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{{Short description|none}}
A number of different [[spacecraft]] have been used to carry people to and from [[space]].
A number of different [[spacecraft]] have been used to carry people to and from [[outer space]].


==Orbital space vehicles==
==Table code key==
{|class="wikitable"
{{clear}}
|bgcolor=khaki width=15px|
<small>'''Legend for below table:''' &nbsp; [<span style="background-color:khaki">under development</span>] — [<span style="background-color:lightgrey">retired,canceled</span>] — [<span style="background-color:white">operational,inactive</span>]</small>
|Spacecraft under development
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! width=80|Spacecraft
|||Spacecraft is operational
! Origin
|-
! Manufacturer
|bgcolor=lightgrey|
! Range
|Retired spacecraft
! Launch<br/>system
|-style="text-align:center"
! Crew<br/>size
|{{double-dagger}}
! Length (m)
|Payload '''To''' / '''From''' the [[ISS]]
! Diameter (m)
|-style="text-align:center"
! Launch mass (kg)
|§
! Power<br/>system
|'''Crewed (Uncrewed)'''<br/>''[Includes failures]''
! Generated<br/>power (W)
|}
! First<br/>flight*

! Last<br/>flight
==Orbital and interplanetary space vehicles==
! Flights*
{{Clear}}
<div style="overflow:auto">
{|class="wikitable sortable" width=100%
!width=10%|Spacecraft
!width=6%|Origin
!width=10%|Manufacturer
!width=6%|Range
!width=9%|Launch system
!width=6%|Crew size
!width=6%|Length (m)
!width=6%|Diameter (m)
!width=10%|Launch mass (kg)
!width=6%|Power system
!Recovery method
! width="7%" |Payload (kg) {{double-dagger}}
!width=6%|First spaceflight §
!width=6%|Last spaceflight
!width=6%|Flights §


|- style="background:lightgrey"
|- style="background:lightgrey"
| [[Project Mercury#Spacecraft|Mercury]]
| [[Apollo (spacecraft)|Apollo]]
| {{Flag|USA}}
| {{Flag|USA}}
| [[McDonnell Aircraft]]<br>[[North American Aviation]]
| [[North American Aviation]] <br/> [[Grumman]] and [[Douglas Aircraft Company|Douglas]]
| [[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]<br>[[Project Mercury#Flights|attained]]
| [[Moon landing|Lunar]]
| [[Saturn IB]]<br/>[[Saturn V]]
| [[Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle|Redstone MRLV]]<br>[[Atlas LV-3B]]
| {{nts|3}}
| {{nts|1}}
| {{nts|3.34}}
|
| {{nts|3.91}}
| {{nts|1.89}}
|data-sort-value="1400"| 1,400
|data-sort-value="20200"| 5,500 [[Apollo Command/Service Module#Specifications|CM]] + 14,700 [[Apollo Lunar Module|LM]] <br/>24,500 [[Apollo Command/Service Module#Specifications 2|Service Module]]
| Batteries
| Fuel cells
|Parachute [[splashdown]] (one drogue, one main)
|
|
|data-sort-value="1967"| {{nts|1967|format=no}} (1966)
| {{nts|1975|format=no}}
|data-sort-value="1961.1"| {{nts|1961|format=no}} (1960)
| {{nts|1963|format=no}}
| {{nts|15|format=no}} (4)<ref group="note" name="BP">Not including [[boilerplate (spaceflight)|Boilerplate]] tests</ref>
| {{nts|6|format=no}}<br>(12)<ref group="note">Including 2 suborbital flights, not including [[boilerplate (spaceflight)|boilerplate]] tests</ref>


|- style="background:lightgrey"
|- style="background:lightgrey"
| [[Project Gemini#Spacecraft|Gemini]]
| [[Project Gemini#Spacecraft|Gemini]]
| {{Flag|USA}}
| {{Flag|USA}}
| [[McDonnell Aircraft]] <br/> [[Glenn L. Martin Company|Martin]]
| [[McDonnell Aircraft]]<br>[[Glenn L. Martin Company|Martin]]
| [[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]
| [[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]
| [[Titan II GLV]]<br/>[[Titan IIIC]]<ref group="note">One unmanned launch on Titan IIIC ahead of proposed use in MOL programme</ref>
| [[Titan II GLV]]<br>[[Titan IIIC]]<ref group="note">One uncrewed launch on Titan IIIC ahead of proposed use in MOL programme</ref>
| {{nts|2}}
| {{nts|2}}
| {{nts|5.56}}
| {{nts|5.56}}
| {{nts|3.05}}
| {{nts|3.05}}
|data-sort-value="3790"| 3,790
|
| Fuel cells
| Fuel cells
|Parachute splashdown (one drogue, one main)
|
|
|data-sort-value="1965"| {{nts|1965|format=no}} (1964)
|data-sort-value="1965"| {{nts|1965|format=no}} (1964)
| {{nts|1966|format=no}}
| {{nts|1966|format=no}}
| {{nts|10|format=no}} (2)<ref group="note" name="BP"/>
| {{nts|10|format=no}}<br>(2)<ref group="note" name="BP"/>


|- style="background:lightgrey"
|- style="background:lightgrey"
| [[Apollo (spacecraft)|Apollo]]
| [[Project Mercury#Spacecraft|Mercury]]
| {{Flag|USA}}
| {{Flag|USA}}
| [[North American Aviation]]<br>[[Grumman]] and [[Douglas Aircraft Company|Douglas]]
| [[McDonnell Aircraft]] <br/> [[North American Aviation]]
| [[Moon landing|Lunar]]
| [[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]<br>[[Project Mercury#Flights|attained]]
| [[Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle|Redstone MRLV]]<br/>[[Atlas LV-3B]]
| [[Saturn IB]]<br>[[Saturn V]]
| {{nts|1}}
| {{nts|3}}
| {{nts|3.34}}
| {{nts| 8.5}}
| {{nts|1.89}}
| {{nts|3.91}}
| {{ntsh|20200}} 5,500 [[Apollo Command/Service Module#Specifications|CM]] + 14,700 [[Apollo Lunar Module|LM]] + <br>24,500 [[Apollo Command/Service Module#Specifications 2|Service Module]]
|
| Fuel cells
| Batteries
|Parachute splashdown (two drogues, three pilots, three mains)
|
|
|data-sort-value="1961.1"| {{nts|1961|format=no}} (1960)
| {{nts|1963|format=no}}
|data-sort-value="1967"| {{nts|1967|format=no}} (1966)
| {{nts|1975|format=no}}
| {{nts|6|format=no}} (12)<ref group="note">Including 2 suborbital flights, not including [[boilerplate (spaceflight)|Boilerplate]] tests</ref>
| {{nts|15|format=no}}<br>(4)<ref group="note" name="BP">Not including [[boilerplate (spaceflight)|boilerplate]] tests</ref>


