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{{short description|American neuroscientist}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2013}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Carla J. Shatz
| name = Carla J. Shatz
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| birth_place = {{birth year and age|1947}}
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| nationality =
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| workplaces = [[Howard Hughes Medical Institute]]<br/>[[Stanford University]]
| workplaces = [[Howard Hughes Medical Institute]]<br />[[Stanford University]]<br />[[Harvard University]]<br />[[University of California, Berkeley]]
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| doctoral_advisors = [[David Hubel]], [[Torsten Wiesel]]
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| alma_mater = [[Radcliffe College]], [[University College London]], [[Harvard University]]
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| doctoral_advisor = [[David Hubel]], [[Torsten Wiesel]]
| academic_advisors = [[Pasko Rakic]]
| academic_advisors = [[Pasko Rakic]]
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| notable_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for =
| known_for = Role of neuronal activity in maturation of brain circuits
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| website = {{URL |https://shatzlab.stanford.edu/publications/ |shatzlab.stanford.edu}}
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| education = {{ubl|[[Radcliffe College]] ([[B. A.|BA]])|[[University College London]] ([[MPhil]])|[[Harvard University]] ([[PhD]])}}
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Dr. '''Carla J. Shatz''' (born 1947) is an American [[neurobiologist]] and a member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]], and the [[Institute of Medicine]].
'''Carla J. Shatz''' (born 1947) is an American [[neurobiologist]] and an elected member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Carla Jo Shatz|url=https://www.amacad.org/person/carla-jo-shatz|access-date=December 9, 2021|website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences|language=en|archive-date=December 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209175857/https://www.amacad.org/person/carla-jo-shatz|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[American Philosophical Society]], the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Carla J. Shatz|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/12738.html|access-date=December 9, 2021|website=www.nasonline.org|archive-date=September 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914221949/http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/12738.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[National Academy of Medicine]].


She was the first woman to receive a PhD in Neurobiology from Harvard, to win a tenured position at Stanford Medical School and to head Harvard's [[Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School|Department of Neurobiology]].<ref name="davies">{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=Daniel M.|title=Compatibility Gene|publisher=Allen Lane|isbn=1846145147|pages=150|ref=davies}}<!--|accessdate=2 February 2016--></ref>
She was the first woman to receive a PhD in neurobiology from Harvard.<ref name=pmid23495301>{{cite journal |pmid=23495301 |pmc=3592607 |year=2005 |last1=Paul |first1=C. A |title=An Interview with Carla Shatz – Harvard's First Female Neurobiology Chair |journal=Journal of Undergraduate Neuroscience Education |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=E4–5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2016/02/11/stanford-neurobiologist-carla-shatz-shares-her-perspective/|title=Neurobiologist Carla Shatz shares her perspective – Scope Blog|website=Scopeblog.stanford.edu|accessdate=December 23, 2017|date=February 11, 2016|archive-date=July 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723153611/https://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2016/02/11/stanford-neurobiologist-carla-shatz-shares-her-perspective/|url-status=live}}</ref> Shatz received a tenured position in the basic sciences at Stanford Medical School and later returned to Harvard to head the university's [[Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School|Department of Neurobiology]]. In both cases, Shatz was the first woman hired for the position.<ref name="davies">{{cite book |last1=Davies |first1=Daniel M. |title=Compatibility Gene |publisher=Allen Lane |isbn=978-1846145148| page=150 |ref=davies |year=2013 }}</ref><ref name=pmid23495301/>


==Career==
==Career==
Shatz graduated from [[Radcliffe College]] in 1969 with a B.A. in [[chemistry]]. She received an M.Phil. in Physiology from the [[University College London]] in 1971 on a [[Marshall Scholarship]]. In 1976, she received a [[Ph.D.]] in [[neurobiology]] from [[Harvard Medical School]], where she studied with the [[Nobel laureates]] [[David Hubel]] and [[Torsten Wiesel]]. From 1976 to 1978 she obtained [[postdoctoral training]] with Dr. [[Pasko Rakic]] in the department of [[neuroscience]], Harvard Medical School.
Shatz graduated from [[Radcliffe College]] in 1969 with a BA in [[chemistry]]. She received an MPhil in Physiology from the [[University College London]] in 1971 on a [[Marshall Scholarship]]. In 1976, she received a [[PhD]] in [[neurobiology]] from [[Harvard Medical School]], where she studied with the [[Nobel laureates]] [[David Hubel]] and [[Torsten Wiesel]]. From 1976 to 1978 she obtained [[postdoctoral training]] with [[Pasko Rakic]] in the department of [[neuroscience]], Harvard Medical School.


