule the Croatian lands and in the next stage conquer Serbia and penetrate across [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]] to [[Thessaloniki]].<ref name="matica.hr">{{cite web |title=Srpski jezik nije štokavski |url=http://www.matica.hr/vijenac/427/Srpski%20jezik%20nije%20%C5%A1tokavski/ |website=matica.hr}}</ref> The idea was that it was easier to "govern Belgrade and Zagreb if the same language was spoken in them". Geostrategic position of Belgrade in relation to Zagreb further contributed to favoring the Serbs whom Austrians did not perceive as a danger, unlike Croats who had own language, politicians, national consciousness, laws, military tradition and prepared army, as well as international [[Election in Cetin|treaties which have affirmed their rights]], so Austrians needed someone (Serbs) to discipline the Croats. The same was done by Hungary which became a strong political factor after 1848 and that wished to expand into the [[Southeast Europe]], which was particularly strong during the reign of [[Károly Khuen-Héderváry]] over Croatia.<ref name="matica.hr"/>
{{multiple image
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[[Revolutions of 1848|The revolutionary 1848]] and the process of building a modern Croatian nation resulted in closer co-operation between Croats and Serbs and recognition of their equality in the sense of [[Illyrian Movement]] (also known as the Croatian National Revival) and [[Yugoslavia]]n ideas. In the 1830s, ideas of the Illyrian Movement spread to Dalmatia. In 1835, Božidar Petranović began publishing the ''Serbo-Dalmatian Magazine''. In the following thirty years, Croats and Serbs worked together in the 'national movement' (by using this neutral name they avoided conflicts) against the Austro-Hungarian unitarism and [[Autonomist Party|Italian nationalists]]. However, since [[Vuk Karadžić]], [[Ilija Garašanin]] and [[Jovan Subotić]] started writing of Dalmatia as a "Serbian land", and the recognition of Serbia as an independent state at the 1878 [[Congress of Berlin]], the differences between Croats and Serbs in Dalmatia increased. Following Croat enthusiasm with the successful 1878 [[Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878|Austro-Hungarian conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], during which many Croatian soldiers died, and them seeking unification of Dalmatia and the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, the conflict between Croats and Serbs was inevitable.<ref name="slobodnadalmacija.hr">{{cite web|url=http://arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr/20000813/podlistak.htm|title=SLOBODNA DALMACIJA, NEDJELJA 13. kolovoza 2000. – podlistak: Preokret i odvajanje|website=arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr}}</ref> In 1879, Serbs from Bukovica voted for the Italian candidate instead of Croat [[Miho Klaić]].<ref name="slobodnadalmacija.hr"/> This event was called by People's Party's supporters ''Bukovica betrail''. Shortly thereafter, separate Croatian and Serbian parties emerged, but Croatian parties managed to keep the majority in the [[Diet of Dalmatia]] while Serbs started cooperating with the Italian nationalists.<ref name="auto1"/> Prior to this, Serbs in Dalmatia started emphasizing Serbianism more often, and for the Croats emphasize "Slovene, Yugoslavian, Slavic, Illyrian", which [[Mihovil Pavlinović]] considered destructive to Croatia so he used only attributes "Croatian" in his political program.<ref>Zelić-Bućan, Benedikta, Mihovio Pavlinović: Misao hrvatska i misao srbska u Dalmaciji (Predgovor), Laus, Split, 1994., p. 12</ref>

Ban [[Ivan Mažuranić]] abolished Serbian education autonomy, which was carried out by the [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] (SPC), as part of his educational reforms and liberal endeavors. Despite the interpretation of this move as anti-Serbian, some of the most senior governmental positions during Mažuranić's reign were held by the Serbs; [[Jovan Živković]] was Deputy Ban, [[Livije Radivojević]] president of the Table of Seven (Supreme Court), and [[Nikola Krestić]] President of the Croatian Parliament.<ref>Dalibor Čepulo: Liberalne reforme Hrvatskog sabora i srpska elita u Hrvatskoj, p. 269-285</ref>

During his 20-year-long reign, marked by violence and aggressive [[magyarization]], Ban [[Károly Khuen-Héderváry]] encouraged ethnic conflicts between Croats and Serbs. He introduced Cyrillic in grammar school and equalized it with Latin, and allowed the use of Serbian flags. He has changed the official language in the Kingdom from Croatian into "Croato-Serbian" and appointed Serb [[Vaso Đurđević]] to the position of the Speaker of the Croatian Parliament. In 1884, Parliament enacted the so-called "Serbian laws" by which SPC gained the right to independently conduct education on the Croatian territory. In addition, Khuen-Héderváry financially assisted Serbs. During his reign, four out of eight Croatian county prefects, Deputy Ban and Speaker of the Croatian Parliament were Serbs, and Serbs occupied the highest ranks in the judiciary. The main goal of favoring the Serbs was to encourage inter-ethnic (Croat/Serb) conflicts which would lead to the preventing of Croatian resistance against the Austrian Empires' state policies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.azoo.hr/images/izdanja/manjine/04.html|title=Hrvati i manjine u Hrvatskoj: moderni identiteti|website=azoo.hr}}</ref><ref>N. Rumenjak, 2005, Politička i društvena elita Srba u Hrvatskoj potkraj 19. stoljeća. Uspon i pad Srpskog kluba, Zagreb, 2005.</ref> By the end of the 19th century, on the [[Vladimir Matijević]]'s initiative, Serbs established a number of institutions such as the [[Serbian Bank in Zagreb]], the Association of Serbian Agricultural Cooperatives and the [[Privrednik|Serbian Business Association 'Privrednik']].<ref>Dušan Bilandžić, Hrvatska moderna povijest, Zagreb, 1999., p. 30</ref>

[[File:Rodna kuća Milutina Milankovića.jpg|thumb|left|House in [[Dalj]] where [[Milutin Milanković]] was born, today hosts the [[Cultural and Scientific Center "Milutin Milanković"|Cultural and Scientific Center]]]]
In 1894, Srbobran, a journal of Serbs in Croatia, which was funded by the Serbian government,<ref>Artuković, Mato (1991). Ideologija srpsko-hrvatskih sporova (Srbobran 1884.-1902.), Naprijed, Zagreb, p. 32-33 {{ISBN|86-349-0257-9}}</ref> published an article titled ''Our First Decennial'' in which the author described the awakening of Croatian national consciousness and aspirations to Western values among the Orthodox Christians and the lack of indoctrination with Serbianism among the clergy; "In the Serbian church, we found many priests who didn't know who the [[Saint Sava]] was, let alone they wanted to be Sava's apostles, neither safeguard his behests, Orthodox faith and Serbian nationality, nor nourish their flock within them. Among them, we found "Orthodox Croats" who preached from the Serbian enlightener Sava's ambon Croatian thought, and Latin was more dear to them then Cyrlic."<ref>Artuković, Mato (1991). Ideologija srpsko-hrvatskih sporova (Srbobran 1884.-1902.), Naprijed, Zagreb, p. 34 {{ISBN|86-349-0257-9}}</ref><ref>Srbobran, 4(16) October 1894, no. 113</ref> The Croatian-Serbian conflict culminated on 10 August 1902, when, after years of controversial writing,<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/60126|title=Pitanje šteta i odštete u antisrpskim demonstracijama 1902. godine|first=Artuković|last=Mato|date=4 June 2010|journal=Časopis Za Suvremenu Povijest|volume=42|issue=1}}</ref> Srbobran published a text titled ''To Investigation Yours or Ours'' in which author [[Nikola Stojanović (politician, born 1880)|Nikola Stojanović]], President of the Serbian Academic Society ''Zora'', denied the very existence of the Croatian nation and predicted the result of the conflict between Croats and Serbs, calling for destruction: "That struggle must lead to the investigation ours or yours. One party must fall. Their geographical position, circumstances in which they live everywhere mixed with the Serbs, and the process of general evolution where the idea of Serbianism means progress, guarantees us that those [falling] will be Croats." Enraged crowds reacted by burning Serbian flags and attacking Serb-owned shops, and buildings used by the Serbian institutions.<ref>Dušan Bilandžić, Hrvatska moderna povijest, Zagreb, 1999., p. 31</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.matica.hr/vijenac/523/do-istrage-nase-ili-vase-22996/|title = Do istrage naše ili vaše}}</ref>

[[File:Svetozar Pribićević (1).jpg|thumb|170px|right|[[Svetozar Pribićević]], one of the founders of the [[Croat-Serb Coalition]] and Vice President of the [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]]]]
Formation of the so-called ''New Course Policies'' in the first decade of the 20th century was a turning point for the resumption of cooperation between Croats and Serbs with a purpose of fighting for a common interests, as confirmed by the 1905 Zadar Resolution, when the Croats agreed on broad concessions regarding flags, education, language and equality of Serbs. This led to the creation of the [[Croat-Serb Coalition]] (HSK) whose policy was based on cooperation with Hungary, the Italian parties in Dalmatia and the Serbs in Croatia and Slavonia, guaranteeing broad concessions regarding the Serb minority in Croatia.<ref>Dušan Bilandžić, Hrvatska moderna povijest, Zagreb, 1999., p. 25</ref><ref>Kolar, p. 136-38</ref> Serbs played a disproportionately large role in the political life of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia. Electoral units were not created according to the population but were gerrymandered according to the Governments' interests so, for example, in the [[Croatian parliamentary election, 1913|1913 parliamentary election]], the [[Croatian Peasant Party]] received 12,917 votes and only 3 seats, while the [[Serb Independent Party]] received 11,704 votes and 17 seats. Serbs Mišćević, Pribićević, Krajnović, and Budisavljević received 1,062 votes, which was enough for all four of them to get elected, while Croat M. Uroić from the Party of Rights won 1,138 votes but hadn't been elected.<ref>Ivan Bulić, Politika Hrvatsko-srpske koalicije uoči Prvoga svjetskog rata 1907.–1913. ČSP, no. 2., p. 415-453</ref> According to the 1910 census, 644,955 Serbs lived on the territory of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, accounting for 24.5% of the population. In 1900, 95,000 Serbs, accounting for 16% of the population, lived in the Kingdom of Dalmatia.

===World War I and Kingdom of Yugoslavia===
Immediately upon the outbreak of the [[World War I]], all organizations that the government considered favored unification of South Slavs or Serbia, which was on the side of the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]], were banned. [[Josip Frank]]'s associates took advantage of some provocations and the anger of the people after the [[assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria|assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand]] by Serb [[Gavrilo Princip]] and organized anti-Serbian demonstrations. After a stone was thrown on a parade in which the image of Franz Ferdinand was carried through Zagreb, many cafés and gathering places of pro-Yugoslav politicians as well as Serb-owned shops were demolished.<ref>Agičić, Damir: "Civil Croatia on the Eve of the First World War (The Echo of the Assassination and Ultimatum)", Povijesni prilozi 14, p. 305</ref><ref>Karaula, p. 274</ref> Croat-Serb Coalition MP's were also attacked.<ref>Karaula, p. 268-79</ref> On the other hand, members of the [[Social Democratic Party of Croatia and Slavonia]] held a rally in which they spoke against the violence.<ref name="Agičić, p. 306">Agičić, p. 306</ref> Simultaneously with the large anti-Serbian protests held in Vienna, Budapest and Bosnia and Herzegovina, in which there were wounded and dead, protests against pro-Yugoslav oriented citizens were held in many Croatian cities, including [[Dubrovnik]], in which protesters attacked ''Serbian Society "Dušan Magnificant"''<ref>Demonstracije u Dubrovniku, Ilustrovani list, no. 29, Year I, 18 July 1914, Zagreb</ref> Riots have been reported in [[Zadar]], [[Metković]], [[Bjelovar]], [[Virovitica]] and [[Konavle]] where protesters burned the Serbian flag. In [[Đakovo]] and [[Slavonski Brod]] riots become so violent that the army intervention was requested.<ref name="Agičić, p. 306"/> In addition, a curfew was imposed in the town of [[Petrinja]]. In [[Vukovar]] and [[Zemun]] police managed to prevent more clashes. Most [[Serbs in Croatia]] approved assassination. Cases of provocation, such as showing images of King [[Peter I of Serbia]], joy, insults and celebrations, have been reported.<ref>Agičić, Damir: "Civil Croatia on the Eve of the First World War (The Echo of the Assassination and Ultimatum)", Povijesni prilozi 14, p. 309.-310</ref><ref>Karaula, Željko: "Sarajevski atentat – reakcije Hrvata i Srba u Kraljevini Hrvatskoj, Slavoniji i Dalmaciji", Radovi Zavoda za hrvatsku povijest 43 (1): p. 255-291</ref> 14 Serbs were arrested in Zadar for celebrating the assassination.<ref>Karaula, p. 277</ref>

Following the end of World War I, previously independent [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]] and [[Kingdom of Serbia]] merged in 1918 into the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]. The creation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia led to the formation of stronger ties between Serbs in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina with Serbia. Immediately after 1918, the influx of Serbs from Serbia into the territory of Croatia, in particular in the area of [[Syrmia]] and [[Lika-Krbava County]], increased.<ref>Lorković, Mladen (2005.). Narod i zemlja Hrvata, Split,: Marjan tisak (reprint from 1939), p. 105</ref> Relative growth in the number of Serb citizens was recorded in [[Virovitica]] (35% increase), and [[Syrmia County|Syrmia]] and [[Modruš-Rijeka County|Modruš-Rijeka]] counties, mainly due to the migration of Serbian war veterans who fought on [[Macedonian front]] to Slavonia during agrarian reform which was organized by the authorities. Thus, 25 settlements for volunteers were erected, and 8,000 families settled on the land in the areas of agrarian offices in [[Osijek]] and [[Vukovar]].<ref>Lorković, Mladen (2005.). Narod i zemlja Hrvata, Split,: Marjan tisak (reprint from 1939), p. 114</ref> Although most of the Serbian parties in Croatia have been co-operating with [[Croatian Peasant Party]] in the struggle against Serbian unitarism for years, following the creation of [[Banovina of Croatia]] in 1939, part of Serbs showed a lack of willingness to live in a country with Croat majority. There were also requests for joining the Lika and Kordun districts with the [[Vrbas Banovina]] which had Serb majority.<ref>Krešimir Regan, Srpski kulturni klub i Banovina Hrvatska, LZMK, Časopis za suvremenu povijest, Vol. 40, No. 2, October 2008</ref>


===World War II===
===World War II===
{{Main|World War II in Yugoslavia|Independent State of Croatia|Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia|The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia|Chetnik war crimes in World War II}}
[[File:Serbs expelled from Croatia, July 1941.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Serbs are expelled by [[Ustaše]]]]
[[File:Jasenovac HDR D.jpg|thumb|270px|''[[Stone Flower (sculpture)|Stone Flower]]'', a monument to the victims of [[Jasenovac concentration camp|Jasenovac death camp]], which was part of the [[Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia|Genocide of Serbs]] committed by [[Ustashe]]]]
{{Main article|World War II in Yugoslavia|Independent State of Croatia}}
Following the [[Invasion of Yugoslavia]] in April 1941, the [[Axis powers]] occupied the entire territory of the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] and established a puppet state, the so-called [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH) on the territory of present-day [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and [[Croatia]]. The [[Ustaše]] government saw Serbs, Jews, Romanis and antifascist Croats as a disruptive element and enemies of the Croatian people, and immediately started with their prosecution. One-third of Serbs were to be killed, one-third expelled and one-third forcibly converted to Catholicism, according to a formula devised by Ustaše ministers.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Adriano|first1=Pino|last2=Cingolani|first2=Giorgio|title=Nationalism and Terror: Ante Pavelić and Ustasha Terrorism from Fascism to the Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7tWDwAAQBAJ|year=2018|page=190|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=978-9-63386-206-3}}</ref> Upon the establishment of the NDH, Ustaše officials immediately began making harsh statements against the Serbs.<ref>Matković, 2002., p. 180</ref> Although some of the prominent Serbs first offered cooperation to the new Ustaše government, Serbs were outlawed. During the first months of NDH's existence, numerous legal decisions were made against the Serbs: they had to leave the public service, had to move to the northern parts of Zagreb,<ref>Hrvatski narod, no. 85, 8 May 1941, p. 3</ref> could walk through Zagreb only during the day,<ref>Hrvatki narod, no. 85, 8 May 1941, p. 3</ref> had to wear a badge with the letter "P" (stood for "Pravoslavni", meaning Orthodox Christians),<ref>Đurić Veljko, Srbi u Nezavisnoj Državi Hrvatskoj i Hrvati u Srbiji 1941–1944. Viđenje kroz sudbine sveštenoslužitelja, p. 156</ref> the name of their faith was changed from Serbian Orthodox to Greek-Eastern, and usage of the Cyrillic script was prohibited.<ref>Pupovac Milorad, NDH na životu, ''Večernje novosti'', no. 530</ref> Ustaše were making lists of Serbs which they used for deportations to [[Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia|Serbia]]. About 175,000 Serbs were deported from NDH to Serbia during the first two years of NDH's existence.<ref>Jonjić Tomislav, Hrvatska između sila osovine, p. 5</ref> The regime systematically and brutally massacred Serbs in villages in the countryside, using a variety of tools.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yeomans |first1=Rory |title=Visions of Annihilation: The Ustasha Regime and the Cultural Politics of Fascism, 1941–1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yxv4-iqVe2wC&pg=PA17 |date=2012 |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |isbn=978-0822977933 |page=17}}</ref> In addition, Nazi-style concentration camps were set up for enemies of the state, the most notorious being [[Jasenovac concentration camp|Jasenovac]] where some 50,000 Serbs were killed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tanner |first1=Marcus |title=Croatia: A Nation Forged in War |date=2001 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-30009-125-0 |page=152 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sfcpsAoSoewC&pg=PA152}}</ref> [[Sisak children's concentration camp|Sisak]] and [[Jastrebarsko children's camp|Jastrebarsko concentration camp]] were specially [[Children in the Holocaust|formed for children]].<ref name="JMCSisakCamp">{{cite web|title=SISAK CAMP|url=http://www.jusp-jasenovac.hr/Default.aspx?sid=7375|website=Jasenovac Memorial Cite|access-date=30 January 2018}}</ref><ref>Marija Vuselica: Regionen Kroatien in Der Ort des Terrors: Arbeitserziehungslager, Ghettos, Jugendschutzlager, Polizeihaftlager, Sonderlager, Zigeunerlager, Zwangsarbeiterlager, Volume 9 of Der Ort des Terrors, Publisher C.H.Beck, 2009, {{ISBN|9783406572388}} pages 321–323</ref><ref>Anna Maria Grünfelder: Arbeitseinsatz für die Neuordnung Europas: Zivil- und ZwangsarbeiterInnen aus Jugoslawien in der "Ostmark" 1938/41-1945, Publisher Böhlau Verlag Wien, 2010 {{ISBN|9783205784531}} pages 101–106</ref> During the war, around 300,000 Serbs are estimated to have been murdered under the [[Ustashe]] regime as a result of their [[Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia|genocide campaign]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Totten |first1=Samuel |last2=Parsons |first2=William S. |title=Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts |date=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-13594-558-9 |page=422 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HVSSAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA422}}</ref> [[Diana Budisavljević]], a humanitarian of Austrian descent, carried out rescue operations and saved more than 15,000 children from Ustashe camps.<ref>{{cite book | editor-last = Kolanović | editor-first = Josip | publisher = [[Croatian State Archives]] and Public Institution [[Jasenovac Memorial Area]] | title = Dnevnik Diane Budisavljević 1941–1945 | location = Zagreb | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-9-536-00562-8 |pages=284–85}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Die Heldin aus Innsbruck – Diana Obexer Budisavljević|year=2014|publisher=Svet knjige|location=Belgrade|url=http://svetknjige.net/book.php?var=531|first=Boško|last=Lomović | isbn = 978-86-7396-487-4 |page=28}}</ref>
Following the [[Invasion of Yugoslavia]] in April 1941 [[Axis powers]] occupied the entire territory of the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]. On the territory of the present-day [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and [[Croatia]] a puppet state called the [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH) was created, led by the [[Ustaše]], a fascist Croatian movement.
[[File:Deca u logoru Sisak.jpg|thumb|230px|left|Prisoners in the [[Sisak children's concentration camp|Sisak concentration camp]] which was especially [[Children in the Holocaust|created for children]]]] Budisavljević and her team was assisted by the [[Croatian Red Cross]] and the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zagreb|Zagreb Archdiocese]] branch of [[Caritas Croatia|Caritas]]. Thousands of rescued Serb children were placed with ethnic Croat families from Zagreb and rural communities.{{sfn|Kolanović|2003|p=284-285}}

The Ustasha policy towards Serbs further drove a number of them joined either [[Chetniks]] or the [[Yugoslav Partisans]] who were particularly strong in the regions of [[Lika]], [[Kordun]] and [[Banovina (region)|Banovina]]. In 1941–42, the majority of Partisans in Croatia were Serbs, but by October 1943 the majority were Croats. This change was partly due to the decision of a key [[Croatian Peasant Party]] member, [[Božidar Magovac]], to join the Partisans in June 1943, and partly due to the surrender of Italy in September 1943.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|pp=362–363}}<ref>Strugar, Vlado, Jugoslavija 1941–1945, Vojnoizdavački zavod</ref><ref>Anić, Nikola, Narodnooslobodilačka vojska Jugoslavije: pregled razvoja oružanih snaga narodnooslobodilačkog pokreta 1941–1945, Vojnoistorijski institut, 1982</ref><ref>Jelić Ivo, Putevima Glavnog štaba Hrvatske, Republički štab teritorijalne obrane SRH i Zavod za općenarodnu obranu i društvenu samozaštitu, 1976</ref> Furthermore, Ustashe authorities ceding Northern Dalmatia to fascist Italy, Italian terror of the population and misrule of the Ustashe and Axis invaders would further push Croats towards the partisans. At the moment of the capitulation of Italy to the Allies the Serbs and Croats were participating equally according to their respective population sizes as it was in Yugoslavia as a whole.<ref>Marko Attila Hoare, 2002, Whose is the Partisan movement? Serbs, Croats and the legacy of a shared resistance, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/38174088_Whose_is_the_Partisan_movement_Serbs_Croats_and_the_legacy_of_a_shared_resistance #page=30</ref> Eventually, Serbian percentage dropped in favor of Croats by the end of the war amounting to 28.6% in 1944 in Croatia. The Serb contribution to Croatian Partisans represented more than their proportion of the local population.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/serbiassecretwar0000cohe|url-access=registration|last1=Crnobrnja|first1=Mihailo|title=Yugoslav Drama, Second Edition| publisher=McGill-Queen's Press|year=1996|isbn=9780773566156|page=96}}</ref><ref name=anic>{{cite book|last1=Anić|first1=Nikola|last2= Joksimović|first2=Sekula|last3=Gutić|first3=Mirko|title=Narodnooslobodilačka vojska Jugoslavije| publisher=Vojnoistorijski institut|year=1982}}</ref>


After the invasion of Yugoslavia by Axis forces, Serbian uprisings broke out under the Chetnik leadership in [[Gračac]], [[Srb uprising|Srb]], [[Donji Lapac]], [[Drvar]] and [[Bosansko Grahovo]]. The uprisings in the NDH were a reaction to the genocide policies of the Ustaše towards the Serbs.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=412, 506}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Alonso |first1=Miguel |last2=Kramer |first2=Alan |title=Fascist Warfare, 1922–1945: Aggression, Occupation, Annihilation |date=2019 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-03027-648-5 |page=253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XXfADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA253}}</ref> The policy of the Chetniks under the leadership of [[Draža Mihailović]] varied from the struggle with the Nazis to tactical or selective collaboration with them in different periods throughout the war. The Chetnik movement operated as "legalised" auxiliary forces under Axis control.<ref>{{harvnb|Ramet|2006|p=147}}, {{harvnb|Tomasevich|1975|pp=224–225}}, {{harvnb|MacDonald|2002|pp=140–142}}, {{harvnb|Pavlowitch|2007|pp=65–67}}</ref> They had collaboration agreements with the [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Italians]] in occupied [[Dalmatia]] and, after the [[Armistice of Cassibile|Italian capitulation]] in September 1943, with the [[Nazi Germany|Germans]] directly.{{sfn|Tomasevich|1975|p=196}} They also collaborated with some of the Ustashe forces in northern Bosnia and they fought together against the Yugoslav Partisans during the [[Case White]].{{sfn|Tomasevich|1975|p=196}} Contracting parties obliged to a joint struggle against the Partisans, in return, Serb villages would be protected by the NDH authorities together with the Chetniks from "attacks by communists, so-called Partisans".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sobolevski |first=Mihael |date=1995 |title=Uloga četnika u Nezavisnoj Državi Hrvatskoj |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/213630 |journal=Časopis za suvremenu povijest |language=hr |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=475–487 |issn=0590-9597}}</ref> The goal of the Chetniks, based on a 1941 directive, was the creation of an ethnically homogeneous [[Greater Serbia]]. The largest Chetnik massacres took place in eastern Bosnia within the NDH where they preceded any significant Ustashe operations.{{sfn|Hoare|2006|p=143}} In the territories they controlled, Chetniks committed [[Chetnik war crimes in World War II|genocide]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TtWycwryensC&q=chetnik+genocide&pg=PA430|isbn=978-0-203-89043-1|title=Century of genocide: critical essays and eyewitness accounts|page=430|author1=Samuel Totten|author2=William S. Parsons|year=1997|publisher=Routledge|access-date=11 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Redžić|first=Enver|title=Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Second World War|year=2005|publisher=Tylor and Francis|location=New York|isbn=978-0714656250|page=84 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pVCx3jerQmYC&q=Chetniks+extermination&pg=PA146}}</ref> against the Croat and Muslim civilian populations.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=747}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Redžić|first=Enver|title=Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Second World War|year=2005|publisher=Tylor and Francis|location=New York|isbn=978-0714656250|page=155|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pVCx3jerQmYC&q=Chetniks+extermination&pg=PA146}}</ref>{{sfn|Hoare|2006|p=386}} Estimates of the number of [[Chetnik war crimes in World War II|deaths caused by the Chetniks]] in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina range from 50,000 to 68,000.<ref name="Geiger">{{cite journal|first=Vladimir|last=Geiger|publisher=Croatian Institute of History|title=Human Losses of the Croats in World War II and the Immediate Post-War Period Caused by the Chetniks (Yugoslav Army in the Fatherand) and the Partisans (People's Liberation Army and the Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia/Yugoslav Army) and the Communist Authorities: Numerical Indicators |journal=Review of Croatian History |volume=VIII |issue=1 |date=2012 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/103223?lang=en|page=117}}</ref> In April 1943, [[Momčilo Đujić|Đujić's]] Chetniks set up a prison and execution site in the village of Kosovo (today [[Biskupija]]), near Knin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ilija T. Radaković: BESMISLENA YU-RATOVANJA 1991-1995 |url=https://znaci.org/00001/23_10_12.htm |website=znaci.org}}</ref> Thousands of local civilians, (both Croats and even Serb Anti-Fascists) including women and children, as well as captured Partisans, were held and mistreated at this prison, while hundreds of prisoners (as many as over 1,000<ref>Popovic; "Nasa Rec, monthly political and literary review (Middlesex, England), No. 402/XLII (Feb 1989), pp 248-249</ref>) were tortured and killed at an execution site near a ravine close to the camp.<ref>NOB u Dalmaciji, 6, 116</ref> Chetnik propaganda claimed that the Partisan resistance consisted of Jews.{{sfn|Tomasevich|1975|p=192}} Some [[Jews]] who hid in the countryside were killed and robbed by Chetniks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Semlin Judenlager 1941-1942 - Semlin Judenlager - Open University |url=http://www.open.ac.uk/socialsciences/semlin/en/semlin-judenlager.php |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=www.open.ac.uk}}</ref> As the Chetniks increased their cooperation with the Germans, their attitude toward the Jews in the areas under their control deteriorated, and they identified the Jews with the hated Communists. There were many instances of Chetniks murdering Jews or handing them over to the Germans.{{sfn|Hoare|2006|pp=156–162}}
The Ustaše government saw Serbs as "disrupting element" and immediately embarked on program of ethnic clensing and genocide. They went on to create concentration camps in which Serbs, Jews, Gypsies, anti-fascist Croats and homosexuals perished in large numbers, the most notorious of which was the [[Jasenovac concentration camp]]. According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum between 320,000 and 340,000 Serbs were killed by the Ustaše or their allies during WWII.