|- style="background:lightgrey"
|-
| [[Space Shuttle orbiter]]
| [[Shenzhou (spacecraft)|Shenzhou]]
| {{Flag|China}}
| {{Flag|USA}}
| [[Rockwell International]]
|
| [[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]
| [[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]
| [[Space Shuttle]]
| [[Long March 2F|Chang Zheng 2F]]
| {{nts|8}}<ref group="note">No missions carried more than eight astronauts, although higher crew sizes were theoretically possible, for example recovering the crew of a stranded orbiter.</ref>
| {{nts|3}}
| {{nts|9.25}}
| {{nts|37.24}}
| {{nts|2.80}}
| {{nts|4.8}}<ref group="note">Wingspan 23.79m</ref>
|data-sort-value="7840"| {{nts|7,840}}
| {{nts|109000}}
| Solar panels
| Fuel cells
|[[Runway|Runway landing]] (with one pilot and one drogue chute from mid-1990s)
|data-sort-value="1450"|{{nts|1450}}
| {{nts|12,500}}/16,000
|data-sort-value="2003"| {{nts|2003|format=no}} (1999)
|data-sort-value="1981"| {{nts|1981|format=no}}
| ''Active''
| {{nts|5|format=no}} (5)
| {{nts|2011|format=no}}
| {{nts|135|format=no}}<ref group="note">Includes two fatal accidents; STS-51-L disintegrated during ascent, STS-107 damaged during ascent, disintegrated during reentry.</ref>

|- style="background:lightgrey"
| [[Soyuz 7K-T]]
| {{Flag|USSR}}
| [[OKB-1]]
| [[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]
| [[Soyuz (rocket)|Soyuz]]<br>[[Soyuz-U]]
| {{nts|2}}
| {{nts|7.48}}
| {{nts|2.72}}
| data-sort-value="6830"| 6,830
| Batteries
|Parachute landing
|
|data-sort-value="1973.1"| {{nts|1973|format=no}}
| {{nts|1981|format=no}}
| {{nts|26|format=no}} (4)<ref group="note">Crewed flights include one launch failure - abort during third stage flight, recovered after suborbital flight</ref>


|- style="background:lightgrey"
|- style="background:lightgrey"
Line 90: Line 130:
| [[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]
| [[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]
| [[Voskhod (rocket)|Voskhod]]
| [[Voskhod (rocket)|Voskhod]]
| {{nts|3}}<ref group="note">Able to carry three cosmonauts without spacesuits, or two with spacesuits; both combinations flown</ref>
| {{nts|3}}<ref group="note">Able to carry three cosmonauts without spacesuits, or two with spacesuits; both combinations flown</ref>
| {{nts|5}}
| {{nts|5}}
| {{nts|2.4}}
| {{nts|2.4}}
| data-sort-value="5682"| 5,682
|
| Batteries
| Batteries
|Parachute landing
| n/a
|
|data-sort-value="1964"| {{nts|1964|format=no}} (1964)
|data-sort-value="1964"| {{nts|1964|format=no}} (1964)
| {{nts|1965|format=no}}
| {{nts|1965|format=no}}
Line 104: Line 145:
| {{Flag|USSR}}
| {{Flag|USSR}}
| [[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|OKB-1]]
| [[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|OKB-1]]
| [[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]<br/>[[Vostok programme#Vostok manned flights|first]]
| [[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]<br>[[Vostok programme#Missions|first]]
| [[Vostok-K]]
| [[Vostok-K]]
| {{nts|1}}
| {{nts|1}}
| {{nts|4.4}}
| {{nts|4.4}}
| {{nts|2.43}}
| {{nts|2.43}}
|data-sort-value="4725"| {{nts|4,725}}
| data-sort-value="4725"| {{nts|4,725}}
| Batteries
| Batteries
|Parachute landing
| n/a
|
|data-sort-value="1961.0"| {{nts|1961|format=no}} (1960)
|data-sort-value="1961.0"| {{nts|1961|format=no}} (1960)
| {{nts|1963|format=no}}
| {{nts|1963|format=no}}
| {{nts|6}} (7)<ref group="note">Unmanned flight count includes two launch failures</ref>
| {{nts|6}} (7)<ref group="note">Uncrewed flight count includes two launch failures</ref>


|- style="background:lightgrey"
|- style="background:lightgrey"
Line 125: Line 167:
| {{nts|7.48}}
| {{nts|7.48}}
| {{nts|2.72}}
| {{nts|2.72}}
| data-sort-value="6560"|6,560
|
| Solar panels
| Solar panels
|Parachute landing
|
|
|data-sort-value="1967"| {{nts|1967|format=no}} (1966)
|data-sort-value="1967"| {{nts|1967|format=no}} (1966)
| {{nts|1970|format=no}}
| {{nts|1970|format=no}}
| {{nts|8|format=no}} (8)<ref group="note">Manned flights include one fatal in-flight failure; Soyuz 1 lost due to parachute failure upon landing.</ref>
| {{nts|8|format=no}} (8)<ref group="note">Crewed flights include one fatal in-flight failure; Soyuz 1 lost due to parachute failure upon landing.</ref>


|- style="background:lightgrey"
|- style="background:lightgrey"
Line 141: Line 184:
| {{nts|7.48}}
| {{nts|7.48}}
| {{nts|2.72}}
| {{nts|2.72}}
| data-sort-value="6790"|6,790
|
| Solar panels
| Solar panels
|Parachute landing
|
|
|data-sort-value="1971"| {{nts|1971|format=no}}
|data-sort-value="1971"| {{nts|1971|format=no}}
| {{nts|1971|format=no}}
| {{nts|1971|format=no}}
| {{nts|2|format=no}}<ref group="note">Manned flights include one fatal in-flight failure; Soyuz 11 depressurised during reentry.</ref>
| {{nts|2|format=no}}<ref group="note">Crewed flights include one fatal in-flight failure; Soyuz 11 depressurised during reentry.</ref>

|- style="background:lightgrey"
| [[Soyuz 7K-T]]
| {{Flag|USSR}}
| [[OKB-1]]
| [[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]
| [[Soyuz (rocket)|Soyuz]]<br/>[[Soyuz-U]]
| {{nts|2}}
| {{nts|7.48}}
| {{nts|2.72}}
|
| Batteries
|
|data-sort-value="1973.1"| {{nts|1973|format=no}}
| {{nts|1981|format=no}}
| {{nts|26|format=no}} (4)<ref group="note">Manned flights include one launch failure - abort during third stage flight, recovered after suborbital flight</ref>