In 1978, Shatz moved to [[Stanford University]], where she began her studies of the development of the [[mammalian]] [[visual system]] in the department of Neurobiology. She became professor of neurobiology in 1989. In 1992, she moved her laboratory to the department of molecular and cell biology at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], where she became a [[Howard Hughes Medical Institute]] investigator.
In 1978, Shatz moved to [[Stanford University]], where she began her studies of the development of the [[mammalian]] [[visual system]] in the department of Neurobiology. She became professor of neurobiology in 1989. In 1992, she moved her laboratory to the department of molecular and cell biology at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], where she became a [[Howard Hughes Medical Institute]] investigator in 1994. During 1994–1995, she was president of the [[Society for Neuroscience]] and served on the Council of the National Academy of Sciences from 1998 to 2001.


During 1994-1995, she was president of the [[Society for Neuroscience]] and served on the Council of the National Academy of Sciences from 1998 to 2001. From 2000 until 2007, she was the chair of the Department of Neurobiology at Harvard Medical School and the Nathan Marsh Pusey Professor of Neurobiology. She loved Stanford but says, "I couldn't turn it down because I felt I was on a mission to represent women at the highest levels."<ref name="davies"/>
In 2000, Shatz was named the Nathan Marsh Pusey Professor of Neurobiology at Harvard Medical School. She chaired the Department of Neurobiology from 2000 to 2007 and was the first woman to do so.<ref name=pmid23495301/> Regarding her departure from Berkeley, she stated "I couldn't turn [the job] down because I felt I was on a mission to represent women at the highest levels."<ref name="davies"/> Shatz helped to develop the Harvard Center for Neurodegeneration and Repair (now named the Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center<ref>{{cite web|url=https://neurodiscovery.harvard.edu/home|title=Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center|website=neurodiscovery.harvard.edu|access-date=March 24, 2019|archive-date=December 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201211611/https://neurodiscovery.harvard.edu/home|url-status=dead}}</ref>) and led the Harvard Center for Brain Imaging.


She also helped to develop the Harvard Center for Neurodegeneration and Repair (now named the [http://neurodiscovery.harvard.edu|Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center]) and led the Harvard Center for Brain Imaging. Shatz is the inaugural chair holder of The Sapp Family Provostial Professorship, holds professorship appointments in both the Department of Biology (School of Humanities and Sciences) and in Neurobiology (School of Medicine) and is David Starr Jordan Director of the Bio-X program at [[Stanford University School of Medicine]].
Shatz currently holds professorship appointments in both the Department of Biology (School of Humanities and Sciences) and in Neurobiology (School of Medicine) and is The Catherine Holman Johnson Director of Stanford Bio-X at [[Stanford University]]. She was the inaugural chair of The Sapp Family Provostial Professorship. She also served on the Life Sciences jury for the [[Infosys Prize]] in 2011.


==Research==
==Research==
Shatz is one of the pioneers who determined some of the basic principles of early brain [[developmental biology|development]]. She found that the [[spontaneous activity]] of [[neurons]] ''[[in utero]]'' is critical for the formation of precise and orderly [[neural network|neural connections]] in the [[central nervous system]]. Her recent work shows that waves of spontaneous activity in the [[retina]] can alter [[gene expression]] and the strength of [[Synapse|synaptic connections]].
Shatz is one of the pioneers who determined some of the basic principles of early brain [[developmental biology|development]]. She found that the [[spontaneous activity]] of [[neurons]] ''[[Uterus|in utero]]'' is critical for the formation of precise and orderly [[neural network|neural connections]] in the [[central nervous system]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=702379 |pmc=1282696 |year=1978 |last1=Shatz |first1=C. J |title=Ocular dominance in layer IV of the cat's visual cortex and the effects of monocular deprivation |journal=The Journal of Physiology |volume=281 |pages=267–83 |last2=Stryker |first2=M. P |doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012421}}</ref> She discovered that waves of spontaneous activity in the [[retina]] can alter [[gene expression]] and the strength of [[Synapse|synaptic connections]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=8638165 |year=1996 |last1=Feller |first1=M. B |title=Requirement for cholinergic synaptic transmission in the propagation of spontaneous retinal waves |journal=Science |volume=272 |issue=5265 |pages=1182–7 |last2=Wellis |first2=D. P |last3=Stellwagen |first3=D |last4=Werblin |first4=F. S |last5=Shatz |first5=C. J |bibcode=1996Sci...272.1182F |doi=10.1126/science.272.5265.1182 |s2cid=11295283 }}</ref> In 2000, Shatz and colleagues identified [[MHC Class I]] molecules as important for neuronal plasticity, a surprising new role for molecules previously thought to have only immune system function.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=11118151 |pmc=2175035 |year=2000 |last1=Huh |first1=G. S |title=Functional requirement for class I MHC in CNS development and plasticity |journal=Science |volume=290 |issue=5499 |pages=2155–9 |last2=Boulanger |first2=L. M |last3=Du |first3=H |last4=Riquelme |first4=P. A |last5=Brotz |first5=T. M |last6=Shatz |first6=C. J |doi=10.1126/science.290.5499.2155|bibcode=2000Sci...290.2155H }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.stanford.edu/news/2009/april1/med-shatz-040109.html|title=Molecules key to immune system also play role in brain|website=News.stanford.edu|accessdate=December 23, 2017|date=April 2009}}</ref>


