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{{Short description|Social community of Odisha, India}}
'''Karana''' is a caste found predominantly in [[Odisha]], [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. They are generally a regional subcaste of [[Kayastha]] and used to perform the functions, predominantly, of a scribe in Medieval times. They represent around 5% of [[Odia people]]<ref name="orissa"></ref>
{{For|the same surname and title|Karanam}}

{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Infobox caste
{{Infobox caste
| caste_name = Karana
|caste_name = Karan
| varna =
|native_name = କରଣ
|subdivisions = Karan, Karan Vaishnav
| populated_states = [[Odisha]]
|populated_states = [[Odisha]]
| languages = [[Oriya language|Odia]]
| religions = [[Hinduism]]
|religions = [[Hinduism]]
|languages = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| image = [[File:Calcuttakayasth.jpg|250 px|Late 18th century depiction by [[Frans Balthazar Solvyns]] of a scibe (''munshi'') which was the primary role of Karana]]
|status = [[Forward caste]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajasekhar |first1=D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v0mOAAAAMAAJ&q=karana+caste+ |title=Affirmative Action and Political Participation: Elected Representatives in the Panchayats of Orissa |last2=Patnaik |first2=Pratyusna |last3=Manjula |first3=R. |date=2005 |publisher=Institute for Social and Economic Change |isbn=978-81-7791-122-0 |language=en}}</ref>
| caption = <div align="center">Late 18th century depiction by [[Frans Balthazar Solvyns]] of a scibe (''munshi'') which was the primary role of Karana</div>
| related =
|related = [[Utkala Brahmin|Brahmin]]
|classification = [[Kayastha]]
}}
}}
The '''Karan or Karana''' is a community found in the state of [[Odisha]] in [[India]].<ref name="Pati2008">{{cite book|author=Rabindra Nath Pati|title=Family Planning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5seKkk3GkIC&pg=PA116|year=2008|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-313-0352-8|pages=116–}}</ref> The post of Karana used to be a professional designation that was occupied by literate peoples.<ref name="IHC_KRN_2004">{{Cite journal |last=Raut |first=L.N. |date=2004 |title=Jati Formation in Early Medieval Orissa: Reflection on Karana (Kayastha Caste) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44144743 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=65|pages=304–308 |jstor=44144743 }}</ref> They held [[Karanam]] posts in some parts of [[Andhra Pradesh]], where they speak [[Odia language|Odia]] and played a similar role in Odisha to that of the [[Kayastha]]s of [[West Bengal]] and [[Bihar]].<ref name="Rao1990">{{cite book|author=M. Kodanda Rao|title=Cultural and Structural Dimensions of Family: A Study of Jalari Fishermen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EKhxpLqX9bsC&pg=PA34|year=1990|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-270-5|pages=34–}}</ref> In the social hierarchy of Odisha they rank next to [[Brahmin]]s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Pati |first=Rabindra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5seKkk3GkIC&dq=karan+rank+next+to+brahmin&pg=PA116 |title=Family Planning |date=2008 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-313-0352-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patra |first=Patitapaban |date=December 1994 |title=Archeological remains of Dhenkanal |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/118750 |journal=Utkal University, Department of History |volume=V |pages=205–206|hdl=10603/118750 }}</ref> They exclusively served the ruling powers as their ministers, advisors, governors, military commanders, [[record keeper]]s and [[dewan]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohanty |first=Pramod Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3GzaAAAAMAAJ&q=srikarana |title=Colonialism and South Asia: Cuttack, 1803-1947 |date=2007 |publisher=R.N. Bhattacharya |isbn=978-81-87661-52-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mohanty |first1=Ramesh P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl66OPnClpoC&pg=PA40 |title=Culture, Gender and Gender Discrimination: Caste Hindu and Tribal |last2=Biswal |first2=Durgesh Nandini |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-8324-199-1 |page=40}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sircar |first=D. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ceDuDwAAQBAJ&dq=srikarana&pg=PA375 |title=Indian Epigraphy |date=2017-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-4103-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYhKAQAAIAAJ&q=Sri+Karana++Mahasenapati |title=Cultural Heritage of [Orissa]: pts. 1-2. Katak |date=2002 |publisher=State Level Vyasakabi Fakir Mohan Smruti Samsad |isbn=978-81-902761-5-3 |language=en}}</ref> They owned most [[Zamindar]]is in Odisha.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradhan |first=Sadasiba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_UeAAAAMAAJ&q=athgarh+state+srikaran |title=Agrarian and Political Movements: States of Orissa, 1931 to 1949 |date=1986 |publisher=Inter-India Publications |isbn=978-81-210-0038-3 |language=en}}</ref> They have the highest literacy caste-wise and are highly prosperous.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Joanna Gottfried |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=22wCxbKAdmkC&dq=The+Two-headed+Deer%3A+Illustrations+of+the+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+in+Orissa&pg=PA90 |title=The Two-headed Deer: Illustrations of the Rāmāyaṇa in Orissa |date=1996-01-01 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-08065-2 |language=en}}</ref> Today they are a politically dominant community and have reigned over the politics of Odisha for 50 years.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2019-04-13 |title=Reign of Patnaiks: 40 years and counting |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/odisha/news/reign-of-patnaiks-40-years-and-counting/articleshow/68858700.cms |access-date=2024-09-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2024-05-11 |title=How the Patnaiks, despite being 2% of Odisha's population, ruled the state for 45 years, and maybe beyond |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/odisha/how-the-patnaiks-despite-being-2-of-odishas-population-ruled-the-state-for-45-years-and-maybe-beyond/articleshow/110027397.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-23 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: The evil that envelopes Orissa |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2000/feb/14oriss.htm |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref>
== Origin ==
According to many historians, Karana caste was a mixture of both Brahmin and Dhobi caste. In classical Odisha ''ar. 600 AD'', each community aspired to a [[Varna]] in fourfold varna system, hence the major communities of Odisha were the [[Utkala Brahmins|Brahmins]] and [[Khandayats|Kshatriyas]] who lead the populace. It so happened that a woman from the Dhobi (''washermen'') community happened to be married with a Brahmin man which caused a great controversy for their children. The children's mother belonged to a ''shudra'' varna community, however the children wanted to be coronated as Brahmins.<ref name="orissa">{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=22wCxbKAdmkC&pg=PA90&dq=The+Two-headed+Deer:+Illustrations+of+the+Rāmāyaṇa+in+Orissa&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjYjLiv8unPAhUM_4MKHba3Bz0Q6AEIHjAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Two-headed%20Deer%3A%20Illustrations%20of%20the%20Rāmāyaṇa%20in%20Orissa&f=false |title=The Two-headed Deer: Illustrations of the Rāmāyaṇa in Orissa
|last1=Williams |first1=Joanna Gottfried |date=2010 |website=Google Books |access-date=14 October 2016}}</ref> However, debate arose began when the child would not be considered as authentic ''Brahmin'' by the Brahmin community of Odisha due to rigidity of the ancient ''varna'' system. Also the Kshatriyas would not accept the child as their attitudes were similar to that of the Brahmins, considering the child to be of lower caste. However, the Gajapati Maharaja of that time intervened in this matter and hence a new community was created, called Karanam (''trans. to do/work'') which traditional occupation was that of a scribe in the royal court. Hence, this caste were not given a specific varna, but did perform the rights of an administrator, writers, Goumastha/Munshi (''trans. collecter'') and were in general, considered the upper echelons of Odia society. <ref name="caste">{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FnB3k8fx5oEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Castes+and+Tribes+of+Southern+India,+Volume+1&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjcn6Wy6unPAhUm24MKHZ1CAHQQ6AEIHjAA#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India |last1=Thurston |first1=Edgar |last2= Rangachari |first2=Kandur |date=2001 |website=Google Books |access-date=15 October 2016}}</ref> <ref name="indian caste"></ref>