|- style="background:lightgrey"
|- style="background:lightgrey"
Line 173: Line 201:
| {{nts|7.48}}
| {{nts|7.48}}
| {{nts|2.72}}
| {{nts|2.72}}
| data-sort-value="6570"|6,570
|
| Solar panels
| Solar panels
|Parachute landing
|
|
|data-sort-value="1973.0"| {{nts|1973|format=no}}
|data-sort-value="1973.0"| {{nts|1973|format=no}}
| {{nts|1973|format=no}}
| {{nts|1973|format=no}}
Line 189: Line 218:
| {{nts|7.48}}
| {{nts|7.48}}
| {{nts|2.72}}
| {{nts|2.72}}
| data-sort-value="6570"|6,570
|
| Solar panels
| Solar panels
|Parachute landing
|
|
|data-sort-value="1974"| {{nts|1974|format=no}}
|data-sort-value="1974"| {{nts|1974|format=no}}
| {{nts|1975|format=no}}
| {{nts|1975|format=no}}
Line 205: Line 235:
| {{nts|7.48}}
| {{nts|7.48}}
| {{nts|2.72}}
| {{nts|2.72}}
| data-sort-value="6510"|6,510
|
| Solar panels
| Solar panels
|Parachute landing
|
|
|data-sort-value="1976"| {{nts|1976|format=no}}
|data-sort-value="1976"| {{nts|1976|format=no}}
| {{nts|1976|format=no}}
| {{nts|1976|format=no}}
Line 217: Line 248:
| [[OKB-1]]
| [[OKB-1]]
| [[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]
| [[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]
| [[Soyuz-U]]<br/>[[Soyuz-U2]]
| [[Soyuz-U]]<br>[[Soyuz-U2]]
| {{nts|3}}
| {{nts|3}}
| {{nts|7.48}}
| {{nts|7.48}}
| {{nts|2.72}}
| {{nts|2.72}}
| data-sort-value="6850"|6,850
|
| Solar panels
| Solar panels
|Parachute landing
|
|
|data-sort-value="1978"| {{nts|1978|format=no}}
|data-sort-value="1978"| {{nts|1978|format=no}}
| {{nts|1986|format=no}}
| {{nts|1986|format=no}}
| {{nts|15|format=no}} (6)<ref group="note">Manned flights include one launch failure (SAS (launch escape system) used ~70 seconds before planned liftoff due to fire on launch pad - crew survived)</ref>
| {{nts|15|format=no}} (6)<ref group="note">Crewed flights include one launch failure (SAS (launch escape system) used ~70 seconds before planned liftoff due to fire on launch pad - crew survived)</ref>


|- style="background:lightgrey"
|- style="background:lightgrey"
| [[Soyuz-TM]]
| [[Soyuz-TM]]
| {{Flag|USSR}}<br/>{{Flag|Russia}}
| {{Flag|USSR}}<br>{{Flag|Russia}}
| [[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|RKK Energia]]
| [[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|RKK Energia]]
| [[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]
| [[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]
| [[Soyuz-U2]]<br/>[[Soyuz-U]]
| [[Soyuz-U2]]<br>[[Soyuz-U]]
| {{nts|3}}
| {{nts|3}}
| {{nts|7.48}}
| {{nts|7.48}}
| {{nts|2.72}}
| {{nts|2.72}}
| data-sort-value="7250"|7,250
|
| Solar panels
| Solar panels
|Parachute landing
|
|
|data-sort-value="1986"| {{nts|1986|format=no}}
|data-sort-value="1986"| {{nts|1986|format=no}}
| {{nts|2002|format=no}}
| {{nts|2002|format=no}}
Line 249: Line 282:
| [[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|RKK Energia]]
| [[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|RKK Energia]]
| [[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]
| [[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]
| [[Energia]]
| [[Energia (rocket)|Energia]]
| {{nts|10}}
| {{nts|10}}
| {{nts|36.37}}
| {{nts|36.37}}
| {{nts|4.65}} <ref group="note">Wingspan 23.92m</ref>
|
| data-sort-value="105000"| 105,000
|
| Fuel cells
| Fuel cells
|Runway landing with three drogue chutes
|
|data-sort-value="1988"| {{nts|1988|format=no}}
| data-sort-value="30000" | ''30,000'' <ref group="note">planned payload, never used</ref>
| {{nts|1988|format=no}}
|data-sort-value="(1988)"| N/A {{nts|(1988)|format=no}}
| {{nts|1|format=no}}
| {{nts|(1988)|format=no}}
| {{nts|0}} (1)


|- style="background:lightgrey"
|- style="background:lightgrey"
| [[Soyuz-TMA]]<br/><small>11F732</small>
| [[Soyuz-TMA]]<br><small>11F732</small>
| {{Flag|Russia}}
| {{Flag|Russia}}
| [[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|RKK Energia]]
| [[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|RKK Energia]]
Line 269: Line 303:
| {{nts|7.48}}
| {{nts|7.48}}
| {{nts|2.72}}
| {{nts|2.72}}
| data-sort-value="7250"| 7,250
|
| Solar panels
| Solar panels
|Parachute landing with retrorockets
|
|
|data-sort-value="2002"| {{nts|2002|format=no}}
|data-sort-value="2002"| {{nts|2002|format=no}}
| {{nts|2012|format=no}}
| {{nts|2012|format=no}}
Line 277: Line 312:


|- style="background:lightgrey
|- style="background:lightgrey
| [[Soyuz-TMA#Soyuz TMA-M|Soyuz TMA-M]]<br/><small>11F747</small>
| [[Soyuz-TMA#Soyuz TMA-M|Soyuz TMA-M]]<br><small>11F747</small>
| {{Flag|Russia}}
| {{Flag|Russia}}
| [[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|RKK Energia]]
| [[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|RKK Energia]]
Line 287: Line 322:
|data-sort-value="7150"| {{nts|7,150}}
|data-sort-value="7150"| {{nts|7,150}}
| Solar panels
| Solar panels
|Parachute landing with retrorockets
|data-sort-value="1000"|{{nts|1000}}
|
|data-sort-value="2010"| {{nts|2010|format=no}}
|data-sort-value="2010"| {{nts|2010|format=no}}
| {{nts|2016|format=no}}
| {{nts|2016|format=no}}
| {{nts|19|format=no}}
| {{nts|19|format=no}}


|-
|-
| [[Shenzhou (spacecraft)|Shenzhou]]
| [[Soyuz MS-01|Soyuz MS]]<br/><small>?</small>
| {{Flag|China}}
| [[China Academy of Space Technology]]
| [[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]
| [[Long March 2F|Chang Zheng 2F]]
| {{nts|3}}
| {{nts|9.25}}
| {{nts|2.80}}
|data-sort-value="7840"| {{nts|7,840}}
| Solar panels
|Parachute landing
|
|data-sort-value="2003"| {{nts|2003|format=no}} (1999)
| ''Active''
| {{nts|12|format=no}} (5)

|-
| [[Soyuz MS]]<br><small></small>
| {{Flag|Russia}}
| {{Flag|Russia}}
| [[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|RKK Energia]]
| [[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|RKK Energia]]
| [[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]
| [[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]
| [[Soyuz-FG]]
| [[Soyuz-2.1a]]
| {{nts|3}}
| {{nts|3}}
| {{nts|7.48}}
| {{nts|7.48}}
| {{nts|2.72}}
| {{nts|2.72}}
| data-sort-value="7080"| 7,080
|
| Solar panels
| Solar panels
|Parachute landing with [[Retrorocket|retrorockets]]
|
|
| data-sort-value="2016"|{{nts|2016|format=no}}
| {{nts|2016|format=no}}
| ''Active''
| ''Active''
| {{nts|1}}
| {{nts|22}} (2)

