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{{multiple issues|
[[File:Minor Swing Django Reinhardt 1937 Swing 78.jpg|thumb|1937 release as a Swing 78.]]"'''Minor Swing'''" is a popular [[Gypsy jazz]] tune composed by [[Django Reinhardt]] and [[Stéphane Grappelli]]. It was first recorded by [[The Quintet of the Hot Club of France]] in 1937. It was recorded five other times throughout Reinhardt's career and is considered to be one of his signature compositions, as well as a Gypsy [[jazz standard]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Django: The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend |last=Dregni |first=Michael |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press US |isbn=0-19-516752-X |page=138}}</ref>
{{more sources|date=December 2024}}
The composition was first released as a 78 single on the French Swing label in 1937 as SW.23A, Matrix #OLA1990-1, featuring Django Reinhardt and Stéphane Grappelli under the group name [[Quintette du Hot Club de France]].
{{original research|date=December 2024}}
{{copy edit|date=December 2024}}
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{{use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Minor Swing
| type = single
| artist = Quintette du Hot Club de France
| genre =
* [[Gypsy jazz]]
* [[swing music|swing]]
| version =
| cover = Minor Swing Django Reinhardt 1937 Swing 78.jpg
| cover_upright =
| alt =
| border = yes
| caption = 1937 release on the Swing label
| album =
| EP =
| language =
| English_title =
| A-side =
| B-side =
| written =
| published =
| released =
| recorded = {{date|1937-11-25}}{{sfn|Givan|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QD1eWg9XT6sC&pg=PA223 223]}}
| studio =
| venue =
| length =
| label = Swing No. 23
| writer =
| composer =
| lyricist =
| producer = [[Charles Delaunay]]
| chronology =
| prev_title =
| prev_version =
| prev_title2 =
| prev_year =
| title =
| title2 =
| year =
| next_title =
| next_version =
| next_title2 =
| next_year =
| tracks =
| misc =
}}

"'''Minor Swing'''" is a [[gypsy jazz]] tune composed by [[Django Reinhardt]] and [[Stéphane Grappelli]], first recorded by their group [[The Quintet of the Hot Club of France]] in 1937. It is considered to be one of Reinhardt's signature compositions,{{sfn|Dregni|2004|p=[https://archive.org/details/djangolifemusico00dreg/page/n157 138]}} as well as a [[jazz standard]] of the [[swing era]].


==Structure==
==Structure==
Minor Swing is written in the key of A minor. Interestingly, apart from the brief introduction and final coda or playout, there is no discernable melody, just a repeated sequence of chord changes over which the key players improvise continuously until by some mutual agreement the end is decided and the playout performed. The introduction comprises a set of partial arpeggios over the chords Am/Dm/Am/Dm/Am/Dm/E7, followed by the main changes which are Am/-/Dm/-/E7/-/Am/-/ which are followed by Dm/-/Am/-/E7/-/Am/E7/, then the cycle begins again, until the playout which comprises some set arpeggios following the pattern of the first half of the tune with one repeat. In some modern treatments, the E7 in the middle of the second stanza may be replaced with Bb7 (a [[tritone]] substitution) and/or the second stanza sometimes replaced with a [[cycle of fifths]] based treatment for effect, i.e. Dm7/G7/Cmaj7/Fmaj7/Bø/E7/Am (etc.).<ref>http://www.djangobooks.com/blog/analysis-and-breakdown-of-stochelo-rosenbergs-minor-swing-solo-from-live-at-the-north-sea-festival/</ref> Although the chord changes may appear unremarkable and the entire structure somewhat repetitive, in live performance it is a well known vehicle which permits the soloist or soloists to demonstrate their virtuosity and musical skill for creating interesting melodic and rhythmic excursions over the familiar chord patterns, as well as the opportunity to quote from Django's own recorded melodic inventions over his own tune.
Minor Swing is written in the key of [[A minor]]. Apart from the brief introduction and final [[Coda (music)|coda]] or playout, there is no discernible [[melody]], just a repeated sequence of chord changes over which the key players improvise continuously until by some mutual agreement the end is decided and the playout performed.{{cn|date=December 2024}} The introduction comprises a set of partial [[arpeggios]] over the chords Am/Dm/Am/Dm/Am/Dm/E7, followed by the main changes which are Am/-/Dm/-/E7/-/Am/-/ which are followed by Dm/-/Am/-/E7/-/Am/E7/, then the cycle begins again, until the playout which comprises some set arpeggios following the pattern of the first half of the tune with one repeat. In some modern treatments, the E7 in the middle of the second stanza may be replaced with Bb7 (a [[tritone]] substitution) and/or the second stanza sometimes replaced with a [[cycle of fifths]] based treatment for effect, i.e. Dm7/G7/Cmaj7/Fmaj7/Bø/E7/Am (etc.).{{sfn|Wahrhaftig|2014}} Although the chord changes may appear unremarkable and the entire structure somewhat repetitive, in live performance it is a well known vehicle which permits the soloist or soloists to demonstrate their virtuosity and musical skill for creating interesting melodic and rhythmic excursions over the familiar chord patterns, as well as the opportunity to quote from Django's own recorded melodic inventions over his own tune.