Shatz is credited with coining the sentence summarizing the [[Hebbian theory]]: "Cells that fire together, wire together." Although a similar phrase might first have appeared in print in Siegrid Löwel's ''Science'' article in Januar, 1992, Shatz had been using it in lectures for a number of years before. In her September 1992 ''Scientific American'' article, she wrote, "Segregation to form the columns in the visual cortex [...] proceeds when the two nerves are stimulated asynchronously. In a sense, then, cells that fire together wire together. The timing of action-potential activity is critical in determining which synaptic connections are strengthened and retained and which are weakened and eliminated."<ref>{{cite news|last=Shatz| first=Carla J. |title=The Developing Brain |year=1992 |work=Scientific American |location=United States |issn=0036-8733|pages=60–67 |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-developing-brain}}</ref>
Shatz is credited with coining a well-known mnemonic summarizing [[Hebbian theory]]: "Cells that fire together, wire together."<ref name="Keysers_2014">{{cite journal |last1=Keysers |first1=Christian |last2=Gazzola |first2=Valeria |date=June 5, 2014 |title=Hebbian learning and predictive mirror neurons for actions, sensations and emotions |journal= Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=369 |issue=1644 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2013.0175 |pmid=24778372 |pmc=4006178 }}</ref><ref name="i067">{{cite web | title=Rewriting the Rules in the School Of Thought | website=Scientific American | url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/custom-media/biggest-questions-in-science/rewriting-the-rules-in-the-school-of-thought/ | access-date=2024-07-16 | archive-date=July 16, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716184308/https://www.scientificamerican.com/custom-media/biggest-questions-in-science/rewriting-the-rules-in-the-school-of-thought/ | url-status=live }}</ref> In her September 1992 ''Scientific American'' article, she wrote, "Segregation to form the columns in the visual cortex [...] proceeds when the two nerves are stimulated asynchronously. In a sense, then, cells that fire together wire together. The timing of action-potential activity is critical in determining which synaptic connections are strengthened and retained and which are weakened and eliminated."<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Carla J. |last1=Shatz |date=September 1992 |title=The Developing Brain |journal=Scientific American |volume=267 |issue=3 |pages=60–7 |jstor=24939213 |pmid=1502524 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0992-60|bibcode=1992SciAm.267c..60S }}</ref>


==Awards==
==Awards==
Shatz has received the following awards and honors:
Shatz's honors include the Society for Neuroscience Young Investigator Award, the Gill Prize presented by the Indiana University Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, the Silvo Conte Award from the National Foundation for Brain Research, the Charles A. Dana Award for Pioneering Achievement in Health and Education, the Alcon Award for Outstanding Contributions to Vision Research, the Bernard Sachs Award from the Child Neurology Society, the [[Kavli Prize]] in Neuroscience, and the [[Weizmann Women & Science Award]]. She has been elected to the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]], the [[Institute of Medicine]], the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] and the [[American Philosophical Society]]. In 1997, she was invited by President [[Bill Clinton]] and First Lady [[Hillary Clinton]] to speak at the White House Conference on Early Childhood Development and Learning. In 2011, she was elected a [[Foreign Member of the Royal Society]] of London. In 2015, she was awarded the Gruber prize in Neuroscience<ref>{{cite web | url = http://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/foreign-members/| title = Royal Society|publisher= Royal Society|accessdate = March 20, 2010}}</ref> and in 2016 the [[Champalimaud Foundation]] Vision Award. <ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.pdn.cam.ac.uk/news/christine-holt-awarded-20ac1-million-prize-for-research-on-connection-between-eye-and-brain|title=Christine Holt awarded €1 million prize for research on connection between eye and brain|publisher= cambridge University|accessdate= 7 November 2016}} </ref>


