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{{Short description|Inner germ layer of embryonic development}}
{{Infobox embryology
{{Infobox embryology
| Name = Endoderm
| Name = Endoderm
| Latin =
| Latin =
⚫
| Image = Embryonic_origin_of_endoderm.png
| GraySubject = 6
| GrayPage = 49
| Caption = Tissues derived from endoderm.
⚫
| Image = Endoderm2.png
| Caption = Organs derived from endoderm.
| System =
| System =
| CarnegieStage =
| CarnegieStage =
| Days = 16
| Days = 16
| Precursor = [[hypoblast]]
| Precursor = [[Epiblast]]
| GivesRiseTo =
| GivesRiseTo =
| MeshName = Endoderm
| MeshNumber = A16.254.425.407
| DorlandsPre =
| DorlandsSuf =
}}
}}
'''Endoderm''' is one of the three primary [[germ layer]]s in the very early human [[embryo]]. The other two layers are the [[ectoderm]] (outside layer) and [[mesoderm]] (middle layer), with the endoderm being the innermost layer.<ref>Langman's Medical Embryology, 11th edition. 2010.</ref> Cells migrating inward along the [[archenteron]] form the inner layer of the [[gastrulation|gastrula]], which develops into the endoderm.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}
'''Endoderm''' is the innermost of the three primary [[germ layer]]s in the very early [[embryo]]. The other two layers are the [[ectoderm]] (outside layer) and [[mesoderm]] (middle layer).<ref>Langman's Medical Embryology, 11th edition. 2010.</ref> Cells migrating inward along the [[archenteron]] form the inner layer of the [[gastrulation|gastrula]], which develops into the endoderm.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fukuda |first1=Kimiko |last2=Kikuchi |first2=Yutaka |title=Endoderm development in vertebrates: fate mapping, induction and regional specification |journal=Development, Growth and Differentiation |date=August 2005 |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=343–355 |doi=10.1111/j.1440-169X.2005.00815.x |pmid=16109032 |s2cid=26241717 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1440-169X.2005.00815.x |access-date=10 March 2023 |language=en |issn=0012-1592|doi-access=free }}</ref>


The endoderm consists at first of flattened cells, which subsequently become columnar. It forms the epithelial lining of multiple systems.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}
The endoderm consists at first of flattened cells, which subsequently become columnar. It forms the [[epithelial]] lining of multiple systems.


In [[plant biology]], endoderm corresponds to the innermost part of the [[cortex]] ([[bark]]) in young [[shoots]] and young [[roots]] often consisting of a single [[cell layer]]. More the [[plant]] will become older, more endoderm will [[lignify]].
In [[plant biology]], endoderm corresponds to the innermost part of the [[Cortex (botany)|cortex]] ([[Bark (botany)|bark]]) in young [[Shoot (botany)|shoots]] and young [[root]]s often consisting of a single [[Cell (biology)|cell]] layer. As the [[plant]] becomes older, more endoderm will [[Lignification|lignify]].


==Production==
==Production==


The following chart shows the tissues produced by the endoderm.
The following chart shows the [[tissue (biology)|tissue]]s produced by the endoderm.
The embryonic endoderm develops into the interior linings of two tubes in the body, the digestive and respiratory tube.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gilbert|first=SF|title=Endoderm|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10107/|publisher=Sinauer Associates|accessdate=14 March 2013}}</ref>
The embryonic endoderm develops into the interior linings of two tubes in the body, the digestive and respiratory tube.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gilbert|first=SF|title=Endoderm|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10107/|publisher=Sinauer Associates|access-date=14 March 2013}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Layer !! Category !! System !!
! Layer !! Category !! System !!
|-
|-
| General<ref>The '''General''' category denotes that all or most of the [[animal]]s containing this layer produce the adjacent product.</ref> || [[Gastrointestinal tract]]. || the entire [[alimentary canal]] except part of the [[mouth]], [[pharynx]] and the terminal part of the [[rectum]] (which are lined by involutions of the [[ectoderm]]), the lining cells of all the glands which open into the digestive tube, including those of the [[liver]] and [[pancreas]]
| General<ref>The '''General''' category denotes that all or most of the [[animal]]s containing this layer produce the adjacent product.</ref> || [[Gastrointestinal tract]] || the entire [[alimentary canal]] except part of the [[mouth]], [[pharynx]] and the terminal part of the [[rectum]] (which are lined by involutions of the [[ectoderm]]), the lining cells of all the glands which open into the digestive tube, including those of the [[liver]] and [[pancreas]]
|-
|-
| General || [[Respiratory tract]] || the [[Vertebrate trachea|trachea]], [[bronchi]], and [[alveoli]] of the [[lungs]]
| General || [[Respiratory tract]] || the [[Vertebrate trachea|trachea]], [[bronchi]], and [[Pulmonary alveolus|alveoli]] of the [[lungs]]
|-
|-
| General || [[Endocrine]] glands and organs || the lining of the follicles of the [[thyroid gland]] and the epithelial component of the [[thymus|thymus (i.e. thymic epithelial cells).]]
| General || [[Endocrine]] glands and organs || the lining of the follicles of the [[thyroid gland]] and the epithelial component of the [[thymus|thymus (i.e. thymic epithelial cells).]]
Line 40: Line 35:
|}
|}


