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{{Short description|Israeli feminist; founder of the Women of the Wall organization}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = Anat Hoffman
| name = Anat Hoffman
| image =
| image = Anat Hoffman.jpg
| alt =
| alt =
| caption =
| caption =
| birth_name = Anat Weiss
| birth_name = Anat Weiss
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1954}}<!-- {{Birth date and age|} or {{Birth-date and age|Month DD, YYYY}} -->
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|4|02}}<!-- {{April 2, 1954 and age|}} or {{Birth-date and age|April 2, 1954}} -->
| birth_place = [[Jerusalem]]
| birth_place = [[Jerusalem]]
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} or {{Death-date and age|Month DD, YYYY|Month DD, YYYY}} (death date then birth date) -->
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} or {{Death-date and age|Month DD, YYYY|Month DD, YYYY}} (death date then birth date) -->
| death_place =
| death_place =
| nationality =
| nationality =
| other_names =
| other_names =
| known_for = Social activism
| known_for = Social activism
| occupation = Executive Director, Israel Religious Action Center
| occupation = Executive Director, Israel Religious Action Center
⚫
| education = [[UCLA]] in Los Angeles (BA in Psychology, 1980)
| residence = Jerusalem
⚫
| alma_mater = UCLA
⚫
| education = [[UCLA]] in Los Angeles (BA in Psychology, 1980)
}}
⚫
| alma_mater = UCLA}}


'''Anat Hoffman''' ({{lang-he|ענת הופמן}}; born 1954) is an Israeli activist and serves as Executive Director of the [[Israel Religious Action Center]], also known as IRAC. She is the director and founding member of Neshot HaKotel, also known as [[Women of the Wall]]. Hoffman is a former member of the [[Jerusalem]] City Council. In 2013, the Israeli newspaper, [[Haaretz]], named her "Person of the Year", noting the award reflected "the prominence that she has achieved across the Jewish world over the past 12 months".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/features/1.545219|title=Women of the Wall’s Anat Hoffman Is Haaretz’s Person of the Year|work=Haaretz.com}}</ref> The [[Jerusalem Post]] listed her fifth, among its list of 50 Most Influential Jews, for forcefully and successfully bringing the issue of women's rights at the Kotel to the "forefront of the consciousness of world Jewry". <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-Features/Lapid-tops-Jerusalem-Posts-50-most-influential-Jews-list-313123|title=Yair Lapid tops Post's 50 most influential Jews list - Jewish World - Jerusalem Post|work=The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com}}</ref>
'''Anat Hoffman''' ({{langx|he|ענת הופמן}}; born April 2, 1954) is an Israeli activist and the former executive director of the [[Israel Religious Action Center]], also known as IRAC. She is the director and founding member of Nashot HaKotel, also known as [[Women of the Wall]]. Hoffman is a former member of the [[Jerusalem]] City Council. In 2013, the Israeli newspaper ''[[Haaretz]]'' named her "Person of the Year", noting the award reflected "the prominence that she has achieved across the Jewish world over the past 12 months".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/features/1.545219|title=Women of the Wall's Anat Hoffman Is Haaretz's Person of the Year|work=Haaretz.com}}</ref> ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'' listed her fifth, among its list of 50 Most Influential Jews, for forcefully and successfully bringing the issue of women's rights at the Kotel to the "forefront of the consciousness of world Jewry".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-Features/Lapid-tops-Jerusalem-Posts-50-most-influential-Jews-list-313123|title=Yair Lapid tops Post's 50 most influential Jews list - Jewish World - Jerusalem Post|work=The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com}}</ref>