Shatz has received the following awards and honors:
==Major publications==
* 1985 [[Society for Neuroscience]] Young Investigator Award<ref name="vss">{{cite web|url=https://www.sfn.org/Awards-and-Funding/Individual-Prizes-and-Fellowships/Young-Scientists-Achievements-and-Research/Young-Investigator-Award|title=Society for Neuroscience|website=Sfn.org|accessdate=December 23, 2017}}</ref>
*Sretavan D, Shatz CJ. (1984) "Prenatal development of individual retinogeniculate axons during the period of segregation". ''Nature'' 308(5962):845-8.
* 1993 Silvo Conte Award, National Foundation for Brain Research<ref>{{cite web |title=2010 Keynote – Carla Shatz |website=Vision Sciences Society |url=https://www.visionsciences.org/2010-keynote/ |access-date=September 30, 2021}}</ref>
*McConnell SK, Ghosh A, Shatz CJ. (1989) "Subplate neurons pioneer the first axon pathway from the cerebral cortex". ''Science'' 245(4921):978-82.
* 1995 Charles A. Dana Award for Pioneering Achievement in Health and Education<ref name="vss"/>
*Ghosh A, Antonini A, McConnell SK, Shatz CJ. (1990) "Requirement for subplate neurons in the formation of thalamocortical connections". ''Nature'' 347(6289):179-81.
* 1997 Alcon Award for Outstanding Contributions to Vision Research<ref name="vss"/>
*Meister M, Wong RO, Baylor DA, Shatz CJ. (1991) "Synchronous bursts of action potentials in ganglion cells of the developing mammalian retina". ''Science'' 252(5008):939-43.
* 1999 Bernard Sachs Award from the Child Neurology Society<ref name="vss"/>
*Ghosh A, Shatz CJ. (1992) "Involvement of subplate neurons in the formation of ocular dominance columns". ''Science'' 255(5050):1441-3.
* 2000 [[Weizmann Women & Science Award]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Weizmann Women in Science Award Recipients |website=Weizmann Institute of Science |url=https://www.weizmann.ac.il/WomenInScience/women-science-award/recipients |access-date=September 30, 2021 |archive-date=September 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911163203/http://www.weizmann.ac.il/WomenInScience/women-science-award/recipients |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Wong RO, Chernjavsky A, Smith SJ, Shatz CJ. (1995) "Early functional neural networks in the developing retina". ''Nature'' 374(6524):716-8.
* 2006 Gill Prize in Neuroscience<ref name="vss"/>
*Katz LC, Shatz CJ. (1996) "Synaptic activity and the construction of cortical circuits". ''Science'' 274(5290):1133-8. Review
* 2009 Mika Salpeter Lifetime Achievement Award<ref>{{cite web |date=October 17, 2009 |title=Society for Neuroscience Announces Science Achievement Awards |website=Society for Neuroscience |url=https://www.sfn.org/Publications/Latest%20News/2009/10/17/SOCIETY%20FOR%20NEUROSCIENCE%20ANNOUNCES%20SCIENCE%20ACHIEVEMENT%20AWARDS |access-date=September 30, 2021 |archive-date=September 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930185753/https://www.sfn.org/Publications/Latest%20News/2009/10/17/SOCIETY%20FOR%20NEUROSCIENCE%20ANNOUNCES%20SCIENCE%20ACHIEVEMENT%20AWARDS |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Penn AA, Riquelme PA, Feller MB, Shatz CJ. (1998) "Competition in retinogeniculate patterning driven by spontaneous activity". ''Science'' 279(5359):2108-12.
* 2011 [[Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sfn.org/publications/latest%20news/2011/11/12/ralph%20w%20gerard%20prize%20in%20neuroscience%20recognizes%20outstanding%20contributions%20of%20carla%20shatz |title=Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience Recognizes Outstanding Contributions of Carla Shatz |date=November 12, 2011 |website=Society for Neuroscience |accessdate=December 23, 2017 |archive-date=May 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515082510/https://www.sfn.org/Publications/Latest%20News/2011/11/12/RALPH%20W%20GERARD%20PRIZE%20IN%20NEUROSCIENCE%20RECOGNIZES%20OUTSTANDING%20CONTRIBUTIONS%20OF%20CARLA%20SHATZ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Catalano SM, Shatz CJ. (1998) "Activity-dependent cortical target selection by thalamic axons". ''Science'' 281(5376):559-62.
* 2013 Mortimer D. Sackler, M.D. Prize for Distinguished Achievement in Developmental Psychobiology<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsroom.cumc.columbia.edu/blog/2013/02/19/pioneer-in-neural-development-honored-with-the-mortimer-d-sackler-m-d-prize-for-distinguished-achievement-in-developmental-psychobiology/|title=Pioneer in Neural Development Carla Shatz, PhD, Wins Prestigious Prize|website=Columbia University Irving Medical Center|date=February 19, 2013|accessdate=September 30, 2021|archive-date=June 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625115703/http://newsroom.cumc.columbia.edu/blog/2013/02/19/pioneer-in-neural-development-honored-with-the-mortimer-d-sackler-m-d-prize-for-distinguished-achievement-in-developmental-psychobiology/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Stellwagen D, Shatz CJ, and Feller MB. (1999) "Dynamic processes of a developing retinal circuit are controlled by c-AMP", ''Neuron'' 24: 673-685.
* 2015 [[Gruber Prize in Neuroscience]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gruber.yale.edu/neuroscience/2015/carla-shatz|title=Carla Shatz, 2015 Neuroscience Prize, Laureate Profile|website=The Gruber Foundation|access-date=September 30, 2021|archive-date=September 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930185759/https://gruber.yale.edu/neuroscience/2015/carla-shatz|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Huh GS, Du H, Boulanger LM, Riquelme P, Brotz TM, and Shatz CJ. (2000) "Functional requirement for Class I MHC in CNS development and plasticity". ''Science'' 290:2155-2159.
* 2016 [[Kavli Prize]] in Neuroscience<ref name="News Center 2016">{{cite web | title=Carla Shatz wins Kavli Neuroscience Prize | website=News Center | date=June 2, 2016 | url=http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2016/06/carla-shatz-wins-kavli-neuroscience-prize.html | access-date=December 14, 2021 | archive-date=December 14, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214213410/https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2016/06/carla-shatz-wins-kavli-neuroscience-prize.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
*Man-Kit Lam D and Shatz CJ. (Eds.) ''Development of the Visual System''. MIT Press, 1991. ISBN 0-262-12154-9.
* 2016 [[Champalimaud Foundation]] Vision Award.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://biox.stanford.edu/highlight/carla-shatz-wins-2016-antonio-champalimaud-vision-award|title=Carla Shatz wins the 2016 Antonio Champalimaud Vision Award!|website=Stanford BioX|accessdate=December 23, 2017|date=September 6, 2016|archive-date=December 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211162140/https://biox.stanford.edu/highlight/carla-shatz-wins-2016-antonio-champalimaud-vision-award|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Stellwagen D, Shatz CJ. (2002) "An instructive role for retinal waves in the development of retinogeniculate connectivity". ''Neuron'' 33:357-367.
* 2017 [[Harvey Prize]] in Science and Technology<ref>{{cite web |title=Shatz wins Harvey Prize in Science and Technology |last=Collins |first=Nathan |date=February 1, 2018 |url=https://news.stanford.edu/thedish/2018/02/01/shatz-wins-harvey-prize-in-human-health/ |access-date=September 30, 2021 |archive-date=September 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930185753/https://news.stanford.edu/thedish/2018/02/01/shatz-wins-harvey-prize-in-human-health/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Kanold PO, Kara P, Reid RC, and Shatz CJ. (2003) "The subplate is required for functional maturation of visual cortical columns". ''Science'' 301:521-525.

