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A self-coup, also called an autocoup (from Spanish autogolpe) or coup from the top, is a form of coup d'état in which a political leader, having come to power through legal means, stays in power through illegal means through the actions of themselves and/or their supporters.^[1] The leader may dissolve or render powerless the national legislature and unlawfully assume extraordinary powers. Other measures may include annulling the nation's constitution, suspending civil courts, and having the head of government assume dictatorial powers.^[2]^[3]

From 1946 to the beginning of 2021, an estimated 148 self-coup attempts took place, 110 in autocracies and 38 in democracies.^[4]

Notable events described as self-coups

France: President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (December 2, 1851)^[5]
Uruguay: President Juan Lindolfo Cuestas (February 10, 1898)^[6]
Austria: Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss (March 15, 1933)^[7]
Germany: Chancellor Adolf Hitler (March 23, 1933 / August 2, 1934)^[5]^[8]
Uruguay: President Gabriel Terra (March 31, 1933)^[9]
Estonia: Prime Minister in duties of the State Elder Konstantin Päts (March 12, 1934)^[10]
Romania: King Michael I of Romania (August 23, 1944)^[11]
Bolivia: President Mamerto Urriolagoitía (May 16, 1951)^[12]
Pakistan: Governor-General Ghulam Muhammad (April 1953 – September 21, 1954)^[13]^[14]
Indonesia: President Sukarno (July 5, 1959)^[15]
Philippines: President Ferdinand Marcos (September 23, 1972)^[5]^[16]
South Korea: President Park Chung Hee (October 17, 1972)^[17]
Uruguay: President Juan María Bordaberry (June 27, 1973)^[2]
Peru: President Alberto Fujimori (April 5, 1992)^[18]
Russia: President Boris Yeltsin (September 21, 1993)^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]
Cambodia: Prime Minister Hun Sen (July 1997)^[23]^[24]
Venezuela: President Nicolás Maduro (March 29, 2017)^[25]
Peru: President Martín Vizcarra (30 September 2019)^[26]^[27]^[28]
Malaysia: Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin (29 February 2020)^[29]
Russia: President Vladimir Putin (July 4, 2020)^[30]^[31]^[32]
El Salvador: President Nayib Bukele (May 1, 2021)^[33]
Tunisia: President Kais Saied (July 25, 2021)^[34]^[35]^[36]
Sudan: Chairman of the Sovereignty Council Abdel Fattah al-Burhan (October 25, 2021)^[37]

Notable events described as attempted self-coups

Guatemala: President Jorge Serrano Elías (May 25 – June 5, 1993)^[38]
Indonesia: President Abdurrahman Wahid (July 1–25, 2001)^[39]
Malaysia: Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad (February 23 – March 1, 2020)^[40]
United States: President Donald Trump (November 4, 2020 – January 6, 2021; after election loss)^[41]^[42]^[43]
Peru: President Pedro Castillo (December 7, 2022)^[44]
Brazil: President Jair Bolsonaro (October 30, 2022 – December 31, 2022; January 8, 2023; after election loss)^[45]^[46]
Israel: Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu (ongoing events, since he assumed office on December 29, 2022)^[47]^[48]^[49]^[50]^[51]^[52]^[53]
South Korea: President Yoon Suk Yeol (December 3–4, 2024)^[54]^[55]

References

^ Chin, John J; Carter, David B; Wright, Joseph G (2021). "The Varieties of Coups D'état: Introducing the Colpus Dataset". International Studies Quarterly. 65 (4): 1040–1051. doi:10.1093/isq/sqab058. ISSN 0020-8833.
^ ^a ^b Kaufman, Edy. Uruguay in Transition: From Civilian to Military Rule. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-4084-2.
^ Tufekci, Zeynep (December 7, 2020). "This Must Be Your First". The Atlantic. In political science, the term coup refers to the illegitimate overthrow of a sitting government—usually through violence or the threat of violence. The technical term for attempting to stay in power illegitimately—such as after losing an election—is self-coup or autocoup, sometimes autogolpe
^ Nakamura, David (January 5, 2021). "With brazen assault on election, Trump prompts critics to warn of a coup". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c Brownlee, Jason; Miao, Kenny (October 2022). "Why Democracies Survive". Journal of Democracy. 33 (4): 133–149. doi:10.1353/jod.2022.0052. S2CID 252909007. Retrieved October 31, 2023.
^ "URUGUAY UNDER A DICTATOR.; Senor Cuestas Executes a Coup d'Etat and Dissolves the Assembly". The New York Times. February 11, 1898.
^ Weyland, Kurt (February 4, 2021). Assault on Democracy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108844338. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
^ "Germany 1933: from democracy to dictatorship". Anne Frank House. September 28, 2018.
^ "The March Revolution in Uruguay 1933". Armed Conflict Events Data.
^ XX sajandi kroonika, I osa (in Estonian). Tallinn: Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus. 2002. p. 383.
^ Deletant, Dennis (2006). Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and His Regime, Romania 1940–1944. Palgrave Macmillan.
^ "The Bolivian Revolution". Latin American Studies.
^ Shah, Sabir (April 4, 2023). "70-year history of constitutional crises in Pakistan". The News International.
^ Wheeler, Richard S. (January 1955). "Governor General's Rule in Pakistan". Far Eastern Survey. 24 (1). Institute of Pacific Relations: 1–8. doi:10.2307/3024672. JSTOR 3024672.
^ Pauker, Guy J. (1967). "Indonesia: The Year of Transition". Asian Survey. 7 (2): 138–150. doi:10.2307/2642526. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2642526.
^ "Declaration of Martial Law". Official Gazette. Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
^ Savada, Andrea Matles; Shaw, William (1990). "The Military in Politics". South Korea: A Country Study. Library of Congress Country Studies. Washington, DC: Government Publishing Office.
^ Kenney, Charles D. (2004). Fujimori's coup and the breakdown of democracy in Latin America. University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 0-268-03171-1.
^ Все перевороты XXI века [All coups of the 21st century]. Kommersant. September 30, 2015.
^ Landfried, Christine (February 7, 2019). Judicial Power: How Constitutional Courts Affect Political Transformations. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108425667. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
^ Hastedt, Glenn P.; Knickrehm, Kay M. (2003). International Politics in a Changing World. Longman. ISBN 9780205189939. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
^ Maidanik, K. L. (Summer 2000). «He-запад»: современный транзит и перспективы демократизации ["Non-West": modern transition and prospects for democratization] (PDF). Полития (in Russian). 2 (16): 100. В последнее десятилетие – чуть ли не впервые за полтора века – в регионе не произошло ни одного успешного военного переворота. Имели место, правда, один «самопереворот» (президент разогнал парламент) и один случай переноса выборов. [In the last decade – almost for the first time in a century and a half – there has not been a single successful military coup in the region. There has, however, been one 'self-coup' (the president dissolved parliament) and one case of postponed elections.]
^ "Making of a strongman: In July 1997, Hun Sen took complete control of the country – and his party". The Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
^ Pedrosa, Fernando; Noce, Cecilia; Povse, Max (2021). Desafíos actuales de Asia oriental [Current challenges in East Asia] (in Spanish). Eudeba. ISBN 9789502331188.
^ Casey, Nicholas; Torres, Patricia (March 30, 2017). "Venezuela Muzzles Legislature, Moving Closer to One-Man Rule". The New York Times. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
^ "4 claves para entender la crisis política que atraviesa Perú tras la disolución del Congreso (y lo que puede pasar ahora)". BBC News (in Spanish). Retrieved April 24, 2023.
^ "Peru military, police back Vizcarra as rebel lawmakers vow loyalty to VP". Reuters. September 30, 2019. Retrieved April 24, 2023.
^ Montes, Juan; Otis, John (October 2, 2019). "Peruvian Vice President Resigns After Congress Fails to Oust Nation's Leader". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 24, 2023.
^ "Malaysia's frustrated 'No. 2' leaders pull off political coup". Nikkei. March 22, 2020.
^ Инвестклимат в России определяется ФСБ»: Сергей Гуриев о новом правительстве и «конституционном самоперевороте [The Investment Climate in Russia Is Determined by the FSB: Sergei Guriev on the New Government and the "Constitutional Self-Coup"] (in Russian). February 6, 2020.
^ Guriev, Sergei (January 18, 2020). "Putin's Meaningless Coup". Project Syndicate.
^ Hill, Fiona (September 7, 2021). There Is Nothing for You Here: Finding Opportunity in the Twenty-First Century. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 9780358574316. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
^ Meléndez-Sánchez, Manuel; Levitsky, Steven (May 20, 2021). "El Salvador's President Launched a 'Self-Coup'. Watch for Creeping Corruption and Authoritarianism". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2023.
^ Megerisi, Tarek (August 2, 2021). "Saied's Textbook Self-Coup in Tunisia". Dawn.
^ Tamburini, Francesco (2022). "'How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Autocracy': Kais Saied's 'Constitutional Self-Coup' in Tunisia". Journal of Asian and African Studies. 58 (6): 904–921. doi:10.1177/00219096221079322. S2CID 246962926.
^ Cherkaoui, Tarek (August 25, 2021). "OPINION – Tunisia's dangerous moment: A self-coup". Anadolu Agency.
^ Kiwuwa, David (October 27, 2021). "Sudan's self-coup and four factors that will determine what comes next". African Arguments.
^ Barry S. Levitt (2006), "A Desultory Defense of Democracy: OAS Resolution 1080 and the Inter-American Democratic Charter, Latin American Politics and Society, Volume 48, Issue 3, September 2006, Pages: 93–123. pp104-5
^ Ingraham, Christopher (January 22, 2021). "Coup attempts usually usher in long stretches of democratic decline, data shows". The Washington Post.
^ "Mahathir proposes to lead 'unity government' – sources". Rueters. February 25, 2020.
^ Pion-Berlin, David; Bruneau, Thomas; Goetze, Richard B. Jr. (April 7, 2022). "The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations". Government and Opposition. FirstView (4): 789–806. doi:10.1017/gov.2022.13. S2CID 248033246.
^ Harvey, Michael (2022). "Introduction: History's Rhymes". In Harvey, Michael (ed.). Donald Trump in Historical Perspective. Routledge. p. 3. doi:10.4324/9781003110361-1. ISBN 978-1-003-11036-1. As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held the top of the office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results.
^ Castañeda, Ernesto; Jenks, Daniel (April 17, 2023). Costa, Bruno Ferreira; Parton, Nigel (eds.). "January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States". Social Sciences. 12 (4). MDPI: 238. doi:10.3390/socsci12040238. ISSN 2076-0760. What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power.
^
- Aspinwall, Nick; Chen, Alicia (December 20, 2022). "Peru's Failed Presidential Coup Sparks Democratic Crisis". Foreign Policy. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
- Villar, Paola (December 7, 2022). "Peru's President Pedro Castillo Stages Self-Coup, Announces Dissolution of Congress". Bloomberg Línea. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
- Quesada, Juan Diego (December 9, 2022). "Inside the coup in Peru: 'President, what have you done?'". El País English. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
- "After failed self-coup: Peru's ousted president seeks meeting with rights inspectors". today.rtl.lu. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
- "High drama in Lima as Peru ousts its president after he attempts self-coup". The Week. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
- "Peru's new president suggests moving general election forward to April". euronews. December 12, 2022. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
^ Carvalho, Diego (October 17, 2023). "Brazil's Bolsonaro Plotted Coup After Election Defeat, Congressional Probe Finds". Bloomberg. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
^ Arias, Juan (August 25, 2023). "Brazilian military caught in the crossfire after failed coup attempt against Lula's government". El País. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
^ Friedman, Thomas L. (February 14, 2023). "Netanyahu's Judicial Coup Could Destroy His Start-Up Nation". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
^ Friedman, Thomas L. (March 28, 2023). "Netanyahu Cannot Be Trusted". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 28, 2023. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
^ Kingsley, Patrick (July 23, 2023). "Israel's Identity Hangs in Balance Ahead of Key Vote on New Law". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 23, 2023. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
^ "A Coup d'État in Israel? : The Bitter Harvest of Colonialism". CrimethInc. March 27, 2023. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
^ Harari, Yuval Noah (March 9, 2023). "This Is Definitely a Coup. Israel Is on Its Way to Becoming a Dictatorship". Haaretz. Archived from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
^ Freedland, Jonathan (March 31, 2023). "Netanyahu is leading a coup against his own country. But the threat is not only to Israel". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on April 1, 2023. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
^ Starr, Michael (January 8, 2023). "30,000 march in Tel Aviv against 'coup d'état' Levin judicial reform". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on January 8, 2023. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
^ Palmer, James (December 4, 2024). "How South Koreans Rejected Martial Law". Foreignpolicy.com.
^ Schaefer, Christopher (December 5, 2024). "Lessons From South Korea's Six-Hour Dictatorship". Renew Democracy Initiative.