A certain change in relations towards Serbs in NDH took place in the spring of 1942 on German demand, as the Germans realized that the Ustaše policy towards Serbs strengthened their rebellion, which was putting pressure on the German army that had to send more of its troops to the NDH territory.<ref>Jonjić Tomislav, Hrvatska između sila osovine</ref> Afterwards, Ustaše founded the [[Croatian Orthodox Church]] and Serbs were recruited to the [[Croatian Home Guard (World War II)|Croatian Home Guard]] units.<ref>Božić, Tvrtko, Ivan Košutić: Rađanje, život i umiranje jedne države- 49 mjeseci NDH, Časopis za suvremenu povijest</ref> Ustaše stopped with deportations of Serbs and their forced conversions to Catholicism. However, these measures did not significantly affect the Serb rebellion. The establishment of the Church was done in order to try and pacify the state as well as to [[Croatisation|Croatisize]] the remaining Serb population once the Ustaše realized that the complete eradication of Serbs in the NDH was unattainable. Persecution of Serbs continued however, but was less intense.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=547}} At the beginning of 1942, NDH authorities started making agreements with the Chetniks to avoid conflicts and coordinate actions against the Yugoslav Partisans.<ref>Fikreta Jelić-Butić: Četnici u Hrvatskoj 1941–1945, Globus, Zagreb 1986</ref><ref>Kotur Goran, NDH četnicima davala oružje i mirovine, Slobodna Dalmacija from 15 August 2009</ref> In 1944 the Chetniks recognized the sovereignty of the Independent State of Croatia and became a legalized movement in it.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Redžić |first1=Enver |title=Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Second World War |last2=Vidan |first2=Aida |last3=Donia |first3=Robert J. |last4=Redžić |first4=Enver |date=2005 |publisher=Cass |isbn=978-0-7146-5625-0 |series=Cass military studies series |location=London New York, NY |pages=141}}</ref> The necessary ammunition and provisions were supplied to the Chetniks by the Ustaše military. Chetniks who were wounded in such operations would be cared for in NDH hospitals, while the orphans and widows of Chetniks killed in action would be supported by the Ustaše state. The agreements did not stop crimes against Serbs by the Ustaše or against Muslims and Croats by the Chetniks. In early May 1945 Chetnik forces withdrew through Ustaše-held Zagreb; many of these were later killed, along with captured Ustaše, by the Partisans as part of the [[Bleiburg repatriations]]. On 8 May 1945, Yugoslav Partisans entered Zagreb, which marked the collapse of the Ustaše regime and the liberation of Croatia from the Nazi occupation. Following the end of the war, Croatia entered union with Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia and formed the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]].
The main [[paramilitary]] force Serbs of Croatia were involved with were the [[Yugoslav Partisans]] which was particularly strong in regions of [[Lika]],[[Kordun]] and [[Banija]], they were connected with [[Partisans]] in [[Bosanska Krajina]], they were the main recruiting ground for the [[Yugoslav Partisans]] besides Serbia and Montenegro due to the genocide and ethnic cleansing [[Independent State of Croatia]] was conducting against civilian Serb population. Because of this some of the main operations, battles and free territories were in the areas populated by Serbs in Bosnian Kraina and adjacent areas. In Dalmatia main resistance movement were the [[Chetniks]]. In March 1942 the Chetniks formed the Dinara Division, led by Orthodox priest [[Momčilo Đujić]]. This unit had a program to defend Serb population from the [[Ustaše]] led genocide, with arms and political activity. During the war, this division was involved in ethnic cleansing of this area.{{sfn|Tomasevich|1975|p=171}} Chetniks in Croatia collaborated with fascist Italy to achieve their goals of protecting Serb civilians from genocide, in return they guaranteed Italians safety and defended them from the [[Partisans]].{{sfn|Tomasevich|1975|p=171}} Estimation of the priest [[Momčilo Đujić]] was that they saved as many as 500 000 Serbs in [[Dalmatia]], [[Lika]] and [[Bosanska Krajina]].


===Socialist Yugoslavia===
===Socialist Yugoslavia===
During the Second World War, at the Second and Third sessions of the National Anti-Fascist Council of the Peoples Liberation of Croatia ([[ZAVNOH]]) held in October 1943 and May 1944 respectively, the equality of the Serbian and Croatian nations, as constituent nations of the federal unit of Croatia, was recognized in every aspect.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=PvjLRzgyKKkC&dq=serbs+constituent+nation+croatia&pg=PA477 Yugoslavia Through Documents: From Its Creation to Its Dissolution] edited by Snežana Trifunovska, page 477, it says: "at the Second and Third sessions of the National Anti-Fascist Council of the Peoples Liberation of Croatia (ZAVNOH),..., the equality of the Serbs and the Croats, as constituent peoples of the federal unit of Croatia, were recognized in every respect."</ref> Later, in 1963, the Croatian Constitution did not mention the Serbs in Croatia as a constituent nation of SR Croatia. Constitution of 1974 defined Croatia as a "national state of Croatian people, state of Serbian people in Croatia and state of other nationalities that live in it".{{cn|date=June 2024}}
{{disputed|date=October 2015|reason=If it isn't obvious from the entire talk page, then read it all again.}}
During the Second World War, at the Second and Third sessions of the National Anti-Fascist Council of the Peoples Liberation of Croatia ([[ZAVNOH]]) held in October 1943 and May 1944 respectively, the equality of the Serbian and Croatian nations, as constituent nations of the federal unit of Croatia, was recognized in every aspect.<ref>[https://books.google.pt/books?id=PvjLRzgyKKkC&pg=PA477&lpg=PA477&dq=serbs+constituent+nation+croatia&source=bl&ots=6V6rdoRDvc&sig=UOuL_YLflCnMeQoU1-D2t87JeCs&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0CDQQ6AEwA2oVChMI1_eapce2xwIVw3EUCh0hsgej#v=onepage&q=serbs%20constituent%20nation%20croatia&f=false Yugoslavia Through Documents: From Its Creation to Its Dissolution] edited by Snežana Trifunovska, page 477, it says: "at the Second and Third sessions of the National Anti-Fascist Council of the Peoples Liberation of Croatia (ZAVNOH),...,the equality of the Serbian and the Croatian nations, as constituent nations of the federal unit of Croatia, were recognized in every respect."</ref> Later, in 1963, the Croatian Constitution did not mention the Serbs in Croatia as constituent nation of SR Croatia, but with the Constitutional amendments of 1971 this was now explicitly done in order to guarantee the rights of the Serbs in Croatia. This formulation implied that Croatia was not the national state of the Croats, but stated that Croatia was the land of Croats and Serbs.<ref>[https://books.google.pt/books?id=NSjRbIz4iDkC&pg=PA53&dq=serbs+constituent+nation+croatia&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0CGMQ6AEwCTgKahUKEwj3vs-zl4TIAhXIuhQKHQDKDpU#v=onepage&q=serbs%20constituent%20nation%20croatia&f=false Historical Dictionary of Croatia] by Robert Stallaerts, page 53, regarding the 1971 constitutional amendments says: "It stated that Croatia was the state of Croats and Serbs."</ref> Then, on 22 December 1990, [[Croatian Democratic Union|HDZ]] government of [[Franjo Tuđman]] promulgated a new Croatian constitution that changed the wording with regard to Serbs of Croatia. In the first paragraph of the Article 12, Croatian was specified as the official language and alphabet, and dual-language road signs were torn down even in Serb majority areas.<ref name="LickliderBloom">[https://books.google.pt/books?id=lVKzAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA158&dq=serbs+constituent+nation+croatia&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0CDwQ6AEwBDgKahUKEwj3vs-zl4TIAhXIuhQKHQDKDpU#v=onepage&q=serbs%20constituent%20nation%20croatia&f=false Living Together After Ethnic Killing: Exploring the Chaim Kaufman Argument] by Roy Licklider and Mia Bloom, page 158, says: Previously, a constituent nation in the Republic of Croatia, ..."</ref> Furthermore, a number of Serbs were removed from the bureaucracies and the police and replaced by ethnic Croats.<ref name="LickliderBloom"/> Many Serbs in government lost their jobs, and HDZ made themselves target of Serbian propaganda by having party members attempting to rehabilitate the WWII Croatian fascist movement [[Ustaše]], or by saying that the numbers of people killed in [[Jasenovac concentration camp]] were inflated.<ref>[https://books.google.pt/books?id=7MXWUrRdcTYC&pg=PA20&dq=serbs+constituent+nation+croatia&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAzgKahUKEwj3vs-zl4TIAhXIuhQKHQDKDpU#v=onepage&q=serbs%20constituent%20nation%20croatia&f=false Croatia] by Piers Letcher, page 20, it says: "The HDZ also put Crotias 600,000 Serbs on the defensive by changing their status from "constituent nation" in Croatia, to "national minority" and many Serbs in government lost their jobs."</ref> The party representing the interests of Serbs in Croatia, the [[Serb Democratic Party (Croatia)|Serbian Democratic Party]] (SDS), which rejected the new constitution,<ref name="LickliderBloom"/> began building its own national governmental entity in order to preserve rights that Serbs saw as being stripped away and to enhance the sovereignty of the Croatian Serbs.<ref>[https://books.google.pt/books?id=l2nofEbB4wgC&pg=PA83&dq=serbs+constituent+nation+croatia&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAjgKahUKEwiVk9Poi8LHAhWBkRQKHfsIDjU#v=onepage&q=serbs%20constituent%20nation%20croatia&f=false Words Over War: Mediation and Arbitration to Prevent Deadly Conflict] by Melanie Greenberg, John H. Barton and Margaret E. McGuinness, at page 83, says: "The new Croatian constitution ... renounced the hitherto protected status of ethnic Serbs as a separate constituent nation embedded in the old constitution,... In response, the SDS in Krajina begin building its own national governamental entity in order to preserve the rights that had been stripped away and to enhance the sovereignty of Croatian Serbs.</ref>


===War in Croatia===
===Croatian War of Independence===
{{See also|Breakup of Yugoslavia|Croatian War of Independence|Yugoslav Wars}}
{{See also|Breakup of Yugoslavia|Croatian War of Independence|Yugoslav Wars}}
[[File:Map of Republika Srpska Krajina.png|thumb|right|Territorial extent of [[Republic of Serbian Krajina]], proclaimed unilaterally in 1991 and disestablished in 1995]]
[[File:Map of Republika Srpska Krajina.png|thumb|right|Territorial extent of [[Republic of Serbian Krajina]], proclaimed unilaterally in 1991 and disestablished in 1995]]
Amid rising Serbian nationalism and tensions between Yugoslav republics during the [[breakup of Yugoslavia]], on 8 July 1989 Serbs held a rally in [[Knin]] during which numerous Chetnik symbols were exhibited and a JNA military intervention against Croatia was invoked. With the introduction of the multiparty system, the first ethnic Serb parties were founded in Croatia, largest being [[Serb Democratic Party (Croatia)|Serb Democratic Party]] (SDS). Soon afterward, extremist leaders of the Serb movements in Lika, Northern Dalmatia, Kordun, and Podunavlje called for armed rebellion against the Croatian government, violence against Croats and refused to recognize legally elected Croatian authorities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LhkaQdzhm8s| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211118/LhkaQdzhm8s| archive-date=2021-11-18 | url-status=live|title=Jovan Raskovic Benkovac 1990.|last=zivstepa|date=8 March 2010|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> By this point, several opposition parties in Serbia, such as [[Vojislav Šešelj]]'s [[Serbian Radical Party]], were openly calling for a [[Greater Serbia]] that would incorporate Serbs living in different regions of Yugoslavia into one state, rejecting the then existing boundaries of the republics as the artificial creation of Tito's Partisans. The crisis in Yugoslavia was furthered fueled by Serbian President [[Slobodan Milošević]], who supported these groups. Milošević "endorsed a [[Serbian nationalism|Serbian nationalist]] agenda" and "exploited a growing wave of Serbian nationalism in order to strengthen [[Centralization|centralised rule]] in the [[SFRY]]".<ref>{{Cite book |title=State-society relations in Yugoslavia, 1945 - 1992 |date=1997 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-312-12690-2 |editor-last=Bokovoy |editor-first=Melissa K. |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=295 |editor-last2=Irvine |editor-first2=Jill A. |editor-last3=Lilly |editor-first3=Carol S.}}</ref> The republics of Croatia and Slovenia eventually sought to secede from Yugoslavia following disagreements between the republics regarding the structure of the federal government.<ref name="UN">{{cite web |last=Bassiouni |first=Cherif |date=28 December 1994 |title=Final Report of the Commission of Experts Established Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780 |url=http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/ANX/IV.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504142243/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/ANX/IV.htm |archive-date=4 May 2012 |access-date=10 May 2010 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref>
Amid political changes during the [[breakup of Yugoslavia]] and following the [[Croatian Democratic Union]]'s victory in the [[Croatian parliamentary election, 1990|1990 general election]], the [[Croatian Parliament]] ratified a new constitution in December 1990 where Serbs were listed with other nations and minorities.<ref name="Bonacci, Jareb">{{hr icon}} Dunja Bonacci Skenderović i Mario Jareb: Hrvatski nacionalni simboli između stereotipa i istine, Časopis za suvremenu povijest, y. 36, br. 2, p. 731.-760., 2004</ref><ref>[https://books.google.pt/books?id=PvjLRzgyKKkC&pg=PA477&lpg=PA477&dq=serbs+constituent+nation+croatia&source=bl&ots=6V6rdoRDvc&sig=UOuL_YLflCnMeQoU1-D2t87JeCs&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0CDQQ6AEwA2oVChMI1_eapce2xwIVw3EUCh0hsgej#v=onepage&q=serbs%20constituent%20nation%20croatia&f=false Yugoslavia Through Documents: From Its Creation to Its Dissolution] edited by Snežana Trifunovska, page 477</ref><ref>[https://books.google.pt/books?id=r59IwQw_Wh8C&pg=PA24&dq=serbs+constituent+nation+croatia&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAmoVChMIitiT98m2xwIVhcUUCh1i0AMG#v=onepage&q=serbs%20constituent%20nation%20croatia&f=false Integration and Stabilization: A Monetary View] by George Macesich, page 24</ref><ref>[https://books.google.pt/books?id=FZgdIrI5fOEC&pg=PA89&dq=serbs+constituent+nation+croatia&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0CDYQ6AEwA2oVChMIitiT98m2xwIVhcUUCh1i0AMG#v=onepage&q=serbs%20constituent%20nation%20croatia&f=false The Quality of Government] by Bo Rothstein, page 89</ref><ref>[https://books.google.pt/books?id=YZjFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA67&dq=serbs+constituent+nation+croatia&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBGoVChMIitiT98m2xwIVhcUUCh1i0AMG#v=onepage&q=serbs%20constituent%20nation%20croatia&f=false Soft Borders] by Julie Mostov, page 67</ref> On a practical level, it became obvious that jobs, property rights, and even residence status depended on having Croatian citizenship, which was not an automatic right for non-Croats.<ref name="Macdonald2003">{{cite book|author=David Bruce Macdonald|title=Balkan Holocausts?: Serbian and Croatian Victim Centred Propaganda and the War in Yugoslavia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZeerCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT188|date=13 February 2003|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-1-84779-570-0|page=188|quote=His 1990 Constitution, for example, conspicuously omitted Serbs as a constituent nation within the new country. [...] On practical level, it became obvious that jobs, property rights, and even residence status depended on having Croatian citizenship, whiich was not an automatic right for non-Croats}}</ref>


Tension grew following the [[Croatian Democratic Union]] (HDZ) 's victory in the [[Croatian parliamentary election, 1990|1990 general election]], led by [[Franjo Tudjman]], since one of its political goals was Croatia's independence from Yugoslavia. [[Jovan Rašković]], leader of SDS, refused to participate in the work of the [[Croatian Parliament]] in May 1990. Some prominent Serbian politicians and scientists, such as [[Simo Rajić]] and [[Jovan Bamburać]], called for coexistence, de-escalation and peace, while others organized Serb parties in the Croatian government-controlled areas, like [[Milan Đukić (Serb People's Party leader)|Milan Đukić]], while others, like [[Veljko Džakula]], unsuccessfully tried to organize the parties in the rebelled areas, but their work was prevented by Serb nationalists.<ref>{{in lang|hr}} [http://www.legalis.hr/modules/news/article.php?storyid=860 Croatian Iuridic Portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227063849/http://www.legalis.hr/modules/news/article.php?storyid=860 |date=27 February 2012}} Đakula prvi svjedočio protiv Martića</ref> On 17 August 1990, part of the Croatian Serbs, supported by Serbia, rebelled against Croatian government in the so-called [[Log Revolution]].
The percentage of those declaring themselves as Serbs, according to the 1991 census, was 12.2% (78.1% of the population declared itself to be Croat). Although today Serbs are able to return to Croatia, in reality a majority of Serbs who left during organized evacuation<ref name="Barić, Nikica 1990">Barić, Nikica: Srpska pobuna u Hrvatskoj 1990.-1995., Golden marketing. Tehnička knjiga, Zagreb, 2005</ref> (citing:<ref name="Drago Kovačević 2003. p. 93.-94">Drago Kovačević, "Kavez - Krajina u dogovorenom ratu", Beograd 2003., p. 93.-94</ref><ref name="tomislavjonjic.iz.hr">Milisav Sekulić, "Knin je pao u Beogradu", Bad Vilbel 2001., p. 171.-246., p. 179 [http://www.tomislavjonjic.iz.hr/V_5_martic.html]</ref><ref name="Marko Vrcelj 2002. p. 212.-222">Marko Vrcelj, "Rat za Srpsku Krajinu 1991-95", Beograd 2002., p. 212.-222.</ref> see section "Literature")<ref name="13 mei 2007">{{cite web|author=13 mei 2007 |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UYjh3aAvczc |title=RSK Evacuation Practise one month before Operation Storm |publisher=Nl.youtube.com |date= |accessdate=2010-02-07}}</ref> in 1995 choose to remain citizens of other countries in which they gained citizenship. Consequently, today Serbs constitute 4% of Croatian population, down from the prewar population of 12%.


On 22 December 1990, Croatian Parliament ratified a new constitution in which Serbs were classified as a [[national minority]].<ref name="Bonacci, Jareb">{{in lang|hr}} Dunja Bonacci Skenderović i Mario Jareb: Hrvatski nacionalni simboli između stereotipa i istine, Časopis za suvremenu povijest, y. 36, br. 2, p. 731.-760., 2004</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=PvjLRzgyKKkC&dq=serbs+constituent+nation+croatia&pg=PA477 Yugoslavia Through Documents: From Its Creation to Its Dissolution] edited by Snežana Trifunovska, page 477</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=r59IwQw_Wh8C&dq=serbs+constituent+nation+croatia&pg=PA24 Integration and Stabilization: A Monetary View] by George Macesich, page 24</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=FZgdIrI5fOEC&dq=serbs+constituent+nation+croatia&pg=PA89 The Quality of Government] by Bo Rothstein, page 89</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=YZjFAAAAQBAJ&dq=serbs+constituent+nation+croatia&pg=PA67 Soft Borders] by [[Julie Mostov]], page 67</ref> Previously Serbs were considered autochthonous constituent of Croatia. In the first paragraph of the Article 12, Croatian was specified as the official language and alphabet, and dual-language road signs were torn down even in Serb majority areas.<ref name="LickliderBloom">[https://books.google.com/books?id=lVKzAQAAQBAJ&dq=serbs+constituent+nation+croatia&pg=PA158 Living Together After Ethnic Killing: Exploring the Chaim Kaufman Argument] by Roy Licklider and [[Mia Bloom]], page 158, says: Previously, a constituent nation in the Republic of Croatia, ..."</ref> Furthermore, a number of Serbs were removed from the bureaucracies and the police and replaced by ethnic Croats.<ref name="LickliderBloom"/> Many Serbs in government lost their jobs, and HDZ made themselves target of Serbian propaganda by having party members attempting to rehabilitate the WWII Croatian fascist movement Ustaše, or by saying that the numbers of people killed in [[Jasenovac concentration camp|Jasenovac]], one of the largest [[extermination camp]] in Europe, were inflated.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=7MXWUrRdcTYC&dq=serbs+constituent+nation+croatia&pg=PA20 Croatia] by Piers Letcher, page 20, it says: "The HDZ also put Croatias 600,000 Serbs on the defensive by changing their status from "constituent nation" in Croatia, to "national minority" and many Serbs in government lost their jobs."</ref> The proclamation of the new constitution was considered by Serbian leaders evidence of Croat hostility towards Serbs. Thus, SDS, which rejected the new constitution,<ref name="LickliderBloom"/> began building its own national governmental entity in order to preserve rights that Serbs saw as being stripped away and to enhance the sovereignty of the Croatian Serbs.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Greenberg |editor1-first=Melanie C. |editor2-last=Barton |editor2-first=John H. |editor3-last=McGuinness |editor3-first=Margaret E. |title=Words Over War: Mediation and Arbitration to Prevent Deadly Conflict |date=2000 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847698936 |page=83 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2nofEbB4wgC&dq=serbs+constituent+nation+croatia&pg=PA83}}</ref> A Norwegian historian Øyvind Hvenekilde Seim stated that status of Serbs in Croatia, who made important contributions to Croatian cultural, scientific, and political history, was annulled by actions of president Franjo Tuđman during the 1990s.<ref name="Seim 2008"/> [[Sabrina P. Ramet]] wrote that Tuđman's regime "promoted a traditionalist and exclusive vision of Croatia" as a Croat state in which Serbs were "unwelcome", while journalist [[Chris Hedges]] claimed to have transcript documents of a meeting that supposedly showed Tuđman had "planned ethnic cleansing and other war crimes", including "Croatia’s final solution" of its Serbian problem.<ref>{{harvnb|Sadkovich|2010}}</ref> Under the influence of propaganda and with the support from [[Serbia]] as well as in response to actions by President Tudjman's administration,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icty.org/en/press/judgement-case-prosecutor-v-milan-babic-milan-babic-sentenced-13-years-imprisonment|title = Judgement in the Case the Prosecutor v. Milan Babic: Milan Babic Sentenced to 13 Years' Imprisonment &#124; International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia}}</ref> rebelled Serbs established an unrecognized state called [[Republic of Serbian Krajina]] (RSK) in hopes of achieving independence and complete self-governance from Croatia. As the popularity of the unification of RSK with Serbia into a Greater Serbia increased, the rebellion against Croatia became more intense. The RSK had ''de facto'' control over one-third of Croatian territory during its existence between 1991 and 1995 but failed to gain any international recognition. According to the [[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia|ICTY]], the RSK implemented policies "which advanced the objective to forcibly and permanently remove the majority of Croat and other non-Serb populations from approximately the one-third of Croatia".<ref name="Judgement" />
Before the [[Croatian War of Independence]], part of the Croatian Serbs [[tree-log revolution|rebelled]] ("balvan revolucija") and led a military campaign against the Croatian state, creating an unrecognized state called [[Republic of Serbian Krajina]] in hopes of achieving independence, international recognition, and complete self-governance from the government of Croatia. The rebellion was incited from Serbia. As the popularity of the unification of Serbian people into a Greater Serbia with Serbia proper increased, the rebellion against the Croatian rule also increased. While some Serb politicians from Croatia sought a peaceful solution, others organized Serb parties in the Croatian government-controlled areas, like [[Milan Đukić]]; some of them ([[Veljko Džakula]]) unsuccessfully tried to organize the parties in the rebelled areas, but their work was prevented by Serb warmongers.<ref>{{hr icon}} [http://www.legalis.hr/modules/news/article.php?storyid=860 Croatian Iuridic Portal] Đakula prvi svjedočio protiv Martića</ref>


In the spring of 1991, an [[Croatian War of Independence|open war]] broke out. Serb forces, in cooperation with the local Serb authorities, commenced persecutions to drive the Croat and other non-Serb populations from areas such as Krajina, controlled by rebelled Serbs.<ref name="Judgement" /> Nearly all non-Serbs were expelled; between 170,000 (according to the ICTY), 250,000 (according to [[Human Rights Watch]]) and 500,000 (according to the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]]),<ref name="milosevicnyt">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/10/world/milosevic-indicted-again-is-charged-with-crimes-in-croatia.html?scp=1&sq=milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87%20170000&st=cse|title=Milosevic, Indicted Again, Is Charged With Crimes in Croatia|author=Marlise Simons|access-date=26 December 2010|date=10 October 2001|newspaper=The New York Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520112601/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/10/world/milosevic-indicted-again-is-charged-with-crimes-in-croatia.html?scp=1&sq=milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87%20170000&st=cse|archive-date=20 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2001/10/28/milosevic-important-new-charges-croatia|title=Milosevic: Important New Charges on Croatia|access-date=29 October 2010|date=21 October 2001|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225134329/http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2001/10/28/milosevic-important-new-charges-croatia|archive-date=25 December 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="UNHCR">{{cite news | newspaper = UNHCR | url = http://www.unhcr.org/42f38b084.html | title = Home again, 10 years after Croatia's Operation Storm | author= UNHCR | date = August 5, 2005 | access-date=November 24, 2017}}</ref> and hundreds of Croat and other non-Serb civilians were killed.<ref name="Judgement" /><ref name="milosevicnyt" /> There were numerous instances of [[War crime|war crimes]] against Croat civilians and prisoners of war perpetrated by Serb and Yugoslav forces in Croatia.<ref name="Theunens report">{{cite web |date=December 16, 2003 |title=Prosecution submission of an expert report of Reynaud J.M. Theunens pursuant to Rule 94bis |url=http://hague.bard.edu/reports/Reynaud_Theunens.pdf |access-date=10 May 2011 |publisher=The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia |page=27633-27630, 27573 & 27565-27561 |location=The Hague}}</ref> Among them, the [[Dalj massacre]],<ref name="BBC-Milosevic-indictment2001">{{cite news |date=29 October 2001 |title=Milosevic Indictment (text) |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/354561.stm |access-date=19 December 2010 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> the [[Lovas killings]],<ref name="B92-Lovas">{{cite web |date=20 October 2010 |title=69 hrvatskih civila ubijeno u Lovasu u oktobru 1991 |trans-title=69 Croatian civilians killed in Lovas in October 1991 |url=http://www.b92.net/info/dokumenti/index.php?nav_id=466651 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104134015/http://www.b92.net/info/dokumenti/index.php?nav_id=466651 |archive-date=November 4, 2012 |access-date=22 December 2010 |publisher=B92 |language=sr}}</ref><ref name="JURIST-Lovas">{{cite web |date=30 May 2007 |title=Serbia war crimes prosecutor investigating 12 for 1991 mass murders of Croats |url=http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2007/05/serbia-war-crimes-prosecutor.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113195439/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2007/05/serbia-war-crimes-prosecutor.php |archive-date=January 13, 2011 |access-date=19 December 2010 |work=jurist.law.pitt.edu |publisher=Jurist Legal News & Research Services, Inc.}}</ref> the [[Baćin massacre]],<ref name="BBC-Milosevic-indictment2001" /> the [[Voćin massacre]],<ref name="BBC-Milosevic-indictment2001" /><ref name="NYTimes-Voćin-19Dec1991">{{cite news |author=Stephen Engelberg |date=19 December 1991 |title=Villagers in Croatia Recount Massacre by Serbian Forces |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/19/world/villagers-in-croatia-recount-massacre-by-serbian-forces.html?ref=croatia |access-date=16 December 2010 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> the [[Vukovar massacre]], the [[Škabrnja massacre]], the [[Tovarnik massacre]], the [[Široka Kula massacre]], [[Petrinja killings]] and the [[Zagreb rocket attacks]]. According to the [[Croatian Association of Prisoners in Serbian Concentration Camps]], a total of 8,000 Croatian civilians and [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] (a large number after the fall of [[Vukovar]]) went through Serb prison camps such as [[Velepromet camp]], [[Sremska Mitrovica camp]], [[Stajićevo camp]], [[Begejci camp]] and others where they were subjected to abuse and torture. A total of 300 people died in them.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Natalya Clark |first1=Janine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tr7cAwAAQBAJ&q=Croatian+Association+of+Prisoners+in+Serbian+Concentration+Camps+300&pg=PT130 |title=International Trials and Reconciliation: Assessing the Impact of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317974741}}</ref>
The Republic of Krajina had ''de facto'' control over one third of Croatian territory during its existence between 1991 and 1995 but failed to gain international recognition.