==Early life and education==
==Early life and education==


Hoffman is a [[Sabra (person)|Sabra]] born on a [[kibbutz]] near [[Jerusalem]]<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/10/world/the-arab-uprising-after-two-years-voices-from-both-sides.html The Arab Uprising After Two Years: Voices From Both Sides ''The New York Times'', 10 December 1989]</ref> in 1954. Her mother, Varda Blechman, was the first child born at Kibbutz [[Ramat Rachel]] (Hebrew: רָמַת רָחֵל, lit. Rachel's Heights). Her American-born father, Charles Weiss, served as a [[Voice of America]] correspondent in Israel. She attended the [[Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design]]. She also excelled as a competitive athlete, becoming a champion swimmer. She competed in the [[Maccabiah Games]], winning titles in nine events.
Hoffman is a [[Sabra (person)|sabra]] born in [[Haifa]] in 1954. Her mother, Varda Blechman, was the first child born at Kibbutz [[Ramat Rachel]] (Hebrew: רָמַת רָחֵל, lit. Rachel's Heights). Her American-born father, Charles Weiss, served as a [[Voice of America]] correspondent in Israel. She attended the [[Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design]]. Between 1967 and 1973 she swam competitively and placed consistently among the top female swimmers in Israel. In 1972 she won seven medals in the Israel national championships, including 4 gold. In the 1973 Maccabia Games she won two silver medals. In 1974, after she had completed her service in the [[Israel Defense Forces]], she and her husband at the time, Michael, left for the United States to study. She graduated from [[UCLA]] in 1980 with a B.A. in [[Psychology]]. While at UCLA, she was connected to [[Hillel: The Foundation for Jewish Campus Life]] and started the Israeli Student Organization. She was exposed to [[Reform Judaism]] and realized for the first time that Judaism was not limited to [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodoxy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Jerusalem-Report/Israel/A-modern-day-Deborah|title=A modern-day Deborah|work=The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com}}</ref>
In 1974, after she completed her service in the [[Israel Defense Forces]], she and her husband at the time, Michael, left for the United States to study. She graduated from [[UCLA]] in 1980 with a B.A. in [[Psychology]]. While at UCLA, she was connected to [[Hillel: The Foundation for Jewish Campus Life]] and started the Israeli Student Organization. She was exposed to [[Reform Judaism]] and realized for the first time that Judaism was not limited to [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodoxy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Jerusalem-Report/Israel/A-modern-day-Deborah|title=A modern-day Deborah|work=The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com}}</ref>

She later pursued graduate study at [[Bar Ilan University]].
She later pursued graduate study at [[Bar Ilan University]].


==Career==
==Activism==

[[File:Women of the Wall at Entrance to Kotel.jpg|thumb|Anat Hoffman and another woman at the Entrance to Kotel; from Women of the Wall, photo by Michal Patelle]]
[[File:WOW Torah Reading.jpg|thumb|Anat Hoffman observing a WOW Torah Reading]]
[[File:WOW Torah Reading.jpg|thumb|Anat Hoffman observing a WOW Torah Reading]]


Returning to Israel, she became an activist for religious pluralism, becoming involved in the founding of Kol Haneshema, a Reform or progressive synagogue in Jerusalem. She served on the Jerusalem City Council from 1988 to 2002, representing the Civil Rights and Peace Movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfjff.org/film/biography?id=3870&last=Hoffman&first=+Anat&role=Panelist|title=Home - Jewish Film Institute|work=Jewish Film Institute}}</ref>
Returning to Israel, she became an activist for religious pluralism, becoming involved in the founding of Kol HaNeshama, a Reform or progressive synagogue in Jerusalem. She served on the Jerusalem City Council from 1988 to 2002, representing the Civil Rights and Peace Movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfjff.org/film/biography?id=3870&last=Hoffman&first=+Anat&role=Panelist|title=Home - Jewish Film Institute|work=Jewish Film Institute|access-date=2014-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129015733/http://www.sfjff.org/film/biography?id=3870&last=Hoffman&first=+Anat&role=Panelist|archive-date=2014-11-29|url-status=dead}}</ref>