==Reception and legacy==
==Original Recordings of "Minor Swing" by Django Reinhardt, with/without Stéphane Grappelli==
In a blog post for [[Jazz at Lincoln Center]], trumpeter [[Wynton Marsalis]] considers "Minor Swing" to be an "essential" jazz recording.{{sfn|''Jazz at Lincoln Center''|2024}}
The discography section of Charles Delaunay's Django Reinhardt biography<ref>{{cite book |title=Django Reinhardt |last=Delaunay |first=Charles |year=1981 |publisher=Ashley Mark Publishing Company |isbn=0-9506224-6-X |page=171ff}}</ref> lists the following sessions at which versions of "Minor Swing" were recorded:
⚫
*Paris, 25 November 1937: [[Django Reinhardt]], guitar; [[Stéphane Grappelli]], violin; Joseph Reinhardt & Eugène Vées, rhythm guitars; [[Louis Vola]], double bass
⚫
*Paris, March 1947: [[Django Reinhardt]], guitar; Eddie Bernard, piano (French Radio broadcast; as "No Name Blues")
⚫
*Paris, 29 August 1947: [[Django Reinhardt]], guitar; Maurice Mernier, clarinet; Eugène Vées, rhythm guitar; Emmanuel Soudieux, double bass; André Jourdan, drums
⚫
*Brussels, December 1948: [[Django Reinhardt]], guitar; Hubert Rostaing, clarinet; Henri "Lousson" Baumgartner, rhythm guitar; Louis Vola, double bass; Arthur Motta, drums
⚫
*Rome, January/February 1949: [[Django Reinhardt]], guitar; [[Stéphane Grappelli]], violin; Gianni Safred, piano; Carlo Pecori, double bass; Aurelio de Carolis, drums
⚫
*Rome, April–May 1950: [[Django Reinhardt]], guitar; André Ekyan, clarinet; Raph Schecroun, piano; Alf Masselier, double bass; Roger Paraboschi, drums


==In the media==
==Recordings==


=== Movies ===
===By Django Reinhardt===
Biographer [[Charles Delaunay]] has compiled the folliwng list of recordings that Django Reinhardt was a part of:{{sfn|Delaunay|1981|p=171ff}}
*1974 Movie ''[[Lacombe, Lucien]]''
⚫
*Paris, 25 November 1937: Django Reinhardt, guitar; Stéphane Grappelli, violin; [[Joseph Reinhardt]] & [[Eugène Vées]], rhythm guitars; [[Louis Vola]], double bass
*1993 Movie ''[[Arizona Dream]]''
⚫
*Paris, March 1947: Django Reinhardt, guitar; Eddie Bernard, piano (French Radio broadcast; as "No Name Blues")
*1999 Movie ''[[The Matrix]]''<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0133093/soundtrack?ref_=tt_trv_snd ''The Matrix'' (1999). Soundtracks. IMDB.]</ref>
⚫
*Paris, 29 August 1947: Django Reinhardt, guitar; Maurice Mernier, clarinet; Eugène Vées, rhythm guitar; Emmanuel Soudieux, double bass; André Jourdan, drums
*1999 Movie ''[[Metroland (film)|Metroland]]''
⚫
*Brussels, December 1948: Django Reinhardt, guitar; [[Hubert Rostaing]], clarinet; Henri "Lousson" Baumgartner, rhythm guitar; Louis Vola, double bass; Arthur Motta, drums
*2000 Movie ''[[Chocolat (2000 film)|Chocolat]]''<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0241303/soundtrack?ref_=tt_trv_snd ''Chocolat'' (2000). Soundtracks. IMDB.]</ref>
⚫
*Rome, January/February 1949: Django Reinhardt, guitar; Stéphane Grappelli, violin; Gianni Safred, piano; Carlo Pecori, double bass; Aurelio de Carolis, drums
⚫
*Rome, April–May 1950: Django Reinhardt, guitar; André Ekyan, clarinet; Raph Schecroun, piano; Alf Masselier, double bass; Roger Paraboschi, drums