External links

The dictionary definition of self-coup at Wiktionary

[:18-1] Chin, John J; Carter, David B; Wright, Joseph G (2021). "The Varieties of Coups D'état: Introducing the Colpus Dataset". International Studies Quarterly. 65 (4): 1040–1051. doi:10.1093/isq/sqab058. ISSN 0020-8833.

[UY72-2] Kaufman, Edy. Uruguay in Transition: From Civilian to Military Rule. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-4084-2.

[atlantic-2020-12-07-3] Tufekci, Zeynep (December 7, 2020). "This Must Be Your First". The Atlantic. In political science, the term coup refers to the illegitimate overthrow of a sitting government—usually through violence or the threat of violence. The technical term for attempting to stay in power illegitimately—such as after losing an election—is self-coup or autocoup, sometimes autogolpe

[Nakamura-4] Nakamura, David (January 5, 2021). "With brazen assault on election, Trump prompts critics to warn of a coup". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 5, 2021.

[Brownlee-2022-5] Brownlee, Jason; Miao, Kenny (October 2022). "Why Democracies Survive". Journal of Democracy. 33 (4): 133–149. doi:10.1353/jod.2022.0052. S2CID 252909007. Retrieved October 31, 2023.

[6] "URUGUAY UNDER A DICTATOR.; Senor Cuestas Executes a Coup d'Etat and Dissolves the Assembly". The New York Times. February 11, 1898.

[7] Weyland, Kurt (February 4, 2021). Assault on Democracy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108844338. Retrieved September 14, 2022.

[8] "Germany 1933: from democracy to dictatorship". Anne Frank House. September 28, 2018.

[9] "The March Revolution in Uruguay 1933". Armed Conflict Events Data.

[10] XX sajandi kroonika, I osa (in Estonian). Tallinn: Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus. 2002. p. 383.

[11] Deletant, Dennis (2006). Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and His Regime, Romania 1940–1944. Palgrave Macmillan.

[12] "The Bolivian Revolution". Latin American Studies.

[13] Shah, Sabir (April 4, 2023). "70-year history of constitutional crises in Pakistan". The News International.

[14] Wheeler, Richard S. (January 1955). "Governor General's Rule in Pakistan". Far Eastern Survey. 24 (1). Institute of Pacific Relations: 1–8. doi:10.2307/3024672. JSTOR 3024672.

[15] Pauker, Guy J. (1967). "Indonesia: The Year of Transition". Asian Survey. 7 (2): 138–150. doi:10.2307/2642526. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2642526.

[martiallaw-16] "Declaration of Martial Law". Official Gazette. Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved June 18, 2016.

[17] Savada, Andrea Matles; Shaw, William (1990). "The Military in Politics". South Korea: A Country Study. Library of Congress Country Studies. Washington, DC: Government Publishing Office.

[18] Kenney, Charles D. (2004). Fujimori's coup and the breakdown of democracy in Latin America. University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 0-268-03171-1.

[19] Все перевороты XXI века [All coups of the 21st century]. Kommersant. September 30, 2015.

[20] Landfried, Christine (February 7, 2019). Judicial Power: How Constitutional Courts Affect Political Transformations. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108425667. Retrieved September 14, 2022.

[21] Hastedt, Glenn P.; Knickrehm, Kay M. (2003). International Politics in a Changing World. Longman. ISBN 9780205189939. Retrieved September 14, 2022.

[22] Maidanik, K. L. (Summer 2000). «He-запад»: современный транзит и перспективы демократизации ["Non-West": modern transition and prospects for democratization] (PDF). Полития (in Russian). 2 (16): 100. В последнее десятилетие – чуть ли не впервые за полтора века – в регионе не произошло ни одного успешного военного переворота. Имели место, правда, один «самопереворот» (президент разогнал парламент) и один случай переноса выборов. [In the last decade – almost for the first time in a century and a half – there has not been a single successful military coup in the region. There has, however, been one 'self-coup' (the president dissolved parliament) and one case of postponed elections.]

[23] "Making of a strongman: In July 1997, Hun Sen took complete control of the country – and his party". The Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved October 23, 2023.

[24] Pedrosa, Fernando; Noce, Cecilia; Povse, Max (2021). Desafíos actuales de Asia oriental [Current challenges in East Asia] (in Spanish). Eudeba. ISBN 9789502331188.

[coup-25] Casey, Nicholas; Torres, Patricia (March 30, 2017). "Venezuela Muzzles Legislature, Moving Closer to One-Man Rule". The New York Times. Retrieved March 31, 2017.

[:11-26] "4 claves para entender la crisis política que atraviesa Perú tras la disolución del Congreso (y lo que puede pasar ahora)". BBC News (in Spanish). Retrieved April 24, 2023.

[27] "Peru military, police back Vizcarra as rebel lawmakers vow loyalty to VP". Reuters. September 30, 2019. Retrieved April 24, 2023.

[:13-28] Montes, Juan; Otis, John (October 2, 2019). "Peruvian Vice President Resigns After Congress Fails to Oust Nation's Leader". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 24, 2023.

[29] "Malaysia's frustrated 'No. 2' leaders pull off political coup". Nikkei. March 22, 2020.

