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Coordinates: 34°9′19.6″N 118°9′42.4″W / 34.155444°N 118.161778°W / 34.155444; -118.161778
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{{short description|Historic house in California, United States}}

{{Lead too short|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox NRHP
{{Infobox NRHP
| name =Millard House
| name = Millard House
| nrhp_type =
| nrhp_type =
| image = Millard House, Pasadena.JPG
| image = Millard House (5) (28416948355).jpg
| caption = Millard House, July 2008
| caption =
| location= 645 Prospect Crescent, [[Pasadena, California]]
| location = 645 Prospect Crescent, [[Pasadena, California]]
| locmapin = Los Angeles
| locmapin = USA Los Angeles Metropolitan Area#California#USA
| coordinates = {{coord|34|9|19.6|N|118|9|42.4|W|region:US-CA_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| lat_degrees = 34
⚫
| area =
| lat_minutes = 9
| lat_seconds = 19.6
| built = 1923
⚫
| architect = [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]; [[Lloyd Wright]]
| lat_direction = N
⚫
| architecture = [[Organic architecture]]
| long_degrees = 118
⚫
| added = December 12, 1976
| long_minutes = 9
⚫
| refnum = 76000493
| long_seconds = 42.4
| long_direction = W
| coord_parameters = region:US-CA_type:landmark
⚫
| area =
| built =1923
⚫
| architect= [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]; [[Lloyd Wright]]
⚫
| architecture= Organic architecture
⚫
| added = December 12, 1976
| governing_body = Private
⚫
| refnum=76000493
<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2008a}}</ref>
<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2008a}}</ref>
}}
}}


'''Millard House''', also known as '''La Miniatura''', is a textile block house designed by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]] and built in 1923 in [[Pasadena, California]]. It was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1976.
'''Millard House''', also known as '''La Miniatura''', is a [[textile block house]] designed by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]] and built in 1923 in [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]], [[California]]. It was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1976.


==Wright's textile block houses==
==Wright's textile block houses==
[[Image:Frank Lloyd Wright LC-USZ62-36384.jpg|thumb|125px|left|''[[Frank Lloyd Wright]]'']]
[[File:Millard House (4) (28134002710).jpg|thumb|left|Interior]]
The Millard House was the first of Frank Lloyd Wright's four "textile block" houses — all built in Los Angeles County in 1923 and 1924. Wright took on the Millard House following his completion of the [[Hollyhock House]] in Hollywood and the [[Imperial Hotel, Tokyo|Imperial Hotel]] in Japan.
The Millard House was the first of Frank Lloyd Wright's four "textile block" houses — all built in [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]] in 1923 and 1924. Wright took on the Millard House following his completion of the [[Hollyhock House]] in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] and the [[Imperial Hotel, Tokyo|Imperial Hotel]] in Japan.