Meanwhile, Serbs living in Croatian towns, especially those near the front lines, were subjected to various forms of discrimination and harassment.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goldstein |first1=Ivo |title=Croatia: A History |date=1999 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-0-77352-017-2 |page=233 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJexhW3C0TIC&pg=PA233}}</ref> Croatian Serbs in Eastern and Western Slavonia and parts of the Krajina, were also forced to flee or were expelled by Croatian forces, though on a restricted scale and in lesser numbers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bassiouni |first1=Mahmoud Cherif |last2=Manikas |first2=Peter |title=The Law of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia |date=1996 |publisher=Transnational Publishers |isbn=978-1-57105-004-5 |page=86}}</ref> The Croatian Government sought to stop such occurrences and were not a part of the Government's policy.{{sfn|Allen|1996|p=46}} War crimes were also committed by Croatian forces against Serb civilians. Serb prisoners were detained and tortured in camps such as [[Lora prison camp|Lora]], [[Pakračka Poljana camp|Pakračka Poljana]], and [[Marino Selo camp|Marino Selo]].<ref name="novosti">{{cite news |last1=Jovanović |first1=Nenad |last2=Opačić |first2=Tamara |last3=Bajto |first3=Nikola |title=Dossier: Zločini nad Srbima |url=https://www.portalnovosti.com/dossier-zlocini-nad-srbima |work=Portal Novosti |date=15 October 2018}}</ref> The war ended with a Croatian military success in [[Operation Storm]] in 1995 and subsequent peaceful reintegration of the remaining renegade territory in [[Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia (1995–98)|eastern Slavonia]] in 1998 as a result of the signed [[Erdut Agreement]] from 1995. Local Serbs, on the ground that Agreement, established the [[Serb National Council]] and gained the right to establish the [[Joint Council of Municipalities]]. During and in the aftermath of Operation Storm about 200,000 Serbs fled from the RSK<ref name="bbc-storm">{{cite news|ref={{harvid|BBC News|5 August 2005}}|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4747379.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|title=Evicted Serbs remember Storm|date=5 August 2005|first=Matt|last=Prodger|author-link=Matt Prodger|archive-date=23 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023091143/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4747379.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> and hundreds of mainly elderly Serb civilians were killed in the aftermath.<ref>{{cite web |title=Croatia marks 25 years since war with tolerance message |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/8/5/croatia-marks-25-years-since-war-with-tolerance-message |website=AlJazeera |date=5 August 2020}}</ref> Over the course of the war, nearly 7,950 Serbs were killed including 2,344 civilians while almost 16,000 Croats were killed, of which 6,605 were civilians. The conflict led to the displacement of 250,000 Croats and between 250,000 and 300,000 Serbs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bartrop |first1=Paul R. |last2=Jacobs |first2=Steven Leonard |title=Modern Genocide: The Definitive Resource and Document Collection [4 volumes]: The Definitive Resource and Document Collection |date=2014 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-364-6 |page=240 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JB4UBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA240}}</ref>
The war ended with a military success in [[Operation Storm]] in 1995 and subsequent peaceful reintegration of the remaining renegade territory in [[Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia|eastern Slavonia]] in 1998 as a result of the signed [[Erdut Agreement]] from 1995. Local Serbs are, on the ground that Agreement, established the [[Serb National Council]] and gained the right to establish the [[Joint Council of Municipalities]].
[[File:Sunja (Croatia).JPG|thumb|Destroyed [[Serbs|Serbian]] house in Croatia. Most Serbians fled during [[Operation Storm]] in 1995.]]


In February 2015, during the [[Croatia–Serbia genocide case]], the [[International Court of Justice]] (ICJ) unanimously dismissed the Serbian lawsuit claim that Operation Storm constituted genocide,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{harvnb|BBC News|2015}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|ICJ|2015|p=25}}</ref> ruling that Croatia did not have the specific intent to exterminate the country's Serb minority, though it reaffirmed that serious crimes against Serb civilians had taken place.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{harvnb|ICJ|2015|pp=4, 141, 142}}</ref> The judgment stated that it is not disputed that a substantial part of the Serb population fled that region as a direct consequence of the military actions.<ref name="ICJ 2015 131">{{harvnb|ICJ|2015|p=131}}</ref> Although it has also been noted that there was an evacuation order given by the RSK's "Supreme Defence Council", based on the testimony by commander [[Mile Mrkšić]] at the ICTY.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hodge |first1=Carole |title=The Balkans on Trial: Justice vs. Realpolitik |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-00000-712-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slSXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT282}}</ref> The Croatian authorities were aware that the operation would provoke a mass exodus; they even to some extent predicated their military planning on such an exodus, which they considered not only probable but desirable.<ref name="ICJ 2015 131"/> Fleeing civilians and people remaining in United Nations protected areas were subject to various forms of harassment, including military assaults and acts by Croatian civilians. On 8 August, a refugee column was shelled.<ref>{{harvnb|ICJ|2015|pp=4, 132, 133}}</ref> Although it was very difficult to determine the number of properties destroyed during and after Operation Storm since a large number of houses sustained some degree of damage since the beginning of the war, [[Human Rights Watch]] (HRW) estimated that more than 5,000 houses were destroyed in the area during and after the battle.<ref>{{harvnb|HRW|1996|p=19}}</ref> Out of the 122 [[Serbian Orthodox Church|Serbian Orthodox]] churches in the area, one was destroyed and 17 were damaged. HRW also reported that the vast majority of the abuses were committed by Croatian forces. These abuses, which continued on a large scale even months after Operation Storm, included [[summary execution]]s of elderly and infirm Serbs who remained behind and the wholesale burning and destruction of Serbian villages and property. In the months following the August offensive, at least 150 Serb civilians were summarily executed and another 110 persons forcibly disappeared.<ref name="HRW 1996">{{harvnb|HRW|1996}}</ref> [[Trial of Gotovina et al|Three Croatian generals]], involved in the Operation Storm, were later acquitted by the [[International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia]] (ICTY) of charges of committing war crimes and partaking in a [[joint criminal enterprise]] to force the Serb population out of Croatia.<ref>{{harvnb|ICTY|2012}}</ref> The ICTY stated that Croatian Army and Special Police committed a large number of crimes against the Serb population after the artillery assault, but that the state and military leadership was not responsible for their creation and organizing.<ref>{{harvnb|ICTY|2012|pp=30–34}}</ref> Examples of crimes are massacres, most often elderly Serb villagers killed by the [[Croatian Army]], such as the [[Varivode massacre]], the [[Kijani killings|Kijani massacre]] and the [[Golubić killings|Golubić massacre]].<ref name="novilist.hr">{{cite web|url=http://www.novilist.hr/Vijesti/Hrvatska/Vrhovni-sud-Hrvatska-je-odgovorna-za-zlocin-u-Varivodama|title=Vrhovni sud: Hrvatska je odgovorna za zločin u Varivodama!|author=Neomedia Komunikacije|date=20 July 2012 }}</ref>
The exodus of Serbs in 1995 was prompted by the advance of the Croatian troops, but was mostly self-organized rather than forced.<ref name="Brief-History-2008">{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUKL1187232120080311?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0 |work=Reuters |title=FACTBOX - Brief history of Croatia's rebel Serb Krajina region |date=11 March 2008 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="hrw.org-1996">{{cite web|url=http://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/Croatia.htm#P495_133211 |title=Croatia |publisher=Hrw.org |date= |accessdate=2012-11-17}}</ref> All Serbs were officially called upon to stay in Croatia shortly before the operation. Many Croat refugees moved to homes abandoned by Serbs during [[Operation Storm]], ostensibly because their homes were destroyed by the Serbs.<ref name="hrw.org-1996" /> At the [[International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia]] at [[The Hague]], [[Milan Babić]] was indicted, pleaded guilty and was convicted for "persecutions on political, racial and religious grounds, a crime against humanity".<ref name=Judgement>{{cite web| author = ICTY| year = 2004| url = http://www.un.org/icty/pressreal/2004/p861-e.htm | title = Judgement in the Case the Prosecutor v. Milan Babic| accessdate = 2006-03-07 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070717213516/http://www.un.org/icty/pressreal/2004/p861-e.htm |archivedate = 2007-07-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icty.org/x/cases/babic/ind/en/bab-ii031117e.pdf|author=ICTY|date=6 November 2003|title=Indictment|accessdate=21 August 2012}}</ref> Babić stated during his trial that "during the events, and in particular at the beginning of his political career, he was strongly influenced and misled by Serbian propaganda".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.icty.org/x/cases/babic/tjug/en/bab-sj040629e.pdf | title=Sentencing judgement | date=29 June 2004 | accessdate=21 August 2012}}</ref>


At the ICTY, Milan Babić was indicted, pleaded guilty and was convicted for "persecutions on political, racial and religious grounds, a crime against humanity".<ref name=Judgement>{{cite web |author=ICTY |year=2004 |url=https://www.un.org/icty/pressreal/2004/p861-e.htm |title=Judgement in the Case the Prosecutor v. Milan Babic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717213516/http://www.un.org/icty/pressreal/2004/p861-e.htm|access-date=7 March 2006 |archive-date=17 July 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icty.org/x/cases/babic/ind/en/bab-ii031117e.pdf |author=ICTY|date=6 November 2003 |title=Indictment |access-date=21 August 2012}}</ref> Babić stated during his trial that "during the events, and in particular at the beginning of his political career, he was strongly influenced and misled by Serbian propaganda".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icty.org/x/cases/babic/tjug/en/bab-sj040629e.pdf |title=Sentencing judgement |date=29 June 2004 |access-date=21 August 2012}}</ref> RSK President, [[Milan Martić]], was also trialled by the ICTY for various [[Crimes against humanity]] and [[war crimes]], including murder, persecution, inhumane treatment, forced displacement, plunder of public or private property, and wanton destruction of cities, towns or villages, as well as ordering an indiscriminate [[Zagreb rocket attack|rocket attack]] on Zagreb, in 1995.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6743607.stm|title=Serb leader jailed for war crimes|access-date=12 June 2007|work=[[BBC News]]|date=12 June 2007}}</ref> On 12 June 2007, Martić was sentenced to 35 years in prison.<ref name="BBC"/><ref name="ICTY judgment">{{cite web|url=http://www.icty.org/x/cases/martic/tjug/en/070612_summary_en.pdf|title=Summary of Judgement for Milan Martić|access-date=18 May 2011|publisher=[[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia]]}}</ref> His sentence of 35 years in prison was confirmed by ICTY appellate council on 8 October 2008. He was found to have been part of a "joint criminal enterprise" which included [[Blagoje Adžić]], Milan Babić, [[Radmilo Bogdanović]], [[Veljko Kadijević]], [[Radovan Karadžić]], Slobodan Milošević, [[Ratko Mladić]], Vojislav Šešelj, [[Franko Simatović]], [[Jovica Stanišić]], and [[Dragan Vasiljković]].<ref name="ICTY judgment"/>
A small minoriry of pre-war Serb population have returned to Croatia. Today, the majority of the pre-war Serb population from Croatia settled in [[Serbia]] and [[Republika Srpska]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR64/002/2005/en/46184632-d4c3-11dd-8a23-d58a49c0d652/eur640022005en.html | title = Croatia: Operation "Storm" - still no justice ten years on | work = [[Amnesty International]] | date = 2005-08-04 | accessdate = 2012-08-21 }}</ref>


A small minority of pre-war Serb population have returned to Croatia. Today, the majority of the pre-war Serb population from Croatia settled in Serbia and [[Republika Srpska]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/croatia-operation-storm-still-no-justice-ten-years |title=Croatia: Operation "Storm" – still no justice ten years on |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|date=4 August 2005 |access-date=21 August 2012}}</ref> After Croatian and other [[Yugoslav Wars]], Serbia became home to highest number of refugees (Serbs who fled from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia) in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|title=Serbia home to highest number of refugees and IDPs in Europe |url=http://www.b92.net/eng/news/society.php?yyyy=2011&mm=06&dd=20&nav_id=75016|publisher=[[B92]]|date=20 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Serbia: Europe's largest proctracted refugee situation |url=http://www.osce.org/serbia/24323?download=true|publisher=[[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]]|year=2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Cross |editor1-first=S. |editor2-last=Kentera |editor2-first=S. |editor3-last=Vukadinovic |editor3-first=R. |editor4-last=Nation |editor4-first=R. |title=Shaping South East Europe's Security Community for the Twenty-First Century: Trust, Partnership, Integration |date=2013 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781137010209 |page=169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=el-YZHB8hzYC&pg=PP1}}</ref>
===Modern Croatia===

[[File:Flag of Serbia (1992-2004).svg|thumb|left|[[Flag of Serbs of Croatia]], in official use since 2005]]
The percentage of those declaring themselves as Serbs, according to the 1991 census, was 12.2% (78.1% of the population declared itself to be Croat). Although today Serbs are formally able to return to Croatia, a majority choose to remain citizens of other countries in which they gained citizenship. However, Croatia also adopted discriminatory measures to prevent the return of Serbs after war, while the Croatian forces continued with abuses on a large scale for months afterward, which included destruction of Serb property.<ref>{{harvnb|ICTY|2012|pp=33}}</ref><ref name="HRW 1996"/> Also, Serbs are still face significant barriers to employment and to regain their property.<ref name="Amnesty 2017">{{harvnb|Amnesty|2017}}</ref> Consequently, today Serbs constitute 4% of Croatian population, down from the prewar population of 12%. The majority of the remaining population is elderly, which indicates that the negative demographic trend will persist.<ref name="Seim 2008">{{harvnb|Seim|2008}}</ref>
Tension and violence between Serbs and Croats has reduced since 2000 and has remained low to this day, however, significant problems remain.<ref name=Amnesty>{{cite press release|title=Croatia: European Court of Human Rights to consider important case for refugee returns |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?lang=e&id=ENGEUR640032005 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |date=2005-09-14 |accessdate=2008-09-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20070807044434/http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?lang=e&id=ENGEUR640032005 |archivedate=7 August 2007 }}</ref> The participation of the largest Serb party [[Independent Democratic Serb Party|SDSS]] in the [[Croatian Government]] of [[Ivo Sanader]] eased tensions to an extent, but the refugee situation is still politically sensitive.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}} The main issue is high-level official and social discrimination against the Serbs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thereport.amnesty.org/eng/regions/europe-and-central-asia/croatia |title=Amnesty International &#124; Working to Protect Human Rights |publisher=Thereport.amnesty.org |date=2011-08-11 |accessdate=2012-08-21}}</ref>

At the height levels of the government, new laws are continuously being introduced in order to combat this discrimination, thus, demonstrating an effort on the part of government.<ref name = Amnesty /> For example, lengthy and in some cases unfair proceedings,<ref name = Amnesty/> particularly in lower level courts, remain a major problem for Serbian returnees pursuing their rights in court.<ref name = Amnesty/> In addition, Serbs continue to be discriminated against in access to employment and in realizing other economic and social rights.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/croatia/report-2008 | title=Croatia - Amnesty International Report 2008 | work=amnesty.org | year=2008 | publisher=[[Amnesty International]] | accessdate=21 August 2012}}</ref> Also some cases of violence and harassment against Croatian Serbs continue to be reported.<ref name = Amnesty />
Currently, the official status of "autochthonous national minority" for the Serbs of Croatia is recognized by the [[Constitutional Act on the Rights of National Minorities in the Republic of Croatia|Croatian Constitutional Act on the Rights of National Minorities]] from 2002 which supplemented the Constitutional Act on the Human Rights and Freedoms and on the Rights of Ethnic and National Communities or Minorities in the Republic of Croatia from 1992.

===Recent history===
Tension and violence between Serbs and Croats has reduced since 2000 and has remained low to this day, however, significant problems remain.<ref name=Amnesty>{{cite press release|title=Croatia: European Court of Human Rights to consider important case for refugee returns |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?lang=e&id=ENGEUR640032005 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|date=14 September 2005 |access-date=16 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807044434/http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?lang=e&id=ENGEUR640032005 |archive-date=7 August 2007}}</ref> The main issue is thought to be due to high-level official and social discrimination against the Serbs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thereport.amnesty.org/eng/regions/europe-and-central-asia/croatia |title=Amnesty International &#124; Working to Protect Human Rights |publisher=Amnesty International |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012092240/http://thereport.amnesty.org/eng/regions/europe-and-central-asia/croatia |archive-date=12 October 2008 |url-status=dead|date=11 August 2011 |access-date=21 August 2012}}</ref> In 2005, the Republic of Croatia ratified a bilateral agreement with [[Serbia and Montenegro]] on the protection of the Serbian and Montenegrin minority in Croatia and the Croatian national minority in Serbia and Montenegro.<ref>{{cite web| title = Croatia: Serbs| date = 19 June 2015 | url = https://minorityrights.org/minorities/serbs-2/ | publisher = [[Minority Rights Group International]]}}</ref> Some Croats, including politicians, continue to [[Genocide denial|deny]] and minimise the magnitude of the genocide perpetrated against Serbs in the [[Independent State of Croatia]].<ref>{{cite web|work=BCR Issue 73|publisher=[[Institute for War and Peace Reporting|IWPR]]|author=Drago Hedl|url=https://iwpr.net/global-voices/croatias-willingness-tolerate-fascist-legacy|title=Croatia's Willingness To Tolerate Fascist Legacy Worries Many|date=10 November 2005|access-date=29 July 2019|author-link=Drago Hedl}}</ref>
At the highest levels of the Croatian government, new laws are continuously introduced in order to combat this discrimination, demonstrating an effort on the part of government.<ref name = Amnesty /> For example, lengthy and in some cases unfair proceedings,<ref name = Amnesty/> particularly in lower level courts, remain a major problem for Serbian returnees pursuing their rights in court.<ref name = Amnesty/> In addition, Serbs continue to be discriminated against in access to employment and in realizing other economic and social rights.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/croatia/report-2008 | title=Croatia – Amnesty International Report 2008| year=2008 | publisher=[[Amnesty International]] | access-date=21 August 2012}}</ref> Also some cases of violence and harassment against Croatian Serbs continue to be reported.<ref name = Amnesty />


The property laws allegedly favor Bosnian Croats refugees who took residence in houses that were left unoccupied and unguarded by Serbs after [[Operation Storm]].<ref name = Amnesty/> [[Amnesty International]]'s 2005 report considers one of the greatest obstacles to the return of thousands of Croatian Serbs has been the failure of the Croatian authorities to provide adequate housing solutions to Croatian Serbs who were stripped of their occupancy rights, including where possible by reinstating occupancy rights to those who had been affected by their discriminatory termination.<ref name = Amnesty/>
The property laws allegedly favor Bosnian Croats refugees who took residence in houses that were left unoccupied and unguarded by Serbs after [[Operation Storm]].<ref name = Amnesty/> [[Amnesty International]]'s 2005 report considers one of the greatest obstacles to the return of thousands of Croatian Serbs has been the failure of the Croatian authorities to provide adequate housing solutions to Croatian Serbs who were stripped of their occupancy rights, including where possible by reinstating occupancy rights to those who had been affected by their discriminatory termination.<ref name = Amnesty/>


The [[European Court of Human Rights]] decided against Croatian Serb Kristina Blečić, stripped her of occupancy rights after leaving her house in 1991 in Zadar.<ref>[http://www.vsnm-ri.org/blecic.htm Negativna presuda evropskog suda u slučaju Kristine Blečić iz Zadra] {{wayback|url=http://www.vsnm-ri.org/blecic.htm |date=20081217062610 |df=y }}</ref> In 2009, the UN [[Human Rights Committee]] found a wartime termination of occupancy rights of a Serbian family to violate [[ICCPR]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bayefsky.com/pdf/croatia_t5_iccpr_1510_2006.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - croatia_t5_iccpr_1510_2006 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2012-11-17}}</ref> In 2010, the European Committee on Social Rights found the treatment of Serbs in Croatia in respect of housing to be discriminatory and too slow, thus in violation of Croatia's obligations under the [[European Social Charter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/socialcharter/Complaints/CC52Merits_en.pdf |title=ECSR decision in case no 52/2008 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2012-11-17}}</ref>
The [[European Court of Human Rights]] decided against Croatian Serb Kristina Blečić, stripped her of occupancy rights after leaving her house in 1991 in Zadar.<ref>[http://www.vsnm-ri.org/blecic.htm Negativna presuda evropskog suda u slučaju Kristine Blečić iz Zadra] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217062610/http://www.vsnm-ri.org/blecic.htm |date=17 December 2008}}</ref> In 2009, the UN [[Human Rights Committee]] found a wartime termination of occupancy rights of a Serbian family to violate [[ICCPR]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bayefsky.com/pdf/croatia_t5_iccpr_1510_2006.pdf |title=Microsoft Word croatia_t5_iccpr_1510_2006|access-date=17 November 2012}}</ref> In 2010, the European Committee on Social Rights found the treatment of Serbs in Croatia in respect of housing to be discriminatory and too slow, thus in violation of Croatia's obligations under the [[European Social Charter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/socialcharter/Complaints/CC52Merits_en.pdf |title=ECSR decision in case no 52/2008|access-date=17 November 2012}}</ref> In 2013, the [[Anti-Cyrillic protests in Croatia]] were a series of protests in late 2013 against the application of bilingualism in [[Vukovar]], whereby Serbian and the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet were assigned co-official status due to the local minority population.

In 2015 [[Amnesty International]] reported that Croatian Serbs continued to face discrimination in public sector employment and the restitution of tenancy rights to social housing vacated during the war.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/europe-and-central-asia/croatia/report-croatia/|title=Croatia report |date=25 February 2015|access-date=16 January 2016}}</ref> In 2017 they again pointed out that Serbs faced significant barriers to employment and obstacles to regain their property. Amnesty International also said that the right to use minority languages and script continued to be politicized and unimplemented in some towns and that heightened nationalist rhetoric and hate speech contributed to growing ethnic intolerance and insecurity.<ref name="Amnesty 2017"/>

Since 2016, anti-fascist groups, leaders of Croatia's Serb, Roma and Jewish communities and former top Croat officials have boycotted the official state commemoration for the victims of the [[Jasenovac concentration camp]] because, as they said, Croatian authorities refused to denounce the Ustasha legacy explicitly and they downplayed and revitalized crimes committed by Ustashe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dokle će se u Jasenovac u tri kolone?|url=http://rs.n1info.com/Vesti/a244146/Dokle-ce-se-u-Jasenovac-u-tri-kolone.html|access-date=28 July 2019|publisher=N1|date=23 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Jasenovac Camp Victims Commemorated Separately Again|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2019/04/12/jasenovac-camp-victims-commemorated-separately-again/|access-date=28 July 2019|publisher=balkaninsight.com|date=12 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Jewish and Serbian minorities boycott official 'Croatian Auschwitz' commemoration|url=https://www.neweurope.eu/article/jewish-serbian-minorities-boycott-official-croatian-auschwitz-commemoration/|access-date=28 July 2019|publisher=neweurope.eu|date=28 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Former top Croat officials join boycott of Jasenovac event|url=https://www.b92.net/eng/news/region.php?yyyy=2016&mm=04&dd=12&nav_id=97667|access-date=28 July 2019|publisher=B92|date=12 April 2016}}</ref>


Following the [[2020 Croatian parliamentary election]], [[Boris Milošević]], member of the [[Independent Democratic Serb Party]] and President of the [[Serb National Council]], was elected one of the four [[Deputy Prime Minister of Croatia|Deputy Prime Ministers of Croatia]] in charge of social affairs and human and minority rights in the new [[Cabinet of Andrej Plenković II|cabinet]] of [[Andrej Plenković]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Croatia votes in a new government, a Serb Vice President|url=https://www.b92.net/eng/news/region.php?yyyy=2020&mm=07&dd=24&nav_id=108992|access-date=27 August 2020|website=B92.net| date=24 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref> On the 25th anniversary of the Operation Storm, the [[Victory Day (Croatia)|celebrations]] were attended for the first time ever by an ethnic Serb political representative, Boris Milošević.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-05|title=Croatia marks 25 years since war with tolerance message|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/croatia-marks-25-years-war-tolerance-message-200805085400673.html|access-date=2020-08-07|website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> On 25 August 2020, [[Zoran Milanović]] ([[President of Croatia]]), [[Tomo Medved]] ([[Ministry of Croatian Veterans|Minister of Croatian Veterans]]), along with members of the Independent Democratic Serb Party, [[Milorad Pupovac]] and Deputy Prime Minister Milošević, attended a commemoration of the [[Grubori massacre]], the mass murder of elderly Serbs civilians.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vladisavljevic |first1=Anja |title=Croatia Commemorates Wartime Massacre of Serb Civilians in Grubori |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2020/08/25/croatia-commemorates-wartime-massacre-of-serb-civilians-in-grubori/ |publisher=balkaninsight.com |date=25 August 2020}}</ref>
In 2015 Amnesty International report that Croatian Serbs continued to face discrimination in public sector employment and the restitution of tenancy rights to social housing vacated during the war.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/europe-and-central-asia/croatia/report-croatia/|title=Croatia report |format= |date=25 February 2015 |accessdate=2016-01-16}}</ref>


==Demographics==
==Demographics==
{{Main article|Demographics of Croatia}}
{{Main|Demographics of Croatia}}
According to the 2011 census there were 186,633 ethnic Serbs living in Croatia, 4.4% of the total population. Their number was reduced by more than two thirds in the aftermath of the 1991–95 [[Croatian War of Independence|War in Croatia]] as the 1991 pre-war census had reported 581,663 Serbs living in Croatia, 12.2% of the total population.
According to the 2021 census, there were 123,892 ethnic Serbs living in Croatia, 3.20% of the total population. Their number was reduced by more than three-quarters in the aftermath of the 1991–95 [[Croatian War of Independence|War in Croatia]] as the 1991 pre-war census had reported 581,663 Serbs living in Croatia, 12.2% of the total population.