[30] Инвестклимат в России определяется ФСБ»: Сергей Гуриев о новом правительстве и «конституционном самоперевороте [The Investment Climate in Russia Is Determined by the FSB: Sergei Guriev on the New Government and the "Constitutional Self-Coup"] (in Russian). February 6, 2020.

[31] Guriev, Sergei (January 18, 2020). "Putin's Meaningless Coup". Project Syndicate.

[32] Hill, Fiona (September 7, 2021). There Is Nothing for You Here: Finding Opportunity in the Twenty-First Century. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 9780358574316. Retrieved September 14, 2022.

[1M-33] Meléndez-Sánchez, Manuel; Levitsky, Steven (May 20, 2021). "El Salvador's President Launched a 'Self-Coup'. Watch for Creeping Corruption and Authoritarianism". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2023.

[34] Megerisi, Tarek (August 2, 2021). "Saied's Textbook Self-Coup in Tunisia". Dawn.

[35] Tamburini, Francesco (2022). "'How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Autocracy': Kais Saied's 'Constitutional Self-Coup' in Tunisia". Journal of Asian and African Studies. 58 (6): 904–921. doi:10.1177/00219096221079322. S2CID 246962926.

[36] Cherkaoui, Tarek (August 25, 2021). "OPINION – Tunisia's dangerous moment: A self-coup". Anadolu Agency.

[37] Kiwuwa, David (October 27, 2021). "Sudan's self-coup and four factors that will determine what comes next". African Arguments.

[Levitt-38] Barry S. Levitt (2006), "A Desultory Defense of Democracy: OAS Resolution 1080 and the Inter-American Democratic Charter, Latin American Politics and Society, Volume 48, Issue 3, September 2006, Pages: 93–123. pp104-5

[39] Ingraham, Christopher (January 22, 2021). "Coup attempts usually usher in long stretches of democratic decline, data shows". The Washington Post.

[40] "Mahathir proposes to lead 'unity government' – sources". Rueters. February 25, 2020.

[41] Pion-Berlin, David; Bruneau, Thomas; Goetze, Richard B. Jr. (April 7, 2022). "The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations". Government and Opposition. FirstView (4): 789–806. doi:10.1017/gov.2022.13. S2CID 248033246.

[42] Harvey, Michael (2022). "Introduction: History's Rhymes". In Harvey, Michael (ed.). Donald Trump in Historical Perspective. Routledge. p. 3. doi:10.4324/9781003110361-1. ISBN 978-1-003-11036-1. As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held the top of the office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results.

[43] Castañeda, Ernesto; Jenks, Daniel (April 17, 2023). Costa, Bruno Ferreira; Parton, Nigel (eds.). "January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States". Social Sciences. 12 (4). MDPI: 238. doi:10.3390/socsci12040238. ISSN 2076-0760. What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power.

[:25-44] 
Aspinwall, Nick; Chen, Alicia (December 20, 2022). "Peru's Failed Presidential Coup Sparks Democratic Crisis". Foreign Policy. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
Villar, Paola (December 7, 2022). "Peru's President Pedro Castillo Stages Self-Coup, Announces Dissolution of Congress". Bloomberg Línea. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
Quesada, Juan Diego (December 9, 2022). "Inside the coup in Peru: 'President, what have you done?'". El País English. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
"After failed self-coup: Peru's ousted president seeks meeting with rights inspectors". today.rtl.lu. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
"High drama in Lima as Peru ousts its president after he attempts self-coup". The Week. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
"Peru's new president suggests moving general election forward to April". euronews. December 12, 2022. Retrieved March 25, 2023.

[45] Aspinwall, Nick; Chen, Alicia (December 20, 2022). "Peru's Failed Presidential Coup Sparks Democratic Crisis". Foreign Policy. Retrieved March 25, 2023.

[46] Villar, Paola (December 7, 2022). "Peru's President Pedro Castillo Stages Self-Coup, Announces Dissolution of Congress". Bloomberg Línea. Retrieved March 25, 2023.

[47] Quesada, Juan Diego (December 9, 2022). "Inside the coup in Peru: 'President, what have you done?'". El País English. Retrieved March 25, 2023.

[48] "After failed self-coup: Peru's ousted president seeks meeting with rights inspectors". today.rtl.lu. Retrieved March 25, 2023.

[49] "High drama in Lima as Peru ousts its president after he attempts self-coup". The Week. Retrieved March 25, 2023.

[50] "Peru's new president suggests moving general election forward to April". euronews. December 12, 2022. Retrieved March 25, 2023.

[45] Carvalho, Diego (October 17, 2023). "Brazil's Bolsonaro Plotted Coup After Election Defeat, Congressional Probe Finds". Bloomberg. Retrieved January 11, 2024.

[46] Arias, Juan (August 25, 2023). "Brazilian military caught in the crossfire after failed coup attempt against Lula's government". El País. Retrieved January 11, 2024.

[47] Friedman, Thomas L. (February 14, 2023). "Netanyahu's Judicial Coup Could Destroy His Start-Up Nation". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved August 1, 2023.

[48] Friedman, Thomas L. (March 28, 2023). "Netanyahu Cannot Be Trusted". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 28, 2023. Retrieved August 1, 2023.

[49] Kingsley, Patrick (July 23, 2023). "Israel's Identity Hangs in Balance Ahead of Key Vote on New Law". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 23, 2023. Retrieved August 1, 2023.

[50] "A Coup d'État in Israel? : The Bitter Harvest of Colonialism". CrimethInc. March 27, 2023. Retrieved August 1, 2023.

[51] Harari, Yuval Noah (March 9, 2023). "This Is Definitely a Coup. Israel Is on Its Way to Becoming a Dictatorship". Haaretz. Archived from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved August 1, 2023.

[52] Freedland, Jonathan (March 31, 2023). "Netanyahu is leading a coup against his own country. But the threat is not only to Israel". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on April 1, 2023. Retrieved August 1, 2023.

[53] Starr, Michael (January 8, 2023). "30,000 march in Tel Aviv against 'coup d'état' Levin judicial reform". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on January 8, 2023. Retrieved August 1, 2023.

[54] Palmer, James (December 4, 2024). "How South Koreans Rejected Martial Law". Foreignpolicy.com.

[55] Schaefer, Christopher (December 5, 2024). "Lessons From South Korea's Six-Hour Dictatorship". Renew Democracy Initiative.