By this time, Wright felt typecast as the [[Prairie architecture|Prairie]] house architect and sought to broaden his architectural vision.<ref name=Turbulent>{{cite news|author =Charles Lockwood|title=L.A. Homes Mark Architect's Most Turbulent Period|publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=1983-01-30}}</ref> Wright turned to the concrete block as his new building material. Wright wrote in his autobiography that he chose to build with concrete blocks as they were "the cheapest (and ugliest) thing in the building world," and he wanted to see "what could be done with that gutter-rat."<ref name=Rare>{{cite news|author= Martha Groves|title=Public gets rare look at a Wright gem: Architecture buffs visit one of his 'textile block' houses, La Miniatura in Pasadena, last on view in 1992|publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=2008-01-27|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-wright27jan27,1,1649919.story}}</ref> The textile-block houses were named for their richly textured [[brocade]]-like concrete walls.<ref name=Market>{{cite news|title=Above the Strip in Hollywood: Frank Lloyd Wright's Storer House on the market for $1 million|publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=1981-06-06}}</ref> The style was an experiment by Wright in [[modular home|modular housing]];<ref name=Hart>{{cite news|author=Hugh Hart|title=Architecture; When the answers aren't just concrete|publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=2004-09-26}}</ref> he sought to develop an inexpensive and simple method of construction that would enable ordinary people to build their own homes with stacked blocks.<ref name=Hart/> By adding ornamental designs to mass-produced blocks, Wright hoped the blocks could become a "masonry fabric capable of great variety in architectural beauty."<ref name=Turbulent/> One writer has described Wright's concept this way: "By unifying decoration and function, exterior and interior, earth and sky — perforated blocks served as skylights — Wright saw his Textile Block Method approach as an utterly modern, and democratic, expression of his organic architecture ideal."<ref name=Hart/>
By this time, Wright felt typecast as the [[Prairie architecture|Prairie]] house architect and sought to broaden his architectural vision.<ref name=Turbulent>{{cite news|author =Charles Lockwood|title=L.A. Homes Mark Architect's Most Turbulent Period|work=Los Angeles Times|date=1983-01-30}}</ref> Wright turned to the concrete block as his new building material. Wright wrote in his autobiography that he chose to build with concrete blocks as they were "the cheapest (and ugliest) thing in the building world," and he wanted to see "what could be done with that gutter-rat."<ref name=Rare>{{cite news|author= Martha Groves|title=Public gets rare look at a Wright gem: Architecture buffs visit one of his 'textile block' houses, La Miniatura in Pasadena, last on view in 1992|work=Los Angeles Times|date=2008-01-27|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-wright27jan27,1,1649919.story}}</ref> The textile-block houses were named for their richly textured [[brocade]]-like concrete walls.<ref name=Market>{{cite news|title=Above the Strip in Hollywood: Frank Lloyd Wright's Storer House on the market for $1 million|work=Los Angeles Times|date=1981-06-06}}</ref> The style was an experiment by Wright in [[modular home|modular housing]];<ref name=Hart>{{cite news|author=Hugh Hart|title=Architecture; When the answers aren't just concrete|work=Los Angeles Times|date=2004-09-26}}</ref> he sought to develop an inexpensive and simple method of construction that would enable ordinary people to build their own homes with stacked blocks.<ref name=Hart/> By adding ornamental designs to mass-produced blocks, Wright hoped the blocks could become a "masonry fabric capable of great variety in architectural beauty."<ref name=Turbulent/> Writer Hugh Hart described Wright's concept this way: "By unifying decoration and function, exterior and interior, earth and sky — perforated blocks served as skylights — Wright saw his Textile Block Method approach as an utterly modern, and democratic, expression of his organic architecture ideal."<ref name=Hart/>


==Design of Millard House==
==Design of Millard House==
[[Image:Millard House - La Ministura, Pasadena.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Millard House, 2008]]
[[File:Millard House, Pasadena.JPG|thumb|left|View from the street]]
Wright was commissioned to build Millard House by Alice Millard, a rare-book dealer for whom Wright had built a home in [[Highland Park, Illinois]]. in 1906. Seeking to integrate the Millard House with the land, Wright designed the home to cling to the lot's steep [[ravine]], nestled it among the trees, and fabricated the home's concrete blocks using sand, gravel and minerals found on the property.<ref name=Rare/> By using roughly textured, earth-toned blocks, he sought to blend the house with the color and form of the trees and hillside. While the design was in most ways a departure from Wright's prior work, it was consistent with his lifelong love of natural materials and his belief that buildings should complement their surroundings. He later said that Millard House "belonged to the ground on which it stood."<ref name=Turbulent/>
Wright was commissioned to build Millard House by [[Alice Millard]], a rare-book dealer for whom Wright had built a [[George Madison Millard House|house]] in [[Highland Park, Illinois|Highland Park]], [[Illinois]] in 1906. Seeking to integrate the Millard House with the land, Wright designed the house to cling to the lot's steep [[ravine]], nestled it among the trees, and fabricated the house's concrete blocks using sand, gravel and minerals found on the property.<ref name=Rare/> By using roughly textured, earth-toned blocks, he sought to blend the house with the color and form of the trees and hillside. While the design was in most ways a departure from Wright's prior work, it was consistent with his lifelong love of natural materials and his belief that buildings should complement their surroundings. He later said that Millard House "belonged to the ground on which it stood."<ref name=Turbulent/>