{{Multiple image
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| image1 = Serbs in Croatia 1991 (modern administrative division).jpg
| image1 = Serbs in Croatia 1991 (modern administrative division).jpg
| caption1 = [[Serbs]] in Croatia, 1991<ref name="Srbi u RH 1991">{{cite journal | language = Serbian |title = PROMENE UDELA STANOVNIŠTVA HRVATSKE I SRPSKE NACIONALNE PRIPADNOSTI U REPUBLICI HRVATSKOJ PO GRADOVIMA I OPŠTINAMA NA OSNOVU REZULTATA POPISA IZ 1991. I 2001. GODINE | first = | last = | journal = | volume = | number = | month = | year = 2008 | location = | url = http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0038-982X/2008/0038-982X0802023B.pdf | accessdate = 2013-07-12}}</ref>
| caption1 = [[Serbs]] in Croatia, 1991<ref name="Srbi u RH 1991">{{cite web |language=sr |title=PROMENE UDELA STANOVNIŠTVA HRVATSKE I SRPSKE NACIONALNE PRIPADNOSTI U REPUBLICI HRVATSKOJ PO GRADOVIMA I OPŠTINAMA NA OSNOVU REZULTATA POPISA IZ 1991. I 2001. GODINE |year=2008 |url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0038-982X/2008/0038-982X0802023B.pdf|access-date=12 July 2013}}</ref>
| image2 = Serbs in Croatia.jpg
| image2 = Serbs in Croatia.jpg
| caption2 = [[Serbs]] in Croatia, 2011
| caption2 = Serbs in Croatia, 2011
| image3 = Serbian language in municipalities in Croatia.jpg
| image3 = Serbian language in municipalities in Croatia.jpg
| footer = Municipalities in Croatia where [[Serbian language]] is in official use
| footer = Municipalities in Croatia where [[Serbian language]] is in official use
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! %
|-
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| 1900<ref name=Kocsis>Karoly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsis-Hodosi: [http://books.google.com/books?id=-zZ_NVM9mNEC ''Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin''], Simon Publications LLC, 2001, p. 171</ref> || 548,302 || 17.35%
| 1900<ref name=Kocsis>Karoly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsis-Hodosi: [http://www.mtafki.hu/konyvtar/kiadv/Ethnic_geography.pdf ''Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin''], Simon Publications LLC, 2001, p. 171</ref> || 548,302 || 17.35%
|-
|-
| 1910<ref name=Kocsis/> || 564,214 || 16.60%
| 1910<ref name=Kocsis/> || 564,214 || 16.60%
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| 1931<ref name=Kocsis/> || 636,518 || 16.81%
| 1931<ref name=Kocsis/> || 636,518 || 16.81%
|-
|-
| 1948<ref>[http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G1948/Pdf/G19484001.pdf Stanovništvo po narodnosti po popisu od 15. marta 1948. godine, Beograd 1954.], p. 3 {{Link language|sr}}</ref> || 543,795 || 14.47%
| 1948<ref>[http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G1948/Pdf/G19484001.pdf Stanovništvo po narodnosti po popisu od 15. marta 1948. godine, Beograd 1954.], p. 3 {{in lang|sr}}</ref> || 543,795 || 14.47%
|-
|-
| 1953<ref>[http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G1953/pdf/G19534001.pdf Popis stanovništva 1953. godine], p. 35 {{Link language|sr}}</ref> || 588,411 || 15.01%
| 1953<ref>[http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G1953/pdf/G19534001.pdf Popis stanovništva 1953. godine], p. 35 {{in lang|sr}}</ref> || 588,411 || 15.01%
|-
|-
| 1961<ref>[http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G1961/Pdf/G19614001.pdf Population, households and dwellings census in 1961, National structure of population in FNR Yugoslavia, data on localities and ocmmunes, Vol. III], p. 12 {{Link language|sr}}</ref> || 624,956 || 15.02%
| 1961<ref>[http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G1961/Pdf/G19614001.pdf Population, households and dwellings census in 1961, National structure of population in FNR Yugoslavia, data on localities and ocmmunes, Vol. III], p. 12 {{in lang|sr}}</ref> || 624,956 || 15.02%
|-
|-
| 1971<ref name=Kocsis/> || 626,789 || 14.16%
| 1971<ref name=Kocsis/> || 626,789 || 14.16%
Line 145: Line 187:
|-
|-
| 2011 || 186,633 || 4.36%
| 2011 || 186,633 || 4.36%
|-
| 2021 || 123,892 || 3.20%
|}
|}


===Counties===
===Counties===


Counties with significant Serb minority (10% or more):<ref>http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv/censuses/census2011/results/htm/H01_01_04/h01_01_04_RH.html</ref>
Counties with significant Serb minority (7.50% or more):{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 158: Line 202:
|-
|-
|[[Vukovar-Srijem County]]
|[[Vukovar-Srijem County]]
|27,824
|19,309
|15.50%
|13.49%
|-
|-
|[[Lika-Senj County]]
|[[Lika-Senj County]]
|6,949
|4,062
|13.65%
|9.50%
|-
|-
|[[Sisak-Moslavina County]]
|[[Sisak-Moslavina County]]
|21,002
|12,153
|12.18%
|8.71%
|-
|-
|[[Šibenik-Knin County]]
|[[Šibenik-Knin County]]
|11,518
|8,064
|10.53%
|8.37%
|-
|-
|[[Karlovac County]]
|[[Karlovac County]]
|13,408
|8,683
|10.40%
|7.74%
|}
|}


Line 181: Line 225:


Cities with significant Serb minority (10% or more):
Cities with significant Serb minority (10% or more):
{{refbegin|4}}
{{refbegin|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Vrbovsko]] (1,788 or 35.22%)
*[[Vrbovsko]] (1,255 or 32.38%)
*[[Vukovar]] (9,654 or 34.87%)
*[[Obrovac, Croatia|Obrovac]] (1,082 or 31.34%)
*[[Obrovac, Croatia|Obrovac]] (1,359 or 31.44%)
*[[Vukovar]] (6,890 or 29.73%)
*[[Glina, Croatia|Glina]] (2,549 or 27.46%)
*[[Hrvatska Kostajnica]] (428 or 22.78%)
*[[Beli Manastir]] (2,572 or 25.55%)
*[[Knin]] (2,492 or 21.42%)
*[[Hrvatska Kostajnica]] (690 or 25.04%)
*[[Glina, Croatia|Glina]] (1,462 or 20.55%)
*[[Knin]] (3,551 or 23.05%)
*[[Beli Manastir]] (1,605 or 20.13%)
*[[Skradin]] (679 or 17.75%)
*[[Skradin]] (605 or 18.07%)
*[[Ogulin]] (2,466 or 17.72%)
*[[Ogulin]] (1,841 or 15.03%)
*[[Pakrac]] (1,340 or 15.84%)
*[[Benkovac]] (1,315 or 13.58%)
*[[Lipik]] (860 or 13.94%)
*[[Pakrac]] (801 or 11.30%)
*[[Benkovac]] (1,519 or 13.78%)
*[[Lipik]] (540 or 10.53%)

*[[Daruvar]] (1,429 or 12.28%)
*[[Petrinja]] (2,710 or 10.98%)
*[[Slunj]] (534 or 10.52%)
*[[Garešnica]] (1,062 or 10.14%)
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


Line 203: Line 244:


Municipalities with significant Serb population (10% or more):
Municipalities with significant Serb population (10% or more):
{{refbegin|4}}
{{refbegin|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Ervenik]] (1,074 or 97.19%)
*[[Ervenik]] (765 or 96.96%)
*[[Negoslavci]] (1,417 or 96.86%)
*[[Negoslavci]] (952 or 96.85%)
*[[Markušica]] (2,302 or 90.10%)
*[[Borovo, Croatia|Borovo]] (3,224 or 90.69%)
*[[Trpinja]] (5,001 or 89.75%)
*[[Markušica]] (1,600 or 90.24%)
*[[Borovo, Croatia|Borovo]] (4,537 or 89.73%)
*[[Trpinja]] (3,659 or 87.81%)
*[[Biskupija]] (1,452 or 85.46%)
*[[Biskupija]] (964 or 81.90%)
*[[Šodolovci]] (1,365 or 82.58%)
*[[Donji Lapac]] (1,082 or 79.21%)
*[[Donji Lapac]] (1,704 or 80.64%)
*[[Šodolovci]] (950 or 78.06%)
*[[Vrhovine]] (1,108 or 80.23%)
*[[Civljane]] (126 or 73.68%)
*[[Civljane]] (188 or 78.66%)
*[[Dvor, Croatia|Dvor]] 2,015 or 67.26%)
*[[Dvor, Croatia|Dvor]] (4,005 or 71.90%)
*[[Jagodnjak]] (943 or 62.87%)
*[[Krnjak]] (1,362 or 68.61%)
*[[Vrginmost]] (1,282 or 62.63%)
*[[Vrginmost]] (1,976 or 66.53%)
*[[Krnjak]] (773 or 58.03%)
*[[Jagodnjak]] (1,333 or 65.89%)
*[[Erdut]] (2,908 or 53.68%)
*[[Kistanje]] (2,166 or 62.22%)
*[[Kistanje]] (1,375 or 51.89%)
*[[Erdut]] (3,987 or 54.56%)
*[[Vrhovine]] (311 or 47.63%)
*[[Udbina]] (958 or 51.12%)
*[[Gračac]] (1,360 or 43.37%)
*[[Plaški]] (952 or 45.55%)
*[[Udbina]] (569 or 42.65%)
*[[Gračac]] (2,118 or 45.16%)
*[[Plaški]] (656 or 39.76%)
*[[Vojnić]] (2,130 or 44.71%)
*[[Vojnić]] (1,385 or 38.45%)
*[[Donji Kukuruzari]] (569 or 34.82%)
*[[Donji Kukuruzari]] (337 or 31.20%)
*[[Topusko]] (893 or 29.92%)
*[[Topusko]] (556 or 25.02%)
*[[Majur, Sisak-Moslavina County|Majur]] (323 or 27.26%)
*[[Plitvička Jezera]] (838 or 22.97%)
*[[Plitvička Jezera]] (1,184 or 27.08%)
*[[Darda, Croatia|Darda]] (1,090 or 20.08%)
*[[Darda, Croatia|Darda]] (1,603 or 23.20%)
*[[Majur, Sisak-Moslavina County|Majur]] (150 or 19.74%)
*[[Sunja, Sisak-Moslavina County|Sunja]] (1,280 or 22.27%)
*[[Saborsko]] (88 or 18.88%)
*[[Stari Jankovci]] (952 or 21.61%)
*[[Stari Jankovci]] (612 or 18.71%)
*[[Saborsko]] (136 or 21.52%)
*[[Sunja, Sisak-Moslavina County|Sunja]] (700 or 16.97%)
*[[Okučani]] (716 or 20.77%)
*[[Kneževi Vinogradi]] (554 or 16.50%)
*[[Dragalić]] (243 or 17.85%)
*[[Hrvatska Dubica]] (240 or 16.42%)
*[[Kneževi Vinogradi]] (815 or 17.66%)
*[[Popovac, Osijek-Baranja County|Popovac]] (235 or 16.25%)
*[[Popovac]] (355 or 17.03%)
*[[Okučani]] (371 or 15.97%)
*[[Viljevo]] (340 or 16.46%)
*[[Lovinac]] (142 or 15.06%)
*[[Rasinja]] (533 or 16.31%)
*[[Rasinja]] (392 or 14.90%)
*[[Podgorač]] (466 or 16.20%)
*[[Viljevo]] (227 or 13.96%)
*[[Lovinac]] (162 or 16.09%)
*[[Levanjska Varoš]] (95 or 12.39%)
*[[Stara Gradiška]] (197 or 14.45%)
*[[Podgorač]] (296 or 12.06%)
*[[Nova Bukovica]] (245 or 13.83%)
*[[Stara Gradiška]] (104 or 11.42%)
*[[Sirač]] (300 or 13.53%)
*[[Sokolovac, Koprivnica-Križevci County|Sokolovac]] (312 or 11.19%)
*[[Đulovac]] (427 or 13.16%)
*[[Dežanovac]] (217 or 10.97%)
*[[Velika Pisanica]] (231 or 12.97%)
*[[Sirač]] (188 or 10.47%)
*[[Sokolovac, Koprivnica-Križevci County|Sokolovac]] (440 or 12.88%)
*[[Lišane Ostrovičke]] (60 or 10.12%)

*[[Levanjska Varoš]] (153 or 12.81%)
*[[Lišane Ostrovičke]] (87 or 12.46%)
*[[Barilovići]] (354 or 11.84%)
*[[Lasinja]] (192 or 11.82%)
*[[Dežanovac]] (318 or 11.71%)
*[[Suhopolje]] (763 or 11.42%)
*[[Nijemci]] (515 or 10.95%)
*[[Tompojevci]] (164 or 10.48%)
*[[Polača]] (153 or 10.42%)
*[[Magadenovac]] (195 or 10.07%)
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


==Culture==
==Culture==
{{see also|Serbian culture}}
{{see also|Serbian culture}}
Serbs in Croatia have cultural traditions ranging from [[Kolo (dance)|kolo dances]] and singing, which are kept alive today by performances by various folklore groups. Notable traditions include [[gusle]], [[Ojkanje singing]], [[Čuvari Hristovog groba]].
Serbs in Croatia have cultural traditions ranging from [[Kolo (dance)|kolo dances]] and singing, which are kept alive today by performances by various folklore groups. Notable traditions include [[gusle]], [[diple]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Diple i svirale vuka sa Dinare|url=https://srbi.hr/diple-i-svirale-vuka-sa-dinare/|last=Radulović|first=Vaska|date=6 December 2019|website=srbi hr|language=sr-RS|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> [[Ojkanje singing]], and [[Čuvari Hristovog groba]].

Many Serbs contributed to the Croatian culture, such as trader Hristofor Stanković who founded the first permanent theater building in Gornji Grad, [[Zagreb]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 December 2018|title=Zaboravljeno zajedništvo: "Da je Hrvat Srbu bratac mio" ⋆ P-portal|url=https://p-portal.net/zaboravljeno-zajednistvo-da-je-hrvat-srbu-bratac-mio/|access-date=12 June 2020|website=P-portal|language=hr}}</ref>


===Religion===
===Religion===
{{see also|Serbian Orthodox Church}}
{{see also|Serbian Orthodox Church}}
[[File:Serbian Orthodox Cathedral, Zagreb.JPG|thumb|150px|[[Serbian Orthodox Cathedral, Zagreb|Serbian Orthodox Cathedral]] and monument to [[Petar Preradović]] in [[Zagreb]]]]
Serbs of Croatia are [[Serbian Orthodox]]. There are many Orthodox monasteries across Croatia, built since the 14th century. Most notable and historically significant are the [[Krka monastery]], [[Krupa monastery]], [[Dragović monastery]], [[Lepavina Monastery]] and [[Gomirje monastery]]. Many Orthodox churches were demolished during World War II and Yugoslav war, while some were rebuilt by the EU funding, Croatian government and Serbian diaspora donations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stmichael-soc.org/background.htm |title=Serbian Orthodox Church History - St Michael Serbian Orthodox Church |publisher=Stmichael-soc.org |date= |accessdate=2012-08-21}}</ref>
The Serbs of Croatia are predominantly of the [[Serbian Orthodox]] faith. There are many Eastern Orthodox churches and monasteries across Croatia. Most notable and historically significant are the [[Krka monastery]], [[Krupa monastery]], [[Dragović monastery]], [[Lepavina Monastery]] and [[Gomirje monastery]]. Many Eastern Orthodox churches were demolished during World War II and during the Croatian War of Independence, while some were rebuilt with EU funding, the Croatian government, and Serbian diaspora donations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stmichael-soc.org/background.htm |title=Serbian Orthodox Church History – St Michael Serbian Orthodox Church |publisher=Stmichael-soc.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828032311/http://stmichael-soc.org/background.htm |archive-date=28 August 2008 |url-status=dead|access-date=21 August 2012}}</ref>


In the 1560s a Serbian Orthodox bishop was installed in the Metropolitanate of Požega, seated in the monastery of Remeta.{{sfn|Miller|1997|p=13}} In the 17th century, the [[Eparchy of Marča]] was founded at [[Marča]], in the Croatian frontier.{{sfn|Miller|1997|p=13}} These were part of the [[Serbian Orthodox Church|Serbian Orthodox Patriarchate of Peć]], which was re-established in 1557 and lasted under Ottoman governance until 1766.{{sfn|Miller|1997|p=13}} Other bishoprics were founded, although their approval by the Habsburgs hinged on the belief that they would facilitate the union of these Orthodox Christians with the Catholic Church, and in fact, many, including some Orthodox bishops, did unify with Rome.{{sfn|Miller|1997|p=13}}
[[File:Chiesa Annunziata, Dubrovnik.JPG|thumb|200px|[[Church of the Holy Annunciation, Dubrovnik|Church of the Holy Annunciation]] in [[Dubrovnik]]]]
In the 1560s a Serbian Orthodox bishop was installed in the Metropolitanate of Požega, seated in the monastery of Remeta.<ref name=Miller13>Miller 1998, p. 13</ref> In the 17th century, the [[Eparchy of Marča]] was founded at [[Marča]], in the Croatian frontier.<ref name=Miller13/> These were part of the [[Serbian Orthodox Church|Serbian Orthodox Patriarchate of Peć]], which was reestablished in 1557, and lasted under Ottoman governance until 1766.<ref name=Miller13/> Other bishoprics were founded, although their approval by the Habsburgs hinged on the belief that they would facilitate the union of these Orthodox Christians with the Catholic Church, and in fact, many, including some Orthodox bishops, did unify with Rome.<ref name=Miller13/>


[[File:Rezidencija.dalj.jpg|thumb|190px|left|[[Eparchy of Osječko polje and Baranja]] in [[Dalj]]]]
Serbs in the Croatian Military Frontier were out of the jurisdiction of the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć and in 1611, and after demands from the community, the Pope established the [[Eparchy of Marča]] (''Vratanija'') with seat at the Serbian-built [[Marča Monastery]], with a Byzantine [[vicar]] instated as bishop sub-ordinate to the Roman Catholic bishop of Zagreb - working to bring Serbian Orthodox Christians into communion with Rome, which caused struggle of power between the Catholics and the Serbs over the region.<ref name="ER"/><ref name="GEO"/>


Serbs in the Croatian Military Frontier were out of the jurisdiction of the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć and in 1611, after demands from the community, the Pope established the [[Eparchy of Marča]] (''Vratanija'') with a seat at the Serbian-built [[Marča Monastery]], with a Byzantine [[vicar]] instated as bishop subordinate to the Roman Catholic bishop of Zagreb – working to bring Serbian Orthodox Christians into communion with Rome, which caused struggle of power between the Catholics and the Serbs over the region.<ref name="ER"/><ref name="GEO"/>
In 1695 Orthodox Eparchy of ''[[Lika]]-[[Krbava]] and [[Zrinopolje]]'' was established by metropolitan [[Atanasije Ljubojević]] and certified by Emperor [[Josef I, Holy Roman Emperor|Josef I]] in 1707. In 1735 the Serbian Orthodox protested in the Marča Monastery and became part of the [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] until 1753 when the Pope restored the Roman Catholic clergy. On June 17, 1777 the [[Eparchy of Križevci]] was permanently established by [[Pope Pius VI]] with its [[Episcopal see]] at [[Križevci, Croatia|Križevci]], near [[Zagreb]], thus forming the [[Croatian Greek Catholic Church]] which would after World War I include other people; the [[Rusyns of Croatia|Rusyns]] and ethnic Ukrainians of [[Yugoslavia]].<ref name="ER"/><ref name="GEO"/>


In 1695 Orthodox Eparchy of ''[[Lika]]-[[Krbava]] and [[Zrinopolje]]'' was established by metropolitan [[Atanasije Ljubojević]] and certified by Emperor [[Josef I, Holy Roman Emperor|Josef I]] in 1707. In 1735 the Serbian Orthodox protested in the Marča Monastery and became part of the [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] until 1753 when the Pope restored the Roman Catholic clergy. On 17 June 1777 the [[Eparchy of Križevci]] was permanently established by [[Pope Pius VI]] with its [[Episcopal see]] at [[Križevci, Croatia|Križevci]], near [[Zagreb]], thus forming the [[Croatian Greek Catholic Church]] which would after World War I include other people; the [[Rusyns of Croatia|Rusyns]] and ethnic Ukrainians of [[Yugoslavia]].<ref name="ER"/><ref name="GEO"/>
Jovan, the Metropolitan of Zagreb and Ljubljana, stated that {{circa}} 30,000 Serbs had converted to Catholicism since the [[Operation Oluja]] (1995).<ref name=Telegraf-1039818>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraf.rs/vesti/1039818-pravoslavci-iz-hrvatske-vise-se-ne-izjasnjavaju-kao-srbi|title=Pravoslavci iz Hrvatske više se ne izjašnjavaju kao Srbi!}}</ref> In the 2011 census, regarding religious affiliation, {{circa}} 40,000 declared as "Serbs of the Orthodox faith", while 160,000 declared as "Orthodox".<ref name=Telegraf-1039818/>

According to the [[2021 Croatian census]], 101,250 (81.72%) Serbs declared themselves as Eastern Orthodox, 11,406 (9.02%) declared as atheists or non-religious, and 2,342 (1.89%) as agnostics. The smaller portion of Serbs declared themselves to be of different confession, with 2,076 (1.67%) being members of various Christian churches, and 2,042 (1.64%) being Catholics. There are 4,004 (3.23%) Serbs whose confession remained undisclosed or unknown.<ref>{{Croatian Census 2021 | E |access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref>


===Language===
===Language===
{{main article|Serbian language in Croatia}}
{{main|Serbian language in Croatia}}
Serbian language is officially used in 23 cities and municipalities in Croatia.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pravosudje.hr/europska-povelja-o-regionalnim-ili-manjinskim-jezi | language = Croatian | publisher = [[Ministry of Justice (Croatia)]] | title = Europska povelja o regionalnim ili manjinskim jezicima | date = 2011-04-12 | accessdate = 2012-02-08}}</ref>
The Serbian language is officially used in 23 cities and municipalities in Croatia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pravosudje.hr/europska-povelja-o-regionalnim-ili-manjinskim-jezi |language=hr |publisher=[[Ministry of Justice (Croatia)]] |title=Europska povelja o regionalnim ili manjinskim jezicima|date=12 April 2011 |access-date=8 February 2012}}</ref>
{{multiple image
| footer = '''Left:''' Bilingual street sign in [[Croatian language|Croatian]] and [[Serbian language|Serbian]] in [[Dalj]]<br />'''Right:''' Graffiti during [[Anti-Cyrillic protests in Croatia|anti-Cyrillic protests]]
| width1 = 180
| image1 = Dalj_Street_sign.JPG
| width2 = 180
| image2 = 20130609 Zagreb 041.jpg
}}


In April 2015 [[United Nations Human Rights Committee]] has urged Croatia to ensure the right of minorities to use their language and alphabet.<ref name="B92-UN">{{cite web|url = http://www.b92.net/eng/news/region.php?yyyy=2015&mm=04&dd=03&nav_id=93697 |title=UN calls on Croatia to ensure use of Serbian Cyrillic |format= |author = [[B92]] |date=3 April 2015 |accessdate=2015-04-11}}</ref> Committee report stated that particularly concerns the [[2013 Anti-Cyrillic protests in Croatia|use of Serbian Cyrillic in the town of Vukovar]] and municipalities concerned.<ref name="B92-UN"/> Serbian Foreign Minister [[Ivica Dačić]] said that his country welcomes the UN Human Rights Committee's report.<ref name="Tanjug-UN Serbia reaction">{{cite web|url = http://www.tanjug.rs/news/172551/serbia-welcomes-un-stance-on-use-of-cyrillic-in-croatia.htm |title=Serbia welcomes UN stance on use of Cyrillic in Croatia |author = [[Tanjug]] |date=3 April 2015 |accessdate=2015-04-11}}</ref>
In April 2015 the [[United Nations Human Rights Committee]] urged Croatia to ensure the right of minorities to use their language and alphabet.<ref name="B92-UN">{{cite web |url=http://www.b92.net/eng/news/region.php?yyyy=2015&mm=04&dd=03&nav_id=93697 |title=UN calls on Croatia to ensure use of Serbian Cyrillic |website=B92|date=3 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015}}</ref> The committee report stated that particularly concerns surrounded the [[2013 Anti-Cyrillic protests in Croatia|use of Serbian Cyrillic in the town of Vukovar]] and municipalities concerned.<ref name="B92-UN"/> Serbian Foreign Minister [[Ivica Dačić]] stated that Serbia welcomed the UN Human Rights Committee's report.<ref name="Tanjug-UN Serbia reaction">{{cite web |url=http://www.tanjug.rs/news/172551/serbia-welcomes-un-stance-on-use-of-cyrillic-in-croatia.htm |title=Serbia welcomes UN stance on use of Cyrillic in Croatia |website=Tanjug|date=3 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015}}</ref>


Although 2011 census puts Serbs as the largest national minority in Croatia with 4.4% of the total population, the number of people who had declared Serbian language as their native is 52.879 (1.23% of the total population). <ref name="www.dzs.hr">{{cite web|url = http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv/censuses/census2011/results/htm/usp_05_HR.htm |title=Population according to native language.}}</ref>
Although the 2021 census in Croatia listed Serbs as the largest national minority in Croatia, with 3.2% of the total population, the number of people who had declared Serbian language as their native was only 1.16% of the total population (45,004).<ref name="www.dzs.hr">{{cite web |url=http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv/censuses/census2011/results/htm/usp_05_HR.htm |title=Population according to native language |website=dzs.hr}}</ref>


==Politics==
==Politics==
Serbs are officially recognized as an autochthonous national minority, and as such, they elect three representatives to the [[Croatian Parliament]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=1874 | language = Croatian | publisher = Croatian Parliament | title = Pravo pripadnika nacionalnih manjina u Republici Hrvatskoj na zastupljenost u Hrvatskom saboru | work = Zakon o izborima zastupnika u Hrvatski sabor | accessdate = 2011-12-29}}</ref>
Serbs are officially recognized as an autochthonous national minority, and as such, they elect three representatives to the [[Croatian Parliament]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=1874 |language=hr |work=Zakon o izborima zastupnika u Hrvatski sabor|publisher=Croatian Parliament |title=Pravo pripadnika nacionalnih manjina u Republici Hrvatskoj na zastupljenost u Hrvatskom saboru |access-date=29 December 2011}}</ref>


All elected special representatives since [[1995 Croatian parliamentary election|1995 Parliamentary elections]].
The major Serb party in Croatia is the [[Independent Democratic Serb Party]] (SDSS). In the elections of [[Croatian parliamentary election, 2007|2007]] and [[Croatian parliamentary election, 2011|2011]], the SDSS has won all 3 Serbian seats in the parliament. In the [[Cabinet of Ivo Sanader II]], the party was part of the ruling coalition led by the conservative [[Croatian Democratic Union]], and SDSS member [[Slobodan Uzelac]] held the post of Deputy Prime Minister.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Election
!Representative
!Party
!Term
!Representative
!Party
!Term
!Representative
!Party
!Term
|-
![[1995 Croatian parliamentary election|1995]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Milan Đukić (politician)|Milan Đukić]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Serb People's Party (Croatia)|SNS]]
| rowspan="2" |1995–2003
|Veselin Pejnović
|[[Serb People's Party (Croatia)|SNS]]
|1995–2000
|[[Milorad Pupovac]]
|[[Action of Social Democrats of Croatia|ASH]]
|1995–2000
|-
![[2000 Croatian parliamentary election|2000]]
| colspan="6" |''not elected under the law''
|-
![[2003 Croatian parliamentary election|2003]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Vojislav Stanimirović (politician)|Vojislav Stanimirović]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Independent Democratic Serb Party|SDSS]]
| rowspan="3" |2003–2015
| rowspan="2" |Ratko Gajica
| rowspan="7" |[[Independent Democratic Serb Party|SDSS]]
| rowspan="2" |2003–2011
| rowspan="7" |Milorad Pupovac
| rowspan="7" |[[Independent Democratic Serb Party|SDSS]]
| rowspan="7" |2003–
|-
![[2007 Croatian parliamentary election|2007]]
|-
![[2011 Croatian parliamentary election|2011]]
|Jovo Vuković
|2011–2015
|-
![[2015 Croatian parliamentary election|2015]]
| rowspan="2" |Mile Horvat
| rowspan="2" |2015–2020
|Mirko Rašković
|2015–2016
|-
![[2016 Croatian parliamentary election|2016]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Boris Milošević]]
| rowspan="2" |2016–2024
|-
![[2020 Croatian parliamentary election|2020]]
| rowspan="2" | Dragana Jeckov
| rowspan="2" | 2020–
|-
![[2024 Croatian parliamentary election|2024]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.izbori.hr/site/UserDocsImages/2024/Izbori_za_zastupnike_u_Hrvatski_sabor/Rezultati/Sabor%202024.%20Kona%C4%8Dni%20rezultati%20izbora.pdf | language = hr | title = KONAČNE REZULTATE IZBORA ZASTUPNIKA U HRVATSKI SABOR U XII. IZBORNOJ JEDINICI U KOJOJ SE BIRAJU ZASTUPNICI SRPSKE NACIONALNE MANJINE PROVEDENIH 16., 17. I 21. TRAVNJA 2024. | publisher = State Election Commission of the Republic of Croatia | date = 29 April 2024 }}</ref>
| Anja Šimpraga
| 2024–
|}
The major Serb party in Croatia is the [[Independent Democratic Serb Party]] (SDSS). In the elections from [[2003 Croatian parliamentary election|2003]], the SDSS has won all Serbian seats in the parliament. In the [[Cabinet of Ivo Sanader II]], the party was part of the ruling coalition led by the conservative [[Croatian Democratic Union]], and SDSS member [[Slobodan Uzelac]] held the post of Deputy Prime Minister.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pleše|first=Mladen|date=30 December 2012|title=SLOBODAN UZELAC Nije mi žao što sam bio u HDZ-ovoj vladi. Ali, mogli smo bolje|trans-title=SLOBODAN UZELAC I'm not sorry that I was in the HDZ government. But we could have done better|url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/slobodan-uzelac-nije-mi-zao-sto-sam-bio-u-hdz-ovoj-vladi.-ali-mogli-smo-bolje-1375557|access-date=6 September 2021|website=Jutarnji list|language=hr}}</ref> After that Serbs again entered government during [[Cabinet of Andrej Plenković II]], in which Boris Milošević become Deputy Prime Minister and responsible for Social Affairs and Human and Minority Right.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Šobak|first=Mateja|date=13 July 2020|title=SDSS-ov čovjek u Vladi: Rođen u Šibeniku, zovu ga 'Neočekivani' i obožava igrati PlayStation|trans-title=SDSS government man: Born in Šibenik, called 'Unexpected' and loves to play PlayStation|url=https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/sdss-ov-covjek-u-vladi-roden-u-sibeniku-zovu-ga-neocekivani-i-obozava-igrati-playstation-1416975|access-date=6 September 2021|website=Večernji list|language=hr}}</ref>


There are also ethnic Serb politicians who are members of mainstream political parties, such as the centre-left [[Social Democratic Party of Croatia|Social Democratic Party]]'s MPs and [[Cabinet of Zoran Milanović|Milanović cabinet]] members [[Željko Jovanović]], [[Branko Grčić]] and [[Milanka Opačić]].
There are also ethnic Serb politicians who are members of mainstream political parties, such as the centre-left [[Social Democratic Party of Croatia|Social Democratic Party]]'s MPs and [[Cabinet of Zoran Milanović|Milanović cabinet]] members [[Željko Jovanović (politician)|Željko Jovanović]], [[Branko Grčić]] and [[Milanka Opačić]].