In the late 1980s she led a campaign for consumer rights with regard to [[Bezeq]], the Israeli telecommunications company that had a monopoly, and refused to offer customer itemized bills. Hoffman complained, on behalf of consumers, that they were paying for items they had not used. In the end, she prevailed and Bezeq issued itemized bills to customers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/israel-news/back-wall-still-fighting|title=The Jewish Week - Connecting the World to Jewish News, Culture, and Opinion|work=The Jewish Week - Connecting The World To Jewish News, Culture & Opinion}}</ref>
In the late 1980s she led a consumer-rights campaign against [[Bezeq]], the Israeli telecommunications monopoly, over its refusal to offer its customers itemized bills. Hoffman complained, on behalf of consumers, that they were paying for items they had not used. In the end, she prevailed and Bezeq issued itemized bills to customers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/israel-news/back-wall-still-fighting|title=The Jewish Week - Connecting the World to Jewish News, Culture, and Opinion|access-date=2014-11-22|archive-date=2016-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921104746/http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/israel-news/back-wall-still-fighting|url-status=dead}}</ref>


Anat Hoffman is chair of the Domari Society of Gypsies in Jerusalem. Additionally, prior to the 1993 Oslo Accords, Hoffman was the chairwoman of [[Women in Black]], an international women's anti-war movement with an estimated 10,000 activists around the world. The first group was formed by Israeli women in Jerusalem in 1988, following the outbreak of the First intifada.<ref name=Feminism>{{cite book|last1=Melanie S. Rich|first1=Kalpana Misra|title=Jewish feminism in Israel : some contemporary perspectives|date=2003|publisher=Brandeis University Press, Published by University Press of New England|location=Hanover, NH|isbn=9781584653257|pages=114–5|url=https://books.google.co.il/books?id=xUxoXwNsqqQC&pg=PA114}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/women-of-the-wall-leadership-linked-to-anti-israel-groups/2013/11/10/|title=Women of the Wall Leadership Linked to Anti-Israel Groups|last=Avraham|first=Rachel|date=2013-11-10|website=The Jewish Press|access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref>
Anat Hoffman is chair of the Domari Society of Gypsies in Jerusalem. Additionally, prior to the 1993 Oslo Accords, Hoffman was the chairwoman of [[Women in Black]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOucoxLbCLYC&dq=anat+hoffman&pg=PA144|title=The Alster Files: The Truth as I See it|last=Alster|first=Joseph|date=2001|publisher=Gefen Publishing House Ltd|isbn=9789652292643|pages=159|language=en}}</ref> an international women's anti-war movement with an estimated 10,000 activists around the world. The first group was formed by Israeli women in Jerusalem in 1988, following the outbreak of the First intifada.<ref name=Feminism>{{cite book|last1=Melanie S. Rich|first1=Kalpana Misra|title=Jewish feminism in Israel : some contemporary perspectives|date=2003|publisher=Brandeis University Press, Published by University Press of New England|location=Hanover, NH|isbn=9781584653257|pages=114–5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xUxoXwNsqqQC&pg=PA114}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/women-of-the-wall-leadership-linked-to-anti-israel-groups/2013/11/10/|title=Women of the Wall Leadership Linked to Anti-Israel Groups|last=Avraham|first=Rachel|date=2013-11-10|website=The Jewish Press|access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref>


She was a member of the group that started [[Women of the Wall]] in December 1988. Women of the Wall is a group of women from around the world who are working to secure the right to pray in their fashion at the [[Western Wall]], wearing prayer shawls and other religiously significant garments, singing and reading from the Torah collectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://womenofthewall.org.il/|title=Women of the Wall - נשות הכותל|work=Women of the Wall - נשות הכותל}}</ref> When Israel's Supreme Court ruled in favor of Women of the Wall, Orthodox leaders and rabbis protested the decision.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/23/world/israeli-high-court-rules-for-women-s-services-at-western-wall.html|title=Israeli High Court Rules for Women's Services at Western Wall|date=23 May 2000|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Arrested multiple times for wearing a prayer shawl at the Wall, Hoffman was defended by the [[Anti-Defamation League]], which issued a statement saying that reports of her treatment, at the hands of Israeli police, were especially disturbing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/press-center/press-releases/israel-middle-east/adl-disturbed-by-alleged.html|title=ADL Disturbed By Alleged Harsh Treatment Of Anat Hoffman|work=ADL}}</ref>
She was a member of the group that started [[Women of the Wall]] in December 1988. Women of the Wall is a group of women from around the world who are working to secure the right to pray in their fashion at the [[Western Wall]], wearing prayer shawls and other religiously significant garments, singing and reading from the Torah collectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://womenofthewall.org.il/|title=Women of the Wall - נשות הכותל}}</ref> When Israel's Supreme Court ruled in favor of Women of the Wall, Orthodox leaders and rabbis protested the decision.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/23/world/israeli-high-court-rules-for-women-s-services-at-western-wall.html|title=Israeli High Court Rules for Women's Services at Western Wall|date=23 May 2000|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Arrested multiple times for wearing a prayer shawl at the Wall, Hoffman was defended by the [[Anti-Defamation League]], which issued a statement saying that reports of her treatment, at the hands of Israeli police, were especially disturbing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/press-center/press-releases/israel-middle-east/adl-disturbed-by-alleged.html|title=ADL Disturbed by Alleged Harsh Treatment of Anat Hoffman|work=ADL}}</ref>