The blocks were created in wooden molds with patterns on the outside and smooth on the inside. The blocks feature a symmetrical pattern of a cross with a square in each corner.<ref name=Rare/> Wright reinforced the blocks using conventional mortar.<ref name=Rare/> The project cost $17,000 — 70% more than the $10,000 budget Millard had given to Wright.<ref name=Rare/> Some accounts state that the builder walked off the job, "leaving Wright to finish the project himself, out of his own pocket".<ref name=Art/>
The blocks were created in wooden molds with patterns on the outside and smooth on the inside. The blocks feature a symmetrical pattern of a cross with a square in each corner.<ref name=Rare/> Wright reinforced the blocks using conventional mortar.<ref name=Rare/> The project cost $17,000 — 70% more than the $10,000 budget Millard had given to Wright.<ref name=Rare/> Some accounts state that the builder walked off the job, "leaving Wright to finish the project himself, out of his own pocket".<ref name=Art/>


The {{convert|2400|sqft|m2|adj=on}} house consists of a vertical three-story block. The first floor has the kitchen, servant's room and a dining room opening onto a terrace with a reflecting pool. The second floor has the main entrance, guest room, and a two-story living room with a fireplace and balcony. The third floor contained Millard's bedroom with a balcony overlooking the living room and outdoor terrace.<ref name=Turbulent/>
The {{convert|2400|sqft|m2|adj=on}} house consists of a vertical three-story block. The first floor has the kitchen, servant's room and a dining room opening onto a terrace with a reflecting pool. The second floor has the main entrance, guest room, and a two-story living room with a fireplace and balcony. The third floor contained Millard's bedroom with a balcony overlooking the living room and outdoor terrace.<ref name=Turbulent/>


Like many of Wright's homes, Millard House suffered from leaks during rains. After the house flooded in a storm, Millard wrote a letter to Wright complaining about the inadequate storm drain that resulted in the basement filling entirely with muddy water and the water rising to six inches (152&nbsp;mm) in the dining room.<ref name=Rare/>
Like many of Wright's households, Millard House suffered from leaks during rains. After the house flooded in a storm, Millard wrote a letter to Wright complaining about the inadequate storm drain that resulted in the basement filling entirely with muddy water and the water rising to six inches (152&nbsp;mm) in the dining room.<ref name=Rare/>


Millard added a separate studio in 1926, designed by Wright's son, [[Lloyd Wright]].<ref name=Rare/>
Millard added a separate studio in 1926, designed by Wright's son, [[Lloyd Wright]].<ref name=Rare/>


==Critical response==
==Critical response==
[[Image:Millard House - La Miniatura, Pasadena 2.jpg|thumb|right|165px|Side view showing three-story stack rising from ravine floor]]
[[Image:Millard House - La Miniatura, Pasadena 2.jpg|thumb|Side view showing three-story stack rising from ravine floor]]
The initial critical response to Millard House and the textile block structures was not positive. The homes were greeted with "howls of laughter", as [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux Arts]]-trained architects were "appalled" to see a common building material used for the facades and interior walls of expensive homes.<ref name=Turbulent/> As ''The New York Times'' later said of the California houses built by Wright in the 1920s: "It didn’t help that he was obsessed at the time with an untested and (supposedly) low-cost method of concrete-block construction. What kind of rich person, many wondered, would want to live in such a house? Aside from the free-spirited oil heiress [[Aline Barnsdall]], with whom he fought constantly, his motley clients included a jewelry salesman, a rare-book dealing widow and a failed doctor."<ref name=Times>{{cite news|author=Hugh Eakin|title=Fixer-Uppers That Need Love and Concrete|publisher=The New York Times|date=2005-08-14|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/14/arts/design/14eaki.html?_r=1&oref=slogin}}</ref>
The initial critical response to Millard House and the textile block structures was not positive. The homes were greeted with "howls of laughter", as [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux Arts]]-trained architects were "appalled" to see a common building material used for the facades and interior walls of expensive homes.<ref name=Turbulent/> As ''[[The New York Times]]'' later said of the California houses built by Wright in the 1920s: "It didn’t help that he was obsessed at the time with an untested and (supposedly) low-cost method of concrete-block construction. What kind of rich person, many wondered, would want to live in such a house? Aside from the free-spirited oil heiress [[Aline Barnsdall]], with whom he fought constantly, his motley clients included a jewelry salesman, a rare-book dealing widow and a failed doctor."<ref name=Times>{{cite news|author=Hugh Eakin|title=Fixer-Uppers That Need Love and Concrete|work=The New York Times|date=2005-08-14|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/14/arts/design/14eaki.html?_r=1&oref=slogin}}</ref>