==Croatisation==
During the Second World War, the [[Ustashe]] regime systematically engaged in the extermination, expulsion and forced conversion of Serbs in Croatia.<ref name="Ramet2011">{{cite book|author=Sabrina P. Ramet|title=Serbia and the Serbs in World War Two|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gkiEDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA237|date=31 October 2011|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-34781-6|pages=237–}}</ref><ref name="Yeomans2013">{{cite book|author=Rory Yeomans|title=Visions of Annihilation: The Ustasha Regime and the Cultural Politics of Fascism, 1941-1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yxv4-iqVe2wC&pg=PA21|date=April 2013|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Pre|isbn=978-0-8229-7793-3|pages=21–}}</ref> Facing discrimination after the [[Croatian War of Independence]] (1991–95), several anonymous Serbs from Zagreb testify that some young Serbs have converted to Catholicism and changed their surnames in order to 'become Croats'.<ref name="Thomas2003">{{cite book|author=Raju G. C. Thomas|title=Yugoslavia Unraveled: Sovereignty, Self-Determination, Intervention|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aSo2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA14|date=13 October 2003|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-585-45499-3|pages=14,37(note,30)}}</ref>


==Community in Serbia==
==Community in Serbia==
[[File:Nikola Tesla, with his equipment Wellcome M0014782 - restoration1.jpg|thumb|right|A picture of [[Nikola Tesla]] in his laboratory]]
{{main article|Croatian Serbs in Serbia}}
[[File:Vojin Bakić radi na skulpturi Bika, 1956.JPG|thumb|right|Notable Yugoslav and Croatian sculptor [[Vojin Bakić]] during work]]
Some 350,000 Serbs were resettled in Serbia during and after the [[Croatian War]], of which the larger part took Serbian citizenship.<ref name=IIH>{{cite web|url=http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/naslovna/drustvo/aktuelno.290.html:436817-Izbeglice-iz-Hrvatske-Bez-prava-a-Evropljani}}</ref> In 2002, there were 284.334 Serbs from Croatia living in Serbia (without Kosovo). The majority lived in Vojvodina (127.884), then in Central and South Serbia (114.434). The largest part of the community stated that they wanted [[Social integration|integration]] (60,6%), while only 4,3% wanted to return, while there were 27,4% who were undecided.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=315168}}</ref> In 2013, ca. 45,000 from Croatia still had refugee status in Serbia.<ref name=IIH/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Drustvo/Srbija-zemlja-sa-najvecim-brojem-izbeglica-u-Evropi.lt.html}}</ref>
<!-- {{main article|Croatian Serbs in Serbia}} -->
Approximately 250,000 Serbs from Croatia were resettled in Serbia during and after the Croatian War of Independence, of which the larger part took Serbian citizenship.<ref name=IIH>{{cite web|title=Izbeglice iz Hrvatske: Bez prava, a Evropljani|work=Večernje novosti|url=http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/naslovna/drustvo/aktuelno.290.html:436817-Izbeglice-iz-Hrvatske-Bez-prava-a-Evropljani}}</ref> In 2011, there were 284,334 Serbs from Croatia living in Serbia (excluding [[Kosovo]]), with the majority living in Vojvodina (127,884), followed by Central and South Serbia (114,434). In 2013, approximately 45,000 Serbs from Croatia were still listed as refugees in Serbia.<ref name=IIH/><ref>{{cite web|title=Србија земља са највећим бројем избеглица у Европи|work=Politika|url=http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Drustvo/Srbija-zemlja-sa-najvecim-brojem-izbeglica-u-Evropi.lt.html}}</ref> The largest part of the Croatian Serb community in Serbia stated that they wished to [[Social integration|integrate]] (60.6%), only 4.3% wanted to return to their homes in Croatia, while 27.4% who were undecided.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fale Srbi, al' fale i Hrvati|date=30 May 2002|publisher=Vreme|url=http://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=315168}}</ref>


==Notable people==
==Notable people==
{{main article|List of Serbs of Croatia}}
{{main|List of Serbs of Croatia}}{{Further|Category:Serbs of Croatia|Category:Croatian people of Serbian descent}}
{{summarize|from|List of Serbs of Croatia|date=June 2014}}
{{image array|perrow=13|width=65|height=75| border-width = 1
| image1 = Loza Nemanjica Decani c 7 1.jpg| caption1 = [[Jelena Nemanjić Šubić]]
| image2 = Стојан Јанковић.jpg| caption2 = [[Stojan Janković]]
| image3 = Zaharije Orfelin.jpg| caption3 = [[Zaharije Orfelin]]
| image4 = Патријарх_српски_Јосиф.jpg| caption4 = [[Josif Rajačić|Patriarch Josif]]
| image5 = NikodimMilas.jpg| caption5 = [[Nikodim Milaš]]
| image6 = Patrijarh Pavle.jpg| caption6 = [[Patriarch Pavle of Serbia|Patriarch Pavle]]
| image7 = Tesla3.jpg| caption7 = [[Nikola Tesla]]
| image8 = Milutin Milanković.jpg| caption8 = [[Milutin Milanković]]
| image9 = Simo Matavulj.jpg| caption9 = [[Simo Matavulj]]
| image10 = MatijaBan.jpg| caption10 = [[Matija Ban]]
| image11 = Svetozar Pribićević.jpg| caption11 = [[Svetozar Pribićević]]
| image12 = Dejan Medakovic2.jpg| caption12 = [[Dejan Medaković]]
| image13 = Vojin Bakić.jpg| caption13 = [[Vojin Bakić]]
| image14 = Jovanka Broz.jpg| caption14 = [[Jovanka Broz]]
| image15 = RadeŠerbedžija07TIFF.jpg| caption15 = [[Rade Šerbedžija]]
| image16 = DedicArsenCropped.png| caption16 = [[Arsen Dedić]]
| image17 = Petar Kralj.jpg| caption17 = [[Petar Kralj]]
| image18 = Bozidar Maljkovic by Augustas Didzgalvis.jpg| caption18 = [[Božidar Maljković]]
| image19 = Bogdan Diklić.jpg| caption19 = [[Bogdan Diklić]]
| image20 = Pupovac.jpg| caption20 = [[Milorad Pupovac]]
| image21 = Milan Mladenovic.jpg| caption21 = [[Milan Mladenović]]
| image22 = Vladimir Beara 1953.jpg| caption22 = [[Vladimir Beara]]
| image23 = Peja Stojakovic Mavs cropped.jpg| caption23 = [[Peja Stojaković]]
| image24 = Jasna S.JPG| caption24 = [[Jasna Šekarić]]
| image25 = Siniša Mihajlović.JPG| caption25 = [[Siniša Mihajlović]]
}}

===Artists===
*[[Arsen Dedić]], chanson singer
*[[Medo Pucic]] (1821-1882) - writer and politician
*[[Vladan Desnica]] (1905–1967) - writer
*[[Vojin Jelić]] (1921–2004) - poet
*[[Simo Matavulj]] (1852–1908) - novelist
*[[Lukijan Mušicki]] (1777–1837) - notable Baroque poet, writer and polyglot<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eparhija-gornjokarlovacka.hr/Episkop-Musicki-L.htm |title=Episkop Lukijan Musicki |publisher=Eparhija-gornjokarlovacka.hr |date= |accessdate=2012-08-21}}</ref>
*[[Zaharije Orfelin]] (1726–1785) - 18th-century polymath<ref>[http://www.antikvarne-knjige.com/biografije/orfelin/zaharija_orfelin_biografija.html] {{wayback|url=http://www.antikvarne-knjige.com/biografije/orfelin/zaharija_orfelin_biografija.html |date=20080915034848 |df=y }}</ref>
*[[Božidar Petranović]] (1809–1874) - author, scholar, and journalist<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eparhija-dalmatinska.hr/Publikacije-Krka13-L.htm |title=Krka časopis br. 6 |publisher=Eparhija-dalmatinska.hr |date= |accessdate=2012-08-21}}</ref>
*[[Petar Preradović]] (1818–1872) - poet and Austrian general<ref>History of family Preradović from Gornja Krajina ([[Grubišno Polje]] etc) and their relation to the Russian branch (general [[Nikolay Depreradovich]] etc), may be seen in the book published in [[Zagreb]], [[Croatia]] in 1903, ''Znameniti Srbi XIX veka'', year 2, 2, editor Andra Gavrilović, [[Zagreb]] 1903, p. 13. Also, book published in Belgrade in 1888, Milan Đ. Milićević, ''Pomenik znamenitih ljudi u srpskog naroda novijeg doba'', p. 572. For the list of Preradovićs (Serbs) murderd in [[Jasenovac concentration camp]] of [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH) during World War II, including Preradovićs from [[Grubišno Polje]], where father of Petar Preradović was born see (official in [[Croatia]]) Jasenovac Memorial site list of victims, where one could see a few Jovan Preradović, as was the name of Petar Preradović's father (http://www.jusp-jasenovac.hr Spomen Područje Jasenovac), or names of 100 Preradovićs on the list of victims on the list of victims of Jasenovac Research Institute, [[New York]],
(https://cp13.heritagewebdesign.com/~lituchy/victim_search.php?field=&searchtype=contains)
</ref>
*[[Josif Runjanin]] (1821–1878) - composer of the Croatian national anthem<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moljac.hr/biografije/runjanin.htm |title=Josip Runjanin |publisher=Moljac.hr |date= |accessdate=2012-11-17}}</ref>
*[[Rade Šerbedžija]] (born 1946) - film actor<ref>http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0784884/</ref>
*[[Petar Kralj]] (1941–2011), Serbian actor
*[[Bogdan Diklić]] (born 1953), Serbian actor
*[[Nives Celsius]] (born 1981) - Croatian socialite, model, singer and writer
*[[Konstantin Vojnović]] (1832–1903) politician, university professor and rector of the [[University of Zagreb]]
*[[Ivo Vojnović]] (1857–1929) - writer<ref>http://www.arhiva.glas-javnosti.rs/arhiva/2005/04/29/srpski/K05042801.shtml
Prota Sava Nakićenović, ''O hercegnovskim Vojnovićima'', Dubrovnik 1910, http://www.srpsko-nasledje.co.rs/sr-c/1998/02/article-13.html
Dragomir Acović, ''Heraldika i Srbi'', Beograd 2008, p. 335, http://www.rastko.org.yu/rastko-ukr/istorija/2003-ns/dmartinovic.pdf, http://www.scindeks-clanci.nb.rs/data/pdf/0350-0861/2005/0350-08610553121C.pdf</ref>
*[[Toma Rosandić]] (1878–1958) - prominent sculptor
*[[Matija Ban]] (1818-1903) - poet, playwright

===Scientists===
[[File:Нікола Тэсла, 1880..png|thumb|150px|[[Nikola Tesla]] wearing a [[Serbian national costume]]]]
*[[Nikodim Milaš]] (1845–1915) - bishop and perhaps the greatest Serbian expert on church law
*[[Nikola Tesla]] (1856–1943) - inventor, mechanical engineer, and electrical engineer
*[[Milutin Milanković]] (1879–1958) - geophysicist and civil engineer, best known for his theory of ice ages
*[[Jovan Karamata]] (1902–1967) - mathematician
*[[Mihailo Merćep]] (1864–1937) - notable cyclist and aviation pioneer
*[[Sima Ćirković]] (1929–2009) - historian
*[[Dejan Medaković]] (1922–2008) - historian and writer winner of the [[Herder Prize]]
*[[Sava Mrkalj]] (1783–1833) - linguist and poet
*[[Gajo Petrović]] (1927–1993) - philosopher
*[[Nikola Hajdin]] (1923) - construction engineer and President of [[Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts|SANU]]

===Athletes===
*[[Siniša Mihajlović]] (born 1969) - Serbian football manager and former player
*[[Vladimir Beara]] (1928-2014) - football player and manager
*[[Ilija Petković]] (bron 1945) - football player and manager
*[[Danijel Ljuboja]] (born 1978) - Serbian football player
*[[Ivan Ergić]] (born 1981) - Serbian football player
*[[Predrag Stojaković]] (born 1977) - Serbian basketball player<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jockbio.com/Bios/Stojakovic/Stojakovic_bio.html |title=Peja Stojakovic Biography |publisher=JockBio |date=1977-06-09 |accessdate=2012-08-21}}</ref>
*[[Duško Savanović]] (born 1983) - Serbian basketball player
*[[Zoran Erceg]] (born 1985) - Serbian basketball player
*[[Milan Mačvan]] (born 1989) - Serbian basketball player
*[[Kosta Perović]], Serbian basketballer player
*[[Aleks Marić]] (born 1984) - Australian basketball player
*[[Božidar Maljković]], Serbian basketball coach, former player
*[[Nenad Čanak (basketball)|Nenad Čanak]] - Serbian basketball player and manager
*[[Jasna Šekarić]] (born 1965) - Serbian sports shooter, five-time Olympic medalist, World and European champion<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jasnasekaric.com/home.html |title=de beste bron van informatie over jasnasekaric |publisher=jasnasekaric.com |date= |accessdate=2012-08-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20100928054702/http://jasnasekaric.com:80/home.html |archivedate=28 September 2010 }}</ref>
*[[Damir Mikec]], Serbian sports shooter
*[[Miloš Milošević]], former Croatian swimmer
*[[Andrija Prlainović]] (born 1987) - Serbian water polo player, two-time Olympic medalist, World and European champion
*[[Jelena Dokic]] (born 1983) - tennis player, former World No.4
*[[Tanja Dragić]] (born 1991) - Serbian Paralympian athlete
*[[Ljubomir Vračarević]], Serbian martial artist and founder of [[Real Aikido]]

===Other===
*[[Beloš Vukanović]] (1110–1198) - Serbian prince, [[Ban of Croatia]] between 1142 and 1163
*[[Gerasim Zelić]] (1752–1838)- Serbian Orthodox archimandrite, traveler, and writer
*[[Svetozar Boroević]] (1856–1920) - Austro-Hungarian Field Marshal
*[[Momčilo Đujić]] (1907–1999) - Commander in the WWII [[Chetnik]] movement
*[[Stevan Šupljikac]] (1786–1848) was a voivode (military commander) and the first Duke of the Serbian Vojvodina
*[[Stjepan Jovanović]] (1828–1885) - notable military commander of [[Austrian Empire]]
*[[Rade Končar]] (1911–1942) - communist leader and legendary WWII resistance fighter
*[[Boško Buha]] (1926–1943) - WWII resistance fighter
*[[Patriarch Pavle of Serbia]] (1914–2009) (born Gojko Stojčević) - former [[Patriarch of Serbia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.serbianorthodoxchurch.com/pages/s/pavle/biography-en.html |title=Biography of His Holiness Patriarch Pavle |publisher=Serbianorthodoxchurch.com |date= |accessdate=2012-08-21}}</ref>
*[[Svetozar Pribićević]] (1875–1936) - early 20th-century politician in the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/475726/Svetozar-Pribicevic |title=Svetozar Pribicevic (Yugoslavian politician) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |date= |accessdate=2012-08-21}}</ref>
*[[Jovan Rašković]] (1929–1992) - politician who first called for a Serbian autonomy within Croatia in the 1990s
*[[Slavko Ćuruvija]] (1949–1999) - a journalist and newspaper publisher
*[[Josif Rajačić]] (1785–1861) - [[Metropolitan bishop|metropolitan]] of [[Sremski Karlovci]], Serbian patriarch, administrator of [[Serbian Vojvodina]] and baron<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohiou.edu/~Chastain/rz/rajacic.htm |title=Josif Rajacic |publisher=Ohiou.edu |date=2004-10-25 |accessdate=2012-08-21}}</ref>
*[[Jovo Stanisavljević Čaruga]] (1897–1925) - legendary outlaw in early 20th-century [[Slavonia]]
*[[Mirko Marjanović]] (1937–2006) - a former Prime Minister of [[Serbia]] and a high-ranking official in [[Slobodan Milošević]]'s [[Socialist Party of Serbia]] (SPS)
*[[Nada Dimić]] (1923-1942) - a Yugoslav communist and [[People's Hero of Yugoslavia]]
*[[Milan Babić]] (1956–2006) - former first president of the self-proclaimed [[Republic of Serbian Krajina]], convicted of war crimes, sentenced to 13 years in prison, committed suicide in his prison cell
*[[Vlado Georgiev]] (born 1976) - a Serbian pop singer, composer, and lyrics writer


==See also==
==See also==
{{portal|Serbia|Croatia}}
* [[Serbs]]
* [[Croatia-Serbia relations]]
* [[Croats of Serbia]]
* [[Serbs of Zagreb]]
* [[Serbs of Vukovar]]
* [[Serb National Council]], elected body acting as a form of self-government and institution of cultural autonomy
* [[Serb National Council]], elected body acting as a form of self-government and institution of cultural autonomy
* [[Flag of Serbs of Croatia]]
* [[Joint Council of Municipalities]]
* [[Joint Council of Municipalities]]
* [[Independent Democratic Serb Party]]
* [[Independent Democratic Serb Party]]
* [[Democratic Alliance of Serbs]]
* [[Republic of Serbian Krajina]]
* [[Republic of Serbian Krajina]]
* [[Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia]]
* [[Operation Storm]]
* [[Prosvjeta]], Croatian Serb Cultural Society
* [[Prosvjeta]], Croatian Serb Cultural Society
* [[Serbian Orthodox Secondary School|Serbian Orthodox Secondary School in Zagreb]]
* [[Serbian Orthodox Secondary School|Serbian Orthodox Secondary School in Zagreb]]
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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist}}


==Sources==
==Sources==
{{refbegin|2}}
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*Ilić, J. 2006, "The Serbs in Croatia before and after the break-up of Yugoslavia", Zbornik Matice srpske za društvene nauke, no. 120, [http://scindeks-clanci.nb.rs/data/pdf/0352-5732/2006/0352-57320620253I.pdf pp. 253-270].
* {{cite book|last=Artuković|first=Mato|title=Srbi u Hrvatskoj: Khuenovo doba|year=2001|language=hr}}
*Ivanović-Barišić, M.M. 2004, "Serbs in Croatia: Ethnological reflections", Teme, vol. 28, no. 2, [http://scindeks-clanci.nb.rs/data/pdf/0353-7919/2004/0353-79190402779I.pdf pp. 779-788].
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Bataković|editor-first=Dušan T.|editor-link=Dušan T. Bataković|title=Histoire du peuple serbe|trans-title=History of the Serbian People|language=fr|date=2005|location=Lausanne|publisher=L’Age d’Homme|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC|isbn=9782825119587}}
*Stojanović, M. 2003-2004, "Serbs in Eastern Croatia", Glasnik Etnografskog muzeja u Beogradu, no. 67-68, [http://scindeks-clanci.nb.rs/data/pdf/0350-0322/2004/0350-03220468387S.pdf pp. 387-390].
* {{cite book|last=Begović|first=Nikola|title=Život i običaji Srba-Graničara|publisher=Tiskarski zavod "Narodnih novinah"|year=1887|url=https://archive.org/details/ivotiobiajisrba00begogoog |language=sr}} {{PD-icon}}
*Lajić, I.& Bara, M. 2010, "Effects of the war in Croatia 1991-1995 on changes in the share of ethnic Serbs in the ethnic composition of Slavonia", Stanovništvo, vol. 48, no. 1, [http://scindeks-clanci.nb.rs/data/pdf/0038-982X/2010/0038-982X1001049L.pdf pp. 49-73].
* {{cite book|last1=Bideleux|first1=Robert|last2=Jeffries|first2=Ian|title=The Balkans: A Post-Communist History|publisher=The Lord Byron Foundation for Balkan Studies|year=2006|isbn=9780415229623|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/balkanspostcommu0000bide}}
*Berber, M., Grbić, B.& Pavkov, S. 2008, "Changes in the share of ethnic Croats and Serbs in Croatia by town and municipality based on the results of censuses from 1991 and 2001", Stanovništvo, vol. 46, no. 2, [http://scindeks-clanci.nb.rs/data/pdf/0038-982X/2008/0038-982X0802023B.pdf pp. 23-62].
* {{cite book|last=Ćirković|first=Sima|author-link=Sima Ćirković|year=2004|title=The Serbs|location=Malden|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC|isbn=9781405142915}}
* Karl Freiherr von Czoernig: "Ethnographie der österreichischen Monarchie", Vol. II, III, Wien, 1857
* {{cite book|last=Ćorović|first=Vladimir|author-link=Vladimir Ćorović|title=Istorija srpskog naroda|edition=Internet|year=2001 |orig-year=1997|location=Belgrade|publisher=Ars Libri|url=http://www.rastko.rs/rastko-bl/istorija/corovic/istorija/index.html}} {{in lang|sh}}
* {{cite book|last=Miller|first=Nicholas J.|title=Between Nation and State: Serbian Politics in Croatia Before the First World War|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Z0Ejj8B-t_cC|year=1998|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Pre|isbn=978-0-8229-7722-3}}
*{{cite book |last=Curta |first=Florin |year=2006 |title=Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250 |url=https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt |url-access=registration |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-89452-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/20160112171015/http://www.osce.org/documents/mc/2004/04/2783_en.pdf OSCE Report on Croatian treatment of Serbs]
* Karl Freiherr von Czoernig: "Ethnographie der österreichischen Monarchie", Vol. II, III, Wien, 1857.
* De Administrando Imperio by [[Constantine VII|Constantine Porphyrogenitus]], edited by Gy. Moravcsik and translated by R. J. H. Jenkins, Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, Washington D. C., 1993
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*{{cite book | last=Fine | first=John Van Antwerp | title=The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century | publisher=The University of Michigan Press | location=Michigan | year=1991 | language= | isbn=0-472-08149-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Derić|first=Vasilije|title=O Srpskom imenu po zapadnijem krajevima našega naroda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZ8BAAAAMAAJ|year=1914}}
* John V.A. Fine. (1994). ''The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest''. The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4
* {{cite book|last=Đurić|first=Veljko Đ.|title=Prekrštavanje Srba u Nezavisnoj Državi Hrvatskoj: prilozi za istoriju verskog genocida|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5eBAAAAIAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Alfa}}
* {{citation | last=Fine | first=John Van Antwerp |year=2006 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |title=When Ethnicity did not matter in the Balkans. A study of Identity in pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods |isbn=0-472-11414-X}}
* {{cite book|last1=Dvornik |first1=F. |last2=Jenkins |first2=R. J. H. |last3=Lewis |first3=B. |last4=Moravcsik |first4=Gy. |last5=Obolensky |first5=D. |last6=Runciman |first6=S. |editor=P. J. H. Jenkins|title=De Administrando Imperio: Volume II. Commentary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DWVxvgAACAAJ|year=1962|publisher=University of London: The Athlone Press}}
* {{cite book|last=Ćorović|first=Vladimir|authorlink=Vladimir Ćorović|title=Istorija srpskog naroda|edition=Internet|year=2001 |origyear=1997|location=Belgrade|publisher=Ars Libri|url=http://www.rastko.rs/rastko-bl/istorija/corovic/istorija/index.html|ref=harv}} {{sh icon}}
* {{cite book|last=Erdeljanović|first=Jovan|title=O poreklu Bunjevaca|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yV4iAQAAMAAJ|year=1930|publisher=Srpska kraljevska akademija}}
*UNHCR document, [http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/3eccfafc2.pdf The Status of the Croatian Serb Population in Bosnia and Herzegovina]
* {{Cite book|last=Fine|first=John Van Antwerp Jr.|author-link=John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.|title=The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century|year=1991|orig-year=1983|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|publisher=University of Michigan Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C|isbn=0472081497}}
* {{cite book
* {{Cite book|last=Fine|first=John Van Antwerp Jr.|author-link=John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.|title=The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest|year=1994|orig-year=1987|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|publisher=University of Michigan Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC|isbn=0472082604}}
| last = Tomasevich
* {{Cite book|last=Fine|first=John Van Antwerp Jr.|author-link=John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.|title=When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods|year=2005|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|publisher=University of Michigan Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C|isbn=0472025600}}
| first = Jozo
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C|first=Richard C.|last=Frucht|title=Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-800-6|access-date=18 October 2011}}
| title = War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: The Chetniks
* {{cite book|last=Gavrilović|first=Slavko|title=Srbi u Habsburškoj monarhiji: 1792–1849|publisher=Matica srpska|year=1994}}
| volume = 1
* {{cite book|last=Gavrilović|first=Slavko|title=Iz istorije Srba u Hrvatskoj, Slavoniji i Ugarskoj: XV-XIX vek|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5oJpAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Filip Višnjić |isbn=9788673631264}}
| publisher = Stanford University Press
* {{cite journal|last=Grujić|first=Radoslav M.|title=Најстарија српска насеља по северној Хрватској (до 1597. год)|journal=Гласник Српског географског друштва|volume=1|issue=2|year=1912|url=http://www.poreklo.rs/2012/05/17/gruji%C4%87-srpska-naselja-po-severu-hrvatske-do-1579/}}
| year = 1975
* {{cite book |last1=Hoare |first1=Marko |title=Genocide and Resistance in Hitler's Bosnia: The Partisans and Chetniks, 1941–1943 |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780191734458 }}
| location = San Francisco
* {{cite journal|last=Ilić|first=Jovan|title=The Serbs in the Former SR of Croatia|journal=The Serbian Questions in the Balkans|year=1995|url=http://www.rastko.rs/istorija/srbi-balkan/jilic-croatia.html}}
| isbn = 0-8047-0857-6
* {{cite book|last=Ivić|first=Aleksa|title=Seoba Srba u Hrvatsku i Slavoniju|year=1909|url=https://archive.org/stream/seobasrbauhrvats00ivia |language=sr}} {{PD-icon}}
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=yoCaAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover
* {{cite book|last=Ivić|first=Aleksa|title=Историја Срба у Угарској: од пада Смедерева до сеобе под Чарнојевићем (1459–1690)|publisher=Привредникова|location=Zagreb|year=1914|language=sr}} {{PD-icon}}
| ref = Tomasevich_1975
* {{cite book|last=Jačov|first=Marko|title=Венеција и Срби у Далмацији у XVIII веку|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-LdBAAAAYAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Просвета}}
}}
* {{cite book|last=Jačov|first=Marko|title=Srbi u mletačko-turskim ratovima u XVII veku|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vMM2AAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Sveti arhijerejski sinod Srpske pravoslavne crkve}}
*{{cite journal|last=Škiljan|first=Filip|title=Znameniti Srbi u Hrvatskoj|location=Zagreb|year=2009|url=http://snv.hr/file/attachment/file/znameniti-srbi-u-hrvatskoj.pdf}}
* {{cite book|last1=Krestić|first1=Vasilije|last2=Milosavljević|first2=Margot|title=History of the Serbs in Croatia and Slavonia 1848–1914|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ZRpAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Beogradski izdavačko-grafički zavod|isbn=9788613008880}}
*{{cite journal|last=Škiljan|first=Filip|title=Identitet Srba u Hrvatskoj|location=Zagreb|year=2014|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/126052}}
* {{cite book|last=Krestić|first=Vasilije|title=Историја Срба у Хрватској и Славонији 1848–1914|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBKCpwAACAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Zavod za Udžbenike|isbn=978-86-17-17047-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Leutloff-Grandits|first=Carolin|title=Claiming Ownership in Postwar Croatia: The Dynamics of Property Relations and Ethnic Conflict in the Knin Region|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QfK3q9vSeOMC|year=2006|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-8258-8049-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Malcolm|first=Noel|title=Bosnia: A Short History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToYfeuTfhF8C|date=2002|publisher=Pan Books|isbn=978-0-330-41244-5|access-date=25 March 2016|archive-date=6 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106042311/https://books.google.com/books?id=ToYfeuTfhF8C|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Milaš|first=Nikodim|author-link=Nikodim Milaš|title=Pravoslavna Dalmacija: istorijski pregled|location=Novi Sad|publisher=A. Pajevića|year=1901|url=https://archive.org/details/pravoslavnadalma00mila |language=sr}} {{PD-icon}}
* {{cite book|last=Mileusnić|first=Slobodan|title=Spiritual Genocide: A survey of destroyed, damaged and desecrated churches, monasteries and other church buildings during the war 1991–1995 (1997)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_TaPAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|location=Belgrade|publisher=Museum of the Serbian Orthodox Church}}
* {{cite book|last=Milinković|first=B.|year=2001|title=O srbima u Hrvatskoj: selektivna bibliografija 1984.-1999. godine.|publisher=Srpsko kulturno društvo Prosvjeta}}
* {{Cite book|last=Miller|first=Nicholas J.|title=Between Nation and State: Serbian Politics in Croatia Before the First World War|year=1997|location=Pittsburgh|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|isbn=9780822939894|url=https://archive.org/details/betweennationsta00mill_0|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|last=Novak|first=Viktor|author-link=Viktor Novak|title=Magnum Crimen: Half a Century of Clericalism in Croatia|volume=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1jyvQAACAAJ|year=2011|location=Jagodina|publisher=Gambit|isbn=9788676240494}}
* {{cite book|last=Novak|first=Viktor|author-link=Viktor Novak|title=Magnum Crimen: Half a Century of Clericalism in Croatia|volume=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vF9GMwEACAAJ|year=2011|location=Jagodina|publisher=Gambit|isbn=9788676240494}}
* {{cite book|last=Pavlowitch|first=Stevan K.|author-link=Stevan K. Pavlowitch|title=Hitler's New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia|year=2008|location=New York|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231700504|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dI9pAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Pleterski|first=J.|year=1988|title=Srbi u političkoj strukturi NOB u Hrvatskoj}}
* {{cite book|last=Pupovac|first=M.|year=1999|title=Čuvari imena: Srbi u Hrvatskoj i raspad Jugoslavije|publisher=Prosvjeta}}
* {{cite journal|last=Pupovac|first=M.|year=1997|title=Raspad Jugoslavije i Srbi u Hrvatskoj|journal=Ljetopis Srpskog kulturnog društva Prosvjeta|volume=2|pages=256–264}}
* {{cite book|last=Rudić|first=Vujadin|title=Срби у Хрватској: насељаване, број и територијални размешта|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kegAAAACAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Ун-т у Београду|isbn=978-86-419-0128-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Štrbac|first=Savo|author-link=Savo Štrbac|title=Gone with the Storm: A Chronicle of Ethnic Cleansing of Serbs from Croatia|year=2015|location=Knin, Banja Luka, Beograd|publisher=Grafid, DIC Veritas|isbn=9789995589806|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSqBnQAACAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Tomasevich|first=Jozo|author-link=Jozo Tomasevich|title=War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks|volume=1|year=1975|location=Stanford|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=9780804708579|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoCaAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Tomasevich|first=Jozo| author-link=Jozo Tomasevich|title=War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration|volume=2|year=2001|location=Stanford|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=9780804779241|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC}}
* {{cite book|last=Trbovich|first=Ana S.|title=A Legal Geography of Yugoslavia's Disintegration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ojur7dVoxIcC|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533343-5}}