*Boulanger LM, Shatz CJ. (2004) "Immune signaling in neural development, synaptic plasticity, and disease". ''Nature Reviews Neuroscience'' 5: 521-531.
She has been elected to numerous professional societies:
*Tagawa Y, Kanold PO, Majdan M, Shatz CJ. (2005) "Multiple periods of functional ocular dominance plasticity in mouse visual cortex". ''Nature Neuroscience'' 8(3):380-8.
* [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] (1992)
*Kanold PO, Shatz CJ. (2006) "Subplate neurons regulate maturation of cortical inhibition and outcome of ocular dominance plasticity". ''Neuron'' 51(5):627-38.
* [[National Academy of Sciences]] (1995)
*Syken J, Grandpre T, Kanold PO, Shatz CJ. (2006) "PirB restricts ocular-dominance plasticity in visual cortex". ''Science'' 313(5794):1795-800.
* [[American Philosophical Society]] (1997)
*Majdan M, Shatz CJ. (2006) "Effects of visual experience on activity-dependent gene regulation in cortex". ''Nature Neuroscience'' 9(5):650-9.
* [[National Academy of Medicine]] (1999)
*Goddard, CA, Butts, D, Shatz, CJ (2007) "Regulation of CNS synapses by neuronal MHC Class I". ''PNAS'' 104: 6828-6833.
* [[Foreign Member of the Royal Society]] of London (2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org/people/carla-shatz-12260/|title=Carla Shatz|website=Royalsociety.org|accessdate=December 23, 2017|archive-date=November 23, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123142957/https://royalsociety.org/people/carla-shatz-12260/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Butts, DA, Kanold, PO, Shatz CJ (2007) "A burst-based 'Hebbian' learning rule at retinogeniculate synapses links retinal waves to activity dependent refinement". ''PLoS Biology'' 5: E61.
* Honorary doctorate at the [[Norwegian University of Science and Technology]] (NTNU) (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doktorpromosjon 2023 - NTNU |url=https://www.ntnu.no/phd/doktorpromosjon2023 |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=www.ntnu.no |archive-date=March 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310145908/https://www.ntnu.no/phd/doktorpromosjon2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Atwal JK, Pinkston-Gosse J, Syken J, Stawicki S, Wu Y, Shatz CJ, Tessier-Lavigne MT (2008) "PirB is a functional receptor for myelin inhibitors of axonal regeneration". ''Science'' 322: 967-970. PMCID: 2672503.