== Present Day ==
==Origin==
===Divisions===
Despite such a minuscule number, in regards to overall Odia population, Karana caste is the most prominent and one of the most advanced communities in Odisha. Their literacy level is the highest among all communities in Odisha, and their representative power is highest when compared to their population strength. After the end of feudalism in India and Odisha, the powerful [[Khandayats]] lost lot of their political power due to seizure of land by the government. Hence, the Brahmins came in forefront in regards to political power and education due to the respect they had in society, especially during the mid 20th century. However, since then, as Karana were one of the most educated communities (''surpassing that of the Brahmin and Khandayat communities''), they emerged as a single most powerful representative bloc in terms of politics and media. Post independence, the communities has produced many illuminaries in both politics and Film industry, and has a great impact on present Odia culture. <ref name="karana">{{cite web |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4BEFAAAAMAAJ&q=Political+System+in+India:+Politics+of+influence,+violence+and&dq=Political+System+in+India:+Politics+of+influence,+violence+and&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwju-pTf96_PAhUJ8YMKHTRrDUgQ6AEIHDAA |title=Political System in India: Politics of influence, violence and pressure groups |last1=Grover |first1=Verinder |date=1999 |publisher= Deep & Deep |access-date=13 October 2016}}</ref>
Karanas in Odisha are divided into various divisions, out of these divisions [[Kshatriya]] Karanas are considered superior to other divisions of Karanas.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayBuAAAAMAAJ&q=Karana%20caste |title=The Orissa Historical Research Journal |date=1975 |publisher=Superintendent of Research and Museum |language=en}}</ref> They are classified as Vratyas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prinsep |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q_gAAAAMAAJ&dq=ray+karan+caste&pg=RA2-PA34 |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1905 |publisher=Bishop's College Press |language=en}}</ref> Karanas used to observe rituals like [[Sati (practice)|Sati]] and [[Upanayana]] in their community.<ref name=bd>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Biswarup |date=1980 |title=Kayasthas and Karanas in Orissa—A Study on Inscriptions |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141924 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=41 |pages=940–944 |jstor=44141924 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>


=== Customs ===
===Medieval Period===
The frequent admission of land grants to princes, [[Utkala Brahmin|Brahmins]] and various officials gave rise to a new new class of writers. However the Karanas crystallized into a distinct caste only in the 10th or 11th century AD owning to social mobility. Any mention of the term prior to that period simply denotes its functional aspect rather than a caste affiliation.<ref name="IHC_KRN_2004"/>
Karana caste generally follow the patriarchal system in regards to civic duties and follow customs and marriage rituals which are similar to both major communities, [[Utkala Brahmin|Brahmin]] and [[Khandayat]]. They are also known to follow a patrilineal [[gotra]] system similar to other two communities, however their gotras are totetismic in origin, unlike the other two. Also, marriage along the clan (''sa-gotra'') is generally forbidden. <ref name="caste"></ref><ref name="indian caste">{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rC1bJcd-MDUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Indian+Caste+System&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjPjoLI8enPAhVo4IMKHbPiAIUQ6AEIKjAC#v=onepage&q=Indian%20Caste%20System&f=false |title=Indian Caste System |last1=Pruthi |first1=RK |date=2004 |website=Google Books |access-date=15 October 2016}}</ref>


=== Titles ===
==Social status==
'''Medieval Period'''
Titles and surname include Maity, Mohanty, Pattnaik, Kar and Das.