===Journals===
* {{cite journal|last1=Berber|first1=M.|last2=Grbić|first2=B.|last3=Pavkov|first3=S.|year=2008|title=Changes in the share of ethnic Croats and Serbs in Croatia by town and municipality based on the results of censuses from 1991 and 2001|journal=Stanovništvo|volume=46|issue=2|pages=23–62|doi=10.2298/stnv0802023b|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|last=Božić|first=Sofija|title=Serbs in Croatia (1918–1929): Between the myth of "Greater-Serbian Hegemony" and social reality|journal=Balcanica|year=2010|issue=41|pages=185–208|doi=10.2298/BALC1041185B|url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/ft.aspx?id=0350-76531041185B|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Đurđev|first1=Branislav S.|last2=Livada|first2=Svetozar|last3=Arsenović|first3=Daniela|title=The disappearance of Serbs in Croatia|journal=Zbornik Matice Srpske Za Društvene Nauke|volume=148|year=2014|pages=583–591}}
* {{cite journal|last=Gavrilović|first=Slavko|title=Srbi u Hrvatskoj i Slavoniji u narodnom pokretu 1848–1849|journal=Zbornik O Srbima U Hrvatskoj|volume=1|location=Beograd|publisher=SANU|year=1989|pages=9–32|language=sr}}
* {{cite journal|last=Gavrilović|first=Slavko|title=Migracije iz Gornje krajine u Slavoniju i Srem od početka XVIII. do sredine XIX. veka|journal=Zbornik O Srbima U Hrvatskoj|volume=2|location=Beograd|year=1991}}
* {{cite journal|last=Grujić|first=Radoslav M.|title=Najstarija srpska naselja po severnoj Hrvatskoj|journal=Glasnik srpskog geografskog društva|year=1912}}
* {{cite journal|last=Ilić|first=J.|year=2006|title=The Serbs in Croatia before and after the break-up of Yugoslavia|journal=Zbornik Matice Srpske Za Društvene Nauke|volume=120|issue=120|publisher=Matica srpska|url=http://scindeks-clanci.nb.rs/data/pdf/0352-5732/2006/0352-57320620253I.pdf|pages=253–270|doi=10.2298/ZMSDN0620253I}} {{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}
* {{cite journal|last=Ivanović-Barišić|first=M. M.|year=2004|title=Serbs in Croatia: Ethnological reflections|journal=Teme|volume=28|issue=2|url=http://scindeks-clanci.nb.rs/data/pdf/0353-7919/2004/0353-79190402779I.pdf|pages=779–788}} {{dead link|date=March 2018}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Lajić|first1=I.|last2=Bara|first2=M.|year=2010|title=Effects of the war in Croatia 1991–1995 on changes in the share of ethnic Serbs in the ethnic composition of Slavonia|journal=Stanovništvo|volume=48|pages=49–73|url=http://scindeks-clanci.nb.rs/data/pdf/0038-982X/2010/0038-982X1001049L.pdf|doi=10.2298/stnv1001049l|doi-access=free}} {{dead link|date=March 2018}}
* {{cite journal|last=Ljušić|first=Radoš|title=The Dalmatian Serbs: One nation and two religions: The examples of Marko Murat and Nikodim Milaš|journal=Anali Pravnog Fakulteta U Beogradu|volume=60|issue=2|year=2012|pages=26–55}}
* {{cite journal|last=Mirkovic|first=D.|s2cid=72467680|year=2000|title=The historical link between the Ustasha genocide and the Croato-Serb civil war: 1991-1995|journal=Journal of Genocide Research|volume=2|issue=3|pages=363–373|doi=10.1080/713677614}}
* {{cite journal|last=Roksandić|first=Drago|title=O Srbima u hrvatskim zemljama u Mrkaljevo doba|journal=Književnost|volume=4–5|pages=520–534|year=1984}}
* {{cite web |last=Škiljan|first=Filip|title=Znameniti Srbi u Hrvatskoj|location=Zagreb|year=2009|url=http://snv.hr/file/attachment/file/znameniti-srbi-u-hrvatskoj.pdf}}
* {{cite journal|last=Škiljan|first=Filip|title=Identitet Srba u Hrvatskoj|journal=Croatian Political Science Review|volume=51|issue=2|location=Zagreb|year=2014|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/126052}}
* {{cite journal|last=Stojanović|first=M.|year=2004|title=Serbs in Eastern Croatia|journal=Glasnik Etnografskog muzeja u Beogradu|volume=67–68|url=http://scindeks-clanci.nb.rs/data/pdf/0350-0322/2004/0350-03220468387S.pdf|pages=387–390}} {{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}
* {{cite journal|last=Stokes|first=Gale|s2cid=158041383|title=From nation to minority: Serbs in Croatia and Bosnia at the outbreak of the Yugoslav wars|journal=Problems of Post-Communism|volume=52|issue=6|pages=3–20|year=2005|doi=10.1080/10758216.2005.11052224}}
* {{cite journal|last=Seim |first=Øyvind Hvenekilde |s2cid=143695144 |year=2008|title=Including the Serbs of Croatia into Croatia's History Writing|journal=Glasnik Etnografskog muzeja u Beogradu|volume=21|pages=55–67 |doi=10.1353/ser.0.0041}}
* {{Cite journal|last= Sadkovich|first=James |year=2010|title= Forging Consensus: How Franjo Tuđman Became an Authoritarian Nationalist|journal= Review of Croatian History|volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=7–35|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/67472}}
* {{Cite book|last=Živković|first=Tibor|author-link=Tibor Živković|year=2006|title=Портрети српских владара: IX-XII век|trans-title=Portraits of Serbian Rulers: IX-XII Century|language=sr|location=Београд|publisher=Завод за уџбенике и наставна средства|isbn=9788617137548|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-KTAAAACAAJ}}

===Documents===
*{{cite web |title=OSCE Report on Croatian treatment of Serbs|year=2004|publisher=OSCE|url=http://www.osce.org/documents/mc/2004/04/2783_en.pdf}}
*{{cite web |title=The Status of the Croatian Serb Population in Bosnia and Herzegovina|publisher=United Nations High Commission for Refugees|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/3eccfafc2.pdf}}
*{{cite book |editor=Davidov, Dinko|title=War damage sustained by orthodox churches in Serbian areas of Croatia in 1991|publisher=Ministry of Information|location=Belgrade|year=1992}}
*{{Cite web |title=Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia) – Summary of the Judgment of 3 February 2015|url=https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/118/18450.pdf|date=3 February 2015|publisher=International Court of Justice (ICJ)|ref={{harvid|ICJ|2015}}}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|ICTY|2012}}|publisher=[[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia]]|title=Appeals Judgement Summary for Ante Gotovina and Mladen Markač|url=http://www.icty.org/x/cases/gotovina/acjug/en/121116_summary.pdf|date=16 November 2012}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|HRW|1996}}|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/c/croatia/croatia968.pdf|title=Croatia: Impunity for abuses committed during "Operation Storm" and the denial of the right of refugees to return to the Krajina|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|date=August 1996}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Amnesty|2017}}|title=Amnesty International report 2016/2017 | url=https://www.amnesty.nl/content/uploads/2017/02/POL1048002017ENGLISH.pdf?x93624| publisher=[[Amnesty International]] | date=1 January 2017}}

===News===
*{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-31104973 |title=Court rejects Balkan genocide claims |language=en-GB |date=3 February 2015 |work=BBC News|access-date=30 December 2018|ref={{harvid|BBC News|2015}}}}
{{refend}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{commons category|Serbs of Croatia}}
{{commons category|Serbs of Croatia}}
* {{cite web|title=Prosvjeta|publisher=SKD "Prosvjeta"|url=http://prosvjeta.net/}}
* [http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/pov/zavod/triplex2/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/ROKSANDIC_srbi_u_hrvatskoj.pdf D. Roksandić, ''Srbi u Hrvatskoj — od 15. stoljeća do današnjih dana'', Vjesnik, Zagreb 1991.]
* [http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/pov/zavod/triplex2/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/ROKSANDIC_srbi_u_hrvatskoj.pdf D. Roksandić, ''Srbi u Hrvatskoj – od 15. stoljeća do današnjih dana'', Vjesnik, Zagreb 1991.]
* [http://www.rastko.org.rs/istorija/srbi-balkan/jilic-croatia.html The Serbs in the Former SR of Croatia]
* [http://www.rastko.org.rs/isk/images/chest_ador.html Tradition chest adornment worn in Kninska Krajina]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121013203451/http://www.rastko.org.rs/isk/images/chest_ador.html Tradition chest adornment worn in Kninska Krajina]
* [http://www.dzs.hr/default_e.htm Croatian census 2001] (see "Censuses" at ''Crostat Database'')
* [http://www.dzs.hr/default_e.htm Croatian census 2001] (see "Censuses" at ''Crostat Database'')
* [http://books.google.com/?id=QfK3q9vSeOMC&lpg=PA323 Post war life]


{{Ethnic groups in Croatia}}
{{Ethnic groups in Croatia}}
{{Serbian diaspora}}
{{Serbian diaspora}}
{{Serbian minority institutions and organizations in Croatia}}
{{Serbian minority institutions and organizations in Croatia}}
{{Genocide of Serbs}}
{{Portal bar|Croatia|Serbia}}
{{authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Serbs of Croatia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2011}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Serbs Of Croatia}}
[[Category:Serbs of Croatia| ]]
[[Category:Serbs of Croatia| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Croatia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Croatia]]

Latest revision as of 21:26, 30 December 2024

Serbs of Croatia
Срби у Хрватској
Srbi u Hrvatskoj
Total population
123,892 (2021)[1]
Languages
Croatian and Serbian
(standard varieties of Serbo-Croatian)
Religion
Serbian Orthodox Church
Related ethnic groups
Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbs of Vojvodina, Serbs of Montenegro, Kosovo Serbs

The Serbs of Croatia (Serbo-Croatian: Срби у Хрватској / Srbi u Hrvatskoj) or Croatian Serbs (Serbo-Croatian: Хрватски Срби / Hrvatski Srbi) constitute the largest national minority in Croatia. The community is predominantly Eastern Orthodox Christian by religion, as opposed to the Croats who are Catholic.

In some regions of modern-day Croatia, mainly in southern Dalmatia, ethnic Serbs possibly have been present from the Early Middle Ages. Serbs from modern-day Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina started actively migrating to Croatia at a time the Habsburg monarchy was engaged in a series of wars against the Ottoman Empire. Several migration waves happened after 1538, when the Emperor Ferdinand I granted them the right to settle on the territory of the Military Frontier. In exchange for land and exemption from taxation, they had to conduct military service and participate in the protection of the border. They populated the Dalmatian Hinterland, Lika, Kordun, Banovina, Slavonia, and western Syrmia. From the beginning of the 20th century, the Croat-Serb Coalition led by Croat Frano Supilo and Serb Svetozar Pribićević governed the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia until the dissolution of Austria-Hungary. After the creation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1918 (later renamed to Yugoslavia), a few thousand Serbs moved to Croatian territory. During World War II, Serbs were targeted for extermination as part of genocide by the Ustashas in the Nazi German puppet state Independent State of Croatia (NDH).

After the beginning of the breakup of Yugoslavia and Croatia's proclamation of independence, the Serbs living in Croatia rebelled against the Croatian government and proclaimed the Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) on parts of Croatian territory, which led to the Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995). Several RSK leaders have been later convicted of war crimes by the ICTY. After the Croatian Army's Operation Storm, the RSK ceased to exist, its territory was reincorporated into Croatia, and approximately 200,000 Serbs fled from the country. In the post-war period, Serbs were exposed to discriminatory measures and rhetoric, including barriers to employment and property rights, and use of the minority languages. Denial of genocide in the NDH has also been a prominent issue at times. Following the 2020 elections, Boris Milošević, member of the Independent Democratic Serb Party (SDSS) and President of the Serb National Council, was elected one of the four Deputy Prime Ministers. Shortly afterward, the Croatian authorities and representatives of the Serbs marked the events of the 1991–95 war together. The expelled Croatian Serbs were the largest refugee population in Europe prior to the 2022 Ukraine war.[2]

Many prominent Croatian Serbs have become internationally recognized in their fields, such as Nikola Tesla, Milutin Milanković, Sava Šumanović, Rade Šerbedžija, Siniša Mihajlović and Peja Stojaković. According to the 2021 census, there were 123,892 Serbs living in Croatia (3.2% of the population) which are recognized as a national minority by the Croatian Constitution and therefore have three permanent seats in the Croatian Parliament.

Overview

Traditional elements of their identity are the Orthodox faith, Cyrillic script and military history, while modern elements are language and literature, civic, social and political values, concern for ethnic status and national organisation, and celebration of the Liberation of Yugoslavia.[3]

According to the 2021 census there were 123,892 ethnic Serbs living in Croatia, 3.2% of the total population. Their number was reduced by more than two-thirds in the aftermath of the 1991–95 War in Croatia as the 1991 pre-war census had reported 581,663 Serbs living in Croatia, 12.2% of the total population.

History

Medieval history

Fresco of Mihailo Vojislavljević in the Church of St. Michael in Ston.

In the 10th-century De Administrando Imperio (DAI), the lands of Konavle, Zahumlje and Pagania (which included parts of southern Dalmatia now in Croatia) is described as inhabited by Serbs who immigrated there from an area near Thessaloniki previously arrived there from White Serbia.[4][5] However, some scholars like Francis Dvornik, Tibor Živković, and Neven Budak doubt such a claim and consider that a closer reading of the DAI suggests that the Constantine VII's consideration about the regional population ethnic identity is based on Serbian political rule during the expansion of Časlav in the 10th century and does not indicate ethnic origin.[6][7][8][9] John Van Antwerp Fine Jr. and Noel Malcolm believe that what is today western and proper Bosnia and Herzegovina was part of Croatia, while the rest was divided between Croatia and Serbia.[10][11] Some members of the Serbian royal family took refuge in Croatia amid dynastic rivalry and war with the First Bulgarian Empire in the 9th and 10th century.[12]

Krka monastery, one of the oldest Serbian Orthodox monasteries in Croatia

Stefan Vojislav (r. 1018–1043) ruled a territory that included the coastal region from Ston in the north down to Skadar by 1040 after his rebellion against Byzantine rule.[13] Mihailo Vojislavljević (1050–1081) built the St. Michael's Church in Ston, which has a fresco depicting him.[14] Croatia entered union with Hungary in the beginning of the 12th century.[15] Serbia also entered close relations with Hungary (Béla II married a Serbian princess). Beloš, a member of the Serbian royal family, became the "Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia" in 1142.[16] By the early 13th century, the territory of Hum was under jurisdiction of the Western i.e. Roman Church,[17] while the Serbian Orthodox Church established the diocese of Hum in 1219, seated at Ston, that linked the Pelješac peninsula with Hum which lasted until 1321 when Serbian Orthodox bishop had to withdraw from Ston.[18] Serbia continued to hold parts of southernmost Dalmatia into the 14th century. In 1333 King of Serbia Stefan Dušan sold the Pelješac peninsula and the coast land between Ston and Dubrovnik to the Republic of Ragusa, while Ragusa had to pay an annual tribute and also had to guarantee freedom of worship for Orthodox believers in this territory.[19] Among the oldest Orthodox churches in Croatia are the monasteries of Krupa, Krka and Dragović, but their dating to the 14th century is controversial and improbable, as among other evidence and forgeries, have Romanesque and Gothic architectural characteristics uncommon for the style of Byzantine-Orthodox churches, showing instead 16th and later centuries foundation.[20][21][22]

According to Yugoslav ethnologist Jovan Erdeljanović, members of the Orlović clan settled in Lika and Senj in 1432, later joining the Uskoks.[23] In 1436 on the Cetina, Croats, Vlachs, and Serbs appeared at the same time living on the estate of Ivan Frankopan.[24] Serbs are reported in Hungarian documents as living in Croatia in 1437 (three documents call the Serbs in Syrmia and Slavonia as RascianosRascians)[25] and on 22 November 1447, the Hungarian King Ladislaus V wrote a letter which mentioned "Rascians, who live in our cities of Medvedgrad, Rakovac, both Kalinik and in Koprivnica".[26] Matthias Corvinus complained in a letter from 1462 that 200,000 peoples during the previous three years had been taken from his country by Turks, but this information was mistakenly used in Serbian and other historiographies as a reference for Serb migration to Hungary.[27][28] After the Ottoman conquests of Serbia and capture of Smederevo fortress in 1459 and fall of Bosnia 1463 different populations of Orthodox Christians moved into Syrmia and by 1483 perhaps 200,000 Orthodox Christians moved into central Slavonia and Syrmia. The Turkish conquest of Bosnia also pushed refugees and migrants into eastern Croatia.[29][30]

Early modern period

Map of demographic distribution of main religious confessions in Croatia, Dalmatia, Bosnia, Serbia and Montenegro in 1901:   Catholic
  Muslim
  Orthodox
  Protestant
  Mixed Catholic and Orthodox
  Mixed Catholic and Protestant

As many former inhabitants of the Austrian-Ottoman borderland fled northwards or were captured by the Ottoman invaders, they left unpopulated areas. At the beginning of the 16th century settlements of Orthodox Christians were also established in modern-day western Croatia.[31] In the first half of the 16th century Serbs settled Ottoman part of Slavonia while in the second part of the 16th century they moved to Austrian part of Slavonia.[32][33] In 1550 they established the Lepavina Monastery.[34] As Vlach settlements by name and signature we find marked Mali i Veliki Poganac (Poganetz) which was mentioned as Vlach settlement in 1610 and Lepavina (Lipavina) and Marča Monastery ( Eparchy of Marča ).[35] The Habsburg Empire encouraged people from the Ottoman Empire to settle as free peasant soldiers, establishing the Military Frontiers (Militärgrenze) in 1522 (hence they were known as Grenzers, Krajišnici).[36][37] When it comes to the Austrian colonization of the Turkish Vlachs to Slavonian Military Frontier and the Vlachs in the Croatian Military Frontier there are some minor differences. Vlachs to western Slavonia or to the Varaždin Generalate of Slavonian Krajina are coming en masse and in a very short time: from yeare 1597 to 1600. To Croatian Krajina and Karlovac Generalate Vlachs arrive in smaller groups but throughout the whole XVII. century. Therefore, the Slavonian region was the first to open the door to the Balkans Vlachs. Biggest number of Vlachs comes from Slavonian Turkish Sandžaks[38] In the first half of the 16th century Serbs settled Ottoman part of Slavonia while in the second part of the 16th century they moved to Austrian part of Slavonia.[32][33][citation needed]Serbs were mentioned in the Slavonian area at the end of the 14th century where they along with the Turks plundered and burned villages (Turcos et Rascianos).[39] The Habsburg Empire encouraged people from the Ottoman Empire to settle as free peasant soldiers, establishing the Military Frontiers (Militärgrenze) in 1522 (hence they were known as Grenzers, Krajišnici).[36][37] They were mostly of Orthodox faith, Serbs and Vlachs (Romance-speaking).[40][citation needed] Catholic Vlachs were assimilated into Croats, while the Orthodox, under the jurisdiction of the Serbian Orthodox Church, assimilated into Serbs.[41][42]

Serbian frontiersman in Syrmia, Military Frontier, 1742

The militarized frontier would serve as a buffer against Ottoman incursions.[37] The Military frontiers had territory of modern Croatia, Serbia, Romania and Hungary. The colonists were granted small tracts of land, exempted from some obligations, and were to retain a share of all war booty.[37] The Grenzers elected their own captains (vojvode) and magistrates (knezovi). All Orthodox settlers were promised freedom of worship.[40][43] By 1538, the Croatian and Slavonian Military Frontier were established.[37] Austrians offered land to Serbs and Vlachs which acted as the cordon sanitaire together with Croats against Turkish incursions from the Ottoman Empire.[44][45] The Military frontiers are virtually identical to the present Serbian settlements (war-time Republic of Serbian Krajina).[46] Colonization into Habsburg lands continued from 1526 to well into the seventeenth century. Serbian communities were dotted about until the twentieth century, preserving memories of their origin.[27]

In 1593, Provveditore Generale Cristoforo Valier mentions three nations constituting the Uskoks: "natives of Senj, Croatians, and Morlachs from the Turkish parts".[47] Many of the Uskoks, who fought a guerrilla war with the Ottoman Empire were Orthodox Christian Serbs, who fled from Ottoman Turkish rule and settled in White Carniola and Žumberak.[48][49][50][51] The Vlachs from Glamoč, Srb and Una area move in among Orthodox Christians and settling in 1530 under protection of King Ferdinand I. on the border of the Julian Alps (now Uskoks mountain) in Žumberak area.[52] Tihomir Đorđević points to the already known fact that the name 'Vlach' didn't only refer to genuine Vlachs or Serbs but also to cattle breeders in general.[53] In the Venetian documents from the late 16th and 17th centuries, the name "Morlachs" (another term of Vlachs, first mentioned in the 14th century) was used for immigrants from conquered territory previously of Croatian and Bosnian kingdoms by the Ottoman Empire. They were of both Orthodox and Catholic faith, settled inland of the coastal cities of Dalmatia, and entered the military service of both Venice and Ottoman Empire.[54]

Serb national costume from Knin, 1899

There was a population movement from the Ottoman territories into Venetian Dalmatia in this period. The Venetian government welcomed immigrants, as they protected possessions against the Ottomans. The Morlachs, former Ottoman subjects, helped Venice triple its size in Dalmatia. The bishop of Makarska described how many people migrated from the Ottoman Empire to Venetian territories. Major population movements into Venetian Dalmatia occurred during the 1670s and 1680s. In the summer of 1685, Stjepan I. Cosmi, the Archbishop of Split, wrote that Morlach leader Stojan Janković had brought 300 families with him to Dalmatia, and also that around Trogir and Split there were 5,000 refugees from Ottoman lands, without food; this was seen as a serious threat to the defense of Dalmatia. Grain sent by the Pope proved insufficient, and these were forced to launch expeditions into Ottoman territory.[55] Under Janković's leadership Serbs settled in Dalmatia in several waves. In July 1684. around 9000 Serbs settled around borders of Dalmatia. By the end of the same year 1500 Serb families moved from Zagora into Venice territory and the same migration happened in March 1685. when 600 families moved from Cetina under their chieftain Peraičić [56] The military border was returned in 1881 to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia. In 1918, it became part of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, which immediately joined the Kingdom of Serbia to form the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

Throughout the history of the Serbs in Dalmatia, the Catholic clergy, particularly through the efforts of the Archbishop of Split, sought to assert their supreme authority over the "schismatics."[57] The formation of the Serbian identity of Vlachs in Croatia began in the 18th century under the influence of the Serbian Orthodox Church (SPC), and most of the local Orthodox priests of the Metropolitanate of Karlovci who were educated in monasteries outside Croatia under the guidance of SPC clergy who came to the southwestern region of the Habsburg monarchy during the Great Migrations of the Serbs (1690–1739). In 1695, Serbian Patriarch Arsenije III Čarnojević organized the SPC's hierarchy in Croatia – the territory of the Military Frontier was 'subjugated' to the Eparchy of Gornji Karlovac, and Varaždin Generalate and the rest of Croatia to the Eparchy of Pakrac (since 1705). The Serbianisation of the Vlachs in southern Croatia was the result of the hierarchical linkage of Orthodox Vlachs from southern Croatian territories, at the time ruled by the Venetians, with the SPC in northern Croatia, which strengthened the ritual and ecclesiastical connection of the Vlachs with the Serb immigrants.[58]