Since 2002 Hoffman has served as Executive Director of the Israel Religious Action Center, which was founded in 1987 as the public and legal advocacy arm of the movement for Progressive Judaism in Israel. It is dedicated to promoting equality, justice, religious freedom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irac.org/Mission.aspx|title=IRAC - Israel Religious Action Center - Mission|publisher=}}</ref>
From 2002 to 2022, Hoffman served as executive director of the Israel Religious Action Center,<ref name="HoffmanRetires">{{cite web |last=Hoffman |first=Anat |date=September 12, 2022 |title=Announcing My Retirement |url=https://mailchi.mp/irac.org/announcing-my-retirement |access-date=2024-05-27 |work=The Pluralist: Israel Religious Action Center Newsletter}}</ref> which was founded in 1987 as the public and legal advocacy arm of the movement for Progressive Judaism in Israel. It is dedicated to promoting equality, justice, religious freedom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irac.org/Mission.aspx|title=IRAC - Israel Religious Action Center - Mission|access-date=2014-11-17|archive-date=2017-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825082708/http://www.irac.org/Mission.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>


⚫
After certain incidents involving female passengers being asked to move seats on flights so Orthodox Jewish men need not sit next to them, Hoffman initiated a campaign encouraging women not to give up their seats for religious sensibilities.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/10/us/aboard-flights-conflicts-over-seat-assignments-and-religion.html When a Plane Seat Next to a Woman Is Against Orthodox Faith ''The New York Times'', 9 April 2015]</ref> She believes airlines are required to comply with non-discrimination laws. Hoffman also opposes state-financed religious councils.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/02/world/battle-looms-in-israel-over-mixed-religious-councils.html Battle Looms in Israel Over 'Mixed' Religious Councils, ''The New York Times'', 2 December 1998]</ref>
==Views==
⚫
*On women airline passengers being asked to move so Orthodox Jewish men need not sit next to them: believes women should not give up their seats. Airlines should comply with non-discrimination laws. She has initiated a campaign encouraging women not to give up their seats.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/10/us/aboard-flights-conflicts-over-seat-assignments-and-religion.html When a Plane Seat Next to a Woman Is Against Orthodox Faith ''The New York Times'', 9 April 2015]</ref>
*State financed religious councils in Israel: ''I don't believe there should be state-financed religious councils. If they are financed by the Government to provide services they should be incorporated into the municipalities. But still, if they are to exist, then they should be open and democratic and representative.''<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/02/world/battle-looms-in-israel-over-mixed-religious-councils.html Battle Looms in Israel Over 'Mixed' Religious Councils, ''The New York Times'', 2 December 1998]</ref>
*On Israel: ''Show me even one other Jewish state and I will apply. Right away. But this is the only one we've got. All we can do is try to make it better.''<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/10/world/the-arab-uprising-after-two-years-voices-from-both-sides.html "The Arab Uprising After Two Years: Voices From Both Sides", ''The New York Times'', 10 December 1989]</ref>