*McConnell, MJ, Huang, YH, Datwani, A, Shatz, CJ (2009) "H2-Kb and H2-Db regulate cerebellar long term depression and limit motor learning". ''PNAS'' 106: 6784-6789. PMCID: 2672503.
In 1997, Shatz was invited by President [[Bill Clinton]] and First Lady [[Hillary Clinton]] to speak at the White House Conference on Early Childhood Development and Learning.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://clintonwhitehouse3.archives.gov/WH/New/ECDC/About.html|title=White House Conference on Early Childhood Development & Learning|website=Clintonwhitehouse3.archives.gov|accessdate=December 23, 2017|archive-date=December 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214073355/https://clintonwhitehouse3.archives.gov/WH/New/ECDC/About.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Kanold PO, Kim YA, Grandpre T, Shatz CJ (2009) "Co-regulation of ocular dominance plasticity and NMDA Receptor subunit expression in Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase-65 Knock-Out Mice". ''J. Physiol. Epub'' 04/30/09 PMID 19406876.
*Shatz, CJ (2009) "MHC class I: an unexpected role in neuronal plasticity". ''Neuron'' 64 (1): 40-5.
*McKellar, CE, Shatz, CJ (2009) "Synaptogenesis in purified cortical subplate neurons". ''Cereb Cortex'' 19 (8): 1723-37.
*Datwani A, McConnell MJ, Kanold PO, Micheva KD, Busse B, Shamloo M, Smith SJ, Shatz CJ (2009) "Classical MHCI molecules regulate retinogeniculate refinement and limit ocular dominance plasticity". ''Neuron'' 64 (4):463-70.
*Adelson JD, Barreto GE, Xu L, Kim T, Brott BK, Ouyang YB, Naserke T, Djurisic M, Xiong X, Shatz CJ, Giffard RG (2012) "Neuroprotection from stroke in the absence of MHCI or PirB". ''Neuron'' 73 (6): 1100-7.
*William CM, Andermann ML, Goldey GJ, Roumis DK, Reid RC, Shatz CJ, Albers MW, Frosch MP, Hyman BT (2012) "Synaptic plasticity defect following visual deprivation in Alzheimer's disease model transgenic mice". ''J. Neurosci''. 32:8004-11.
*Kim T, Vidal GS, Djurisic M, William CM, Birnbaum ME, Garcia KC, Hyman BT, Shatz CJ (2013) "Human LilrB2 Is a β-Amyloid Receptor and Its Murine Homolog PirB Regulates Synaptic Plasticity in an Alzheimer's Model". ''Science'' 341:1399-1404.
*Djurisic M, Vidal GS, Mann M, Aharon A, Kim T, Ferrao Santos A, Zuo Y, Hübener M, Shatz CJ (2013) "PirB regulates a structural substrate for cortical plasticity". ''PNAS'' 110(51):20771-6
* Lee H, Brott BK, Kirkby LA, Adelson JD, Cheng S, Feller MB, Datwani A, Shatz CJ (2014) "Synapse elimination and learning rules coregulated by MHC Class I H2-Db". ''Nature'' 509(7499):195-200