Serbian costumes from Dalmatia, the end of the 19th and early 20th century

In the 1860s, the Serbian thought began spreading among the Orthodox Christians in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. At first through the religious denomination, and by the time as a sign of national affiliation. There was also a brief occurrence when certain Catholic intellectuals, predominantly in Dubrovnik, were won over by the Serbian thought. They were known as "Serb Catholics".[59] The reason for this was that Dalmatia and the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, at the time ruled by Károly Khuen-Héderváry, were extremely disadvantaged so intellectuals did not want to link themselves to them, while at the same time they found newly created Kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro with their idea of unification of the South Slavs, appealing. With the creation of Yugoslavia, their political goals were achieved, and after that these "one-time Serbs" disappeared from the political stage.[60] Such developments in the spread of Serbian thought in the Croatian lands were the result of Serbian politicians' plans dating back to the first half of the 19th century when Serbia wasn't an independent country, but a province of the Ottoman Empire. According to the 1844 Ilija Garašanin's Načertanije, they intended to establish a Serbian Empire on the territory of the collapsed Ottoman Empire. At first, its borders were supposed to be the borders of the Ottoman Empire and the Slavs in them, but they gradually expanded to the territory of present-day Croatia (including the Military Frointaire and Dalmatia).[61] To accomplish this, the ground had to be prepared, so that diplomacy and the military would have a stronger base for taking action. The bases for this was the Serbian state law, and where it wasn't possible to appropriate the land with it, the argument of nationality, and when that argument couldn't be applied, then it was necessary to "create" the Serbs among the target population, if not among all, then among the majority. The main target were Orthodox Christians in the neighboring, non-Serb countries. In 1848/50, Serbian government organized a secret network of agents who propagated the Serbian ideas. Those agents were concealed as cultural workers. The famous agents were Georgije Nikolajević and Stjepan Mitrov Ljubiša.[61] The 'creation' of new Serbs was carried out by identification of Orthodox Christianity in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina only with Serbs.[62] Another argument used in the areas with no Orthodox Christians was identifying people who spoke Shtokavian with the Serbs. The idea "all Shtokavians are Serbs" was created by German Slavists in the 1850s, and was promoted by the Austrian government who wanted to equalize Croats and Serbs so that it could more easily rule the Croatian lands and in the next stage conquer Serbia and penetrate across Macedonia to Thessaloniki.[63] The idea was that it was easier to "govern Belgrade and Zagreb if the same language was spoken in them". Geostrategic position of Belgrade in relation to Zagreb further contributed to favoring the Serbs whom Austrians did not perceive as a danger, unlike Croats who had own language, politicians, national consciousness, laws, military tradition and prepared army, as well as international treaties which have affirmed their rights, so Austrians needed someone (Serbs) to discipline the Croats. The same was done by Hungary which became a strong political factor after 1848 and that wished to expand into the Southeast Europe, which was particularly strong during the reign of Károly Khuen-Héderváry over Croatia.[63]

Left: Matija Ban, poet and dramatist, member of Serb-Catholic movement in Dubrovnik
Right: Josip Runjanin, composer of Croatian national anthem

The revolutionary 1848 and the process of building a modern Croatian nation resulted in closer co-operation between Croats and Serbs and recognition of their equality in the sense of Illyrian Movement (also known as the Croatian National Revival) and Yugoslavian ideas. In the 1830s, ideas of the Illyrian Movement spread to Dalmatia. In 1835, Božidar Petranović began publishing the Serbo-Dalmatian Magazine. In the following thirty years, Croats and Serbs worked together in the 'national movement' (by using this neutral name they avoided conflicts) against the Austro-Hungarian unitarism and Italian nationalists. However, since Vuk Karadžić, Ilija Garašanin and Jovan Subotić started writing of Dalmatia as a "Serbian land", and the recognition of Serbia as an independent state at the 1878 Congress of Berlin, the differences between Croats and Serbs in Dalmatia increased. Following Croat enthusiasm with the successful 1878 Austro-Hungarian conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina, during which many Croatian soldiers died, and them seeking unification of Dalmatia and the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, the conflict between Croats and Serbs was inevitable.[64] In 1879, Serbs from Bukovica voted for the Italian candidate instead of Croat Miho Klaić.[64] This event was called by People's Party's supporters Bukovica betrail. Shortly thereafter, separate Croatian and Serbian parties emerged, but Croatian parties managed to keep the majority in the Diet of Dalmatia while Serbs started cooperating with the Italian nationalists.[62] Prior to this, Serbs in Dalmatia started emphasizing Serbianism more often, and for the Croats emphasize "Slovene, Yugoslavian, Slavic, Illyrian", which Mihovil Pavlinović considered destructive to Croatia so he used only attributes "Croatian" in his political program.[65]

Ban Ivan Mažuranić abolished Serbian education autonomy, which was carried out by the Serbian Orthodox Church (SPC), as part of his educational reforms and liberal endeavors. Despite the interpretation of this move as anti-Serbian, some of the most senior governmental positions during Mažuranić's reign were held by the Serbs; Jovan Živković was Deputy Ban, Livije Radivojević president of the Table of Seven (Supreme Court), and Nikola Krestić President of the Croatian Parliament.[66]

During his 20-year-long reign, marked by violence and aggressive magyarization, Ban Károly Khuen-Héderváry encouraged ethnic conflicts between Croats and Serbs. He introduced Cyrillic in grammar school and equalized it with Latin, and allowed the use of Serbian flags. He has changed the official language in the Kingdom from Croatian into "Croato-Serbian" and appointed Serb Vaso Đurđević to the position of the Speaker of the Croatian Parliament. In 1884, Parliament enacted the so-called "Serbian laws" by which SPC gained the right to independently conduct education on the Croatian territory. In addition, Khuen-Héderváry financially assisted Serbs. During his reign, four out of eight Croatian county prefects, Deputy Ban and Speaker of the Croatian Parliament were Serbs, and Serbs occupied the highest ranks in the judiciary. The main goal of favoring the Serbs was to encourage inter-ethnic (Croat/Serb) conflicts which would lead to the preventing of Croatian resistance against the Austrian Empires' state policies.[67][68] By the end of the 19th century, on the Vladimir Matijević's initiative, Serbs established a number of institutions such as the Serbian Bank in Zagreb, the Association of Serbian Agricultural Cooperatives and the Serbian Business Association 'Privrednik'.[69]

House in Dalj where Milutin Milanković was born, today hosts the Cultural and Scientific Center

In 1894, Srbobran, a journal of Serbs in Croatia, which was funded by the Serbian government,[70] published an article titled Our First Decennial in which the author described the awakening of Croatian national consciousness and aspirations to Western values among the Orthodox Christians and the lack of indoctrination with Serbianism among the clergy; "In the Serbian church, we found many priests who didn't know who the Saint Sava was, let alone they wanted to be Sava's apostles, neither safeguard his behests, Orthodox faith and Serbian nationality, nor nourish their flock within them. Among them, we found "Orthodox Croats" who preached from the Serbian enlightener Sava's ambon Croatian thought, and Latin was more dear to them then Cyrlic."[71][72] The Croatian-Serbian conflict culminated on 10 August 1902, when, after years of controversial writing,[73] Srbobran published a text titled To Investigation Yours or Ours in which author Nikola Stojanović, President of the Serbian Academic Society Zora, denied the very existence of the Croatian nation and predicted the result of the conflict between Croats and Serbs, calling for destruction: "That struggle must lead to the investigation ours or yours. One party must fall. Their geographical position, circumstances in which they live everywhere mixed with the Serbs, and the process of general evolution where the idea of Serbianism means progress, guarantees us that those [falling] will be Croats." Enraged crowds reacted by burning Serbian flags and attacking Serb-owned shops, and buildings used by the Serbian institutions.[74][75]

Svetozar Pribićević, one of the founders of the Croat-Serb Coalition and Vice President of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs

Formation of the so-called New Course Policies in the first decade of the 20th century was a turning point for the resumption of cooperation between Croats and Serbs with a purpose of fighting for a common interests, as confirmed by the 1905 Zadar Resolution, when the Croats agreed on broad concessions regarding flags, education, language and equality of Serbs. This led to the creation of the Croat-Serb Coalition (HSK) whose policy was based on cooperation with Hungary, the Italian parties in Dalmatia and the Serbs in Croatia and Slavonia, guaranteeing broad concessions regarding the Serb minority in Croatia.[76][77] Serbs played a disproportionately large role in the political life of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia. Electoral units were not created according to the population but were gerrymandered according to the Governments' interests so, for example, in the 1913 parliamentary election, the Croatian Peasant Party received 12,917 votes and only 3 seats, while the Serb Independent Party received 11,704 votes and 17 seats. Serbs Mišćević, Pribićević, Krajnović, and Budisavljević received 1,062 votes, which was enough for all four of them to get elected, while Croat M. Uroić from the Party of Rights won 1,138 votes but hadn't been elected.[78] According to the 1910 census, 644,955 Serbs lived on the territory of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, accounting for 24.5% of the population. In 1900, 95,000 Serbs, accounting for 16% of the population, lived in the Kingdom of Dalmatia.

World War I and Kingdom of Yugoslavia

Immediately upon the outbreak of the World War I, all organizations that the government considered favored unification of South Slavs or Serbia, which was on the side of the Allied Powers, were banned. Josip Frank's associates took advantage of some provocations and the anger of the people after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serb Gavrilo Princip and organized anti-Serbian demonstrations. After a stone was thrown on a parade in which the image of Franz Ferdinand was carried through Zagreb, many cafés and gathering places of pro-Yugoslav politicians as well as Serb-owned shops were demolished.[79][80] Croat-Serb Coalition MP's were also attacked.[81] On the other hand, members of the Social Democratic Party of Croatia and Slavonia held a rally in which they spoke against the violence.[82] Simultaneously with the large anti-Serbian protests held in Vienna, Budapest and Bosnia and Herzegovina, in which there were wounded and dead, protests against pro-Yugoslav oriented citizens were held in many Croatian cities, including Dubrovnik, in which protesters attacked Serbian Society "Dušan Magnificant"[83] Riots have been reported in Zadar, Metković, Bjelovar, Virovitica and Konavle where protesters burned the Serbian flag. In Đakovo and Slavonski Brod riots become so violent that the army intervention was requested.[82] In addition, a curfew was imposed in the town of Petrinja. In Vukovar and Zemun police managed to prevent more clashes. Most Serbs in Croatia approved assassination. Cases of provocation, such as showing images of King Peter I of Serbia, joy, insults and celebrations, have been reported.[84][85] 14 Serbs were arrested in Zadar for celebrating the assassination.[86]

Following the end of World War I, previously independent State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and Kingdom of Serbia merged in 1918 into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The creation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia led to the formation of stronger ties between Serbs in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina with Serbia. Immediately after 1918, the influx of Serbs from Serbia into the territory of Croatia, in particular in the area of Syrmia and Lika-Krbava County, increased.[87] Relative growth in the number of Serb citizens was recorded in Virovitica (35% increase), and Syrmia and Modruš-Rijeka counties, mainly due to the migration of Serbian war veterans who fought on Macedonian front to Slavonia during agrarian reform which was organized by the authorities. Thus, 25 settlements for volunteers were erected, and 8,000 families settled on the land in the areas of agrarian offices in Osijek and Vukovar.[88] Although most of the Serbian parties in Croatia have been co-operating with Croatian Peasant Party in the struggle against Serbian unitarism for years, following the creation of Banovina of Croatia in 1939, part of Serbs showed a lack of willingness to live in a country with Croat majority. There were also requests for joining the Lika and Kordun districts with the Vrbas Banovina which had Serb majority.[89]

World War II

Stone Flower, a monument to the victims of Jasenovac death camp, which was part of the Genocide of Serbs committed by Ustashe

Following the Invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, the Axis powers occupied the entire territory of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and established a puppet state, the so-called Independent State of Croatia (NDH) on the territory of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. The Ustaše government saw Serbs, Jews, Romanis and antifascist Croats as a disruptive element and enemies of the Croatian people, and immediately started with their prosecution. One-third of Serbs were to be killed, one-third expelled and one-third forcibly converted to Catholicism, according to a formula devised by Ustaše ministers.[90] Upon the establishment of the NDH, Ustaše officials immediately began making harsh statements against the Serbs.[91] Although some of the prominent Serbs first offered cooperation to the new Ustaše government, Serbs were outlawed. During the first months of NDH's existence, numerous legal decisions were made against the Serbs: they had to leave the public service, had to move to the northern parts of Zagreb,[92] could walk through Zagreb only during the day,[93] had to wear a badge with the letter "P" (stood for "Pravoslavni", meaning Orthodox Christians),[94] the name of their faith was changed from Serbian Orthodox to Greek-Eastern, and usage of the Cyrillic script was prohibited.[95] Ustaše were making lists of Serbs which they used for deportations to Serbia. About 175,000 Serbs were deported from NDH to Serbia during the first two years of NDH's existence.[96] The regime systematically and brutally massacred Serbs in villages in the countryside, using a variety of tools.[97] In addition, Nazi-style concentration camps were set up for enemies of the state, the most notorious being Jasenovac where some 50,000 Serbs were killed.[98] Sisak and Jastrebarsko concentration camp were specially formed for children.[99][100][101] During the war, around 300,000 Serbs are estimated to have been murdered under the Ustashe regime as a result of their genocide campaign.[102] Diana Budisavljević, a humanitarian of Austrian descent, carried out rescue operations and saved more than 15,000 children from Ustashe camps.[103][104]

Prisoners in the Sisak concentration camp which was especially created for children

Budisavljević and her team was assisted by the Croatian Red Cross and the Zagreb Archdiocese branch of Caritas. Thousands of rescued Serb children were placed with ethnic Croat families from Zagreb and rural communities.[105]

The Ustasha policy towards Serbs further drove a number of them joined either Chetniks or the Yugoslav Partisans who were particularly strong in the regions of Lika, Kordun and Banovina. In 1941–42, the majority of Partisans in Croatia were Serbs, but by October 1943 the majority were Croats. This change was partly due to the decision of a key Croatian Peasant Party member, Božidar Magovac, to join the Partisans in June 1943, and partly due to the surrender of Italy in September 1943.[106][107][108][109] Furthermore, Ustashe authorities ceding Northern Dalmatia to fascist Italy, Italian terror of the population and misrule of the Ustashe and Axis invaders would further push Croats towards the partisans. At the moment of the capitulation of Italy to the Allies the Serbs and Croats were participating equally according to their respective population sizes as it was in Yugoslavia as a whole.[110] Eventually, Serbian percentage dropped in favor of Croats by the end of the war amounting to 28.6% in 1944 in Croatia. The Serb contribution to Croatian Partisans represented more than their proportion of the local population.[111][112]

After the invasion of Yugoslavia by Axis forces, Serbian uprisings broke out under the Chetnik leadership in Gračac, Srb, Donji Lapac, Drvar and Bosansko Grahovo. The uprisings in the NDH were a reaction to the genocide policies of the Ustaše towards the Serbs.[113][114] The policy of the Chetniks under the leadership of Draža Mihailović varied from the struggle with the Nazis to tactical or selective collaboration with them in different periods throughout the war. The Chetnik movement operated as "legalised" auxiliary forces under Axis control.[115] They had collaboration agreements with the Italians in occupied Dalmatia and, after the Italian capitulation in September 1943, with the Germans directly.[116] They also collaborated with some of the Ustashe forces in northern Bosnia and they fought together against the Yugoslav Partisans during the Case White.[116] Contracting parties obliged to a joint struggle against the Partisans, in return, Serb villages would be protected by the NDH authorities together with the Chetniks from "attacks by communists, so-called Partisans".[117] The goal of the Chetniks, based on a 1941 directive, was the creation of an ethnically homogeneous Greater Serbia. The largest Chetnik massacres took place in eastern Bosnia within the NDH where they preceded any significant Ustashe operations.[118] In the territories they controlled, Chetniks committed genocide[119][120] against the Croat and Muslim civilian populations.[121][122][123] Estimates of the number of deaths caused by the Chetniks in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina range from 50,000 to 68,000.[124] In April 1943, Đujić's Chetniks set up a prison and execution site in the village of Kosovo (today Biskupija), near Knin.[125] Thousands of local civilians, (both Croats and even Serb Anti-Fascists) including women and children, as well as captured Partisans, were held and mistreated at this prison, while hundreds of prisoners (as many as over 1,000[126]) were tortured and killed at an execution site near a ravine close to the camp.[127] Chetnik propaganda claimed that the Partisan resistance consisted of Jews.[128] Some Jews who hid in the countryside were killed and robbed by Chetniks.[129] As the Chetniks increased their cooperation with the Germans, their attitude toward the Jews in the areas under their control deteriorated, and they identified the Jews with the hated Communists. There were many instances of Chetniks murdering Jews or handing them over to the Germans.[130]

A certain change in relations towards Serbs in NDH took place in the spring of 1942 on German demand, as the Germans realized that the Ustaše policy towards Serbs strengthened their rebellion, which was putting pressure on the German army that had to send more of its troops to the NDH territory.[131] Afterwards, Ustaše founded the Croatian Orthodox Church and Serbs were recruited to the Croatian Home Guard units.[132] Ustaše stopped with deportations of Serbs and their forced conversions to Catholicism. However, these measures did not significantly affect the Serb rebellion. The establishment of the Church was done in order to try and pacify the state as well as to Croatisize the remaining Serb population once the Ustaše realized that the complete eradication of Serbs in the NDH was unattainable. Persecution of Serbs continued however, but was less intense.[133] At the beginning of 1942, NDH authorities started making agreements with the Chetniks to avoid conflicts and coordinate actions against the Yugoslav Partisans.[134][135] In 1944 the Chetniks recognized the sovereignty of the Independent State of Croatia and became a legalized movement in it.[136] The necessary ammunition and provisions were supplied to the Chetniks by the Ustaše military. Chetniks who were wounded in such operations would be cared for in NDH hospitals, while the orphans and widows of Chetniks killed in action would be supported by the Ustaše state. The agreements did not stop crimes against Serbs by the Ustaše or against Muslims and Croats by the Chetniks. In early May 1945 Chetnik forces withdrew through Ustaše-held Zagreb; many of these were later killed, along with captured Ustaše, by the Partisans as part of the Bleiburg repatriations. On 8 May 1945, Yugoslav Partisans entered Zagreb, which marked the collapse of the Ustaše regime and the liberation of Croatia from the Nazi occupation. Following the end of the war, Croatia entered union with Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia and formed the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

Socialist Yugoslavia

During the Second World War, at the Second and Third sessions of the National Anti-Fascist Council of the Peoples Liberation of Croatia (ZAVNOH) held in October 1943 and May 1944 respectively, the equality of the Serbian and Croatian nations, as constituent nations of the federal unit of Croatia, was recognized in every aspect.[137] Later, in 1963, the Croatian Constitution did not mention the Serbs in Croatia as a constituent nation of SR Croatia. Constitution of 1974 defined Croatia as a "national state of Croatian people, state of Serbian people in Croatia and state of other nationalities that live in it".[citation needed]

Croatian War of Independence

Territorial extent of Republic of Serbian Krajina, proclaimed unilaterally in 1991 and disestablished in 1995

Amid rising Serbian nationalism and tensions between Yugoslav republics during the breakup of Yugoslavia, on 8 July 1989 Serbs held a rally in Knin during which numerous Chetnik symbols were exhibited and a JNA military intervention against Croatia was invoked. With the introduction of the multiparty system, the first ethnic Serb parties were founded in Croatia, largest being Serb Democratic Party (SDS). Soon afterward, extremist leaders of the Serb movements in Lika, Northern Dalmatia, Kordun, and Podunavlje called for armed rebellion against the Croatian government, violence against Croats and refused to recognize legally elected Croatian authorities.[138] By this point, several opposition parties in Serbia, such as Vojislav Šešelj's Serbian Radical Party, were openly calling for a Greater Serbia that would incorporate Serbs living in different regions of Yugoslavia into one state, rejecting the then existing boundaries of the republics as the artificial creation of Tito's Partisans. The crisis in Yugoslavia was furthered fueled by Serbian President Slobodan Milošević, who supported these groups. Milošević "endorsed a Serbian nationalist agenda" and "exploited a growing wave of Serbian nationalism in order to strengthen centralised rule in the SFRY".[139] The republics of Croatia and Slovenia eventually sought to secede from Yugoslavia following disagreements between the republics regarding the structure of the federal government.[140]

Tension grew following the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) 's victory in the 1990 general election, led by Franjo Tudjman, since one of its political goals was Croatia's independence from Yugoslavia. Jovan Rašković, leader of SDS, refused to participate in the work of the Croatian Parliament in May 1990. Some prominent Serbian politicians and scientists, such as Simo Rajić and Jovan Bamburać, called for coexistence, de-escalation and peace, while others organized Serb parties in the Croatian government-controlled areas, like Milan Đukić, while others, like Veljko Džakula, unsuccessfully tried to organize the parties in the rebelled areas, but their work was prevented by Serb nationalists.[141] On 17 August 1990, part of the Croatian Serbs, supported by Serbia, rebelled against Croatian government in the so-called Log Revolution.

On 22 December 1990, Croatian Parliament ratified a new constitution in which Serbs were classified as a national minority.[142][143][144][145][146] Previously Serbs were considered autochthonous constituent of Croatia. In the first paragraph of the Article 12, Croatian was specified as the official language and alphabet, and dual-language road signs were torn down even in Serb majority areas.[147] Furthermore, a number of Serbs were removed from the bureaucracies and the police and replaced by ethnic Croats.[147] Many Serbs in government lost their jobs, and HDZ made themselves target of Serbian propaganda by having party members attempting to rehabilitate the WWII Croatian fascist movement Ustaše, or by saying that the numbers of people killed in Jasenovac, one of the largest extermination camp in Europe, were inflated.[148] The proclamation of the new constitution was considered by Serbian leaders evidence of Croat hostility towards Serbs. Thus, SDS, which rejected the new constitution,[147] began building its own national governmental entity in order to preserve rights that Serbs saw as being stripped away and to enhance the sovereignty of the Croatian Serbs.[149] A Norwegian historian Øyvind Hvenekilde Seim stated that status of Serbs in Croatia, who made important contributions to Croatian cultural, scientific, and political history, was annulled by actions of president Franjo Tuđman during the 1990s.[150] Sabrina P. Ramet wrote that Tuđman's regime "promoted a traditionalist and exclusive vision of Croatia" as a Croat state in which Serbs were "unwelcome", while journalist Chris Hedges claimed to have transcript documents of a meeting that supposedly showed Tuđman had "planned ethnic cleansing and other war crimes", including "Croatia’s final solution" of its Serbian problem.[151] Under the influence of propaganda and with the support from Serbia as well as in response to actions by President Tudjman's administration,[152] rebelled Serbs established an unrecognized state called Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) in hopes of achieving independence and complete self-governance from Croatia. As the popularity of the unification of RSK with Serbia into a Greater Serbia increased, the rebellion against Croatia became more intense. The RSK had de facto control over one-third of Croatian territory during its existence between 1991 and 1995 but failed to gain any international recognition. According to the ICTY, the RSK implemented policies "which advanced the objective to forcibly and permanently remove the majority of Croat and other non-Serb populations from approximately the one-third of Croatia".[153]

In the spring of 1991, an open war broke out. Serb forces, in cooperation with the local Serb authorities, commenced persecutions to drive the Croat and other non-Serb populations from areas such as Krajina, controlled by rebelled Serbs.[153] Nearly all non-Serbs were expelled; between 170,000 (according to the ICTY), 250,000 (according to Human Rights Watch) and 500,000 (according to the UNHCR),[154][155][156] and hundreds of Croat and other non-Serb civilians were killed.[153][154] There were numerous instances of war crimes against Croat civilians and prisoners of war perpetrated by Serb and Yugoslav forces in Croatia.[157] Among them, the Dalj massacre,[158] the Lovas killings,[159][160] the Baćin massacre,[158] the Voćin massacre,[158][161] the Vukovar massacre, the Škabrnja massacre, the Tovarnik massacre, the Široka Kula massacre, Petrinja killings and the Zagreb rocket attacks. According to the Croatian Association of Prisoners in Serbian Concentration Camps, a total of 8,000 Croatian civilians and prisoners of war (a large number after the fall of Vukovar) went through Serb prison camps such as Velepromet camp, Sremska Mitrovica camp, Stajićevo camp, Begejci camp and others where they were subjected to abuse and torture. A total of 300 people died in them.[162]

Meanwhile, Serbs living in Croatian towns, especially those near the front lines, were subjected to various forms of discrimination and harassment.[163] Croatian Serbs in Eastern and Western Slavonia and parts of the Krajina, were also forced to flee or were expelled by Croatian forces, though on a restricted scale and in lesser numbers.[164] The Croatian Government sought to stop such occurrences and were not a part of the Government's policy.[165] War crimes were also committed by Croatian forces against Serb civilians. Serb prisoners were detained and tortured in camps such as Lora, Pakračka Poljana, and Marino Selo.[166] The war ended with a Croatian military success in Operation Storm in 1995 and subsequent peaceful reintegration of the remaining renegade territory in eastern Slavonia in 1998 as a result of the signed Erdut Agreement from 1995. Local Serbs, on the ground that Agreement, established the Serb National Council and gained the right to establish the Joint Council of Municipalities. During and in the aftermath of Operation Storm about 200,000 Serbs fled from the RSK[167] and hundreds of mainly elderly Serb civilians were killed in the aftermath.[168] Over the course of the war, nearly 7,950 Serbs were killed including 2,344 civilians while almost 16,000 Croats were killed, of which 6,605 were civilians. The conflict led to the displacement of 250,000 Croats and between 250,000 and 300,000 Serbs.[169]

In February 2015, during the Croatia–Serbia genocide case, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) unanimously dismissed the Serbian lawsuit claim that Operation Storm constituted genocide,[170][171] ruling that Croatia did not have the specific intent to exterminate the country's Serb minority, though it reaffirmed that serious crimes against Serb civilians had taken place.[170][172] The judgment stated that it is not disputed that a substantial part of the Serb population fled that region as a direct consequence of the military actions.[173] Although it has also been noted that there was an evacuation order given by the RSK's "Supreme Defence Council", based on the testimony by commander Mile Mrkšić at the ICTY.[174] The Croatian authorities were aware that the operation would provoke a mass exodus; they even to some extent predicated their military planning on such an exodus, which they considered not only probable but desirable.[173] Fleeing civilians and people remaining in United Nations protected areas were subject to various forms of harassment, including military assaults and acts by Croatian civilians. On 8 August, a refugee column was shelled.[175] Although it was very difficult to determine the number of properties destroyed during and after Operation Storm since a large number of houses sustained some degree of damage since the beginning of the war, Human Rights Watch (HRW) estimated that more than 5,000 houses were destroyed in the area during and after the battle.[176] Out of the 122 Serbian Orthodox churches in the area, one was destroyed and 17 were damaged. HRW also reported that the vast majority of the abuses were committed by Croatian forces. These abuses, which continued on a large scale even months after Operation Storm, included summary executions of elderly and infirm Serbs who remained behind and the wholesale burning and destruction of Serbian villages and property. In the months following the August offensive, at least 150 Serb civilians were summarily executed and another 110 persons forcibly disappeared.[177] Three Croatian generals, involved in the Operation Storm, were later acquitted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) of charges of committing war crimes and partaking in a joint criminal enterprise to force the Serb population out of Croatia.[178] The ICTY stated that Croatian Army and Special Police committed a large number of crimes against the Serb population after the artillery assault, but that the state and military leadership was not responsible for their creation and organizing.[179] Examples of crimes are massacres, most often elderly Serb villagers killed by the Croatian Army, such as the Varivode massacre, the Kijani massacre and the Golubić massacre.[180]

At the ICTY, Milan Babić was indicted, pleaded guilty and was convicted for "persecutions on political, racial and religious grounds, a crime against humanity".[153][181] Babić stated during his trial that "during the events, and in particular at the beginning of his political career, he was strongly influenced and misled by Serbian propaganda".[182] RSK President, Milan Martić, was also trialled by the ICTY for various Crimes against humanity and war crimes, including murder, persecution, inhumane treatment, forced displacement, plunder of public or private property, and wanton destruction of cities, towns or villages, as well as ordering an indiscriminate rocket attack on Zagreb, in 1995.[183] On 12 June 2007, Martić was sentenced to 35 years in prison.[183][184] His sentence of 35 years in prison was confirmed by ICTY appellate council on 8 October 2008. He was found to have been part of a "joint criminal enterprise" which included Blagoje Adžić, Milan Babić, Radmilo Bogdanović, Veljko Kadijević, Radovan Karadžić, Slobodan Milošević, Ratko Mladić, Vojislav Šešelj, Franko Simatović, Jovica Stanišić, and Dragan Vasiljković.[184]

A small minority of pre-war Serb population have returned to Croatia. Today, the majority of the pre-war Serb population from Croatia settled in Serbia and Republika Srpska.[185] After Croatian and other Yugoslav Wars, Serbia became home to highest number of refugees (Serbs who fled from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia) in Europe.[186][187][188]

The percentage of those declaring themselves as Serbs, according to the 1991 census, was 12.2% (78.1% of the population declared itself to be Croat). Although today Serbs are formally able to return to Croatia, a majority choose to remain citizens of other countries in which they gained citizenship. However, Croatia also adopted discriminatory measures to prevent the return of Serbs after war, while the Croatian forces continued with abuses on a large scale for months afterward, which included destruction of Serb property.[189][177] Also, Serbs are still face significant barriers to employment and to regain their property.[190] Consequently, today Serbs constitute 4% of Croatian population, down from the prewar population of 12%. The majority of the remaining population is elderly, which indicates that the negative demographic trend will persist.[150]

Currently, the official status of "autochthonous national minority" for the Serbs of Croatia is recognized by the Croatian Constitutional Act on the Rights of National Minorities from 2002 which supplemented the Constitutional Act on the Human Rights and Freedoms and on the Rights of Ethnic and National Communities or Minorities in the Republic of Croatia from 1992.