Karanas alongwith [[Utkala Brahmin|Brahmins]] feature in the 10th century inscriptions of [[Odisha]] and are represented as heads of the local population. Such depiction denotes their high social rank.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cw9uAAAAMAAJ&q=Brahmana+Karana+-+Puroga+-+nivasi |title=Proceedings of the ... Annual Conference ... |date=1995 |publisher=South Indian History Congress |language=en}}</ref> Karanas enjoyed high status in medieval period and [[Marriage|married]] within the royal households. An example of this can be found in the Arasavali copper plate of the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]] monarch Vajrahasta III.<ref name="IHC_KRN_2004" /> They occupied high positions under the feudatory kings of Odisha, most of them were appointed as [[Dewan]]s in the princely states of Odisha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Orissa (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF4KAQAAIAAJ&q=held+high |title=Orissa District Gazetteers |date=1966 |publisher=Superintendent, Orissa Government Press |language=en}}</ref> Karanas find mention in [[Bhauma-Kara dynasty|Bhauma-Kara]] records and are represented as Sadhyadhikarana or Chief Judicial Officer of a district. Similarly Srikarana featured in the temple inscription is said to have been the accountant general of [[Anangabhima Deva III]] of [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]]. A Kosthakarana was a top administrative officer of Narsimha Deva 4 of [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga Dynasty]]. Terms like Deula Karana represented the rank of Temple administrator. Samanta Karanas were the aristrocratic families of Karanas from Odisha, the word Samanta was also used by the kings of Odisha, thus it can be said Karanas were associated with the royal families of [[Odisha]].<ref name=bd/> The head of a Karana family was known as Samanta while his wife was known as Samantani.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Prabhat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUvRAAAAMAAJ&q=head+of+a+karan+family+samanta |title=History of Orissa in the 19th Century |date=1964 |publisher=Utkal University |language=en}}</ref> Some Karanas also received land grants and held feudatory status in medieval Odisha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Panda |first=Shishir Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zC1uAAAAMAAJ&q=karanas+received+land+grants |title=New Perspectives on the History and Culture of Orissa |date=2000 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |isbn=978-81-86791-23-3 |language=en}}</ref> They appear to be an important community in [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]] as they held high positions in the government such as the post of army general, prime minister and accountant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Dr Manas Kumar |date=May 7, 2022 |title=DDCE, Utkal |url=https://ddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MA_history/Paper-16.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MA_history/ |archive-date=May 8, 2022 |access-date=May 7, 2022 |website=ddceutkal.ac.in}}</ref> Karanas were associated with the administration of the ruling dynasties of Odisha, a general named Srikarana Mahananda Senapati of the Karan caste was the army general and governor of Anangabhima 3 of Eastern Ganga dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Biswarup |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BfYdAAAAMAAJ&q=Karana+caste |title=Orissa: Social, Cultural, and Religious Aspects |date=1985 |publisher=Sundeep Prakashan |language=en}}</ref> Srikarana Mahananda Senapati was the Senadhyakshawara of the Kingdom or Commander in chief.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parida |first=Asok Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jluAAAAMAAJ&q=srikarana+mahananda+senapati |title=Aspects of Socio-cultural Life in Early and Medieval Orissa |date=1996 |publisher=DSA Programme, Post Graduate Department of History, Utkal University |language=en}}</ref> Another official named Srikarana Pattanaik Viswanatha Mahasenapati was the army general and governor of Narsimha Deva 4 of Eastern Ganga Dynasty, he governed four Dandapatas or Rajyas of [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga Dynasty]], he was also the Puro Srikarana of the Kingdom or Prime Minister.<ref name="books.google.com"/> Another general named Srikarana Suru Senapati under the reign of Anangabhima Dev 2 is said to have donated lands to the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple of Puri]] as evidenced from inscriptions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=S. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iY8MAQAAMAAJ&q=srikarana+senapati |title=Virajā, the Capital of Ancient Orissa |date=2007 |publisher=Pratibha Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7702-148-6 |language=en}}</ref> [[Ramananda Ray]] was the governor of the southern territories in [[Gajapati Empire]], he was also a minister of [[Prataparudra Deva|Gajapati Prataparudra Deva]], [[Ramananda Ray]]a belonged to Karan community. The founder of [[Athgarh State]] was Raja SriKaran Niladri Bhagirath Barman Patnaik. He was the minister of the Raja of Puri, who conferred on him the title of Raja and gave him Athgarh for his service.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paṭṭanāẏaka |first=Jagannātha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JpgeAAAAMAAJ&q=karan+caste |title=Feudatory States of Orissa, 1803-1857 |date=1988 |publisher=Vohra Publishers & Distributors |language=en}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2011}}


'''Modern Period'''
{{Ethnic groups and Communities of Odisha}}
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Social groups in Odisha]]
[[Category:Social groups of Telangana]]
[[Category:Social groups of Andhra Pradesh]]


In British colonial era, Karanas owned most [[Zamindar]]is in Odisha and were extremely rich.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Bishnupada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wuLZAAAAMAAJ&q=karan+zamindar |title=Some Aspects of Socio-economic Changes in South Western Frontier Bengal Since Introduction of Neo-Vaiṣṇavism |date=1996 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |isbn=978-81-7102-049-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cw9uAAAAMAAJ&q=karan+caste+zamindar+extremely+rich |title=Proceedings of the ... Annual Conference ... |date=1995 |publisher=South Indian History Congress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/189767/11/11_chapter%25204.pdf |title=sg.inflibnet.ac.in |format= }}</ref> They also received large amounts of land grants in Khurda administration of [[Khurda kingdom|Khurda]] Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tanabe |first=Akio |date= 2020|title=Genealogies of the "Paika Rebellion": Heterogeneities and Linkages |journal=International Journal of Asian Studies |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1017/S1479591420000157 |issn=1479-5914|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In recent post-Independence era India, they have also played a dominant role in politics. Such is their prominence in politics that many members from the Karan community have been elected as the [[Chief Ministers of Odisha]], hence they are also dubbed as the political caste of Odisha.<ref name="VermaSingh2020">{{cite book|author1=Pramit Verma|author2=Pardeep Singh|title=Urban Ecology: Emerging Patterns and Social-Ecological Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7vbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA83|date=14 July 2020|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-12-820731-4|pages=83–}}</ref>

== Society and culture ==
'''Role in temple administration'''

Deula Karana and Tadhau Karana sub divisions of Karanas are the key servitors in the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] of Puri. They alongwith other key servitors manage the administration of temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Servitors firm on Sri Jagannath temple lock |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2020/oct/13/servitors-firm-on-sri-jagannath-temple-lock-2209588.html |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=The New Indian Express|date=13 October 2020 }}</ref> Deula Karana and Tadhau Karana servitors are also the representatives of the Raja of Puri and assist him in performing the temple rituals associated with Lord Jagannath.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-16 |title=Transfer of 'soul' during Nabakalebara {{!}} Sambad English |url=https://sambadenglish.com/transfer-of-soul-during-nabakalebara/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Notable people==

=== Chief Ministers ===
* [[Nabakrushna Choudhury]]; former [[Chief Minister of Odisha]] and freedom fighter.<ref name="Rediff.com 2000">{{cite web | title=rediff.com: The evil that envelopes Orissa | website=Rediff.com | date=2000-02-14 | url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2000/feb/14oriss.htm | access-date=2020-09-06}}</ref>
* [[Biren Mitra]]; former [[Chief Minister of Odisha]].<ref>"Rediff.com 2000"</ref>
* [[Biju Patnaik]]; former [[Chief Minister of Odisha]], freedom fighter, industrialist and pilot.<ref name="toi_patnaik">{{cite web |last=Pradhan |first=Ashok |date=2019-04-13 |title=Reign of Patnaiks: 40 years and counting - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/odisha/news/reign-of-patnaiks-40-years-and-counting/articleshow/68858700.cms |access-date=2021-02-08 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]; former [[Chief Minister of Odisha]] and former [[Governor of Assam]].<ref name="toi_patnaik" />
* [[Naveen Patnaik]]; former [[Chief Minister of Odisha]] and second longest serving Chief Minister of any Indian state.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2024-05-11 |title=How the Patnaiks, despite being 2% of Odisha's population, ruled the state for 45 years, and maybe beyond |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/odisha/how-the-patnaiks-despite-being-2-of-odishas-population-ruled-the-state-for-45-years-and-maybe-beyond/articleshow/110027397.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-19 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