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+{{short description|Elected leader illegally maintaining or increasing power}}
-[[File:Cavalerie rues paris (1851).jpg|thumb|Cavalry in the streets of [[Paris]] during the [[French coup of 1851]], whereby the democratically-elected President [[Napoleon III|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]] seized dictatorial power. A year later he was crowned [[Emperor of the French]].]]
+{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2021}}
-A '''self-coup''' (or '''autocoup''', from the Spanish ''autogolpe'') is a form of putsch or [[coup d'état]] in which a nation's leader, despite having come to power through legal means, dissolves or renders powerless the national [[legislature]] and unlawfully assumes extraordinary powers, not granted under normal circumstances. Other measures taken may include annulling the nation's [[constitution]], suspending civil courts and having the [[head of government]] assume [[dictator|dictatorial powers]]. <ref>An early reference to the term ''autogolpe'' may be found in Kaufman, Edy: Uruguay in Transition: From Civilian to Military Rule, Transaction, New Brunswick, 1979. It includes a definition of ''autogolpe'' and mentions that the word was "popularly" used in reference to events in Uruguay in 1972-1973. See Google Books https://books.google.de/books?id=vMHNkmwKPuQC</ref>
+<!-- This next code prevents the image from being crossposted elsewhere via [[Template:Excerpt]]. --><noinclude>[[File:Cavalerie rues paris (1851).jpg|thumb|right|275px|Cavalry in the streets of [[Paris]] during the [[French coup of 1851]], when the democratically elected President [[Napoleon III|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]] seized dictatorial power, and one year later was proclaimed [[Emperor of the French]]]]</noinclude>
+A '''self-coup''', also called an '''autocoup''' ({{etymology|es|{{Wikt-lang|es|autogolpe}}|}}) or '''coup from the top''', is a form of [[coup d'état]] in which a political leader, having come to power through legal means, stays in power through illegal means through the actions of themselves and/or their supporters.<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal |last1=Chin |first1=John J |last2=Carter |first2=David B |last3=Wright |first3=Joseph G |date=2021 |title=The Varieties of Coups D'état: Introducing the Colpus Dataset |journal=International Studies Quarterly |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=1040–1051 |doi=10.1093/isq/sqab058 |issn=0020-8833}}</ref> The leader may dissolve or render powerless the national [[legislature]] and unlawfully assume extraordinary powers. Other measures may include annulling the nation's [[constitution]], suspending civil courts, and having the [[head of government]] assume [[dictator]]ial powers.<ref name="UY72">{{Cite book |last=Kaufman |first=Edy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vMHNkmwKPuQC |title=Uruguay in Transition: From Civilian to Military Rule |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-4128-4084-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="atlantic-2020-12-07">{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/12/trumps-farcical-inept-and-deadly-serious-coup-attempt/617309/ |title=This Must Be Your First|first1=Zeynep|last1=Tufekci|work=The Atlantic|date=December 7, 2020|quote=In political science, the term ''coup'' refers to the illegitimate overthrow of a sitting government—usually through violence or the threat of violence. The technical term for attempting to stay in power illegitimately—such as after losing an election—is ''self-coup'' or ''autocoup'', sometimes ''autogolpe''}}</ref>
+From 1946 to the beginning of 2021, an estimated 148 self-coup attempts took place, 110 in [[autocracies]] and 38 in [[democracies]].<ref name=Nakamura>{{cite news|last= Nakamura|first=David|title=With brazen assault on election, Trump prompts critics to warn of a coup |date=January 5, 2021|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-election-coup/2021/01/05/26afcfc0-4f6c-11eb-bda4-615aaefd0555_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=January 5, 2021}}</ref>
-==List of self-coups==
-<!-- Keep this list in Chronological order. -->
+==Notable events described as self-coups==
-* [[Ancient Rome]]: The [[Roman dictator]]ship was an established form of office during the Republican period, in which one person (a [[consul]] or ex-consul), during an emergency, had absolute power for six months. [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla]] and [[Julius Caesar]], however, had dictatorship for a longer time; Caesar was named [[dictator perpetuo]], or dictator-for-life, and was subsequently assassinated shortly after accepting this position.
+<!--Only add an example if a [[WP:RS|reliable source]] has described it as a self-coup (and cite it), not where you in your opinion as an editor think it was one. The reliability threshold here is low since we're presenting it as an opinion, but give attribution for any dubious examples. Sources for the entries that have been commented out are welcome-->
-** Dictator [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla]] (''ca.'' 81 BC) See: [[Constitutional Reforms of Lucius Cornelius Sulla]]
+{{Div col}}<!--
-** Governor, Consul or Dictator [[Julius Caesar]] (between 50 and 48 BC)<ref>See [[Caesar's civil war]]</ref>
+* {{Flag|Roman Republic}}: [[Julius Caesar]] (February 44 BC; when declared ''[[dictator perpetuo]]''){{citation needed|date=January 2024}}
-* [[Sweden]]: King [[Gustav III of Sweden|Gustav III]] (19 August 1772)
+* {{Flag|Sweden}}: King [[Gustavus III]] ([[Revolution of 1772|August 19, 1772]]){{citation needed|date=January 2024}}-->
-* [[First Mexican Empire]]: Emperor [[Agustín de Iturbide|Agustín]] (October 31, 1822)
+* {{flagcountry|Second French Republic}}: President [[Napoleon III|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]] ([[1851 French coup d'état|December 2, 1851]])<ref name=Brownlee-2022>{{cite journal|url=https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/debate-why-democracies-survive|title=Why Democracies Survive|last1=Brownlee|first1=Jason|last2=Miao|first2=Kenny|journal=[[Journal of Democracy]]|date=October 2022|access-date=October 31, 2023|volume=33|issue=4|pages=133–149|doi=10.1353/jod.2022.0052|s2cid=252909007 }}</ref><!--
-* [[Second French Republic]]: President [[Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte]] ([[French coup d'état of 1851|December 2, 1851]])
+* {{Flag|Bulgaria}}: Prince [[Alexander of Battenberg]] ({{ill|1881 Bulgarian coup d'état|bg|Преврат в България (1881)|lt=April 27, 1881}}){{citation needed|date=January 2024}}-->
-* [[Mexico]]: President [[Ignacio Comonfort]] (December 17, 1857)
+* {{flag|Uruguay}}: President [[Juan Lindolfo Cuestas]] (February 10, 1898)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1898/02/11/archives/uruguay-under-a-dictator-senor-cuestas-executes-a-coup-detat-and.html|title=URUGUAY UNDER A DICTATOR.; Senor Cuestas Executes a Coup d'Etat and Dissolves the Assembly|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 11, 1898}}</ref>
-* [[First Brazilian Republic]]: President [[Deodoro da Fonseca]] (November 3, 1891)
+* {{flag|Austria}}: Chancellor [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] ([[Self-elimination of the Austrian Parliament#Events of March 15, 1933|March 15, 1933]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Weyland |first1=Kurt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTQTEAAAQBAJ&dq=austria+self-coup&pg=PA304 |title=Assault on Democracy |date=February 4, 2021 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108844338 |accessdate=2022-09-14}}</ref>
-* [[Mexico]]: President Gen. [[Victoriano Huerta]] (October 7, 1913)
+* {{flagcountry|Germany|1933}}: Chancellor [[Adolf Hitler]] ([[Enabling Act of 1933|March 23, 1933]] / August 2, 1934)<ref name=Brownlee-2022>{{cite journal|url=https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/debate-why-democracies-survive|title=Why Democracies Survive|last1=Brownlee|first1=Jason|last2=Miao|first2=Kenny|journal=[[Journal of Democracy]]|date=October 2022|access-date=October 31, 2023|volume=33|issue=4|pages=133–149|doi=10.1353/jod.2022.0052|s2cid=252909007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=September 28, 2018 |title=Germany 1933: from democracy to dictatorship |url=https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/germany-1933-democracy-dictatorship/ |website=Anne Frank House}}</ref>
-* [[Republic of China (1912–49)|China]]: President [[Yuan Shikai]] (November 20, 1915)
+* {{flag|Uruguay}}: President [[Gabriel Terra]] (March 31, 1933)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onwar.com/data/uruguay1933.html|title=The March Revolution in Uruguay 1933|website=Armed Conflict Events Data}}</ref>
-* [[Kingdom of Italy]]: Prime Minister [[Benito Mussolini]] (January 3, 1925)
+* {{flag|Estonia}}: Prime Minister in duties of the State Elder [[Konstantin Päts]] ([[Era of Silence|March 12, 1934]])<ref>{{cite book |title=XX sajandi kroonika, I osa |language=et |publisher=Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus |location=Tallinn |year=2002 |page=383}}</ref><!--
-* [[Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]]: King [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|Alexander I]] ([[6 January Dictatorship|January 6, 1929]])
+* {{flag|Latvia}}: Prime Minister [[Karlis Ulmanis]] ([[1934 Latvian coup d'état|May 15–16, 1934]]){{citation needed|date=January 2024}}
-* [[Germany]]: Chancellor [[Adolf Hitler]] ([[Enabling Act of 1933|March 23, 1933]])
+* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Greece|state}}: Prime Minister [[Ioannis Metaxas]] ([[Fourth of August Regime|August 4, 1936]]){{citation needed|date=January 2024}}
-* [[Austria]]: Chancellor [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] (March 1933 – 1 May 1934)
+* {{flag|Brazil|1889}}: President [[Getúlio Vargas]] ([[1937 Brazilian coup d'état|November 10, 1937]]){{citation needed|date=January 2024}}
-* [[Uruguay]]: President [[Gabriel Terra]] (March 31, 1933)
+* {{flag|Paraguay|1842}}: President [[Higinio Morínigo]] ([[Higinio Morínigo#Dictatorship|November 30, 1940]]){{citation needed|date=January 2024}}-->
-* [[Estonia]]: Prime Minister [[Konstantin Päts]] (March 12, 1934)
+* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Romania}}: King [[Michael I of Romania]] ([[1944 Romanian coup d'état|August 23, 1944]])<ref>{{cite book |last=Deletant |first=Dennis |title=Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and His Regime, Romania 1940–1944 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2006}}</ref>
-* [[Latvia]]: Prime Minister [[Kārlis Ulmanis]] (May 15, 1934)
+* {{flag|Bolivia}}: President [[Mamerto Urriolagoitía]] ([[Hugo Ballivián|May 16, 1951]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/bolivian-revolution.htm|title=The Bolivian Revolution|website=Latin American Studies}}</ref>
-* [[Chile]]: President [[Arturo Alessandri Palma]] (February 1936)
+* {{flag|Pakistan}}: Governor-General [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|Ghulam Muhammad]] ([[1953 Pakistani constitutional coup|April 1953 – September 21, 1954]])<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shah |first1=Sabir |title=70-year history of constitutional crises in Pakistan |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1057154-70-year-history-of-constitutional-crises-in-pakistan |publisher=[[The News International]] |date=April 4, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wheeler |first1=Richard S. |title=Governor General's Rule in Pakistan |journal=Far Eastern Survey |date=January 1955 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |jstor=3024672 |publisher=[[Institute of Pacific Relations]]|doi=10.2307/3024672 }}</ref>
-* [[Kingdom of Greece]]: Prime Minister [[Ioannis Metaxas]] ([[4th of August Regime|August 4, 1936]])
+* {{flag|Indonesia}}: President [[Sukarno]] ([[President Sukarno's 1959 Decree|July 5, 1959]])<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pauker |first=Guy J. |date=1967 |title=Indonesia: The Year of Transition |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2642526 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=138–150 |doi=10.2307/2642526 |jstor=2642526 |issn=0004-4687}}</ref><!--
-* [[Brazil]]:  President [[Getúlio Vargas]] ([[Vargas Era|November 10, 1937]])
+* {{flag|Thailand}}: Prime Minister [[Thanom Kittikachorn]] ([[1971 Thai coup d'état|November 17, 1971]]){{citation needed|date=February 2024}}-->
-* [[Romania]]:  King [[Carol II of Romania|Carol II]] (February 10, 1938)
+* {{flag|Philippines|1936}}: President [[Ferdinand Marcos]] ([[Proclamation No. 1081|September 23, 1972]])<ref name=Brownlee-2022/><ref name="martiallaw">{{cite web|title=Declaration of Martial Law|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/declaration-of-martial-law/ |website=[[Official Gazette (Philippines)|Official Gazette]] |publisher=Republic of the Philippines|access-date=June 18, 2016}}</ref>
-* [[Bolivia]]: President Maj. [[Germán Busch]] (April 24, 1939)
+* {{flag|South Korea|1949}}: President [[Park Chung Hee]] ([[October Restoration|October 17, 1972]])<ref>{{cite book |first1=Andrea Matles |last1=Savada |first2=William |last2=Shaw |title=South Korea: A Country Study |location=Washington, DC |publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|Government Publishing Office]] |year=1990 |url=http://countrystudies.us/south-korea/14.htm |chapter=The Military in Politics |series=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]}}</ref>
-* [[Paraguay]]: President Gen. [[José Félix Estigarribia]] (February 18, 1940)
-* [[Uruguay]]: President [[Alfredo Baldomir]] (February 21, 1942)
+* {{flag|Uruguay}}: President [[Juan María Bordaberry]] ([[1973 Uruguayan coup d'état|June 27, 1973]])<ref name="UY72" /><!--
+* {{flag|China}}: Premier [[Hua Guofeng]] ([[Gang of Four|October 6, 1976]]){{citation needed|date=January 2024}}
-* [[Ecuador]]: President [[José María Velasco Ibarra]] (March 30, 1946)
+* {{flag|Thailand}}: Prime Minister [[Kriangsak Chamanan]] ([[October 1977 Thai coup d'état|November 10, 1977]]){{citation needed|date=February 2024}}-->
-* [[Paraguay]]: President [[Higinio Morínigo]] (January 13, 1947)
+* {{flag|Peru}}: President [[Alberto Fujimori]] ([[1992 Peruvian coup d'état|April 5, 1992]])<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fujimori's coup and the breakdown of democracy in Latin America |last=Kenney|first=Charles D. |url=http://www.bibliovault.org/BV.book.epl?BookId=5885 |year=2004 |publisher=[[University of Notre Dame Press]] |isbn=0-268-03171-1}}</ref>
-* [[First Republic of South Korea]]: President [[Syngman Rhee]] ([[Pusan Political Crisis|May 23, 1952 – July 4, 1952]])
+* {{flag|Russia|1993}}: President [[Boris Yeltsin]] ([[1993 Russian constitutional crisis|September 21, 1993]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2821597|script-title=ru:Все перевороты XXI века|trans-title=All coups of the 21st century|date=30 September 2015|work=[[Kommersant]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd6CDwAAQBAJ&dq=yeltsin+self-coup&pg=PT340 |title=Judicial Power: How Constitutional Courts Affect Political Transformations |date= February 7, 2019|isbn=9781108425667 |accessdate=2022-09-14|last1=Landfried |first1=Christine |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BH8nAQAAMAAJ&q=yeltsin+self-coup |title=International Politics in a Changing World |isbn=9780205189939 |accessdate=2022-09-14|last1=Hastedt |first1=Glenn P. |last2=Knickrehm |first2=Kay M. |year=2003 |publisher=Longman }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://politeia.ru/files/articles/rus/Politeia-2000-2(16).pdf |first=K. L. |last=Maidanik |author-link=Kiva Maidanik |script-title=ru:«He-запад»: современный транзит и перспективы демократизации |language=ru |trans-title="Non-West": modern transition and prospects for democratization |script-journal=ru:Полития |volume=2 |issue=16 |page=100 |date=Summer 2000 |script-quote=ru:В последнее десятилетие – чуть ли не впервые за полтора века – в регионе не произошло ни одного успешного военного переворота. Имели место, правда, один «самопереворот» (президент разогнал парламент) и один случай переноса выборов.|trans-quote=In the last decade – almost for the first time in a century and a half – there has not been a single successful military coup in the region. There has, however, been one 'self-coup' (the president dissolved parliament) and one case of postponed elections.}}</ref>
-* [[Iran]]: Prime Minister [[Mohammad Mossadegh]] ([[Iranian parliamentary dissolution referendum, 1953|3 to 10 August 1953]])
+* {{flag|Cambodia}}: Prime Minister [[Hun Sen]] ([[1997 Cambodian coup d'état|July 1997]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Making of a strongman: In July 1997, Hun Sen took complete control of the country – and his party|url=https://m.phnompenhpost.com/national-post-depth-politics/making-strongman-july-1997-hun-sen-took-full-control-country-and-his |access-date=October 23, 2023 |website=The Phnom Penh Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Desafíos actuales de Asia oriental |language=es |trans-title=Current challenges in East Asia |last1=Pedrosa |first1=Fernando |last2=Noce |first2=Cecilia |last3=Povse |first3=Max |date=2021 |publisher=Eudeba |isbn=9789502331188}}</ref>
-* [[Iran]]: Shah [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] ([[1953 Iranian coup d'état|August 15, 1953]])
+* {{flag|Venezuela}}: President [[Nicolás Maduro]] ([[2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis|March 29, 2017]])<ref name="coup">{{cite news|title=Venezuela Muzzles Legislature, Moving Closer to One-Man Rule|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/30/world/americas/venezuelas-supreme-court-takes-power-from-legislature.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 30, 2017 |access-date=March 31, 2017|last1=Casey |first1=Nicholas |last2=Torres |first2=Patricia }}</ref>
-* [[Dominion of Pakistan]]: Governor-General [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad]] (April 1953 and September 1954)