=== Videogames ===
==Sources==
*2002 Videogame ''[[Mafia: The City of Lost Heaven]]''<ref>[[Mafia: The City of Lost Heaven|''Mafia: The City of Lost Heaven''.]]</ref>


* {{Cite book |last=Delaunay |first=Charles |title=Django Reinhardt |publisher=Ashley Mark Publishing Company |year=1981 |isbn=0-9506224-6-X}}
==See also==
* {{Cite book |last=Dregni |first=Michael |url=https://archive.org/details/djangolifemusico00dreg |title=Django: The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend |publisher=[[Oxford University Press US]] |year=2004 |isbn=0-19-516752-X |url-access=registration |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
*[[List of 1930s jazz standards]]
* {{Cite book |last=Givan |first=B.M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QD1eWg9XT6sC&pg=PA223 |title=The Music of Django Reinhardt |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-472-03408-6 |series=Jazz perspectives}}
* {{Cite web |date=2024-04-15 |title=Wynton Marsalis Chooses His Top 50 Essential Jazz Recordings |url=https://jazz.org/blog/wynton-marsalis-top-50-jazz-recordings/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907105745/https://jazz.org/blog/wynton-marsalis-top-50-jazz-recordings/ |archive-date=2024-09-07 |website=[[Jazz at Lincoln Center]] |type=Blog |ref={{sfnref|Jazz at Lincoln Center|2024}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Moulou |first=Patrick |url=https://archive.org/details/django-reinhardt-books/%28EMI%29%20Patrick%20Molou%20-%20The%20Ultimate%20Complete%20Django%20Reinhardt%20Book-Bookmakers%20International/ |title=Complete Django: The Ultimate Django Book |date=2007-06-26 |publisher=Bookmakers International |edition=English and French |pages=52-53 |chapter=Minor Swing |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/django-reinhardt-books/%28EMI%29%20Patrick%20Molou%20-%20The%20Ultimate%20Complete%20Django%20Reinhardt%20Book-Bookmakers%20International/page/51/mode/2up?q=minor+swing}}
* {{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C0p_Vq-JvsgC&pg=PA331 |title=Guitar For Dummies, with DVD |last2=Chappell |first2=J. |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-118-11554-1 |series=[[For Dummies]] |chapter=Minor Swing}}
* {{Cite web |last=Wahrhaftig |first=Barry |date=2014-05-29 |title=Analysis and Breakdown of Stochelo Rosenberg’s “Minor Swing” Solo from Live at the North Sea Festival |url=https://www.djangobooks.com/blog/analysis-and-breakdown-of-stochelo-rosenbergs-minor-swing-solo-from-live-at-the-north-sea-festival/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227185246/https://www.djangobooks.com/blog/analysis-and-breakdown-of-stochelo-rosenbergs-minor-swing-solo-from-live-at-the-north-sea-festival/ |archive-date=2021-12-27 |website=DjangoBooks}}


==Notes==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{musicbrainz|0d7ed7d2-d879-3536-a866-85f7b2c871f2}}


{{Django Reinhardt}}
{{Django Reinhardt}}
{{authority control}}


[[Category:Instrumentals]]
[[Category:Instrumentals]]
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[[Category:Swing music]]
[[Category:Swing music]]
[[Category:1937 songs]]
[[Category:1937 songs]]

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gcE1avXFJb4 1937 Recording]

Latest revision as of 01:26, 22 December 2024

"Minor Swing"
1937 release on the Swing label
Single by Quintette du Hot Club de France
Recorded25 November 1937[1]
Genre
LabelSwing No. 23
Producer(s)Charles Delaunay

"Minor Swing" is a gypsy jazz tune composed by Django Reinhardt and Stéphane Grappelli, first recorded by their group The Quintet of the Hot Club of France in 1937. It is considered to be one of Reinhardt's signature compositions,[2] as well as a jazz standard of the swing era.