However, Wright himself took great pride in Millard House. He said of it: "I would rather have built this little house than [[St. Peter's Basilica|St. Peter's]] in [[Rome, Italy|Rome]]."<ref name=Rare/><ref>{{cite news|author=Janette Williams|title=Wright’s ‘La Miniatura’ is restored|publisher= Pasadena Star-News|date=2008-07-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tour La Miniatura|publisher=Wright in Chicagoland|date=2008-01-26|url= http://chicagowright.blogspot.com/}}</ref> Over the years, critical views of Millard House became positive, and it is now considered one of Wright's finest works.
However, Wright himself took great pride in Millard House. He said of it: "I would rather have built this little house than [[St. Peter's Basilica|St. Peter's]] in [[Rome, Italy|Rome]]."<ref name=Rare/><ref>{{cite news|author=Janette Williams|title=Wright's 'La Miniatura' is restored|publisher= Pasadena Star-News|date=2008-07-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tour La Miniatura|publisher=Wright in Chicagoland|date=2008-01-26|url= http://chicagowright.blogspot.com/}}</ref> Over the years, critical views of Millard House became positive, and it is now considered one of Wright's finest works.


In 1965, the ''Los Angeles Times'' columnist Art Seidenbaum wrote: "Environmentally, the place is fascinating because it still looks modern in a neighborhood that is gracious but aging. Or, maybe better, the Millard house is of no time and its own place."<ref name=Art>{{cite news|author=Art Seidenbaum|title=The Southland Houses That Frank Lloyd Wright Built|publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=1965-10-17}}</ref>
In 1965, the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' columnist Art Seidenbaum wrote: "Environmentally, the place is fascinating because it still looks modern in a neighborhood that is gracious but aging. Or, maybe better, the Millard house is of no time and its own place."<ref name=Art>{{cite news|author=Art Seidenbaum|title=The Southland Houses That Frank Lloyd Wright Built|work=Los Angeles Times|date=1965-10-17}}</ref>


In 1969, Millard House was ranked as one of the 12 most significant landmarks in the Los Angeles area by a panel of ten distinguished citizens and architecture experts.<ref>{{cite news|author=Art Seidenbaum|title=Los Angeles Landmarks: The Top Dozen|publisher=Los Angeles Times|year=1969}}</ref>
In 1969, Millard House was ranked as one of the 12 most significant landmarks in the Los Angeles area by a panel of ten distinguished citizens and architecture experts.<ref>{{cite news|author=Art Seidenbaum|title=Los Angeles Landmarks: The Top Dozen|work=Los Angeles Times|year=1969}}</ref>


In 1980, ''The New York Times'' noted that the Millard House was known around the world and ranked it among the few buildings in Los Angeles that "have become classic works of the 20th Century."<ref>{{cite news|author=Paul Goldberger|title=Design Notebook: A Hollywood House Worthy of an Oscar|publisher =Los Angeles Times|date=1980-11-06}}</ref>
In 1980, ''The New York Times'' noted that the Millard House was known around the world and ranked it among the few buildings in Los Angeles that "have become classic works of the 20th Century."<ref>{{cite news|author=Paul Goldberger|title=Design Notebook: A Hollywood House Worthy of an Oscar|work =Los Angeles Times|date=1980-11-06}}</ref>


==In popular culture==
==In popular culture==
The house appears as the Secarus IV home of the Albino, an alien villain in the ''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'' episode "Blood Oath."
The house appears as the Secarus IV home of the Albino, an alien villain in the ''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'' episode [[Blood Oath (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine)|"Blood Oath]]", which aired on American television on March 27, 1994.