+* {{flag|Peru}}: President [[Martín Vizcarra]] ([[2019–2020 Peruvian constitutional crisis|30 September 2019]])<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |title=4 claves para entender la crisis política que atraviesa Perú tras la disolución del Congreso (y lo que puede pasar ahora) |language=es |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-49887706 |access-date=2023-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-09-30 |title=Peru military, police back Vizcarra as rebel lawmakers vow loyalty to VP |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-idUSKBN1WF1MC |access-date=2023-04-24}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite news |first1=Juan |last1=Montes |first2=John |last2=Otis |title=Peruvian Vice President Resigns After Congress Fails to Oust Nation's Leader |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/peruvian-vice-president-resigns-after-congress-fails-to-oust-nations-leader-11570044084 |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=October 2, 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref>
-* [[Indonesia]]: President [[Sukarno]]'s [[President Sukarno's 1959 Decree|decree]] of July 5, 1959
+* {{flag|Malaysia}}: Prime Minister [[Muhyiddin Yassin]] ([[2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis|29 February 2020]])<ref>{{cite web |date=March 22, 2020 |title=Malaysia's frustrated 'No. 2' leaders pull off political coup |work=[[Nikkei]] |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Comment/Malaysia-s-frustrated-No.-2-leaders-pull-off-political-coup}}</ref>
-* [[Morocco]]: King [[Muhammad V of Morocco|Muhammad V]] (May 20, 1960)
+* {{flag|Russia}}: President [[Vladimir Putin]] ([[2020 amendments to the Constitution of Russia|July 4, 2020]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.ru/finansy-i-investicii/392589-investklimat-v-rossii-opredelyaetsya-fsb-sergey-guriev-o-novom | script-title=ru:Инвестклимат в России определяется ФСБ»: Сергей Гуриев о новом правительстве и «конституционном самоперевороте |language=ru |trans-title=The Investment Climate in Russia Is Determined by the FSB: Sergei Guriev on the New Government and the "Constitutional Self-Coup" | date=February 6, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/putin-speech-power-after-term-ends-by-sergei-guriev-2020-01| title=Putin's Meaningless Coup|date=January 18, 2020 |first=Sergei |last=Guriev |publisher=[[Project Syndicate]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XDQKEAAAQBAJ&dq=yeltsin+self-coup&pg=PA278 |title=There Is Nothing for You Here: Finding Opportunity in the Twenty-First Century |date= September 7, 2021|isbn=9780358574316 |accessdate=2022-09-14|last1=Hill |first1=Fiona |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt }}</ref>
-* [[Kingdom of Nepal]]: King [[Mahendra of Nepal|Mahendra]] (December 15, 1960)
+* {{flag|El Salvador}}: President [[Nayib Bukele]] ([[2021 Salvadoran political crisis|May 1, 2021]])<ref name="1M">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/05/20/el-salvadors-president-launched-self-coup-watch-creeping-corruption-authoritarianism/|title=El Salvador's President Launched a 'Self-Coup'. Watch for Creeping Corruption and Authoritarianism|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=20 May 2021|access-date=26 April 2023|language=en|first1=Manuel|last1=Meléndez-Sánchez|first2=Steven|last2=Levitsky|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606100412/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/05/20/el-salvadors-president-launched-self-coup-watch-creeping-corruption-authoritarianism/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-* [[Brunei]]: Sultan Sir [[Omar Ali Saifuddien III]] (December 12, 1962)
+* {{flag|Tunisia}}: President [[Kais Saied]] ([[2021–2022 Tunisian political crisis|July 25, 2021]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dawnmena.org/saieds-textbook-self-coup-in-tunisia/ | title=Saied's Textbook Self-Coup in Tunisia |publisher=Dawn |first=Tarek |last=Megerisi | date=August 2, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00219096221079322 | doi=10.1177/00219096221079322 | title='How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Autocracy': Kais Saied's 'Constitutional Self-Coup' in Tunisia | year=2022 | last1=Tamburini | first1=Francesco | journal=Journal of Asian and African Studies | volume=58 | issue=6 | pages=904–921 | s2cid=246962926 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/analysis/opinion-tunisia-s-dangerous-moment-a-self-coup/2345542 | title=OPINION – Tunisia's dangerous moment: A self-coup |first=Tarek |last=Cherkaoui |work=Anadolu Agency |date=25 August 2021 }}</ref>
-* [[Morocco]]: King [[Hassan II of Morocco|Hassan II]] (June 7, 1965)
+* {{flag|Sudan}}: Chairman of the [[Sovereignty Council of Sudan|Sovereignty Council]] [[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]] ([[October 2021 Sudanese coup d'état|October 25, 2021]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://africanarguments.org/2021/10/sudan-self-coup-and-four-factors-that-will-determine-what-comes-next/|title=Sudan's self-coup and four factors that will determine what comes next |work=African Arguments |first=David |last=Kiwuwa|date=October 27, 2021}}</ref>
-* [[Uganda]]: Prime Minister [[Milton Obote]] (February 22 and 23, 1966)
+{{Div col end}}
-* [[Lesotho]]: Prime Minister Chief [[Leabua Jonathan]] (January 30, 1970)
-* [[Ecuador]]: President [[José María Velasco Ibarra]] (June 22, 1970)
+==Notable events described as attempted self-coups==
-* [[Thailand]]: Prime Minister Field Marshal [[Thanom Kittikachorn]] (November 17, 1971)
+{{Div col}}
-* [[Philippines]]: President [[Ferdinand Marcos]] ([[Proclamation No. 1081|September 23, 1972]])<ref name="martiallaw">{{cite web|title=Declaration of Martial Law|url=http://www.gov.ph/featured/declaration-of-martial-law/|website=[[Official Gazette (Philippines)|Official Gazette]]|publisher=Republic of the Philippines|accessdate=June 18, 2016}}</ref>
+* {{flag|Guatemala}}: President [[Jorge Serrano Elías]] ([[1993 Guatemalan constitutional crisis|May 25 – June 5, 1993]])<ref name=Levitt>Barry S. Levitt (2006), "A Desultory Defense of Democracy: OAS Resolution 1080 and the Inter-American Democratic Charter, ''Latin American Politics and Society'', Volume 48, Issue 3, September 2006, Pages: 93–123. pp104-5</ref>
-* [[Fourth Republic of South Korea]]: President [[Park Chung-hee]] ([[October Yushin|October 1972]])
+* {{flag|Indonesia}}: President [[Abdurrahman Wahid]] ([[Abdurrahman Wahid's 23 July 2001 Decree|July 1–25, 2001]])<ref>{{cite news| last1= Ingraham |first1=Christopher |title= Coup attempts usually usher in long stretches of democratic decline, data shows |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/01/22/self-coup-next/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 22, 2021}}</ref>
-* [[Swaziland]]: King [[Sobhuza II]] (April 12, 1973)
+* {{flag|Malaysia}}: Prime Minister [[Mahathir Mohamad]] ([[2020–21 Malaysian political crisis|February 23 – March 1, 2020]])<ref>{{cite news|title=Mahathir proposes to lead 'unity government' – sources |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-politics-mahathir/malaysias-mahathir-proposes-to-lead-unity-government-sources-idUSKCN20J152| agency=Rueters |date=February 25, 2020}}</ref>
-* [[Uruguay]]: President [[Juan Maria Bordaberry]] ([[1973 Uruguayan coup d'état|June 27, 1973]])
+* {{flag|United States}}: President [[Donald Trump]] ([[Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election|November 4, 2020]] – [[January 6 attack|January 6, 2021]]; after [[2020 United States presidential election|election loss]])<ref>
-* [[Republic of Upper Volta]]: President Gen. [[Sangoulé Lamizana]] (February 8, 1974)
+{{cite journal |last1=Pion-Berlin |first1=David |last2=Bruneau |first2=Thomas |last3=Goetze  |first3=Richard B. Jr.|date=2022-04-07 |title=The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=FirstView |issue=4 |pages=789–806 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.13 |s2cid=248033246 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Michael |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003110361-1/introduction-michael-harvey |title=Donald Trump in Historical Perspective |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-11036-1 |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Michael |chapter=Introduction: History's Rhymes |doi=10.4324/9781003110361-1 |quote = As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held the top of the office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results. |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1-last=Castañeda |author1-first=Ernesto |author2-last=Jenks |author2-first=Daniel |date=April 17, 2023 |title=January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States |editor-last1=Costa |editor-first1=Bruno Ferreira |editor-last2=Parton|editor-first2=Nigel|journal=Social Sciences |publisher=[[MDPI]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=238 |doi=10.3390/socsci12040238 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-0760|quote=What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power.}}</ref>
-* [[Bolivia]]: President [[Hugo Banzer]] (November 7, 1974)
+* {{flag|Peru}}: President [[Pedro Castillo]] ([[2022 Peruvian self-coup d'état attempt|December 7, 2022]])<ref name=":25">{{Multiref2
-* [[India]]: Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] ([[The Emergency (India)|June 25, 1975]])
+|1={{Cite web |last1=Aspinwall |first1=Nick |last2=Chen |first2=Alicia |title=Peru's Failed Presidential Coup Sparks Democratic Crisis |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/12/20/peru-failed-presidential-coup-democratic-crisis/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Foreign Policy |date=December 20, 2022 |language=en-US}}
-* [[Bahrain]]: Emir Sheikh [[Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa]] (August 26, 1975)
+|2={{Cite web |last=Villar |first=Paola |date=2022-12-07 |title=Peru's President Pedro Castillo Stages Self-Coup, Announces Dissolution of Congress |url=https://www.bloomberglinea.com/english/perus-president-pedro-castillo-stages-self-coup-announces-dissolution-of-congress/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Bloomberg Línea |language=en-US}}
-* [[Poland]]: Prime Minister [[Wojciech Jaruzelski]] ([[Martial law in Poland|December 13, 1981]])
+|3={{Cite web |last=Quesada |first=Juan Diego |date=2022-12-09 |title=Inside the coup in Peru: 'President, what have you done?' |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2022-12-09/inside-the-coup-in-peru-president-what-have-you-done.html |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=El País English |language=en-us}}
-* [[Peru]]: President [[Alberto Fujimori]]  ([[1992 Peruvian constitutional crisis|April 5, 1992]])
+|4={{Cite web |title=After failed self-coup: Peru's ousted president seeks meeting with rights inspectors |url=https://today.rtl.lu/news/world/a/2008492.html |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=today.rtl.lu |language=en}}
-* [[Guatemala]]: President [[Jorge Serrano Elías]] (May 25, 1993; failed)
+|5={{Cite web |title=High drama in Lima as Peru ousts its president after he attempts self-coup |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2022/12/08/high-drama-in-lima-as-peru-ousts-its-president-after-he-attempts-self-coup.html |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=The Week |language=en}}
-* [[Russian Federation]]: President [[Boris Yeltsin]] ([[1993 Russian constitutional crisis|September 21 – October 4, 1993]])
+|6={{Cite web |date=2022-12-12 |title=Peru's new president suggests moving general election forward to April |url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/12/12/perus-new-president-suggests-moving-general-election-forward-to-april-2024 |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=euronews |language=en}}
-* [[Lesotho]]: King [[Letsie III]] (August 17, 1994)
+}}</ref>
-* [[Kingdom of Nepal]]: King [[Gyanendra]] (October 4, 2002)
+* {{flag|Brazil}}: President [[Jair Bolsonaro]] ([[2022 Brazilian coup plot|October 30, 2022 – December 31, 2022]]; [[2023 Brazilian Congress attack|January 8, 2023]]; after [[2022 Brazilian general election|election loss]])<ref>{{cite news |last=Carvalho |first=Diego |date=October 17, 2023 |title=Brazil's Bolsonaro Plotted Coup After Election Defeat, Congressional Probe Finds |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-10-17/brazil-s-bolsonaro-accused-of-plotting-coup-in-congress-probe-of-jan-8-riots?embedded-checkout=true |work=Bloomberg |access-date=January 11, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Arias |first=Juan |date=August 25, 2023 |title=Brazilian military caught in the crossfire after failed coup attempt against Lula's government |url=https://english.elpais.com/opinion/2023-08-25/brazilian-military-caught-in-the-crossfire-after-failed-coup-attempt-against-lulas-government.html |work=El País |access-date=January 11, 2024}}</ref>
-* [[Kingdom of Nepal]]: King [[Gyanendra]] (February 1, 2005)
+* {{flag|Israel}}: Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] ([[2023 Israeli judicial reform|ongoing events]], since he assumed office on December 29, 2022)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Friedman |first=Thomas L. |date=February 14, 2023 |title=Netanyahu's Judicial Coup Could Destroy His Start-Up Nation |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/14/opinion/bibi-netanyahu-israel.html |url-status=live |access-date=2023-08-01 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230219085933/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/14/opinion/bibi-netanyahu-israel.html |archive-date=19 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Friedman |first=Thomas L. |date=2023-03-28 |title=Netanyahu Cannot Be Trusted |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/28/opinion/israel-protests-benjamin-netanyahu.html |url-status=live |access-date=2023-08-01 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230328050812/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/28/opinion/israel-protests-benjamin-netanyahu.html |archive-date=2023-03-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kingsley |first=Patrick |date=July 23, 2023 |title=Israel's Identity Hangs in Balance Ahead of Key Vote on New Law |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/23/world/middleeast/israel-government-vote-netanyahu.html |url-status=live |access-date=August 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230723164423/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/23/world/middleeast/israel-government-vote-netanyahu.html |archive-date=July 23, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-27 |title=A Coup d'État in Israel? : The Bitter Harvest of Colonialism |url=https://crimethinc.com/2023/03/27/a-coup-detat-in-israel-the-bitter-harvest-of-colonialism |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=CrimethInc. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Harari |first=Yuval Noah |date=March 9, 2023 |title=This Is Definitely a Coup. Israel Is on Its Way to Becoming a Dictatorship |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2023-03-09/ty-article-opinion/this-is-definitely-a-coup-israel-is-on-its-way-to-becoming-a-dictatorship/00000186-c728-d069-a3df-c73897c10000 |access-date=2023-08-01 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230309170347/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2023-03-09/ty-article-opinion/this-is-definitely-a-coup-israel-is-on-its-way-to-becoming-a-dictatorship/00000186-c728-d069-a3df-c73897c10000 |archive-date=March 9, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Freedland |first=Jonathan |date=2023-03-31 |title=Netanyahu is leading a coup against his own country. But the threat is not only to Israel |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/mar/31/benjamin-netanyahu-israel-northern-ireland-palestine |url-status=live |access-date=2023-08-01 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230401161858/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/mar/31/benjamin-netanyahu-israel-northern-ireland-palestine |archive-date=April 1, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Starr |first=Michael |date=January 8, 2023 |title=30,000 march in Tel Aviv against 'coup d'état' Levin judicial reform |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-726915 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230108092659/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-726915 |archive-date=January 8, 2023 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=The Jerusalem Post |language=en-US}}</ref>
-* [[Pakistan]]: President Gen. [[Pervez Musharraf]] ([[Pakistani state of emergency, 2007|November 3, 2007]])
+* {{flag|South Korea}}: President [[Yoon Suk Yeol]] ([[2024 South Korean martial law|December 3–4, 2024]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palmer |first=James |date=4 December 2024 |title=How South Koreans Rejected Martial Law |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/12/03/south-korea-yoon-martial-law-army-parliament-vote/ |website=[[Foreignpolicy.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= Schaefer |first= Christopher |date=5 December 2024 |title=Lessons From South Korea’s Six-Hour Dictatorship |url=https://rdi.org/articles/lessons-from-south-koreas-six-hour-dictatorship/ |website=[[Renew Democracy Initiative]]}}</ref>
-* [[Niger]]: President [[Mamadou Tandja]] (June 29, 2009)
+{{Div col end}}
-* [[Turkey]]: President of the Republic [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] (July 15, 2016)
-<!-- Keep this list in Chronological order. -->
 ==See also==
+* [[Constitutional coup]]
-*[[Palpatine|Emperor Palpatine]], a fictional example from [[Star Wars]]
+* [[Democratic backsliding]]
+* [[Soft coup]]
 ==References==
-{{Reflist}}
+{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
+==Further reading==
+* Arthur A Goldsmith. 2024.  "[[doi:10.1093/isq/sqae147|Power Grabs from the Top: A Database of Self-Coups]]." ''International Studies Quarterly'', Volume 68, Issue 4
+== External links ==
+* {{Wiktionary inline|self-coup}}
 {{Coup d'état}}
@@ Line 75: / Line 84: @@
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Self-Coup}}
+[[Category:Self-coups| ]]
+[[Category:Constitutional crises]]
 [[Category:Coups d'état]]