Liver and pancreas cells are believed to derive from a common precursor.<ref name="pmid11532400">{{cite journal |author=Zaret KS |title=Hepatocyte differentiation: from the endoderm and beyond |journal=Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=568–74 |date=October 2001 |pmid=11532400 |doi= 10.1016/S0959-437X(00)00234-3|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959-437X(00)00234-3}}</ref>
[[Liver]] and [[pancreas]] cells are believed to derive from a common precursor.<ref name="pmid11532400">{{cite journal |author=Zaret KS |title=Hepatocyte differentiation: from the endoderm and beyond |journal=Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=568–74 |date=October 2001 |pmid=11532400 |doi= 10.1016/S0959-437X(00)00234-3}}</ref>


In humans,the endoderm can differentiate into distinguishable organs after 5 weeks of embryonic development.
In humans, the endoderm can differentiate into distinguishable organs after 5 weeks of [[embryogenesis|embryonic development]].


==Additional images==
==Additional images==
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</gallery>
</gallery>


==See also==
== See also ==
{{col div|colwidth=40em}}
*[[Hypoblast]] of primitive endoderm
*[[Ectoderm]]
*[[Ectoderm]]
*[[Germ layer]]
*[[Germ layer]]
Line 59: Line 56:
*[[Endodermal sinus tumor]]
*[[Endodermal sinus tumor]]
*[[Gastrulation]]
*[[Gastrulation]]
*[[Cell differentiation]]
*[[Triploblasty]]
*[[List of human cell types derived from the germ layers]]
{{colend}}


==References==
== References ==
{{Gray's}}
{{Gray's}}
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
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{{Embryology}}
{{Embryology}}
{{Human cell types derived primarily from endoderm}}


{{Portal bar|Anatomy}}

[[Category:Endoderm| ]]
[[Category:Germ layers]]
[[Category:Developmental biology]]
[[Category:Developmental biology]]
[[Category:Embryology]]
[[Category:Embryology]]

Latest revision as of 16:16, 2 May 2024

Endoderm
Tissues derived from endoderm.
Details
Days16
PrecursorEpiblast
Identifiers
MeSHD004707
FMA69071
Anatomical terminology

Endoderm is the innermost of the three primary germ layers in the very early embryo. The other two layers are the ectoderm (outside layer) and mesoderm (middle layer).[1] Cells migrating inward along the archenteron form the inner layer of the gastrula, which develops into the endoderm.[2]

The endoderm consists at first of flattened cells, which subsequently become columnar. It forms the epithelial lining of multiple systems.

In plant biology, endoderm corresponds to the innermost part of the cortex (bark) in young shoots and young roots often consisting of a single cell layer. As the plant becomes older, more endoderm will lignify.

Production

[edit]

The following chart shows the tissues produced by the endoderm. The embryonic endoderm develops into the interior linings of two tubes in the body, the digestive and respiratory tube.[3]

Layer Category System
General[4] Gastrointestinal tract the entire alimentary canal except part of the mouth, pharynx and the terminal part of the rectum (which are lined by involutions of the ectoderm), the lining cells of all the glands which open into the digestive tube, including those of the liver and pancreas
General Respiratory tract the trachea, bronchi, and alveoli of the lungs
General Endocrine glands and organs the lining of the follicles of the thyroid gland and the epithelial component of the thymus (i.e. thymic epithelial cells).
Auditory system the epithelium of the auditory tube and tympanic cavity
Urinary system the urinary bladder and part of the urethra

Liver and pancreas cells are believed to derive from a common precursor.[5]

In humans, the endoderm can differentiate into distinguishable organs after 5 weeks of embryonic development.

Additional images

[edit]
  • Section through the embryo.
    Section through the embryo.
  • Section through ovum imbedded in the uterine decidua
    Section through ovum imbedded in the uterine decidua
  • Signaling pathway to inducing endoderm
    Signaling pathway to inducing endoderm

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Public domain This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 49 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

  1. ^ Langman's Medical Embryology, 11th edition. 2010.
  2. ^ Fukuda, Kimiko; Kikuchi, Yutaka (August 2005). "Endoderm development in vertebrates: fate mapping, induction and regional specification". Development, Growth and Differentiation. 47 (6): 343–355. doi:10.1111/j.1440-169X.2005.00815.x. ISSN 0012-1592. PMID 16109032. S2CID 26241717. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  3. ^ Gilbert, SF. "Endoderm". Sinauer Associates. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
  4. ^ The General category denotes that all or most of the animals containing this layer produce the adjacent product.
  5. ^ Zaret KS (October 2001). "Hepatocyte differentiation: from the endoderm and beyond". Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 11 (5): 568–74. doi:10.1016/S0959-437X(00)00234-3. PMID 11532400.
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