=== Freedom Fighters & Social Reformers ===
* [[Madhusudan Das|Utkala Gouraba Madhusudan Das]]; Indian Lawyer, industrialist, social reformer, founder of [[Utkal Sammilani]] and prominent figure for creation of [[Orissa Province]] (present-day [[Odisha]], India).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Panigrahi |first=Hiranya Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UV8uEAAAQBAJ&dq=madhusudan+das+karan+caste&pg=PT168 |title=Odisha of My Times: English Translation of "Mo Samayara Odisha" by Krishna Chandra Panigrahi |date=2021-05-14 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-63850-732-1 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Gopabandhu Choudhuri|Gopabandhu Choudhury]]; deputy magistrate in British Government, Indian activist, social worker and freedom fighter.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradhan |first=Atul Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmswAQAAIAAJ&q=Choudhury++Karana |title=The Nationalist Movement in a Regional Setting, 1920-34: The Rise of Congress to Power in Orissa |date=1992 |publisher=Amar Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85420-32-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ramadevi Choudhury]]; freedom fighter, social reformer and [[Odisha Sahitya Akademi Award]] winner.
* [[Annapurna Maharana|Annapurna Choudhury]]; women's rights activist and freedom fighter.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-01-03 |title=Annapurna Maharana cremated |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Annapurna-Maharana-cremated/articleshow/17870114.cms |access-date=2024-10-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nanda |first=Prabhat Kumar |date=October 2022 |title=Annapurna Maharana : a philanthropist |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissareview/2022/October/engpdf/203-204.pdf |journal=Odisha Review |pages=2}}</ref>
* [[Sarala Devi]]; Independence activist, feminist, social activist, writer and first Odia woman to join the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|Non-cooperation movement]] also the first woman to be elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=keMrAQAAIAAJ&q=karana |title=The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies |date=1993 |publisher=Institute of Historical Studies. |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Gopala Ballabha Das]]; writer, social reformer, deputy magistrate in British Government, assistant of Odisha commissioner during British rule and superintendent of all [[Princely state]] of Odisha.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=keMrAQAAIAAJ&q=Gopala+Ballabha |title=The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies |date=1993 |publisher=Institute of Historical Studies. |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Jagabandhu Patnaik]]; [[Dewan]] of [[Porahat]] and the first martyr from [[Odisha]] in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sahu |first=N. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RcQtAAAAMAAJ&q=Jagabandhu+patnaik |title=Veer Surendra Sai |date=1985 |publisher=Department of Culture, Government of Orissa |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Bhagirathi Mahapatra]]; Indian lawyer, politician and founding member of [[Odisha Pradesh Congress Committee|Utkal Pradesh Congress Committee]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradhan |first=Atul Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmswAQAAIAAJ&q=bhagirathi+mohapatra+karan |title=The Nationalist Movement in a Regional Setting, 1920-34: The Rise of Congress to Power in Orissa |date=1992 |publisher=Amar Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85420-32-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Nityanand Kanungo]]; politician, social activist, former [[Governor of Bihar]] and former [[Governor of Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradhan |first=Atul Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmswAQAAIAAJ&q=karan |title=The Nationalist Movement in a Regional Setting, 1920-34: The Rise of Congress to Power in Orissa |date=1992 |publisher=Amar Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85420-32-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Binod Kanungo]]; freedom fighter, [[Odisha Sahitya Academi Award|Odisha Sahitya Akademi Award]] winner and educator.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nilamani Senapati |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3044 |title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Karaput |last2=Nabin Kumar Sahu |date=1966 |publisher=Cuttack, Superintendent Orissa Government Press}}</ref>
* [[Biswanath Pattnaik]]; social reformer and [[Bhoodan movement]] leader.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barua |first=Ananya |date=2019-06-05 |title=Koraputia Gandhi: The Forgotten Legend Who Served Odisha's Tribals for 77 Years |url=https://thebetterindia.com/185187/koraputia-gandhi-odisha-biswanath-pattnaik/ |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Sarangadhar Das]]; politician and Indian nationalist revolutionary.

=== Vaishnav Saints ===
* [[Achyutananda Dasa]]; 16th-century poet seer and Vaishnava saint.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Prabhat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7LFzfbhmJcMC&pg=PA83 |title=The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa |date=1981 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0229-8 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ananta Dasa]]; Odia poet, mystic and one of the chief saint of Utkaliya [[Vaishnavism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Prabhat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7LFzfbhmJcMC&dq=ananta+dasa+karana&pg=PA86 |title=The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa |date=1981 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0229-8 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Balarama Dasa]]; 15th-century poet seer, litterateur, writer of [[Jagamohana Ramayana]] and [[Lakshmi Purana]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradhan |first=Atul Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MI4eAAAAMAAJ&q=balarama+dasa+karana |title=A Study of History of Orissa: From the Earliest Times to Mukundadeva |date=1984 |publisher=Panchashila |language=en}}</ref>