v t e Coups, self-coups, and attempted coups since 1991
List of coups and coup attempts by country since 2010
1990s	Mali (1991)^c Lesotho (1991)^c Thailand (1991)^c Soviet Union (1991) Haiti (1991)^c Georgia (1991–1992)^c Venezuela (1992) February November Peru (1992) April^‡^c November Sierra Leone (1992)^c Algeria (1992)^c Sudan (1992) Guatemala (1993)^‡ Azerbaijan (1993)^c Russia (1993)^‡^c Libya (1993) Burundi (1993) Lithuania (1993) Nigeria (1993)^c Bophuthatswana (1994)^c Gambia (1994)^c Lesotho (1994)^‡^c Liberia (1994) Cambodia (1994) Azerbaijan (1995) Qatar (1995)^c São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) Guinea (1996) Paraguay (1996) Iraq (1996) Burundi (1996)^c Niger (1996)^c Qatar (1996) Bangladesh (1996) Cambodia (1997)^c Turkey (1997)^c Zambia (1997) Guinea-Bissau (1998) Niger (1999)^c Pakistan (1999)^c Côte d'Ivoire (1999)^c
2000s	Ecuador (2000)^c Paraguay (2000) Fiji (2000)^c Solomon Islands (2000) ^c Côte d'Ivoire (2001) Burundi (2001) Haiti (2001) Central African Republic (2001) Venezuela (2002) Côte d'Ivoire (2002) Burkina Faso (2003) Central African Republic (2003)^c Mauritania (2003) Philippines (2003) Guinea-Bissau (2003)^c São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) Chad (2004) Sudan (2004) Haiti (2004)^c Equatorial Guinea (2004) DR Congo (2004) Peru (2005) Nepal (2005)^‡^c Togo (2005)^c Mauritania (2005)^c Chad (2006) Thailand (2006)^c Madagascar (2006) Fiji (2006)^c Philippines (2007) Sudan (2008) Mauritania (2008)^c Guinea (2008)^c Madagascar (2009)^c Honduras (2009)^c
2010s	Niger (2010)^c Madagascar (2010) Niger (2011) Guinea-Bissau (2011) Bangladesh (2011) Mali (2012) March^c April Guinea-Bissau (2012)^c Sudan (2012) Eritrea (2013) Central African Republic (2013)^c Chad (2013) Egypt (2013)^c Libya (2013) Libya (2014) Thailand (2014)^c Gambia (2014) Yemen (2014–15)^c Burundi (2015) Burkina Faso (2015) Turkey (2016) Burkina Faso (2016) Libya (2016) Zimbabwe (2017)^c Yemen (2018)^c Gabon (2019) Sudan (2019)^c Ethiopia (2019)
2020s	Mali (2020)^c Central African Republic (2021) Myanmar (2021)^c Niger (2021) Mali (2021)^c Guinea (2021)^c Tunisia (2021)^‡^c Sudan (2021) September October^c Burkina Faso (2022) January^c September^c Guinea-Bissau (2022) São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) Peru (2022)^‡ Gambia (2022) Sudan (2023) Niger (2023)^c Gabon (2023)^c Burkina Faso (2023) Sierra Leone (2023) Guinea-Bissau (2023) Oyo State, Nigeria (2024) DR Congo (2024) Bolivia (2024) South Korea (2024)^‡
^‡ Self-coup or its attempt ^{[no symbol]} Coup attempt ^c Successful coup or self-coup See also: Plots and conspiracies