==References==
==Awards==
In December 2024, Anat Hoffman was included on the [[BBC]]'s ''[[100 Women (BBC)|100 Women]]'' list.<ref name=bbc>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/resources/idt-4f79d09b-655a-42f8-82b4-9b2ecebab611|title=BBC 100 Women 2024: Who is on the list this year?|publisher=BBC|date=3 December 2024|accessdate=3 December 2024 |language=}}</ref>


==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{http://www.womenofthewall.org.il }}
* [http://www.womenofthewall.org.il Women of the wall website]
* [http://www.irac.org Official website of the Israel Religious Action Center]
* [http://www.irac.org Official website of the Israel Religious Action Center]
* [http://reform.org.il/Eng/Index.asp Official website of the Israel Movement for Reform and Progressive Judaism]
* [http://reform.org.il/Eng/Index.asp Official website of the Israel Movement for Reform and Progressive Judaism]


{{100 Women by BBC in 2024|state=collapsed}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hoffman, Anat}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hoffman, Anat}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jews and Judaism in Jerusalem]]
[[Category:20th-century Israeli women politicians]]
[[Category:Jewish feminists]]
[[Category:21st-century Israeli women politicians]]
[[Category:Jews and Judaism and pluralism]]
[[Category:Bar-Ilan University alumni]]
[[Category:Reform Judaism in Israel]]
[[Category:City councillors of Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Israeli feminists]]
[[Category:Israeli feminists]]
[[Category:Israeli women in politics]]
[[Category:Israeli Reform Jews]]
[[Category:Jewish Israeli politicians]]
[[Category:Jewish Israeli politicians]]
[[Category:Bar-Ilan University alumni]]
[[Category:Jewish women politicians]]
[[Category:Jews and Judaism and pluralism]]
[[Category:Jews and Judaism in Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Kibbutzniks]]
[[Category:Reform Jewish feminists]]
[[Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni]]

Latest revision as of 22:17, 12 December 2024

Anat Hoffman
Born
Anat Weiss

(1954-04-02) April 2, 1954 (age 70)
Jerusalem
EducationUCLA in Los Angeles (BA in Psychology, 1980)
Alma materUCLA
Occupation(s)Executive Director, Israel Religious Action Center
Known forSocial activism

Anat Hoffman (Hebrew: ענת הופמן; born April 2, 1954) is an Israeli activist and the former executive director of the Israel Religious Action Center, also known as IRAC. She is the director and founding member of Nashot HaKotel, also known as Women of the Wall. Hoffman is a former member of the Jerusalem City Council. In 2013, the Israeli newspaper Haaretz named her "Person of the Year", noting the award reflected "the prominence that she has achieved across the Jewish world over the past 12 months".[1] The Jerusalem Post listed her fifth, among its list of 50 Most Influential Jews, for forcefully and successfully bringing the issue of women's rights at the Kotel to the "forefront of the consciousness of world Jewry".[2]

Early life and education

[edit]

Hoffman is a sabra born in Haifa in 1954. Her mother, Varda Blechman, was the first child born at Kibbutz Ramat Rachel (Hebrew: רָמַת רָחֵל, lit. Rachel's Heights). Her American-born father, Charles Weiss, served as a Voice of America correspondent in Israel. She attended the Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design. Between 1967 and 1973 she swam competitively and placed consistently among the top female swimmers in Israel. In 1972 she won seven medals in the Israel national championships, including 4 gold. In the 1973 Maccabia Games she won two silver medals. In 1974, after she had completed her service in the Israel Defense Forces, she and her husband at the time, Michael, left for the United States to study. She graduated from UCLA in 1980 with a B.A. in Psychology. While at UCLA, she was connected to Hillel: The Foundation for Jewish Campus Life and started the Israeli Student Organization. She was exposed to Reform Judaism and realized for the first time that Judaism was not limited to Orthodoxy.[3]

She later pursued graduate study at Bar Ilan University.