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|35em}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
* {{cite web | title=Carla Shatz | website=CAP Profiles | date=12 August 2021 | url=https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/carla-shatz | access-date=14 December 2021}}
*http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/podcasts/interviews/carla-shatz.html
* {{cite web | last1=McElhinny | first1=Kelli | last2=Hoffmann | first2=Karen | title=Science2006:Feel the Power – University of Pittsburgh | website=Pitt Chronicle | date=2 October 2006 | url=https://www.chronicle.pitt.edu/story/science2006feel-power | access-date=14 December 2021}}
*http://med.stanford.edu/profiles/Carla_Shatz/
*http://www.science2006.pitt.edu/shatz.htm
*http://discovermagazine.com/2013/oct/12-brain-benders


{{Kavli Prize laureates}}
{{Kavli Prize laureates}}
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[[Category:Women neuroscientists]]
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[[Category:Kavli Prize laureates in Neuroscience]]
[[Category:21st-century American women]]
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[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Society for Neuroscience]]

Latest revision as of 14:20, 21 December 2024

Carla J. Shatz
Born
1947 (age 76–77)
Education
Known forRole of neuronal activity in maturation of brain circuits
Scientific career
InstitutionsHoward Hughes Medical Institute
Stanford University
Harvard University
University of California, Berkeley
Doctoral advisorsDavid Hubel, Torsten Wiesel
Other academic advisorsPasko Rakic
Websiteshatzlab.stanford.edu

Carla J. Shatz (born 1947) is an American neurobiologist and an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,[1] the American Philosophical Society, the National Academy of Sciences,[2] and the National Academy of Medicine.

She was the first woman to receive a PhD in neurobiology from Harvard.[3][4] Shatz received a tenured position in the basic sciences at Stanford Medical School and later returned to Harvard to head the university's Department of Neurobiology. In both cases, Shatz was the first woman hired for the position.[5][3]

Career

[edit]

Shatz graduated from Radcliffe College in 1969 with a BA in chemistry. She received an MPhil in Physiology from the University College London in 1971 on a Marshall Scholarship. In 1976, she received a PhD in neurobiology from Harvard Medical School, where she studied with the Nobel laureates David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel. From 1976 to 1978 she obtained postdoctoral training with Pasko Rakic in the department of neuroscience, Harvard Medical School.

In 1978, Shatz moved to Stanford University, where she began her studies of the development of the mammalian visual system in the department of Neurobiology. She became professor of neurobiology in 1989. In 1992, she moved her laboratory to the department of molecular and cell biology at the University of California, Berkeley, where she became a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator in 1994. During 1994–1995, she was president of the Society for Neuroscience and served on the Council of the National Academy of Sciences from 1998 to 2001.

In 2000, Shatz was named the Nathan Marsh Pusey Professor of Neurobiology at Harvard Medical School. She chaired the Department of Neurobiology from 2000 to 2007 and was the first woman to do so.[3] Regarding her departure from Berkeley, she stated "I couldn't turn [the job] down because I felt I was on a mission to represent women at the highest levels."[5] Shatz helped to develop the Harvard Center for Neurodegeneration and Repair (now named the Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center[6]) and led the Harvard Center for Brain Imaging.

Shatz currently holds professorship appointments in both the Department of Biology (School of Humanities and Sciences) and in Neurobiology (School of Medicine) and is The Catherine Holman Johnson Director of Stanford Bio-X at Stanford University. She was the inaugural chair of The Sapp Family Provostial Professorship. She also served on the Life Sciences jury for the Infosys Prize in 2011.

Research

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Shatz is one of the pioneers who determined some of the basic principles of early brain development. She found that the spontaneous activity of neurons in utero is critical for the formation of precise and orderly neural connections in the central nervous system.[7] She discovered that waves of spontaneous activity in the retina can alter gene expression and the strength of synaptic connections.[8] In 2000, Shatz and colleagues identified MHC Class I molecules as important for neuronal plasticity, a surprising new role for molecules previously thought to have only immune system function.[9][10]

Shatz is credited with coining a well-known mnemonic summarizing Hebbian theory: "Cells that fire together, wire together."[11][12] In her September 1992 Scientific American article, she wrote, "Segregation to form the columns in the visual cortex [...] proceeds when the two nerves are stimulated asynchronously. In a sense, then, cells that fire together wire together. The timing of action-potential activity is critical in determining which synaptic connections are strengthened and retained and which are weakened and eliminated."[13]

Awards

[edit]

Shatz has received the following awards and honors:

Shatz has received the following awards and honors:

She has been elected to numerous professional societies:

In 1997, Shatz was invited by President Bill Clinton and First Lady Hillary Clinton to speak at the White House Conference on Early Childhood Development and Learning.[26]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Carla Jo Shatz". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on December 9, 2021. Retrieved December 9, 2021.
  2. ^ "Carla J. Shatz". www.nasonline.org. Archived from the original on September 14, 2016. Retrieved December 9, 2021.
  3. ^ a b c Paul, C. A (2005). "An Interview with Carla Shatz – Harvard's First Female Neurobiology Chair". Journal of Undergraduate Neuroscience Education. 3 (2): E4–5. PMC 3592607. PMID 23495301.
  4. ^ "Neurobiologist Carla Shatz shares her perspective – Scope Blog". Scopeblog.stanford.edu. February 11, 2016. Archived from the original on July 23, 2019. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
  5. ^ a b Davies, Daniel M. (2013). Compatibility Gene. Allen Lane. p. 150. ISBN 978-1846145148.
  6. ^ "Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center". neurodiscovery.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on December 1, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2019.
  7. ^ Shatz, C. J; Stryker, M. P (1978). "Ocular dominance in layer IV of the cat's visual cortex and the effects of monocular deprivation". The Journal of Physiology. 281: 267–83. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012421. PMC 1282696. PMID 702379.
  8. ^ Feller, M. B; Wellis, D. P; Stellwagen, D; Werblin, F. S; Shatz, C. J (1996). "Requirement for cholinergic synaptic transmission in the propagation of spontaneous retinal waves". Science. 272 (5265): 1182–7. Bibcode:1996Sci...272.1182F. doi:10.1126/science.272.5265.1182. PMID 8638165. S2CID 11295283.
  9. ^ Huh, G. S; Boulanger, L. M; Du, H; Riquelme, P. A; Brotz, T. M; Shatz, C. J (2000). "Functional requirement for class I MHC in CNS development and plasticity". Science. 290 (5499): 2155–9. Bibcode:2000Sci...290.2155H. doi:10.1126/science.290.5499.2155. PMC 2175035. PMID 11118151.
  10. ^ "Molecules key to immune system also play role in brain". News.stanford.edu. April 2009. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
  11. ^ Keysers, Christian; Gazzola, Valeria (June 5, 2014). "Hebbian learning and predictive mirror neurons for actions, sensations and emotions". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 369 (1644). doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0175. PMC 4006178. PMID 24778372.
  12. ^ "Rewriting the Rules in the School Of Thought". Scientific American. Archived from the original on July 16, 2024. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  13. ^ Shatz, Carla J. (September 1992). "The Developing Brain". Scientific American. 267 (3): 60–7. Bibcode:1992SciAm.267c..60S. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0992-60. JSTOR 24939213. PMID 1502524.
  14. ^ a b c d e "Society for Neuroscience". Sfn.org. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
  15. ^ "2010 Keynote – Carla Shatz". Vision Sciences Society. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  16. ^ "Weizmann Women in Science Award Recipients". Weizmann Institute of Science. Archived from the original on September 11, 2019. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  17. ^ "Society for Neuroscience Announces Science Achievement Awards". Society for Neuroscience. October 17, 2009. Archived from the original on September 30, 2021. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  18. ^ "Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience Recognizes Outstanding Contributions of Carla Shatz". Society for Neuroscience. November 12, 2011. Archived from the original on May 15, 2019. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
  19. ^ "Pioneer in Neural Development Carla Shatz, PhD, Wins Prestigious Prize". Columbia University Irving Medical Center. February 19, 2013. Archived from the original on June 25, 2018. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  20. ^ "Carla Shatz, 2015 Neuroscience Prize, Laureate Profile". The Gruber Foundation. Archived from the original on September 30, 2021. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  21. ^ "Carla Shatz wins Kavli Neuroscience Prize". News Center. June 2, 2016. Archived from the original on December 14, 2021. Retrieved December 14, 2021.
  22. ^ "Carla Shatz wins the 2016 Antonio Champalimaud Vision Award!". Stanford BioX. September 6, 2016. Archived from the original on December 11, 2017. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
  23. ^ Collins, Nathan (February 1, 2018). "Shatz wins Harvey Prize in Science and Technology". Archived from the original on September 30, 2021. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  24. ^ "Carla Shatz". Royalsociety.org. Archived from the original on November 23, 2015. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
  25. ^ "Doktorpromosjon 2023 - NTNU". www.ntnu.no. Archived from the original on March 10, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  26. ^ "White House Conference on Early Childhood Development & Learning". Clintonwhitehouse3.archives.gov. Archived from the original on December 14, 2017. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
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