=== Historical Figures ===
* [[Bisara Mohanty]]; historical figure of Jagannath culture who rescued Daru Brahma (soul stuff) of Lord Jagannath from the river Ganga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mohanty |first=Gopinath |date=July 2020 |title=Bisara Mohanty, An Ardent Devotee ISSN 0970-8669 |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2020/Jun-Jul/engpdf/20-30.pdf |journal=Odisha Review}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kulke |first1=Hermann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIzXAAAAMAAJ&q=bisar+mohanty |title=Jagannath Revisited: Studying Society, Religion, and the State in Orissa |last2=Schnepel |first2=Burkhard |date=2001 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-386-4 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ramananda Ray]]; author of Jagannath Vallabha Natakam and the Governor of [[Gajapati Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paṭṭanāẏaka |first=Jagannātha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JpgeAAAAMAAJ&q=karan+caste |title=Feudatory States of Orissa, 1803-1857 |date=1988 |publisher=Vohra Publishers & Distributors |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Madhavi Pattanayak]]; 16th-century poet and disciple of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rout |first=Savitri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2SCzRH24LnAC&dq=Madhavi+Dasi&pg=PA32 |title=Women Pioneers in Oriya Literature |date=1972 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishe |isbn=978-81-208-2546-8 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Art & Literature ===
* [[Brajanath Badajena]]; Odia poet and descendant of 16th-century poet Raghu Arakhita.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5eBtAAAAMAAJ&q=Brajanath+badajena+Karan |title=Proceedings |date=1976 |publisher=Indian History Congress |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Banamali Dasa]]; Odia [[Bhakti movement|bhakti-poet]] and composer of [[Odissi music]] .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohanty |first=Janaki Ballabha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNi10M-NkOYC&q=Karan |title=Banamali Das |date=1993 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-7201-449-0 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Birakishore Das|Jatiya Kabi Birakishore Das]]; National poet, social activist, politician and the editor of "Mo Desha" .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahanti |first=Jagannatha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zepjAAAAMAAJ&q=Birakishore+das |title=Children's Literature of Orissa |date=1993 |publisher=Orissa Sahitya Akademi |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka]]; Odia poet and composer of [[Odissi music]].
* [[Radhanath Ray]]; poet, novelist, essayist, educationist, cultural relativist, orator and song writer.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopinath Mohanty |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.220244/2015.220244.Radhanath-Ray_djvu.txt |title=Radhanath Ray |date=1983}}</ref>
* [[Gourishankar Ray]]; writer and a prominent figure amongst the makers of [[Odisha|Modern Odisha]].
* [[Artaballabha Mohanty]]; writer, literary critique and the publisher of only available print record of [[Madala Panji]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-06 |title=Some Great Odiya Personalities |url=http://www.odiya.org/personality/personality.shtml |access-date=2024-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306153914/http://www.odiya.org/personality/personality.shtml |archive-date=2014-03-06 }}</ref>
* [[Kalicharan Pattnaik]]; eminent literary and artistic figure of Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharitri E-Paper |url=https://www.dharitri.com/e-Paper/Bhubaneswar/231217/p6.htm |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=www.dharitri.com}}</ref>
* [[Annada Shankar Ray]]; Indian poet and essayist.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-11 |title=অন্নদাশঙ্কর রায় – |url=https://banglarmamatimanush.com/annada-sankar-roy-jyoti-bandyopadhyay/ |access-date=2024-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511133459/https://banglarmamatimanush.com/annada-sankar-roy-jyoti-bandyopadhyay/ |archive-date=2020-05-11 }}</ref>
* [[Gopinath Mohanty]];<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-20 |title=Gopinath Mohanty Memorial Lecture today |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/apr/20/gopinath-mohanty-memorial-lecture-today-1966706.html |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> novelist, winner of [[Jnanpith Award]] and [[Sahitya Akademi Award]].
* [[Surendra Mohanty]];<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-10-04 |title=Sambad: 24 and counting |url=https://orissamatters.com/2007/10/04/sambad/ |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=Orissa Matters |language=en-US}}</ref> author, politician and [[Padma Shri]] award winner.

=== Education & Research ===
* [[Prana Krushna Parija]]; Indian botanist, scientist, politician, winner of [[Padma Bhushan]] and Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-19 |title=New Page |url=http://jagatsinghpur.nic.in/dist_portal/eminentperson.htm |access-date=2024-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119004950/http://jagatsinghpur.nic.in/dist_portal/eminentperson.htm |archive-date=2012-11-19 }}</ref>
* [[Bidhu Bhusan Das]]; educator, public intellectual and university president, vice Chancellor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Das, Bidhu Bhusan, 1922- - LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies |url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n89267884.html |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=id.loc.gov}}</ref>
* [[Prabhat Nalini Das]]; public intellectual, academic, university president, and pro vice chancellor .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashutosh Sheshabalaya on Global Reach |date=May 9, 2013 |url=https://www.voiceamerica.com/guest/17097/ashutosh-sheshabalaya |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=The VoiceAmerica Talk |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Madhu Sudan Kanungo]]; Scientist.
* [[Jitendra Nath Mohanty]] ; Indian philosopher.
* [[Nikhil Mohan Pattnaik]]; Indian scholar, scientist.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-03 |title=The digital book binder - The New Indian Express |url=http://newindianexpress.com/magazine/The-digital-book-binder/2013/09/01/article1757468.ece1 |access-date=2024-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903203527/http://newindianexpress.com/magazine/The-digital-book-binder/2013/09/01/article1757468.ece1 |archive-date=2013-09-03 }}</ref>