Recent history

Tension and violence between Serbs and Croats has reduced since 2000 and has remained low to this day, however, significant problems remain.[191] The main issue is thought to be due to high-level official and social discrimination against the Serbs.[192] In 2005, the Republic of Croatia ratified a bilateral agreement with Serbia and Montenegro on the protection of the Serbian and Montenegrin minority in Croatia and the Croatian national minority in Serbia and Montenegro.[193] Some Croats, including politicians, continue to deny and minimise the magnitude of the genocide perpetrated against Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia.[194] At the highest levels of the Croatian government, new laws are continuously introduced in order to combat this discrimination, demonstrating an effort on the part of government.[191] For example, lengthy and in some cases unfair proceedings,[191] particularly in lower level courts, remain a major problem for Serbian returnees pursuing their rights in court.[191] In addition, Serbs continue to be discriminated against in access to employment and in realizing other economic and social rights.[195] Also some cases of violence and harassment against Croatian Serbs continue to be reported.[191]

The property laws allegedly favor Bosnian Croats refugees who took residence in houses that were left unoccupied and unguarded by Serbs after Operation Storm.[191] Amnesty International's 2005 report considers one of the greatest obstacles to the return of thousands of Croatian Serbs has been the failure of the Croatian authorities to provide adequate housing solutions to Croatian Serbs who were stripped of their occupancy rights, including where possible by reinstating occupancy rights to those who had been affected by their discriminatory termination.[191]

The European Court of Human Rights decided against Croatian Serb Kristina Blečić, stripped her of occupancy rights after leaving her house in 1991 in Zadar.[196] In 2009, the UN Human Rights Committee found a wartime termination of occupancy rights of a Serbian family to violate ICCPR.[197] In 2010, the European Committee on Social Rights found the treatment of Serbs in Croatia in respect of housing to be discriminatory and too slow, thus in violation of Croatia's obligations under the European Social Charter.[198] In 2013, the Anti-Cyrillic protests in Croatia were a series of protests in late 2013 against the application of bilingualism in Vukovar, whereby Serbian and the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet were assigned co-official status due to the local minority population.

In 2015 Amnesty International reported that Croatian Serbs continued to face discrimination in public sector employment and the restitution of tenancy rights to social housing vacated during the war.[199] In 2017 they again pointed out that Serbs faced significant barriers to employment and obstacles to regain their property. Amnesty International also said that the right to use minority languages and script continued to be politicized and unimplemented in some towns and that heightened nationalist rhetoric and hate speech contributed to growing ethnic intolerance and insecurity.[190]

Since 2016, anti-fascist groups, leaders of Croatia's Serb, Roma and Jewish communities and former top Croat officials have boycotted the official state commemoration for the victims of the Jasenovac concentration camp because, as they said, Croatian authorities refused to denounce the Ustasha legacy explicitly and they downplayed and revitalized crimes committed by Ustashe.[200][201][202][203]

Following the 2020 Croatian parliamentary election, Boris Milošević, member of the Independent Democratic Serb Party and President of the Serb National Council, was elected one of the four Deputy Prime Ministers of Croatia in charge of social affairs and human and minority rights in the new cabinet of Andrej Plenković.[204] On the 25th anniversary of the Operation Storm, the celebrations were attended for the first time ever by an ethnic Serb political representative, Boris Milošević.[205] On 25 August 2020, Zoran Milanović (President of Croatia), Tomo Medved (Minister of Croatian Veterans), along with members of the Independent Democratic Serb Party, Milorad Pupovac and Deputy Prime Minister Milošević, attended a commemoration of the Grubori massacre, the mass murder of elderly Serbs civilians.[206]

Demographics

According to the 2021 census, there were 123,892 ethnic Serbs living in Croatia, 3.20% of the total population. Their number was reduced by more than three-quarters in the aftermath of the 1991–95 War in Croatia as the 1991 pre-war census had reported 581,663 Serbs living in Croatia, 12.2% of the total population.

Serbs in Croatia, 1991[207]
Serbs in Croatia, 2011
Municipalities in Croatia where Serbian language is in official use
Year Serbs %
1900[208] 548,302 17.35%
1910[208] 564,214 16.60%
1921[208] 584,058 16.94%
1931[208] 636,518 16.81%
1948[209] 543,795 14.47%
1953[210] 588,411 15.01%
1961[211] 624,956 15.02%
1971[208] 626,789 14.16%
1981[208] 531,502 11.55%
1991[208] 581,663 12.16%
2001 201,631 4.54%
2011 186,633 4.36%
2021 123,892 3.20%

Counties

Counties with significant Serb minority (7.50% or more):[citation needed]

County Serbs %
Vukovar-Srijem County 19,309 13.49%
Lika-Senj County 4,062 9.50%
Sisak-Moslavina County 12,153 8.71%
Šibenik-Knin County 8,064 8.37%
Karlovac County 8,683 7.74%

Cities

Cities with significant Serb minority (10% or more):

Municipalities

Municipalities with significant Serb population (10% or more):

Culture

Serbs in Croatia have cultural traditions ranging from kolo dances and singing, which are kept alive today by performances by various folklore groups. Notable traditions include gusle, diple,[212] Ojkanje singing, and Čuvari Hristovog groba.

Many Serbs contributed to the Croatian culture, such as trader Hristofor Stanković who founded the first permanent theater building in Gornji Grad, Zagreb.[213]

Religion

Serbian Orthodox Cathedral and monument to Petar Preradović in Zagreb

The Serbs of Croatia are predominantly of the Serbian Orthodox faith. There are many Eastern Orthodox churches and monasteries across Croatia. Most notable and historically significant are the Krka monastery, Krupa monastery, Dragović monastery, Lepavina Monastery and Gomirje monastery. Many Eastern Orthodox churches were demolished during World War II and during the Croatian War of Independence, while some were rebuilt with EU funding, the Croatian government, and Serbian diaspora donations.[214]

In the 1560s a Serbian Orthodox bishop was installed in the Metropolitanate of Požega, seated in the monastery of Remeta.[215] In the 17th century, the Eparchy of Marča was founded at Marča, in the Croatian frontier.[215] These were part of the Serbian Orthodox Patriarchate of Peć, which was re-established in 1557 and lasted under Ottoman governance until 1766.[215] Other bishoprics were founded, although their approval by the Habsburgs hinged on the belief that they would facilitate the union of these Orthodox Christians with the Catholic Church, and in fact, many, including some Orthodox bishops, did unify with Rome.[215]

Eparchy of Osječko polje and Baranja in Dalj

Serbs in the Croatian Military Frontier were out of the jurisdiction of the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć and in 1611, after demands from the community, the Pope established the Eparchy of Marča (Vratanija) with a seat at the Serbian-built Marča Monastery, with a Byzantine vicar instated as bishop subordinate to the Roman Catholic bishop of Zagreb – working to bring Serbian Orthodox Christians into communion with Rome, which caused struggle of power between the Catholics and the Serbs over the region.[50][51]

In 1695 Orthodox Eparchy of Lika-Krbava and Zrinopolje was established by metropolitan Atanasije Ljubojević and certified by Emperor Josef I in 1707. In 1735 the Serbian Orthodox protested in the Marča Monastery and became part of the Serbian Orthodox Church until 1753 when the Pope restored the Roman Catholic clergy. On 17 June 1777 the Eparchy of Križevci was permanently established by Pope Pius VI with its Episcopal see at Križevci, near Zagreb, thus forming the Croatian Greek Catholic Church which would after World War I include other people; the Rusyns and ethnic Ukrainians of Yugoslavia.[50][51]

According to the 2021 Croatian census, 101,250 (81.72%) Serbs declared themselves as Eastern Orthodox, 11,406 (9.02%) declared as atheists or non-religious, and 2,342 (1.89%) as agnostics. The smaller portion of Serbs declared themselves to be of different confession, with 2,076 (1.67%) being members of various Christian churches, and 2,042 (1.64%) being Catholics. There are 4,004 (3.23%) Serbs whose confession remained undisclosed or unknown.[216]

Language

The Serbian language is officially used in 23 cities and municipalities in Croatia.[217]

Left: Bilingual street sign in Croatian and Serbian in Dalj
Right: Graffiti during anti-Cyrillic protests

In April 2015 the United Nations Human Rights Committee urged Croatia to ensure the right of minorities to use their language and alphabet.[218] The committee report stated that particularly concerns surrounded the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the town of Vukovar and municipalities concerned.[218] Serbian Foreign Minister Ivica Dačić stated that Serbia welcomed the UN Human Rights Committee's report.[219]

Although the 2021 census in Croatia listed Serbs as the largest national minority in Croatia, with 3.2% of the total population, the number of people who had declared Serbian language as their native was only 1.16% of the total population (45,004).[220]

Politics

Serbs are officially recognized as an autochthonous national minority, and as such, they elect three representatives to the Croatian Parliament.[221]

All elected special representatives since 1995 Parliamentary elections.

Election Representative Party Term Representative Party Term Representative Party Term
1995 Milan Đukić SNS 1995–2003 Veselin Pejnović SNS 1995–2000 Milorad Pupovac ASH 1995–2000
2000 not elected under the law
2003 Vojislav Stanimirović SDSS 2003–2015 Ratko Gajica SDSS 2003–2011 Milorad Pupovac SDSS 2003–
2007
2011 Jovo Vuković 2011–2015
2015 Mile Horvat 2015–2020 Mirko Rašković 2015–2016
2016 Boris Milošević 2016–2024
2020 Dragana Jeckov 2020–
2024[222] Anja Šimpraga 2024–

The major Serb party in Croatia is the Independent Democratic Serb Party (SDSS). In the elections from 2003, the SDSS has won all Serbian seats in the parliament. In the Cabinet of Ivo Sanader II, the party was part of the ruling coalition led by the conservative Croatian Democratic Union, and SDSS member Slobodan Uzelac held the post of Deputy Prime Minister.[223] After that Serbs again entered government during Cabinet of Andrej Plenković II, in which Boris Milošević become Deputy Prime Minister and responsible for Social Affairs and Human and Minority Right.[224]

There are also ethnic Serb politicians who are members of mainstream political parties, such as the centre-left Social Democratic Party's MPs and Milanović cabinet members Željko Jovanović, Branko Grčić and Milanka Opačić.

Croatisation

During the Second World War, the Ustashe regime systematically engaged in the extermination, expulsion and forced conversion of Serbs in Croatia.[225][226] Facing discrimination after the Croatian War of Independence (1991–95), several anonymous Serbs from Zagreb testify that some young Serbs have converted to Catholicism and changed their surnames in order to 'become Croats'.[227]

Community in Serbia

A picture of Nikola Tesla in his laboratory
Notable Yugoslav and Croatian sculptor Vojin Bakić during work

Approximately 250,000 Serbs from Croatia were resettled in Serbia during and after the Croatian War of Independence, of which the larger part took Serbian citizenship.[228] In 2011, there were 284,334 Serbs from Croatia living in Serbia (excluding Kosovo), with the majority living in Vojvodina (127,884), followed by Central and South Serbia (114,434). In 2013, approximately 45,000 Serbs from Croatia were still listed as refugees in Serbia.[228][229] The largest part of the Croatian Serb community in Serbia stated that they wished to integrate (60.6%), only 4.3% wanted to return to their homes in Croatia, while 27.4% who were undecided.[230]

Notable people

See also

References

  1. ^ "Population by Ethnicity/Citizenship/Mother tongue/Religion by Towns/Municipalities" (xlsx). Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in 2021. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  2. ^ Jones, Adam (2023). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. Taylor & Francis. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-000-95870-6.
  3. ^ "Srbi u Hrvatskoj zabrinuti da će nestati".
  4. ^ Fine 1991, p. 53.
  5. ^ Sima M. Ćirković (2008). Srbi među Europsim narodima (The Serbs), p. 26-27
  6. ^ Dvornik et al. 1962, pp. 138–139, 142: He probably saw that in his time all these tribes were in the Serb sphere of influence, and therefore called them Serbs, thus ante-dating by three centuries the state of affairs in his day... It is obvious that the small retinue of the Serbian prince could not have populated Serbia, Zachlumia, Terbounia and Narenta.
  7. ^ Živković 2006, p. 60–61:Data on the family origin of Mihailo Višević indicate that his family did not belong to a Serbian or Croatian tribe, but to another Slavic tribe who lived along the Vistula River and who joined the Serbs during the migration during the reign of Emperor Heraclius. The introduction of Mihajlo Višević and his family by Porphyrogenitus suggests that the rulers of Zahumlje until his time belonged to this ruling family, so that, both in Serbia and Croatia, and in Zahumlje, there would be a very early established principle of inheriting power by members of one family. Constantine Porphyrogenitus explicitly calls the inhabitants of Zahumlje Serbs who have settled there since the time of Emperor Heraclius, but we cannot be certain that the Travunians, Zachlumians and Narentines in the migration period to the Balkans were Serbs or Croats or Slavic tribes which in alliance with Serbs or Croats arrived in the Balkans. The emperor-writer says that all these principalities are inhabited by Serbs, but this is a view from his time when the process of ethnogenesis had already reached such a stage that the Serbian name became widespread and generally accepted throughout the land due to Serbia's political domination. Therefore, it could be concluded that in the middle of the 10th century the process of ethnogenesis in Zahumlje, Travunija, and Paganija was probably completed, because the emperor's informant collected data from his surroundings and transferred to Constantinople the tribal sense of belonging of the inhabitants of these archons ... The Byzantine writings on the De Ceremoniis, which were also written under the patronage of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, listed the imperial orders to the surrounding peoples. The writings cite orders from the archons of Croats, Serbs, Zahumljani, Kanalites, Travunians, Duklja and Moravia. The above-mentioned orders may have originated at the earliest during the reign of Emperor Theophilus (829 - 842) and represent the earliest evidence of the political fragmentation of the South Slavic principalities, that is, they confirm their very early formation. It is not known when Zahumlje was formed as a separate principality. All the news that Constantine Porphyrogenitus provides about this area agrees that it has always been so - that is, since the seventh-century settlement in the time of Emperor Heraclius. It is most probable that the prefects in the coastal principalities recognized the supreme authority of the Serbian ruler from the very beginning, but that they aspired to become independent, which took place according to the list of orders preserved in the book De Ceremoniis, no later than the first half of the 9th century. A falsified and highly controversial papal charter from 743 also mentions Zahumlje and Travunija as separate areas. If the basic information about these countries were correct, it would mean that they formed as very early principalities that were practically independent of the archon of Serbia.
  8. ^ Budak, Neven (1994). Prva stoljeća Hrvatske (PDF). Zagreb: Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada. pp. 58–61. ISBN 953-169-032-4. Glavnu poteškoću uočavanju etničke raznolikosti Slavena duž jadranske obale činilo je tumačenje Konstantina Porfirogeneta, po kojemu su Neretvani (Pagani), Zahumljani, Travunjani i Konavljani porijeklom Srbi. Pri tome je car dosljedno izostavljao Dukljane iz ove srpske zajednice naroda. Čini se, međutim, očitim da car ne želi govoriti ο stvarnoj etničkoj povezanosti, već da su mu pred očima politički odnosi u trenutku kada je pisao djelo, odnosno iz vremena kada su za nj prikupljani podaci u Dalmaciji. Opis se svakako odnosi na vrijeme kada je srpski knez Časlav proširio svoju vlast i na susjedne sklavinije, pored navedenih još i na Bosnu. Zajedno sa širenjem političke prevlasti, širilo se i etničko ime, što u potpunosti odgovara našim predodžbama ο podudarnosti etničkog i političkog nazivlja. Upravo zbog toga car ne ubraja Dukljane u Srbe, niti se srpsko ime u Duklji/Zeti udomaćilo prije 12. stoljeća. Povjesničari koji su bez imalo zadrške Dukljane pripisivali Srbima, pozivali su se na Konstantina, mada im on nije za takve teze davao baš nikakve argumente, navodeći Dukljane isključivo pod njihovim vlastitim etnonimom.
  9. ^ Curta 2006, p. 210: According to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, the Slavs of the Dalmatian zhupanias of Pagania, Zahumlje, Travounia, and Konavli all "descended from the unbaptized Serbs."51 This has been rightly interpreted as an indication that in the mid-tenth century the coastal zhupanias were under the control of the Serbian zhupan Časlav, who ruled over the regions in the interior and extended his power westwards across the mountains to the coast.
  10. ^ Fine 1991, p. 53(I):The Croats settled in Croatia, Dalmatia, and western Bosnia. The rest of Bosnia seems to have been territory between Serb and Croatian rule.
  11. ^ Malcolm 2002, p. 8:The Serbs settled in an area corresponding to modern south-western Serbia (a territory which later in the middle ages became known as Raška or Rascia), and gradually extended their rule into the territories of Duklje or Dioclea (Montenegro) and Hum or Zachumlje (Hercegovina). The Croats settled in areas roughly corresponding to modern Croatia, and probably also including most of Bosnia proper, apart from the eastern strip of the Drina valley.
  12. ^ Fine 1991, p. 141, 150.
  13. ^ Fine 1991, p. 206.
  14. ^ Pavle Ivić (1995). The history of Serbian culture. Porthill Publishers. p. 101. ISBN 9781870732314.
  15. ^ Sedlar, Jean W. (2011). East Central Europe in the Middle Ages. University of Washington Press. p. 280. ISBN 978-0295800646. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
  16. ^ Fine 1991, p. 236–240.
  17. ^ Milenko Krešić; (2016) Religious situation in the Hum land (Ston and Rat) during the Middle Ages p. 66; [1]
  18. ^ Andric, Ivo (22 January 1991). The Development of Spiritual Life in Bosnia under the Influence of Turkish Rule. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-8255-3.
  19. ^ Fine (jr.), John V. A.; Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5.
  20. ^ "Krka & Krupa". Enciklopedija likovnih umjetnosti (Encyclopedia of Fine Arts) (in Serbo-Croatian). Vol. 3. Zagreb: FNRJ. 1964. pp. 251, 256. Krka (Krovac), manastir, između Knina i Šibenika, Hrvatska, sa crkvom posvećenom sv. arhanđelu Mihailu. Prvi put se pominje 1350. po narodnom pređanju, osnovala ga je Jelena, udovica kneza Mladena III Šubića, sestra cara Dušana. I crkva i zgrade za stanovanje bile su više puta pregrađivane. U poslednje vreme crkva je imala oblik vizant. građevine s kubetom, a zvonik je podignut u romaničkom stilu. U manastirskoj riznici se čuvalo nekoliko ikona i umetničko-zanatlijskih predmeta iz XVII-XVIII. v., a u biblioteci Paterik (1346) i knjige iz XVI i XVII v... Krupa, srpsko-pravoslavni manastir u dalm. Bukovici, Hrvatska. Osnovali su ga, vjerojatno, bos. kaluđeri koji su bježali pred Turcima (1642). Na manastirskim zgradama sačuvani su gotički prozori; crkva je jednobrodna građevina s kubetom. U crkvi se ističu bogato rezbarene carske dveri, zbirka ikona iz XVII i iz XVIII st. (većinom djela italo-keltske škole), te srebrni predmeti iz XVIII st. venec. podrijetla. Bogata biblioteka stradala je u Drugom svjetskom ratu.
  21. ^ Marčinko, Mate (19 August 1999). "Pravoslavni manastir sv. Arhanđela Mihaila na rijeci Krki sagrađen je na temeljima katoličkoga samostana" (PDF). Vjesnik. Zagreb. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 May 2005. ...trebao je barem zaviriti u Enciklopediju likovnih umjetnosti (ELU) Leksikografskoga zavoda. Tamo bi našao da je manastir Krka po narodnom predanju (hrv. predaji) osnovala Jelena Šubička. To je narodno predanje izmislila Srpska pravoslavna crkva i proširila ga među svojim vjernicima, da bi se onda na njega pozivala u nedostatku pravih dokaza. Još bi tamo našao i to da je zvonik krčke manastirske crkve »podignut u romaničkom stilu« (ELU, 3, Zagreb 1964., str. 251.). Na temelju svega ovoga možemo zaključiti: Pravoslavni manastir sv. Arhandjela Mihaila na rijeci Krki sagrađen je na temeljima katoličkoga samostana, ali ne prije XVIII. st. I dva ostala »glavna manastira« u južnoj Hrvatskoj – Krupa i Dragović – sagrađena su na temeljima katoličkih samostana. U manastiru Krupa do danas su »na manastirskim zgradama sačuvani gotički prozori« (ELU, 3, Zagreb 1964., str. 256.).
  22. ^ Sinobad, Marko (2021). "Manastir Krka: arheološki lokalitet, postanak i prostorno-historijski razvoj današnjeg arhitektonskog kompleksa". Zbornik Šime Pilića. 1 (1). Split: 159–160. ISBN 9789533520704. Dejan Medaković (1922.-2008.), profesor na Filozofskom fakultetu u Beogradu i akademik SANU ... konstatira općenito za sva tri dalmatinska manastira kako je teško reći kada su osnovani i da je pretjerano dovoditi ih u vezu s periodom srpske srednjovjekovne države (Медаковић, 1950.: 184)
  23. ^ Erdeljanović 1930.
  24. ^ Sima Ćirković; (2004) The Serbs p. 117; Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 0631204717
  25. ^ Erdeljanović 1930, p. 353.
  26. ^ Erdeljanović 1930, p. 353; Derić 1914, p. 50 "Rascianis in castris nostris Medwe, Rakonok, utriusque Kemlek et Caproncza constitutis"
  27. ^ a b Cirkovic, Sima M. (7 June 2004). The Serbs. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-631-20471-8.
  28. ^ Sima Ćirković, Сеоба Срба у Краљевину Угарску у XIV и XV веку, (Migration of the Serbian people to the Kingdom of Hungary in the fourteenth and fifteenth century){"У једном писму Венецијанцима из 1462. краљ се жалио да су у протекле три године, дакле од 1459, Турци из његове земље одвукли више од 200.000 становника. (Овде морам приметити да је услед неспоразума у једној старој мађарској збирци регеста овај број тако употребљен као да се односи на становнике Србије који су прешли у Угарску. Радонић га је у том смислу употребио у својој на француском објављеној краткој историји Срба у Угарској, одатле су је преузели Јиречек, затим Ивић, а касније је безорој пута поновљено, и тешко и споро ће се та грешка отклањати.")..In a letter to the Venetians of 1462, the king complained that the Turks had taken more than 200,000 inhabitants from his country in the past three years, or since 1459. (I have to mention here that due to misunderstandings in the old Hungarian original collection, this number was used as a reference to the Serbs who immigrated to Hungary. Information was taken by Konstantin Jireček, then Aleksa Ivić, and later repeated many times, and this error will be difficult and slow corrected} https://www.rastko.rs/rastko-hu/istorija/istorija/Cirkovic_Seobe.html
  29. ^ Frucht 2005, p. 535: "Population movements began in earnest after the Battle of Smederevo in 1459, and by 1483, up to two hundred thousand had moved into central Slavonia and Srijem (eastern Croatia)."
  30. ^ Miller, Nicholas J.; Miller, Nick (1997). Between Nation and State: Serbian Politics in Croatia Before the First World War. University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 978-0-8229-3989-4.
  31. ^ (Frucht 2005, p. 535): "In the early sixteenth century Orthodox populations had also been established in western Croatia."
  32. ^ a b sinod, Srpska pravoslavna crkva. Sveti arhijerejski (1972). Službeni list Srpske pravoslavne crkve. p. 55. Тридесетих година XVI в. многи Срби из Босне су се населили у Крањској, Штајерској и Жумберку. ... Сеобе Срба у Славонију и Хрватску трајале су кроз цео XVI, XVII и XVIII в. У првој половини XVI в. су се најпре засељавали у турском делу Славоније, а у другој половини истог века су се пресељавали из турског у аустријски део Славони- је.
  33. ^ a b Lazo M. Kostić (1965). Obim Srba i Hrvata. Logos. p. 58.
  34. ^ sinod, Srpska pravoslavna crkva. Sveti arhijerejski (2007). Glasnik. Vol. 89. p. 290. МАНАСТИР ЛЕПАВИНА, посвећен Ваведењу Пресвете Богородице, подигнут 1550.
  35. ^ Slukan Altić, Mirela (1 June 2008). "Kartografski izvori za povijest etnokonfesionalnih odnosa na području Varaždinskog generalata i dijela Križevačke županije". Podravina: časopis za geografska i povijesna multidisciplinarna istraživanja (in Croatian). 7 (13): 41–64. ISSN 1333-5286.
  36. ^ a b Miller 1997, p. 2.
  37. ^ a b c d e Ramet, p. 82
  38. ^ Mirko Valentić, O etničkom korijenu hrvatskih bosanskih Srba, Vol. 24 No. 3, 1992. "Kada je riječ o austrijskoj kolonizaciji turskih vlaških prebjega u Slavonskoj i vlaških prebjega u Hrvatskoj krajini, postoje neke manje razlike. Vlasi u zapadnu Slavoniju, odnosno u Varaždinski generalat Slavonske krajine, prelaze masovno i u veoma kratko vrijeme: od 1597. do 1600. godine. U Hrvatsku krajinu, tj. u Karlovački generalat, Vlasi pristižu u manjim skupinama, ali u tijeku cijeloga XVII. stoljeća. Prema tome, Slavonska je krajina prva otvorila vrata balkanskim Vlasima. Najveći broj stiže iz slavonskih turskih sandžaka https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=307682#page=14
  39. ^ Mažuran, Ive. "Povijest Hrvatske Od 15. Stoleća do 18. Stoleća" (in Croatian). p. 16. Molba učenika novaka Pečuške biskupije, Nikole iz Nevne (Levanjske Varoši), upućena papi Bonifaciju IX. da ga oslobodisvih crkvenih kazni, jer je u obrani domovine i kršćanstva okupio manji broj kršćana i ratnika (bellatores) s kojima je zarobio i ubio nekolicinu Turaka i Srba Turcos et Rascianos koji su spalili crkve, kuće, sela i posjede.
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