The house appears as Arnold Weber's family home in the [[Westworld (season 2)|second]] and [[Westworld (season 3)|third]] seasons of HBO's science fiction series ''[[Westworld (TV series)|Westworld]]''.


==See also==
==See also==
* [[List of Frank Lloyd Wright works]]
* [[List of Registered Historic Places in Los Angeles County, California]]
* [[List of Registered Historic Places in Los Angeles County, California]]
* [[Ennis House]], [[Samuel Freeman House]] and [[Storer House (Los Angeles, California)|Storer House]] — Wright's other three textile block houses
* [[Ennis House]], [[Samuel Freeman House]] and [[Storer House (Los Angeles, California)|Storer House]] — Wright's other three textile block houses
Line 66: Line 63:
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
*Storrer, William Allin. ''The Frank Lloyd Wright Companion''. University Of Chicago Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0-226-77621-2}} (S.214)


==External links==
==External links==
Line 72: Line 70:
* [http://www.arcaid.co.uk/search.php?inc=quickSearch&search=millard+pasadena&refcheckbox= Photos on Arcaid]
* [http://www.arcaid.co.uk/search.php?inc=quickSearch&search=millard+pasadena&refcheckbox= Photos on Arcaid]


{{Registered Historic Places}}
{{National Register of Historic Places in California}}
{{Frank Lloyd Wright}}
{{Frank Lloyd Wright}}


Latest revision as of 21:46, 1 December 2023

Millard House
Millard House is located in the Los Angeles metropolitan area
Millard House
Millard House is located in California
Millard House
Millard House is located in the United States
Millard House
Location645 Prospect Crescent, Pasadena, California
Coordinates34°9′19.6″N 118°9′42.4″W / 34.155444°N 118.161778°W / 34.155444; -118.161778
Built1923
ArchitectFrank Lloyd Wright; Lloyd Wright
Architectural styleOrganic architecture
NRHP reference No.76000493 [1]
Added to NRHPDecember 12, 1976

Millard House, also known as La Miniatura, is a textile block house designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and built in 1923 in Pasadena, California. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

Wright's textile block houses

[edit]
Interior

The Millard House was the first of Frank Lloyd Wright's four "textile block" houses — all built in Los Angeles County in 1923 and 1924. Wright took on the Millard House following his completion of the Hollyhock House in Hollywood and the Imperial Hotel in Japan.

By this time, Wright felt typecast as the Prairie house architect and sought to broaden his architectural vision.[2] Wright turned to the concrete block as his new building material. Wright wrote in his autobiography that he chose to build with concrete blocks as they were "the cheapest (and ugliest) thing in the building world," and he wanted to see "what could be done with that gutter-rat."[3] The textile-block houses were named for their richly textured brocade-like concrete walls.[4] The style was an experiment by Wright in modular housing;[5] he sought to develop an inexpensive and simple method of construction that would enable ordinary people to build their own homes with stacked blocks.[5] By adding ornamental designs to mass-produced blocks, Wright hoped the blocks could become a "masonry fabric capable of great variety in architectural beauty."[2] Writer Hugh Hart described Wright's concept this way: "By unifying decoration and function, exterior and interior, earth and sky — perforated blocks served as skylights — Wright saw his Textile Block Method approach as an utterly modern, and democratic, expression of his organic architecture ideal."[5]

Design of Millard House

[edit]
View from the street

Wright was commissioned to build Millard House by Alice Millard, a rare-book dealer for whom Wright had built a house in Highland Park, Illinois in 1906. Seeking to integrate the Millard House with the land, Wright designed the house to cling to the lot's steep ravine, nestled it among the trees, and fabricated the house's concrete blocks using sand, gravel and minerals found on the property.[3] By using roughly textured, earth-toned blocks, he sought to blend the house with the color and form of the trees and hillside. While the design was in most ways a departure from Wright's prior work, it was consistent with his lifelong love of natural materials and his belief that buildings should complement their surroundings. He later said that Millard House "belonged to the ground on which it stood."[2]

The blocks were created in wooden molds with patterns on the outside and smooth on the inside. The blocks feature a symmetrical pattern of a cross with a square in each corner.[3] Wright reinforced the blocks using conventional mortar.[3] The project cost $17,000 — 70% more than the $10,000 budget Millard had given to Wright.[3] Some accounts state that the builder walked off the job, "leaving Wright to finish the project himself, out of his own pocket".[6]