|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic"
|-
| Biconic Space Vehicle
| [[Crew Dragon]]
| {{Flag|USA}}
| {{Flag|USA}}
| [[Blue Origin]]
| [[SpaceX]]
| [[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]
| [[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]
| [[Falcon 9 Full Thrust Block 5|Falcon 9]]
| [[Orbital Reusable Booster System]]
| {{nts|4}}<ref name="dragonnumber">{{cite news|title=After redesigns, the finish line is in sight for SpaceX's Crew Dragon spaceship|date=7 December 2019|first=Stephen|last=Clark|publisher=Spaceflight Now|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/12/07/after-redesigns-the-finish-line-is-in-sight-for-spacexs-crew-dragon/|quote='With [the addition of parachutes] and the angle of the seats, we could not get seven anymore', Shotwell said. "So now we only have four seats. That was kind of a big change for us".|access-date=1 June 2020|archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606095625/https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/12/07/after-redesigns-the-finish-line-is-in-sight-for-spacexs-crew-dragon/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
| {{nts|8.1}}<ref name="Falcon_9">{{cite web |title=Falcon 9 |url=https://www.spacex.com/falcon9 |publisher=SpaceX |access-date=20 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715094112/http://www.spacex.com/falcon9 |archive-date=15 July 2013 }}</ref>
|
| {{nts|3.7}}<ref name="SpXBroc">{{cite web|url=https://www.spacex.com/SpaceX_Brochure_V7_All.pdf |title=SpaceX Brochure – 2008 |access-date=9 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320032815/http://www.spacex.com/SpaceX_Brochure_V7_All.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 }}</ref>
|
| {{nts|12055}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/02/28/spacexs-crew-dragon-rolls-out-for-test-flight/|title=SpaceX's Crew Dragon ready for first test flight – Spaceflight Now|last=Clark|first=Stephen|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref>
| Solar Panels
|Parachute splashdown (two drogues, four mains), propulsive landing or splashdown for emergencies<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCrea |first=Aaron |date=2024-10-10 |title=Dragon receives long-planned propulsive landing upgrade after years of development |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2024/10/dragon-propulsive-landing/ |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=NASASpaceFlight.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
| {{nts|3307}}/{{nts|2507}}
| {{nts|2020|format=no}} ({{nts|2019|format=no}})
| ''Active''
| {{nts|11|format=no}} (1)

|-
| [[Boeing CST-100 Starliner|CST-100 Starliner]]
| {{Flag|USA}}
| [[Boeing]]
| [[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]
| [[Atlas V]]
| {{nts|7}} <ref group="note" name="ccpnumbernote">Each mission in the Commercial Crew Program will send up to four astronauts to the ISS</ref><ref name="ccpnumber"/>
| {{nts|5.03}} <ref name="boeing201108"/>
| {{nts|4.56}} <ref name="boeing201108"/>
| data-sort-value="13000"| 13,000
| Solar panels
|Parachute landing (two forward cover chutes, two drogues, three pilots and three mains) with [[Airbag|airbags]]
|
|
| {{nts|2024|format=no}} ({{nts|2019|format=no}})
|
| ''Active''
|
| {{nts|1|format=no}} ({{nts|2|format=no}})

|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic"
| [[Orion (spacecraft)|Orion]]
| {{Flag|USA}}
| [[Lockheed Martin]]<br>[[Astrium]]
| [[Artemis program|Lunar]], [[Human mission to Mars|Mars]]
| [[Space Launch System]]
| {{nts|4}}<ref group="note">Originally set to launch up to 6 astronauts, when designed for transportation of crew to the ISS under the Constellation Program</ref>
| {{nts|3.3}}
| {{nts|5}}
| {{ntsh|21200}} 8,900 capsule + <br>12,300 service module
| Solar panels
|Parachute splashdown (two drogues, three pilots and three mains)
|
|
| {{nts|2025|format=no}} (2014)
|
| ''Testing''
| {{nts|0|format=no}} {{nts|(2)|format=no}}<ref group="note">Including uncrewed test in 2014</ref>

|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic"
| [[Mengzhou (spacecraft)|Mengzhou]]
| {{Flag|China}}
| [[China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation]]
| [[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]], [[Moon|Lunar]]
| [[Long March 10]]
| {{nts|7}}
| {{nts|8.8}}
| {{nts|4.5}}
|data-sort-value="21600"| {{nts|21,600}}
| Solar panels
|
|
|
|data-sort-value="2026"| {{nts|2026 (2020)|format=no}}
| ''Testing''
| {{nts|0|format=no}}<br>(1)

|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic"
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic"
| [[CST-100]]
| [[Gaganyaan]]
| {{Flag|USA}}
| {{Flag|India}}
| [[Indian Space Research Organization]]
| [[Boeing]]
| [[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]
| [[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]
| [[GSLV Mk III]]
| multiple, initially [[Atlas V]]
| {{nts|7}} <ref name=aw20100720 />
| {{nts|3}}
| {{nts|5.03}} <ref name="boeing201108" />
| {{nts|7}}
| {{nts|4.56}} <ref name="boeing201108" />
| {{nts|3.5}}
|data-sort-value="7800"| {{nts|7800}}
|
| Solar Panels
|
|Parachute splashdown (with drogues and mains)
|
| data-sort-value="2018"| Planned: {{nts|2018|format=no}} (2017)
|
|
|
|data-sort-value="2021"| (Planned: {{nts|2024|format=no}})
| ''Planned''
| {{nts|0|format=no}}

|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic"
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic"
| [[SpaceX Starship|Starship]]
| [[Dream Chaser|Dream Chaser Space System]]
| {{Flag|USA}}
| {{Flag|USA}}
| [[SpaceX]]
| [[Sierra Nevada Corporation]]
| [[Solar System]]<ref name="spacex-itspresentation2017"/><ref group="note">Designed to land almost everywhere in the solar system</ref>
| [[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]
| [[SpaceX Starship|Starship]]
| multiple, initially [[Atlas V]]
| {{nts|7}} <ref name="subNAS" /><ref name="AutoIQ-2" />
| {{nts|100}} <ref group="note">Number of seats will be lower on early missions</ref>
| {{nts|9}} <ref name="AutoIQ-3" />
| {{nts|55}} <ref name="spacex-itspresentation2017"/>
| {{nts|9}} <ref name="spacex-itspresentation2017"/><ref group="note">Plus delta wings</ref>
|
|data-sort-value="11300"|{{nts|11,300}} <ref name="Mark" />
| {{nts|1335000}} <ref name="spacex-itspresentation2017"/>
| Solar Panels
|
|Propulsive landing (caught by mechanical arms on the launch tower when landing on launch site)
|
|
|
|
|
| {{ntsh|2023}} (Planned: {{nts|2023|format=no}}) <ref name="spacex-itspresentation2017"/>
| ''Testing''
| {{nts|0|format=no}}

|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic"
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic"
| [[Federatsiya (spacecraft)|Federatsiya]]<br/><small>?</small>
| [[Orel (spacecraft)|Orel]]<br><small></small>
| {{Flag|Russia}}
| {{Flag|Russia}}
| [[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|RKK Energia]]
| [[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|RKK Energia]]
| [[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]
| [[Low Earth orbit|LEO]],[[Moon|Lunar]]
| [[Irtysh (rocket)]]<br>[[Angara A5]]
|
| {{nts|6}}
| {{nts|6.1}}
|
|
| data-sort-value="37478"| 37,478
|
|
|
| Solar panels
| Solar panels
|
| data-sort-value="2021"| {{nts|2021|format=no}} or later
|
|
|
|
| data-sort-value="2028"| (Planned: {{nts|2028|format=no}})
| ''Planned''
| {{nts|0}}