=== Jurists ===
* [[Ananga Kumar Patnaik]]; Former justice of [[Supreme Court of India]], former chief justice of [[Chhattisgarh High Court]] and [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-18 |title=Hon'ble Mr. Justice A.K. Patnaik |url=http://sci.nic.in/judges/sjud/akpatnaik.htm |access-date=2024-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818021930/http://sci.nic.in/judges/sjud/akpatnaik.htm |archive-date=2013-08-18 }}</ref>
* [[Gopal Ballav Pattanaik]]; Former [[Chief Justice of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-11-08 |title=G B Pattanaik takes oath as Chief Justice of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/G-B-Pattanaik-takes-oath-as-Chief-Justice-of-India/articleshow/27669480.cms |access-date=2024-10-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Bira Kishore Ray]]; First [[Orissa High Court|Chief Justice of Orissa High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-26 |title=ଓଡ଼ିଶା ହାଇକୋର୍ଟର ପ୍ରଥମ ମୁଖ୍ୟ ବିଚାରପତି ବୀର କିଶୋର ରାୟଙ୍କ ଶ୍ରାଦ୍ଧବାର୍ଷିକୀ |url=https://odishasambad.in/remembering-first-chief-justice-of-odisha-highcourt-birakishore-ray-on-his-death-anniversary/ |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Odisha Sambad |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Sukanta Kishore Ray]]; Former [[Orissa High Court|Chief Justice of Orissa High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=1301877170150935&set=basw.AboNUNr0IBOnV-RUCDm-Qa2FcZhFGUBB2-t4z92shOJHVxw34qeelqveLfBYs-pcWGVogrirYAp9HyCfiZ854A91w_aMNgNZg33czIiwwcKcu9sM5Rjocquzl_dp-x0agHOHSa2k9RiVJDmVqBt-7uoUD99n9Zqlkm_6hlqUtoHWrke7Ynjtwc1Xz_Z3G7ni1n5tzEr2AAspW4h_VCOVKQcqVieuhVYgpsrpOFizQNtJAHi_jEzlW7DlvG4yn42cQRjpwMfVp-MUDkwbZOQLfgENNKtlkrsYdE7-xsZA_f166G4IiCv3hIYV31ONFiHjiiU&opaqueCursor=AbpZlBMyzgd724HSzZjMNSjNQK42kuR3w58iF-JV9X_h8T0FhL2nwtssTo8Z7vrDY90h_ay50K6Dxy8eFBU2xnd51S2KRmcqpyBAbebQufIBGO_aNnGaBSbUpTpDg8Ce4S_iXRN4Le3IlXoonIh72EsL1yFGXvm9USHy8euRIqIYQ5-0RU3jn_6Ex77ZF-9XoxNhuYlZJhpito3iRQUDo5E7HQJcjoJJj3EM0sJD4s6GP3Mf4k1k2YJs91nHCdo_yLfS4vB70Zxvbo7yBsrBtnN55d_5uCSGyrVvAMMD2uiU7n5_BdUSkkE-bsjZXQndklj0MhDKUl44RmImzy-tJmwQbIfZa9eJatk3PmkZne2wr15Lwr41PJV-SzAS4guvdYTlSFSZdDmVeLdUFy7-fhg6hhc3bl4yiY1spv1zAKkdbvMZgx4gN_PIhxoDKKgGqpFQv2JlBf31qcQ8C1NhCUY2ubq68Xu0RIB24NJPZuevnPJe_KipqixDaRRSxxXx3E13qS5P3apvxZzWMYjnY2hn5bK2L31qdYp41tpARzId7-MbN2stiNG8cLKPFMO8bh-TuyF9Nj4CNHffKJcB-iCcqWmpBcLvEcmMHmJcYZzwKTyxBEaT9XxAxXVoutdHf1dt9SKmzPSKsZVPizNLemjmv4RIBjAAoGrGXZG9yb_tuDtZwA4FCWmbYiNYF--duRjBmKoE-C_zD1o-w3dT-IqPeInFAN5PqutZRe5ER8SaKsNzRe3uJrYhia3VQPX1DsUQvqlvZL4TA13jqxvcbFwM8PYVZX7y5_Cba_G-dEsUFbMnr30k1VGyD3cPbGN-sHCPACEsXiAEUpICk3B1xFTGcUAJYgV4DyMjEdqv32W8wHAkeGR7JhqyiJFzhv-RJGI |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref>
* Jugal Kishore Mohanty; Former [[Sikkim High Court|Chief Justice of Sikkim High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2021-03-20 |title=Governor Biswa Bhusan pays tributes to Justice Jugal Kishore Mohanty |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/vijayawada/governor-biswa-bhusan-pays-tributes-to-justice-jugal-kishore-mohanty-677707 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Pradip Kumar Mohanty]]; Former [[Jharkhand High Court|Chief Justice of Jharkhand High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-01 |title=Justice Pradip Kumar Mohanty appointed as Chief Justice of Jharkhand HC {{!}} OdishaSunTimes.com |url=http://odishasuntimes.com/justice-pradip-kumar-mohanty-appointed-as-chief-justice-of-jharkhand-hc/ |access-date=2024-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801125123/http://odishasuntimes.com/justice-pradip-kumar-mohanty-appointed-as-chief-justice-of-jharkhand-hc/ |archive-date=2018-08-01 }}</ref>