v t e Coups d'état in Africa since 1960
1960s	Republic of the Congo (1960)^c Ethiopia (1960) Rwanda (1961) French Algeria (1961) Somalia (1961) Senegal (1962) Algeria (1962)^c Dahomey (1963)^c Togo (1963)^c Gabon (1964)^c Algeria (1965)^c Dahomey (1965) Burundi (1965) Democratic Republic of the Congo (1965) Central African Republic (1965–66)^c Burundi (July 1966)^c Burundi (November 1966)^c Ghana (1966)^c Upper Volta (1966)^c Nigeria (January 1966)^c Nigeria (July 1966)^c Republic of the Congo (1966) Dahomey (1967) Sierra Leone (1967)^c Ghana (1967) Togo (1967)^c Algeria (1967) Sierra Leone (1968)^c Mali (1968)^c Republic of the Congo (1968)^c Dahomey (1969) Sudan (1969)^c Libya (September 1969)^c Somalia (1969)^c Libya (December 1969)
1970s	Lesotho (1970)^‡c Uganda (1971)^c Morocco (1971) Sudan (1971)^c Dahomey (1972)^c Ghana (1972)^c Morocco (1972) Republic of the Congo (1972) Rwanda (1973)^c Upper Volta (1974)^‡ Uganda (1974) Niger (1974)^c Ethiopia (1974)^c Comoros (1975)^c Sudan (1975) Libya (1975) Nigeria (1975)^c Chad (1975)^c Comoros (1976)^c Burundi (1976)^c Nigeria (1976) Sudan (1976) Benin (1977) Seychelles (1977)^c Sudan (1977) Uganda (June 1977) Angola (1977) Somalia (1978) Comoros (1978)^c Ghana (1978)^‡c Mauritania (1978)^c Mauritania (1979)^c Ghana (1979)^c Equatorial Guinea (1979)^c Central African Republic (1979)^c
1980s	Mauritania (1980)^c Liberia (1980)^c Guinea-Bissau (1980)^c Upper Volta (1980)^c Mauritania (1981) Gambia (1981) Central African Republic (1981)^c Ghana (1981)^c Seychelles (1981) Central African Republic (1982) Kenya (1982) Upper Volta (1982)^c Upper Volta (February 1983) Upper Volta (August 1983)^c Nigeria (1983)^c Mauritania (1984)^c Cameroon (1984) Guinea (1984)^c Uganda (1985)^c Nigeria (1985)^c Sudan (1985)^c Guinea (1985) Liberia (1985) Lesotho (1986)^c Togo (1986) Burkina Faso (1987)^c Burundi (1987)^c Republic of the Congo (1987) Tunisia (1987)^c Transkei (1987)^c Benin (1988) São Tomé and Príncipe (1988) Burkina Faso (1989) Ethiopia (1989) Chad (1989) Sudan (1989)^c
1990s	Sudan (1990) Nigeria (1990) Zambia (1990) Chad (1990)^c Ciskei (1990)^c Venda (1990)^c Mali (1991)^c Lesotho (1991)^c Sudan (1992) Sierra Leone (1992)^c Algeria (1992)^c Sierra Leone (December 1992) Burundi (1993) Libya (1993) Nigeria (1993)^c Bophuthatswana (1994)^c Gambia (1994)^c Lesotho (1994)^‡c Liberia (1994) Comoros (1995) São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) Sierra Leone (1996)^c Guinea (1996) Burundi (1996)^c Niger (1996)^c Sierra Leone (August 1996) Zambia (1997) Sierra Leone (1997)^c Guinea-Bissau (1998) Republic of the Congo (1998) Niger (1999)^c Comoros (1999)^c Côte d'Ivoire (1999)^c
2000s	Côte d'Ivoire (2001) Burundi (2001) Central African Republic (2001) Côte d'Ivoire (2002) Central African Republic (2002) Central African Republic (2003)^c Mauritania (2003) Guinea-Bissau (2003)^c São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) Burkina Faso (2003) Chad (2004) Sudan (2004) Equatorial Guinea (2004) Democratic Republic of the Congo (2004) Togo (2005)^c Mauritania (2005)^c Chad (2006) Madagascar (2006) Guinea (2008)^c Mauritania (2008)^c Sudan (2008) Madagascar (2009)^c
2010s	Madagascar (2010) Niger (2010)^c Niger (2011) Guinea-Bissau (2011) Mali (March 2012)^c Guinea-Bissau (2012)^c Mali (April 2012) Sudan (2012) Eritrea (2013) Chad (2013) Egypt (2013)^c Libya (October 2013) Central African Republic (2013)^c Libya (2014) Lesotho (2014) The Gambia (2014) Burundi (2015) Burkina Faso (2015) Burkina Faso (2016) Libya (2016) Zimbabwe (2017)^c Gabon (2019) Sudan (2019)^c Ethiopia (2019)
2020s	Mali (2020)^c Central African Republic (2021) Niger (2021) Mali (2021)^c Tunisia (2021)^‡^c Guinea (2021)^c Sudan (September 2021) Sudan (October 2021)^c Burkina Faso (January 2022)^c Guinea-Bissau (2022) Burkina Faso (September 2022)^c São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) Gambia (2022) Sudan (2023) Niger (2023)^c Gabon (2023)^c Burkina Faso (2023) Sierra Leone (2023) Guinea-Bissau (2023) Nigeria (2024) Democratic Republic of the Congo (2024)
^c: successful coup ^‡: self-coup no sign: attempted coup