|- style="background:lightgrey"
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic"
| [[Space Shuttle orbiter]]
| [[Dream Chaser]]
| {{Flag|USA}}
| {{Flag|USA}}
| [[United Space Alliance]]
| [[Sierra Nevada Corporation]]
| [[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]
| [[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]
| [[Space Shuttle]]
| [[Vulcan Centaur]]
| {{nts|7}} <ref name="subNAS"/><ref name="AutoIQ-2"/>
| {{nts|8}}<ref group="note">No missions carried more than eight astronauts, although higher crew sizes were theoretically possible, for example recovering the crew of a stranded orbiter.</ref>
| {{nts|37.24}}
| {{nts|9}} <ref name="AutoIQ-3"/>
| {{nts|23.79}}<ref group="note">Wingspan</ref>
| {{nts|7}} <ref group="note">Including wings</ref>
|data-sort-value="109000"| 109,000
|data-sort-value="11300"|{{nts|11,300}} <ref name="Mark"/>
| Fuel cells
| Solar panels
|Runway landing
|
|
|data-sort-value="1981"| {{nts|1981|format=no}}
| TBA
| {{nts|2011|format=no}}
| ''Planned''
| {{nts|135|format=no}}<ref group="note">Includes two fatal accidents; STS-51-L disintegrated during ascent, STS-107 damaged during ascent, disintegrated during reentry.</ref>
| {{nts|0}}


|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic"
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic"
| Biconic Space Vehicle
| [[Orion (spacecraft)|Orion]]
| {{Flag|USA}}
| {{Flag|USA}}
| [[Blue Origin]]
| [[Lockheed Martin]] <br/> [[Astrium]]
| [[Manned mission to Mars|Mars]]
| [[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]
| [[New Glenn]]
| [[Delta IV Heavy]] <br/>[[Space Launch System]]
| {{nts|4}}
| {{nts|7}}
| {{nts|98}}
| {{nts|7}}
|
|
|
|
|
| TBA
| {{nts|5}}
| ''Planned''
|data-sort-value="21200"| 8,900 Capsule <br/>12,300 Service Module
| {{nts|0}}
| Solar Panels
|
|data-sort-value="2021"| Planned: {{nts|2021|format=no}} (2014)
|
| {{nts|0|format=no}} (1)<ref group="note">Including unmanned test around 2014</ref>


|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic"
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic"
| [[The Exploration Company|Nyx]]
| [[Dragon V2]]
| {{Flag|USA}}
| {{Flag|Germany}} {{Flag|France}}
| [[SpaceX]]
| [[The Exploration Company]]
| [[Low Earth orbit|LEO]],[[Moon|Lunar]]
| [[Manned mission to Mars|Mars]]
| [[Falcon 9 full thrust]]
| [[Ariane 6]] or Falcon 9
|
| {{nts|7}}<ref group="note">Number of seats will probably be a multiple of the 3 crew member rotations for the ISS</ref>
|
|
| {{nts|3.7}}
| {{nts|4}}
| data-sort-value="8000"| 8,000
|
| Solar Panels
| Solar panels
|
|
| 4,000 LEO, 2,000 Lunar
|data-sort-value="2017"| Planned: {{nts|2017|format=no}} (2016)
|
| TBA
| ''Planned''
| {{nts|0|format=no}}
| {{nts|0}}
|}


|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic"
| [[Interplanetary Spaceship]]
| {{Flag|USA}}
| [[SpaceX]]
| [[Solar System]]<ref name="spacex-itspresentation201609" /><ref group="note">Designed to land almost everywhere in the solar system</ref>
| [[ITS_launch_vehicle|ITS Launch vehicle]]<ref name="spacex-itspresentation201609" />
| {{nts|100}}<ref group="note">Number of seats will be lower on early missions</ref>
| {{nts|49.5}}<ref name="spacex-itspresentation201609" />
| {{nts|17}}<ref name="spacex-itspresentation201609" />
|data-sort-value="2400000"|{{nts|2,400,000}}<ref name="spacex-itspresentation201609" />
| Solar Panels
|data-sort-value="200000"|{{nts|200,000}}
|data-sort-value="2022"| Planned: {{nts|2022|format=no}} <ref name="spacex-itspresentation201609" />
|
| {{nts|0|format=no}}


</div>
|}
:''* - Format: Manned (Unmanned), includes failures''


==Suborbital space vehicles==
==Suborbital space vehicles==
{{clear}}
{{clear}}
<small>'''Legend for below table:''' &nbsp; [<span style="background-color:khaki">under development</span>] — [<span style="background-color:lightgrey">retired,canceled</span>] — [<span style="background-color:white">operational,inactive</span>]</small>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! width=80|Spacecraft
! width=80|Spacecraft
! Origin
! Origin
! Manufacturer
! Manufacturer
! Altitude
! Range
! Launch<br/>system
! Launch system
! Crew<br/>size
! Crew size
! Length (m)
! Length (m)
! Diameter (m)
! Diameter (m)
! Launch mass (kg)
! Launch mass (kg)
! Power<br/>system
! Power system
! Generated<br/>power (W)
! Generated power (W)
!Recovery method
! First<br/>flight*
! First spaceflight §
! Last<br/>flight
! Last spaceflight
! Flights*
! Flights §


|- style="background:lightgrey"
|- style="background:lightgrey"
| [[SpaceShipOne]]
| [[SpaceShipOne]]
| {{Flag|USA}}
| {{Flag|USA}}
| [[Scaled Composites]]
| [[Scaled Composites]]
| 112&nbsp;km<br/>[[Ansari X Prize#Winning team|X Prize]]
| 112&nbsp;km<br />[[Ansari X Prize#Winning team|X Prize]]
| [[Scaled Composites White Knight|White Knight]]<br/>[[SpaceShipOne#Specifications|Hybrid Motor]]
| [[Scaled Composites White Knight|White Knight]]<br />[[SpaceShipOne#Specifications|Hybrid Motor]]
| {{nts|3}}
| {{nts|1}}
|
| 8.53
|
| 8.05
|data-sort-value="3600"| 3,600
|data-sort-value="3600"| 3,600
| Batteries
|
|
|
|Runway landing
|data-sort-value="2004"| {{nts|2004|format=no}}
| data-sort-value="2004" | {{nts|2004|format=no}}
| {{nts|2004|format=no}}
| {{nts|2004|format=no}}
| {{nts|3|format=no}}<ref group="note">Does not include manned atmospheric flights</ref>
| {{nts|3|format=no}}<ref group="note">Does not include crewed atmospheric flights</ref>


|- style="background:lightgrey"
|- style="background:lightgrey"
| [[North American X-15|X-15]]
| [[North American X-15|X-15]]
| {{Flag|USA}}
| {{Flag|USA}}
| [[North American Aviation]]
| [[North American Aviation]]
| 108&nbsp;km <br>[[X-15#Record flights|altitude]]
| 108&nbsp;km<br />[[X-15#Record flights|altitude]]
| [[Balls 8|B-52]] <br/>[[Reaction Motors XLR99|Ammonia-LOX]]
| [[Balls 8|B-52]]<br />[[Reaction Motors XLR99|Ammonia-LOX]]
| {{nts|1}}
| {{nts|1}}
|
| 15.45
|
| 6.8
|data-sort-value="15420"| 15,420
|data-sort-value="15420"| 15,420
| Two 28 volt-300 amp DC generators
|
|
|Runway landing
|
|data-sort-value="1963"| {{nts|1963|format=no}}
| data-sort-value="1963" | {{nts|1963|format=no}}<ref group="note">Does not include only-U.S.-recognized spaceflights</ref>
| {{nts|1963|format=no}}
| {{nts|1963|format=no}}
| {{nts|2|format=no}}<ref group="note" name="def">Does not include atmospheric flights, or missions considered spaceflights by the US definition but not the internationally-accepted definition</ref>
| {{nts|2|format=no}}<ref group="note" name="def">Does not include atmospheric flights, or missions considered spaceflights by the US definition but not the FAI's definition</ref>