The 2,400-square-foot (220 m2) house consists of a vertical three-story block. The first floor has the kitchen, servant's room and a dining room opening onto a terrace with a reflecting pool. The second floor has the main entrance, guest room, and a two-story living room with a fireplace and balcony. The third floor contained Millard's bedroom with a balcony overlooking the living room and outdoor terrace.[2]

Like many of Wright's households, Millard House suffered from leaks during rains. After the house flooded in a storm, Millard wrote a letter to Wright complaining about the inadequate storm drain that resulted in the basement filling entirely with muddy water and the water rising to six inches (152 mm) in the dining room.[3]

Millard added a separate studio in 1926, designed by Wright's son, Lloyd Wright.[3]

Critical response

[edit]
Side view showing three-story stack rising from ravine floor

The initial critical response to Millard House and the textile block structures was not positive. The homes were greeted with "howls of laughter", as Beaux Arts-trained architects were "appalled" to see a common building material used for the facades and interior walls of expensive homes.[2] As The New York Times later said of the California houses built by Wright in the 1920s: "It didn’t help that he was obsessed at the time with an untested and (supposedly) low-cost method of concrete-block construction. What kind of rich person, many wondered, would want to live in such a house? Aside from the free-spirited oil heiress Aline Barnsdall, with whom he fought constantly, his motley clients included a jewelry salesman, a rare-book dealing widow and a failed doctor."[7]

However, Wright himself took great pride in Millard House. He said of it: "I would rather have built this little house than St. Peter's in Rome."[3][8][9] Over the years, critical views of Millard House became positive, and it is now considered one of Wright's finest works.

In 1965, the Los Angeles Times columnist Art Seidenbaum wrote: "Environmentally, the place is fascinating because it still looks modern in a neighborhood that is gracious but aging. Or, maybe better, the Millard house is of no time and its own place."[6]

In 1969, Millard House was ranked as one of the 12 most significant landmarks in the Los Angeles area by a panel of ten distinguished citizens and architecture experts.[10]

In 1980, The New York Times noted that the Millard House was known around the world and ranked it among the few buildings in Los Angeles that "have become classic works of the 20th Century."[11]

[edit]

The house appears as the Secarus IV home of the Albino, an alien villain in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "Blood Oath", which aired on American television on March 27, 1994.

The house appears as Arnold Weber's family home in the second and third seasons of HBO's science fiction series Westworld.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008.
  2. ^ a b c d e Charles Lockwood (1983-01-30). "L.A. Homes Mark Architect's Most Turbulent Period". Los Angeles Times.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Martha Groves (2008-01-27). "Public gets rare look at a Wright gem: Architecture buffs visit one of his 'textile block' houses, La Miniatura in Pasadena, last on view in 1992". Los Angeles Times.
  4. ^ "Above the Strip in Hollywood: Frank Lloyd Wright's Storer House on the market for $1 million". Los Angeles Times. 1981-06-06.
  5. ^ a b c Hugh Hart (2004-09-26). "Architecture; When the answers aren't just concrete". Los Angeles Times.
  6. ^ a b Art Seidenbaum (1965-10-17). "The Southland Houses That Frank Lloyd Wright Built". Los Angeles Times.
  7. ^ Hugh Eakin (2005-08-14). "Fixer-Uppers That Need Love and Concrete". The New York Times.
  8. ^ Janette Williams (2008-07-20). "Wright's 'La Miniatura' is restored". Pasadena Star-News.
  9. ^ "Tour La Miniatura". Wright in Chicagoland. 2008-01-26.
  10. ^ Art Seidenbaum (1969). "Los Angeles Landmarks: The Top Dozen". Los Angeles Times.
  11. ^ Paul Goldberger (1980-11-06). "Design Notebook: A Hollywood House Worthy of an Oscar". Los Angeles Times.
  • Storrer, William Allin. The Frank Lloyd Wright Companion. University Of Chicago Press, 2006, ISBN 0-226-77621-2 (S.214)
[edit]
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