v t e Coups, self-coups, and attempted coups in the Americas since 1900
1900s	Colombia (1900)^c Paraguay (1902)^c Dominican Republic (1902)^c Haiti (1902)^c Dominican Republic (1903) March^c November^c Honduras (1904)^c^‡ Brazil (1904) Paraguay (1904)^c Paraguay (1905)^c Dominican Republic (1905)^‡ Ecuador (1906)^c Paraguay (1908)^c Venezuela (1908)^c Haiti (1908)^c Peru (1909) Colombia (1909)
1910s	Paraguay (1911)^c Haiti (1911)^c Ecuador (1911)^c Mexico (1911)^c Paraguay (1912) January^c February^c March^c Mexico (1913)^c Haiti (1914) January^c October^c Peru (1914)^c Haiti (1915)^c Costa Rica (1917)^c Peru (1919)^c
1920s	El Salvador (1920) Bolivia (1920)^c Mexico (1920)^c Guatemala (1921)^c Brazil (1922) Chile (1924)^c Chile (1925)^c Ecuador (1925)^c Nicaragua (1926)^c El Salvador (1927)
1930s	Bolivia (1930)^c Peru (1930)^c Argentina (1930)^c Brazil (1930)^c Guatemala (1930)^c Panama (1931)^c El Salvador (1931)^c Chile (1931) July^c September December Chile (1932) June^c September^c Uruguay (1933)^‡ Cuba (1933)^c Bolivia (1934)^c Ecuador (1935)^c Paraguay (1936)^c Nicaragua (1936)^c Bolivia (1936)^c Ecuador (1936) Bolivia (1937)^c Brazil (1937)^c^‡ Paraguay (1937)^c Brazil (1938) Chile (1938) Chile (1939)
1940s	Paraguay (1940)^‡ Bolivia (1940) Panama (1941)^c Uruguay (1942)^‡ Argentina (1943)^c Bolivia (1943)^c El Salvador (1944) April May^c October^c Colombia (1944) Brazil (1945)^c Venezuela (1945)^c Bolivia (1946)^c Haiti (1946)^c Ecuador (1947)^c Nicaragua (1947)^c Paraguay (1948) June^c October Peru (1948)^c Venezuela (1948)^c El Salvador (1948)^c Paraguay (1949) January^c February^c September^c Costa Rica (1949) Colombia (1949)^c^‡ Bolivia (1949) Panama (1949)^c
1950s	Haiti (1950)^c Argentina (1951) Panama (1951)^c Bolivia (1951)^‡ Cuba (1952)^c Bolivia (1952)^c Colombia (1953)^c Paraguay (1954)^c Guatemala (1954)^c Argentina (1955)^c Brazil (1955) Brazil (1956) Honduras (1956)^c Haiti (1957) April^c June^c Colombia (1957)^c Guatemala (1957)^c Venezuela (1958)^c Colombia (1958) Bolivia (1958) Haiti (1958) Bolivia (1959) Honduras (1959) Brazil (1959) Cuba (1959)^c
1960s	El Salvador (1960)^c El Salvador (1961)^c Ecuador (1961)^c Argentina (1962)^c Peru (1962)^c Guatemala (1963)^c Ecuador (1963)^c Dominican Republic (1963)^c Honduras (1963)^c Bolivia (1964)^c Brazil (1964)^c Argentina (1966)^c Panama (1968)^c Peru (1968)^c Bolivia (1969)^c Panama (1969)
1970s	Haiti (1970) Bolivia (1970)^c Bolivia (1971) January August^c Honduras (1972)^c Ecuador (1972)^c El Salvador (1972) Uruguay (1973)^c^‡ Chile (Jun 1973) Chile (Sep 1973)^c Bolivia (1974)^‡ Peru (1975) February August^c Honduras (1975)^c Ecuador (1975) Argentina (1976)^c Ecuador (1976)^c Honduras (1978)^c Bolivia (1978) July^c November^c Grenada (1979)^c El Salvador (1979)^c Bolivia (1979)^c
1980s	Suriname (1980)^c Bolivia (1980)^c Dominica (1981) Guatemala (1982)^c Guatemala (1983)^c Grenada (1983)^c Bolivia (1984) Panama (1988) Guatemala (1988) Haiti (1988) June^c September^c Paraguay (1989)^c Haiti (1989) Guatemala (1989) Panama (1989)
1990s	Trinidad and Tobago (1990) Panama (1990) Suriname (1990)^c Haiti (1991) January September^c Venezuela (1992) February November Peru (1992) April^‡ November Guatemala (1993)^‡ Paraguay (1996)
2000s	Ecuador (2000)^c Paraguay (2000) Peru (2000) Haiti (2001) Venezuela (2002) Haiti (2004)^c Peru (2005) Honduras (2009)^c
2020s	United States (2021)^‡ Peru (2022)^‡ Bolivia (2024)
^c successful coup ^‡ self-coup no sign for attempted coup