Activism

[edit]
Anat Hoffman observing a WOW Torah Reading

Returning to Israel, she became an activist for religious pluralism, becoming involved in the founding of Kol HaNeshama, a Reform or progressive synagogue in Jerusalem. She served on the Jerusalem City Council from 1988 to 2002, representing the Civil Rights and Peace Movement.[4]

In the late 1980s she led a consumer-rights campaign against Bezeq, the Israeli telecommunications monopoly, over its refusal to offer its customers itemized bills. Hoffman complained, on behalf of consumers, that they were paying for items they had not used. In the end, she prevailed and Bezeq issued itemized bills to customers.[5]

Anat Hoffman is chair of the Domari Society of Gypsies in Jerusalem. Additionally, prior to the 1993 Oslo Accords, Hoffman was the chairwoman of Women in Black,[6] an international women's anti-war movement with an estimated 10,000 activists around the world. The first group was formed by Israeli women in Jerusalem in 1988, following the outbreak of the First intifada.[7][8]

She was a member of the group that started Women of the Wall in December 1988. Women of the Wall is a group of women from around the world who are working to secure the right to pray in their fashion at the Western Wall, wearing prayer shawls and other religiously significant garments, singing and reading from the Torah collectively.[9] When Israel's Supreme Court ruled in favor of Women of the Wall, Orthodox leaders and rabbis protested the decision.[10] Arrested multiple times for wearing a prayer shawl at the Wall, Hoffman was defended by the Anti-Defamation League, which issued a statement saying that reports of her treatment, at the hands of Israeli police, were especially disturbing.[11]

From 2002 to 2022, Hoffman served as executive director of the Israel Religious Action Center,[12] which was founded in 1987 as the public and legal advocacy arm of the movement for Progressive Judaism in Israel. It is dedicated to promoting equality, justice, religious freedom.[13]

After certain incidents involving female passengers being asked to move seats on flights so Orthodox Jewish men need not sit next to them, Hoffman initiated a campaign encouraging women not to give up their seats for religious sensibilities.[14] She believes airlines are required to comply with non-discrimination laws. Hoffman also opposes state-financed religious councils.[15]

Awards

[edit]

In December 2024, Anat Hoffman was included on the BBC's 100 Women list.[16]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Women of the Wall's Anat Hoffman Is Haaretz's Person of the Year". Haaretz.com.
  2. ^ "Yair Lapid tops Post's 50 most influential Jews list - Jewish World - Jerusalem Post". The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com.
  3. ^ "A modern-day Deborah". The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com.
  4. ^ "Home - Jewish Film Institute". Jewish Film Institute. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2014-11-17.
  5. ^ "The Jewish Week - Connecting the World to Jewish News, Culture, and Opinion". Archived from the original on 2016-09-21. Retrieved 2014-11-22.
  6. ^ Alster, Joseph (2001). The Alster Files: The Truth as I See it. Gefen Publishing House Ltd. p. 159. ISBN 9789652292643.
  7. ^ Melanie S. Rich, Kalpana Misra (2003). Jewish feminism in Israel : some contemporary perspectives. Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press, Published by University Press of New England. pp. 114–5. ISBN 9781584653257.
  8. ^ Avraham, Rachel (2013-11-10). "Women of the Wall Leadership Linked to Anti-Israel Groups". The Jewish Press. Retrieved 2016-06-23.
  9. ^ "Women of the Wall - נשות הכותל".
  10. ^ "Israeli High Court Rules for Women's Services at Western Wall". The New York Times. 23 May 2000.
  11. ^ "ADL Disturbed by Alleged Harsh Treatment of Anat Hoffman". ADL.
  12. ^ Hoffman, Anat (September 12, 2022). "Announcing My Retirement". The Pluralist: Israel Religious Action Center Newsletter. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
  13. ^ "IRAC - Israel Religious Action Center - Mission". Archived from the original on 2017-08-25. Retrieved 2014-11-17.
  14. ^ When a Plane Seat Next to a Woman Is Against Orthodox Faith The New York Times, 9 April 2015
  15. ^ Battle Looms in Israel Over 'Mixed' Religious Councils, The New York Times, 2 December 1998
  16. ^ "BBC 100 Women 2024: Who is on the list this year?". BBC. 3 December 2024. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
[edit]
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