|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic"
|- style="background:lightgrey"
| [[SpaceShipTwo]]
| {{Flag|USA}}
| [[Virgin Galactic]]
| 90&nbsp;km
| [[Scaled Composites White Knight Two|White Knight Two]]<br />[[RocketMotorTwo]]
| {{nts|8}}<ref group="note">2 crew + 6 passengers</ref>
| 18.3
| 8.3
|data-sort-value="9740"| 9,740
| Batteries
|
|Runway landing
| December 13, 2018
|2024
| {{nts|2|format=no}}<ref group="note">Does not include crewed atmospheric flights</ref>
|-
| [[New Shepard]]
| [[New Shepard]]
| {{Flag|USA}}
| {{Flag|USA}}
| [[Blue Origin]]
| [[Blue Origin]]
| 119&nbsp;km
|
|[[New Shepard]]<br />[[BE-3]]
| N/A
| {{nts|6}}
|
| {{nts|18}}
|
| {{nts|3.7}}
|
| data-sort-value="75000"| 75,000 <ref group="note">to date only 45,000</ref>
| Batteries
|
|
|Parachute landing (three drogues, three mains) with [[retrorocket|retrorockets]]
|
| data-sort-value="2017" | {{nts|2021|format=no}}<br />(2015)
|
| (2015)
|
|
|6 (17)
| {{nts|0}} (2)<ref group="note" name="def" />

|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic"
| [[SpaceShipTwo]]
| {{Flag|USA}}
| [[The Spaceship Company]]
| 110&nbsp;km<br/>[[Kármán line]]+10
| [[Scaled Composites White Knight Two|White Knight Two]]<br/>[[RocketMotorTwo]]
| {{nts|8}}<ref group="note">2 crew + 6 passengers</ref>
|
|
|data-sort-value="9740"| 9,740
|
|
|data-sort-value="2016"| {{nts|2016|format=no}} ?
|
| {{nts|0|format=no}}<ref group="note">Does not include manned atmospheric flights</ref>


|-
|- style="background:khaki"
|Spica Rocket
|{{Flag|Denmark}}
|[[Copenhagen Suborbitals]]
|105 km
|BPM100
|1
|13
|1
|4,100
|Batteries
|
|Parachute splashdown
|2025
|Early Development
|0
|-
|}
|}
:''* - Format: Manned (Unmanned), includes failures''


==Footnotes==
==Footnotes==
<references group = "note"/>
<references group="note"/>


== See also ==
==See also==
*[[Cargo spacecraft]] (robotic resupply spacecraft)
*[[Human spaceflight]]
*[[Comparison of space station cargo vehicles]]
*[[Comparison of orbital launch systems]]
*[[Comparison of orbital launch systems]]
*[[Comparison of orbital rocket engines]]
*[[Comparison of orbital rocket engines]]
*[[Comparison of space station cargo vehicles]]
*[[Unmanned resupply spacecraft]]
*[[Human spaceflight]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist
{{Reflist
| colwidth = 20em
| colwidth=20em
| refs =
| refs =


<ref name="subNAS">
<ref name="subNAS">{{cite press release
|title=Dream Chaser Model Drops in at NASA Dryden
{{cite press
|publisher=NASA
| title = Dream Chaser Model Drops in at NASA Dryden
|date=2010-12-17
| publisher = NASA
|url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/Features/dream_chaser_model_drop.html
| date = 2010-12-17
|access-date=2012-08-29
| url = http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/Features/dream_chaser_model_drop.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612081206/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/Features/dream_chaser_model_drop.html
| accessdate = 2012-08-29
|archive-date=2012-06-12
| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/6MSAl6aA8
|url-status=dead
| archivedate = 2014-01-07
|location=Dryden Flight Research Center
| deadurl = no
}}</ref>
| location = Dryden Flight Research Center
}}
</ref>


<ref name="aw20100720">
<ref name="AutoIQ-2">{{cite news
|last= Chang
{{cite news
|first= Kenneth
|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story.jsp?id=news/asd/2010/07/20/14.xml&channel=space
|title= Businesses Take Flight, With Help From NASA
|title=Commercial Human Spaceflight Plan Unveiled
|newspaper= New York Times
|work=Aviation Week
|page= D1
|date=July 20, 2010
|date= 2011-02-01
|accessdate=September 16, 2010
|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/01/science/space/01private.html?_r=4&ref=science&pagewanted=all
}}
|access-date= 2012-08-29
</ref>
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170911024838/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/01/science/space/01private.html?_r=4&ref=science&pagewanted=all
|archive-date= 2017-09-11
|url-status= dead
}}</ref>


<ref name="AutoIQ-2">
<ref name="boeing201108">{{cite web
|url=http://www.boeing.com/assets/pdf/defense-space/space/ccts/docs/CCDev2%20Boeing%20CST-100%20Overview.pdf
{{cite news
|title=Boeing CST-100: Commercial Crew Transportation System
| last = Chang
|publisher=Boeing
| first = Kenneth
|first=Mike
| title = Businesses Take Flight, With Help From NASA
|last=Burghardt
| newspaper = New York Times
|date=August 2011
| page = D1
|access-date=May 8, 2014
| date = 2011-02-01
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501134630/http://www.boeing.com/assets/pdf/defense-space/space/ccts/docs/CCDev2%20Boeing%20CST-100%20Overview.pdf
| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/01/science/space/01private.html?_r=4&ref=science&pagewanted=all
|archive-date=May 1, 2013
| accessdate = 2012-08-29
|url-status=dead
| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/6MQiVEWfj
}}</ref>
| archivedate = 2014-01-06
| deadurl = no
| ref = harv
}}
</ref>

<ref name="boeing201108">
{{cite web
|url=http://www.boeing.com/assets/pdf/defense-space/space/ccts/docs/CCDev2%20Boeing%20CST-100%20Overview.pdf
|title=Boeing CST-100: Commercial Crew Transportation System
|publisher=Boeing
|first=Mike
|last=Burghardt
|date=August 2011
|accessdate=May 8, 2014
}}
</ref>