Structure

[edit]

Minor Swing is written in the key of A minor. Apart from the brief introduction and final coda or playout, there is no discernible melody, just a repeated sequence of chord changes over which the key players improvise continuously until by some mutual agreement the end is decided and the playout performed.[citation needed] The introduction comprises a set of partial arpeggios over the chords Am/Dm/Am/Dm/Am/Dm/E7, followed by the main changes which are Am/-/Dm/-/E7/-/Am/-/ which are followed by Dm/-/Am/-/E7/-/Am/E7/, then the cycle begins again, until the playout which comprises some set arpeggios following the pattern of the first half of the tune with one repeat. In some modern treatments, the E7 in the middle of the second stanza may be replaced with Bb7 (a tritone substitution) and/or the second stanza sometimes replaced with a cycle of fifths based treatment for effect, i.e. Dm7/G7/Cmaj7/Fmaj7/Bø/E7/Am (etc.).[3] Although the chord changes may appear unremarkable and the entire structure somewhat repetitive, in live performance it is a well known vehicle which permits the soloist or soloists to demonstrate their virtuosity and musical skill for creating interesting melodic and rhythmic excursions over the familiar chord patterns, as well as the opportunity to quote from Django's own recorded melodic inventions over his own tune.

Reception and legacy

[edit]

In a blog post for Jazz at Lincoln Center, trumpeter Wynton Marsalis considers "Minor Swing" to be an "essential" jazz recording.[4]

Recordings

[edit]

By Django Reinhardt

[edit]

Biographer Charles Delaunay has compiled the folliwng list of recordings that Django Reinhardt was a part of:[5]

  • Paris, 25 November 1937: Django Reinhardt, guitar; Stéphane Grappelli, violin; Joseph Reinhardt & Eugène Vées, rhythm guitars; Louis Vola, double bass
  • Paris, March 1947: Django Reinhardt, guitar; Eddie Bernard, piano (French Radio broadcast; as "No Name Blues")
  • Paris, 29 August 1947: Django Reinhardt, guitar; Maurice Mernier, clarinet; Eugène Vées, rhythm guitar; Emmanuel Soudieux, double bass; André Jourdan, drums
  • Brussels, December 1948: Django Reinhardt, guitar; Hubert Rostaing, clarinet; Henri "Lousson" Baumgartner, rhythm guitar; Louis Vola, double bass; Arthur Motta, drums
  • Rome, January/February 1949: Django Reinhardt, guitar; Stéphane Grappelli, violin; Gianni Safred, piano; Carlo Pecori, double bass; Aurelio de Carolis, drums
  • Rome, April–May 1950: Django Reinhardt, guitar; André Ekyan, clarinet; Raph Schecroun, piano; Alf Masselier, double bass; Roger Paraboschi, drums

Sources

[edit]
  • Delaunay, Charles (1981). Django Reinhardt. Ashley Mark Publishing Company. ISBN 0-9506224-6-X.
  • Dregni, Michael (2004). Django: The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-516752-X – via Internet Archive.
  • Givan, B.M. (2010). The Music of Django Reinhardt. Jazz perspectives. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-03408-6.
  • "Wynton Marsalis Chooses His Top 50 Essential Jazz Recordings". Jazz at Lincoln Center (Blog). 15 April 2024. Archived from the original on 7 September 2024.
  • Moulou, Patrick (26 June 2007). "Minor Swing". Complete Django: The Ultimate Django Book (English and French ed.). Bookmakers International. pp. 52–53.
  • Phillips, M.; Chappell, J. (2012). "Minor Swing". Guitar For Dummies, with DVD. For Dummies. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-11554-1.
  • Wahrhaftig, Barry (29 May 2014). "Analysis and Breakdown of Stochelo Rosenberg's "Minor Swing" Solo from Live at the North Sea Festival". DjangoBooks. Archived from the original on 27 December 2021.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Givan 2010, p. 223.
  2. ^ Dregni 2004, p. 138.
  3. ^ Wahrhaftig 2014.
  4. ^ Jazz at Lincoln Center 2024.
  5. ^ Delaunay 1981, p. 171ff.
[edit]

Minor Swing (composition) at MusicBrainz

[edit]
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