=== Others ===
* [[Chandi Prasad Mohanty]]; retired [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General of the Indian Army]], 42nd [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]], former [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Command|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Southern Command]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2020-01-26 |title=Lt Gen Chandi Prasad Mohanty is General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of Southern Army Command |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jan/24/lt-gen-chandi-prasad-mohanty-is-general-officer-commanding-in-chief-of-southern-army-command-2093740.html |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Kishen Pattnaik]]; Indian politician, social activist, author, founder & editor of hindi monthly periodical called ''Samayik Varta.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Sambad |date=2022-09-22 |title=ଖଡ଼ିଆଳର ପୂର୍ବତନ ବିଧାୟକ କପିଳ ନାରାୟଣ ତିୱାରୀଙ୍କ ପରଲୋକ |url=https://sambad.in/state/kapil-narayan-tiwari-former-mla-of-khadial-passed-away-879906/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Sambad |language=or}}</ref>
* [[Niranjan Patnaik]]; former president of [[Odisha Pradesh Congress Committee]] and Ex Cabinet Minister.<ref name=":3" />
* [[Sarat Pattanayak]]; Indian politician and current president of [[Odisha Pradesh Congress Committee]].<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-23 |title=Old war horse Sarat Pattnayak appointed Odisha Congress chief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/old-war-horse-sarat-pattnayak-appointed-odisha-congress-chief/articleshow/91749222.cms |access-date=2024-11-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Banamali Patnaik]]; Indian politician and former president of [[Odisha Pradesh Congress Committee]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Lok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0ZPAQAAMAAJ&q=banamali+%22Patnaik%22+passed+obituary+1980 |title=Lok Sabha Debates |date=1980 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |language=en}}</ref>
* Samir Mohanty; Indian politician and former president of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-16 |title=Samir Mohanty elected Odisha BJP president |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/samir-mohanty-elected-odisha-bjp-chief-president-narendra-singh-tomar-1637543-2020-01-16 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" />
* [[Soumya Ranjan Patnaik]]; Indian politician, writer, film producer and founder-editor of the [[Odia language|Odia]] daily [[Sambad]].<ref name=":3" />
* [[Ashok Kumar Das]]; Indian politician and former leader of opposition in [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] during [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]] government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-05-23 |title=Sons rise in Orissa politics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections-east/story/sons-rise-in-orissa-politics-48405-2009-05-22 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Bijoy Mohapatra]]; former Irrigation Minister and most powerful minister (known as Super Chief Minister) in [[Biju Patnaik|Biju Patnaik's]] cabinet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-20 |title=Orissa Politics: Bijoy Mohapatra : In Jaya Chandra's Path - By Manoj Padhi |url=http://hindtoday.com/Blogs/ViewBlogsV2.aspx?HTAdvtId=596&HTAdvtPlaceCode=IND674ORISSA |access-date=2024-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820041358/http://hindtoday.com/Blogs/ViewBlogsV2.aspx?HTAdvtId=596&HTAdvtPlaceCode=IND674ORISSA |archive-date=20 August 2016 }}</ref>
* [[Akshaya Mohanty]]; singer, lyricist, composer, musician, writer and Jayadev award winner.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-25 |title=$ $ $ Akshaya Mohanty $ $ $ |url=http://akshayamahanty.com/life.htm |access-date=2024-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325152426/http://akshayamahanty.com/life.htm |archive-date=25 March 2012 }}</ref>
* [[Hara Patnaik]]; Indian actor, director, screenplay writer and singer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-17 |title=Odia actor Hara Patnaik dead - IBNLive |url=https://archive.today/20150117232210/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/odia-actor-hara-patnaik-dead/522747-8.html |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=archive.ph}}</ref>
* [[Akshay Parija]]: Indian film maker and businessmen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-03 |title=A Life Transformed |url=https://www.alumni.hbs.edu/stories/Pages/story-bulletin.aspx?num=3237 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Harvard Business School Alumni |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Bijay Mohanty]]; Indian actor, Jayadev award winner, Orissa Cine Critics Award winner, National Film Awards winner and 6 times [[Odisha State Film Awards]] winner.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-22 |title=Odisha bids a tearful adieu to Bijay Mohanty |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bhubaneswar/odisha-bids-a-tearful-adieu-to-bijay-mohanty/articleshow/77110843.cms |access-date=2024-11-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Arindam Roy|Arindam Ray]]; Indian actor, politician and son in law of former leader of opposition [[Ashok Kumar Das]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arindam Roy, BJP Candidate from Salipur Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/odisha/arindam-roy-s18aed2008a094e2024c001/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arindam Roy(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- SALIPUR(CUTTACK) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=1179 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>
* [[Anubhav Mohanty]]; Indian actor and former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of parliament]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anubhav Mohanty(BJD):Constituency- KENDRAPARA(ODISHA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=10133 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>
* [[Uttam Mohanty]]; Indian actor, [[Odisha State Film Awards|Odisha State Film Awards winner]] and Jayadev Award winner.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttam Mohanty {{!}} Actor, Writer, Music Department |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0595948/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Babushaan Mohanty]]; Indian actor, playback singer and son of [[Uttam Mohanty]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Pragativadi News |date=2022-07-31 |title=Babushaan celebrates birthday with fans, cuts cake; Announces new Odia film "Gajapati" |url=https://pragativadi.com/babushaan-celebrates-birthday-with-fans-cuts-cake-announces-new-odia-film-gajapati/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Pragativadi {{!}} Odisha News, Breaking News Odisha, Latest Odisha News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Surnames ==
Some titles associated with the Karan caste includes:

[[Patnaik]], [[Mohanty]], [[Chowdhury|Choudhury]], [[Das (surname)|Das]], [[Ray (surname)|Ray]], [[Mohapatra]], [[Samantray|Samantaray]], [[Routray]], Chhotray, Kanungo, [[Bakshi]], Bohidar, Srikarana, Dandapata, Das Mahapatra, Parija, Pruseth, Mahasenapati, Srichandan, Harichandan, Bebarta, Mangaraj, Samantasinghar, [[Jena (surname)|Badajena]], [[Behera (title)|Behera]] etc.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Upadhyay |first=Arun Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6y1uAAAAMAAJ&q=jena+karana |title=Origin of Orissa Names |date=2000 |publisher=Kitab Mahal |isbn=978-81-86472-60-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayBuAAAAMAAJ&q=kshatriya+Karan+jena |title=The Orissa Historical Research Journal |date=1975 |publisher=Superintendent of Research and Museum |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Congress |first=Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBNDAAAAYAAJ&q=Dandapata |title=Proceedings |date=2006 |publisher=Indian History Congress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jena |first=K. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PGZyHbmMVFEC&q=+karan+caste |title=Land Revenue Administration in Orissa During the Nineteenth Century |date=1968 |publisher=S. Chand |language=en}}</ref><ref>http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/15193/10/10_chapter%25203.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-18 |title=Devdutt Pattanaik: Descendants of Chitragupta |url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/devdutt-pattanaik--descendants-of-chitragupta-19083152 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hust |first=Evelin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_xUqAAAAYAAJ&q=karan+kayastha |title=Women's Political Representation and Empowerment in India: A Million Indiras Now? |date=2004 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-575-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohapatra |first=Gopinath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH4cAAAAMAAJ&q=jagannath+in+history+and+religious+tradition |title=Jagannātha in History & Religious Traditions of Orissa |date=1982 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Mauchline Roberts |first=Elizabeth |title=Gandhi and the Indian nationalist movement to 1920 |date=2019-08-13 |work=Gandhi, Nehru and Modern India |pages=14–27 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000628197/chapters/10.4324/9780367351717-2 |access-date=2024-10-26 |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |language=en |doi=10.4324/9780367351717-2 |isbn=978-0-367-35171-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Orissa (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DS5uAAAAMAAJ&q=bakshi |title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Sundargarh |date=1966 |publisher=Superintendent, Orissa Government Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Dipti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=to_U9I6Ol9wC&dq=srikarana+mahasenapati&pg=PA77 |title=Prataparudradeva, the Last Great Suryavamsi King of Orissa (A.D. 1497 to A.D. 1540) |date=2007 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-7211-195-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Indian Anthropological |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9waBAAAAMAAJ&q=behera+karana |title=Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society |date=1998 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moharana |first=Surendra |date=July 2016 |title=The Role of Daitas in Navakalevara |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissareview/2015/July/engpdf/115-122.pdf |journal=Odisha Review |pages=116}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Madala Panji]], a chronicle of [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] written by '''Karanas'''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pāṇigrāhī |first1=Śarata Candra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ra86AAAAMAAJ&q=+madala+panji |title=The Cult and Culture of Lord Jagannath |last2=Panda |first2=Daityari |date=1984 |publisher=Rashtrabhasha Samavaya Prakashan |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rath |first=Bijaya Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xhFuAAAAMAAJ&q=Karana |title=Cultural History of Orissa, A.D. 855-1110 |date=1983 |publisher=Sundeep Prakashan |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pāṇigrāhī |first1=Śarata Candra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ra86AAAAMAAJ&q=Karana |title=The Cult and Culture of Lord Jagannath |last2=Panda |first2=Daityari |date=1984 |publisher=Rashtrabhasha Samavaya Prakashan |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Athgarh State]], a [[Princely state]] founded by Raja Niladri Bhagirathi Barman Pattanayak.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Orissa (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTduAAAAMAAJ&q=karan+caste+bebarta |title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Cuttack |date=1966 |publisher=Superintendent, Orissa Government Press |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Karani script|Karani Script]], an Odia Script introduced by '''Karanas,''' it was primarily used for court, land, temple, and accounting records as well as other administrative purposes.