<ref name="AutoIQ-3">
<ref name="AutoIQ-3">
{{cite web
{{cite web
| last = Wade
|last=Wade
| first = Mark
|first=Mark
| title = Dream Chaser
|title=Dream Chaser
| publisher = Encyclopedia Astronautix
|publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautix
| year = 2014
|year=2014
| url = http://www.astronautix.com/craft/drehaser.htm
|url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/drehaser.htm
| accessdate = 2012-08-29
|access-date=2012-08-29
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106202951/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/drehaser.htm
| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/6MQimaLmo
| archivedate = 2014-01-06
|archive-date=2014-01-06
|url-status=dead
| deadurl = no
| ref = harv
}}
}}
</ref>
</ref>
Line 607: Line 713:
<ref name="Mark">
<ref name="Mark">
{{cite web
{{cite web
| last = Sirangelo
|last= Sirangelo
| first = Mark
|first= Mark
| title = NewSpace 2011: Sierra Nevada Corporation
|title= NewSpace 2011: Sierra Nevada Corporation
|date=August 2011
|date=August 2011
| publisher = Spacevidcast
|publisher= Spacevidcast
| url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D7sWtEAddkM
|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D7sWtEAddkM
| accessdate = 2011-08-16
|access-date= 2011-08-16
}}
}}
{{cite web
{{cite web
| last = Sirangelo
|last= Sirangelo
| first = Mark
|first= Mark
| title = Flight Plans and Crews for Commercial Dream Chaser’s First Flights: One-on-One Interview With SNC VP Mark Sirangelo (Part 3)
|title= Flight Plans and Crews for Commercial Dream Chaser's First Flights: One-on-One Interview With SNC VP Mark Sirangelo (Part 3)
| date = 24 August 2014
|date= 24 August 2014
| publisher = AmericaSpace
|publisher= AmericaSpace
|url= https://www.americaspace.com/2014/08/23/flight-plans-and-crews-for-commercial-dream-chasers-first-flights-one-on-one-interview-with-snc-vp-mark-sirangelo-part-3/
| url = http://www.americaspace.com/?p=66192
}}
}}
</ref>
</ref>


<ref name=spacex-itspresentation201609>
<ref name="ccpnumber">
{{cite web
|url=https://www.airspacemag.com/space/space-series-starliner-and-spacex-dragon-180969499/
|title=Astronauts, Your Ride's Here!
|last=Reichhardt|first=Tony
|website=[[Air & Space/Smithsonian]]
|access-date=7 July 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821145027/https://www.airspacemag.com/space/space-series-starliner-and-spacex-dragon-180969499/
|archive-date=21 August 2019
|date=August 2018
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name=spacex-itspresentation2017>
{{cite web
{{cite web
|title=Making Humans a Multiplanetary Species
|title=Making Life Multiplanetary
|publisher=[[SpaceX]]
|publisher=[[SpaceX]]
|date=2016-09-28
|date=2017-10-18
|url=http://www.spacex.com/sites/spacex/files/mars_presentation.pdf
|url=http://www.spacex.com/sites/spacex/files/making_life_multiplanetary-2017.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928040332/http://www.spacex.com/sites/spacex/files/mars_presentation.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119095146/http://www.spacex.com/sites/spacex/files/making_life_multiplanetary-2017.pdf
|archive-date=2016-09-28
|archive-date=2017-11-19
|access-date=2017-11-19
|accessdate=2016-09-28
}}
}}
</ref>
</ref>
Line 639: Line 758:
}}
}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Manned space vehicle comparison}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Crewed space vehicle comparison}}
[[Category:Manned spacecraft|*]]
[[Category:Crewed spacecraft|*]]
[[Category:Technological comparison]]
[[Category:Technological comparisons]]

Latest revision as of 23:54, 20 December 2024

A number of different spacecraft have been used to carry people to and from outer space.

Table code key

[edit]
Spacecraft under development
Spacecraft is operational
Retired spacecraft
‡ Payload To / From the ISS
§ Crewed (Uncrewed)
[Includes failures]

Orbital and interplanetary space vehicles

[edit]
Spacecraft Origin Manufacturer Range Launch system Crew size Length (m) Diameter (m) Launch mass (kg) Power system Recovery method Payload (kg) ‡ First spaceflight § Last spaceflight Flights §
Mercury  USA McDonnell Aircraft
North American Aviation 		LEO
attained 		Redstone MRLV
Atlas LV-3B 		1 3.34 1.89 1,400 Batteries Parachute splashdown (one drogue, one main) 1961 (1960) 1963 6
(12)[note 1]
Gemini  USA McDonnell Aircraft
Martin 		LEO Titan II GLV
Titan IIIC[note 2] 		2 5.56 3.05 3,790 Fuel cells Parachute splashdown (one drogue, one main) 1965 (1964) 1966 10
(2)[note 3]
Apollo  USA North American Aviation
Grumman and Douglas 		Lunar Saturn IB
Saturn V 		3 8.5 3.91 5,500 CM + 14,700 LM +
24,500 Service Module 		Fuel cells Parachute splashdown (two drogues, three pilots, three mains) 1967 (1966) 1975 15
(4)[note 3]
Space Shuttle orbiter  USA Rockwell International LEO Space Shuttle 8[note 4] 37.24 4.8[note 5] 109,000 Fuel cells Runway landing (with one pilot and one drogue chute from mid-1990s) 12,500/16,000 1981 2011 135[note 6]
Soyuz 7K-T  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO Soyuz
Soyuz-U 		2 7.48 2.72 6,830 Batteries Parachute landing 1973 1981 26 (4)[note 7]
Voskhod  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO Voskhod 3[note 8] 5 2.4 5,682 Batteries Parachute landing 1964 (1964) 1965 2 (3)
Vostok  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO
first 		Vostok-K 1 4.4 2.43 4,725 Batteries Parachute landing 1961 (1960) 1963 6 (7)[note 9]
Soyuz 7K-OK  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO Soyuz 3 7.48 2.72 6,560 Solar panels Parachute landing 1967 (1966) 1970 8 (8)[note 10]
Soyuz 7KT-OK  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO Soyuz 3 7.48 2.72 6,790 Solar panels Parachute landing 1971 1971 2[note 11]
Soyuz 7K-T-AF  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO Soyuz 2 7.48 2.72 6,570 Solar panels Parachute landing 1973 1973 1
Soyuz 7K-TM  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO Soyuz-U 2 7.48 2.72 6,570 Solar panels Parachute landing 1974 1975 2 (2)
Soyuz 7K-MF6  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO Soyuz-U 2 7.48 2.72 6,510 Solar panels Parachute landing 1976 1976 1
Soyuz-T  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO Soyuz-U
Soyuz-U2 		3 7.48 2.72 6,850 Solar panels Parachute landing 1978 1986 15 (6)[note 12]
Soyuz-TM  Soviet Union
 Russia 		RKK Energia LEO Soyuz-U2
Soyuz-U 		3 7.48 2.72 7,250 Solar panels Parachute landing 1986 2002 33 (1)
Buran  Soviet Union RKK Energia LEO Energia 10 36.37 4.65 [note 13] 105,000 Fuel cells Runway landing with three drogue chutes 30,000 [note 14] N/A (1988) (1988) 0 (1)
Soyuz-TMA
11F732 		 Russia RKK Energia LEO Soyuz-FG 3 7.48 2.72 7,250 Solar panels Parachute landing with retrorockets 2002 2012 22
Soyuz TMA-M
11F747 		 Russia RKK Energia LEO Soyuz-FG 3 7.48 2.72 7,150 Solar panels Parachute landing with retrorockets 2010 2016 19
Shenzhou  China China Academy of Space Technology LEO Chang Zheng 2F 3 9.25 2.80 7,840 Solar panels Parachute landing 2003 (1999) Active 12 (5)
Soyuz MS
  Russia RKK Energia LEO Soyuz-2.1a 3 7.48 2.72 7,080 Solar panels Parachute landing with retrorockets 2016 Active 22 (2)
Crew Dragon  USA SpaceX LEO Falcon 9 4[1] 8.1[2] 3.7[3] 12,055[4] Solar Panels Parachute splashdown (two drogues, four mains), propulsive landing or splashdown for emergencies[5] 3,307/2,507 2020 (2019) Active 11 (1)
CST-100 Starliner  USA Boeing LEO Atlas V 7 [note 15][6] 5.03 [7] 4.56 [7] 13,000 Solar panels Parachute landing (two forward cover chutes, two drogues, three pilots and three mains) with airbags 2024 (2019) Active 1 (2)
Orion  USA Lockheed Martin
Astrium 		Lunar, Mars Space Launch System 4[note 16] 3.3 5 8,900 capsule +
12,300 service module 		Solar panels Parachute splashdown (two drogues, three pilots and three mains) 2025 (2014) Testing 0 (2)[note 17]
Mengzhou  China China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation LEO, Lunar Long March 10 7 8.8 4.5 21,600 Solar panels 2026 (2020) Testing 0
(1)
Gaganyaan  India Indian Space Research Organization LEO GSLV Mk III 3 7 3.5 7,800 Solar Panels Parachute splashdown (with drogues and mains) (Planned: 2024) Planned 0
Starship  USA SpaceX Solar System[8][note 18] Starship 100 [note 19] 55 [8] 9 [8][note 20] 1,335,000 [8] Solar Panels Propulsive landing (caught by mechanical arms on the launch tower when landing on launch site) (Planned: 2023) [8] Testing 0
Orel
  Russia RKK Energia LEO,Lunar Irtysh (rocket)
Angara A5 		6 6.1 37,478 Solar panels (Planned: 2028) Planned 0
Dream Chaser  USA Sierra Nevada Corporation LEO Vulcan Centaur 7 [9][10] 9 [11] 7 [note 21] 11,300 [12] Solar panels Runway landing TBA Planned 0
Biconic Space Vehicle  USA Blue Origin LEO New Glenn 7 98 7 TBA Planned 0
Nyx  Germany  France The Exploration Company LEO,Lunar Ariane 6 or Falcon 9 4 8,000 Solar panels 4,000 LEO, 2,000 Lunar TBA Planned 0


Suborbital space vehicles

[edit]
Spacecraft Origin Manufacturer Altitude Launch system Crew size Length (m) Diameter (m) Launch mass (kg) Power system Generated power (W) Recovery method First spaceflight § Last spaceflight Flights §
SpaceShipOne  USA Scaled Composites 112 km
X Prize 		White Knight
Hybrid Motor 		1 8.53 8.05 3,600 Batteries Runway landing 2004 2004 3[note 22]
X-15  USA North American Aviation 108 km
altitude 		B-52
Ammonia-LOX 		1 15.45 6.8 15,420 Two 28 volt-300 amp DC generators Runway landing 1963[note 23] 1963 2[note 24]
SpaceShipTwo  USA Virgin Galactic 90 km White Knight Two
RocketMotorTwo 		8[note 25] 18.3 8.3 9,740 Batteries Runway landing December 13, 2018 2024 2[note 26]
New Shepard  USA Blue Origin 119 km New Shepard
BE-3 		6 18 3.7 75,000 [note 27] Batteries Parachute landing (three drogues, three mains) with retrorockets 2021
(2015) 		6 (17)
Spica Rocket  Denmark Copenhagen Suborbitals 105 km BPM100 1 13 1 4,100 Batteries Parachute splashdown 2025 Early Development 0

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ Including 2 suborbital flights, not including boilerplate tests
  2. ^ One uncrewed launch on Titan IIIC ahead of proposed use in MOL programme
  3. ^ a b Not including boilerplate tests
  4. ^ No missions carried more than eight astronauts, although higher crew sizes were theoretically possible, for example recovering the crew of a stranded orbiter.
  5. ^ Wingspan 23.79m
  6. ^ Includes two fatal accidents; STS-51-L disintegrated during ascent, STS-107 damaged during ascent, disintegrated during reentry.
  7. ^ Crewed flights include one launch failure - abort during third stage flight, recovered after suborbital flight
  8. ^ Able to carry three cosmonauts without spacesuits, or two with spacesuits; both combinations flown
  9. ^ Uncrewed flight count includes two launch failures
  10. ^ Crewed flights include one fatal in-flight failure; Soyuz 1 lost due to parachute failure upon landing.
  11. ^ Crewed flights include one fatal in-flight failure; Soyuz 11 depressurised during reentry.
  12. ^ Crewed flights include one launch failure (SAS (launch escape system) used ~70 seconds before planned liftoff due to fire on launch pad - crew survived)
  13. ^ Wingspan 23.92m
  14. ^ planned payload, never used
  15. ^ Each mission in the Commercial Crew Program will send up to four astronauts to the ISS
  16. ^ Originally set to launch up to 6 astronauts, when designed for transportation of crew to the ISS under the Constellation Program
  17. ^ Including uncrewed test in 2014
  18. ^ Designed to land almost everywhere in the solar system
  19. ^ Number of seats will be lower on early missions
  20. ^ Plus delta wings
  21. ^ Including wings
  22. ^ Does not include crewed atmospheric flights
  23. ^ Does not include only-U.S.-recognized spaceflights
  24. ^ Does not include atmospheric flights, or missions considered spaceflights by the US definition but not the FAI's definition
  25. ^ 2 crew + 6 passengers
  26. ^ Does not include crewed atmospheric flights
  27. ^ to date only 45,000

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Clark, Stephen (7 December 2019). "After redesigns, the finish line is in sight for SpaceX's Crew Dragon spaceship". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 6 June 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2020. 'With [the addition of parachutes] and the angle of the seats, we could not get seven anymore', Shotwell said. "So now we only have four seats. That was kind of a big change for us".
  2. ^ "Falcon 9". SpaceX. Archived from the original on 15 July 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  3. ^ "SpaceX Brochure – 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  4. ^ Clark, Stephen. "SpaceX's Crew Dragon ready for first test flight – Spaceflight Now". Retrieved 2019-03-02.
  5. ^ McCrea, Aaron (2024-10-10). "Dragon receives long-planned propulsive landing upgrade after years of development". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 2024-11-12.
  6. ^ Reichhardt, Tony (August 2018). "Astronauts, Your Ride's Here!". Air & Space/Smithsonian. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  7. ^ a b Burghardt, Mike (August 2011). "Boeing CST-100: Commercial Crew Transportation System" (PDF). Boeing. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 1, 2013. Retrieved May 8, 2014.
  8. ^ a b c d e "Making Life Multiplanetary" (PDF). SpaceX. 2017-10-18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-11-19. Retrieved 2017-11-19.
  9. ^ "Dream Chaser Model Drops in at NASA Dryden" (Press release). Dryden Flight Research Center: NASA. 2010-12-17. Archived from the original on 2012-06-12. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  10. ^ Chang, Kenneth (2011-02-01). "Businesses Take Flight, With Help From NASA". New York Times. p. D1. Archived from the original on 2017-09-11. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  11. ^ Wade, Mark (2014). "Dream Chaser". Encyclopedia Astronautix. Archived from the original on 2014-01-06. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  12. ^ Sirangelo, Mark (August 2011). "NewSpace 2011: Sierra Nevada Corporation". Spacevidcast. Retrieved 2011-08-16. Sirangelo, Mark (24 August 2014). "Flight Plans and Crews for Commercial Dream Chaser's First Flights: One-on-One Interview With SNC VP Mark Sirangelo (Part 3)". AmericaSpace.
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