==References==
{{reflist}}


[[Category:Social groups of Odisha]]
{{India-ethno-stub}}

Latest revision as of 12:48, 1 January 2025

For the same surname and title, see Karanam.

Karan
କରଣ
ReligionsHinduism
LanguagesOdia
Populated statesOdisha
SubdivisionsKaran, Karan Vaishnav
Related groupsBrahmin
StatusForward caste[1]

The Karan or Karana is a community found in the state of Odisha in India.[2] The post of Karana used to be a professional designation that was occupied by literate peoples.[3] They held Karanam posts in some parts of Andhra Pradesh, where they speak Odia and played a similar role in Odisha to that of the Kayasthas of West Bengal and Bihar.[4] In the social hierarchy of Odisha they rank next to Brahmins.[5][6] They exclusively served the ruling powers as their ministers, advisors, governors, military commanders, record keepers and dewans.[7][8][9][10] They owned most Zamindaris in Odisha.[11][12][13] They have the highest literacy caste-wise and are highly prosperous.[14] Today they are a politically dominant community and have reigned over the politics of Odisha for 50 years.[15][16][17]

Origin

Divisions

Karanas in Odisha are divided into various divisions, out of these divisions Kshatriya Karanas are considered superior to other divisions of Karanas.[18] They are classified as Vratyas.[19] Karanas used to observe rituals like Sati and Upanayana in their community.[20]

Medieval Period

The frequent admission of land grants to princes, Brahmins and various officials gave rise to a new new class of writers. However the Karanas crystallized into a distinct caste only in the 10th or 11th century AD owning to social mobility. Any mention of the term prior to that period simply denotes its functional aspect rather than a caste affiliation.[3]

Social status

Medieval Period

Karanas alongwith Brahmins feature in the 10th century inscriptions of Odisha and are represented as heads of the local population. Such depiction denotes their high social rank.[21] Karanas enjoyed high status in medieval period and married within the royal households. An example of this can be found in the Arasavali copper plate of the Eastern Ganga monarch Vajrahasta III.[3] They occupied high positions under the feudatory kings of Odisha, most of them were appointed as Dewans in the princely states of Odisha.[22] Karanas find mention in Bhauma-Kara records and are represented as Sadhyadhikarana or Chief Judicial Officer of a district. Similarly Srikarana featured in the temple inscription is said to have been the accountant general of Anangabhima Deva III of Eastern Ganga dynasty. A Kosthakarana was a top administrative officer of Narsimha Deva 4 of Eastern Ganga Dynasty. Terms like Deula Karana represented the rank of Temple administrator. Samanta Karanas were the aristrocratic families of Karanas from Odisha, the word Samanta was also used by the kings of Odisha, thus it can be said Karanas were associated with the royal families of Odisha.[20] The head of a Karana family was known as Samanta while his wife was known as Samantani.[23] Some Karanas also received land grants and held feudatory status in medieval Odisha.[24] They appear to be an important community in Eastern Ganga dynasty as they held high positions in the government such as the post of army general, prime minister and accountant.[25] Karanas were associated with the administration of the ruling dynasties of Odisha, a general named Srikarana Mahananda Senapati of the Karan caste was the army general and governor of Anangabhima 3 of Eastern Ganga dynasty.[26] Srikarana Mahananda Senapati was the Senadhyakshawara of the Kingdom or Commander in chief.[27] Another official named Srikarana Pattanaik Viswanatha Mahasenapati was the army general and governor of Narsimha Deva 4 of Eastern Ganga Dynasty, he governed four Dandapatas or Rajyas of Eastern Ganga Dynasty, he was also the Puro Srikarana of the Kingdom or Prime Minister.[10] Another general named Srikarana Suru Senapati under the reign of Anangabhima Dev 2 is said to have donated lands to the Jagannath Temple of Puri as evidenced from inscriptions.[28] Ramananda Ray was the governor of the southern territories in Gajapati Empire, he was also a minister of Gajapati Prataparudra Deva, Ramananda Raya belonged to Karan community. The founder of Athgarh State was Raja SriKaran Niladri Bhagirath Barman Patnaik. He was the minister of the Raja of Puri, who conferred on him the title of Raja and gave him Athgarh for his service.[29]

Modern Period

In British colonial era, Karanas owned most Zamindaris in Odisha and were extremely rich.[11][12][30] They also received large amounts of land grants in Khurda administration of Khurda Kingdom.[31]

In recent post-Independence era India, they have also played a dominant role in politics. Such is their prominence in politics that many members from the Karan community have been elected as the Chief Ministers of Odisha, hence they are also dubbed as the political caste of Odisha.[32]

Society and culture

Role in temple administration

Deula Karana and Tadhau Karana sub divisions of Karanas are the key servitors in the Jagannath Temple of Puri. They alongwith other key servitors manage the administration of temple.[33] Deula Karana and Tadhau Karana servitors are also the representatives of the Raja of Puri and assist him in performing the temple rituals associated with Lord Jagannath.[34]

Notable people

Chief Ministers

Freedom Fighters & Social Reformers

Vaishnav Saints

Historical Figures

Art & Literature

Education & Research

Jurists

Others

Surnames

Some titles associated with the Karan caste includes:

Patnaik, Mohanty, Choudhury, Das, Ray, Mohapatra, Samantaray, Routray, Chhotray, Kanungo, Bakshi, Bohidar, Srikarana, Dandapata, Das Mahapatra, Parija, Pruseth, Mahasenapati, Srichandan, Harichandan, Bebarta, Mangaraj, Samantasinghar, Badajena, Behera etc.[92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104]

See also

References

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