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{{short description|Ottoman-Armenian composer and conductor}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = Tigran Chukhajian
| name = Dikran Tchoukhadjian <br />([[western Armenian]]) <br />Tigran Tchoukhajian <br />([[eastern Armenian]])
| image = Composer Dikran Tchouhadjian.jpg
| image = Composer Dikran Tchouhadjian.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| image_size =
| caption =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1837
| birth_date = 1837
| birth_place = [[Constantinople]]
| birth_place = [[Constantinople]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
| death_date = March 11, 1898
| death_date = March 11, 1898
| death_place = [[Smyrna]]
| death_place = [[İzmir|Smyrna]], Ottoman Empire
| other_names = Dikran Chouhajian
| other_names = Dikran Chouhajian, Tigran Tchoukhajian, Dikran Çuhacıyan
| known_for =
| known_for = Founder of the first opera institution in the Ottoman Empire
| occupation = composer, conductor, public activist
| occupation = Composer, conductor}}
⚫
'''Tigran Gevorki Chukhajian'''{{sfn|Sarkisyan|2001}}<ref>His name is sometimes transcribed as 'Tigran Tchoukhajian' or 'Dikran Tchouhadjian'.</ref> ({{langx|hy|Տիգրան Չուխաճեան}}; {{langx|tr|Dikran Çuhacıyan}}; 1837 – March 11, 1898) was an [[Armenians in the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Armenian]] [[composer]] and [[Conductor (music)|conductor]], and the founder of the first opera institution in the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Donald Jay Grout|author2=Hermine Weigel Williams|title=A Short History of Opera|url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofop0004grou|url-access=registration|year=2003|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-11958-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofop0004grou/page/529 529]}}{{cite book|editor=Cowden, Robert H.|title=Opera companies of the world : selected profiles|year=1992|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=New York|isbn=0313262209}}</ref>
}}
⚫
'''Tigran Tchoukhajian''' ({{lang-hy|Տիգրան Չուխաճեան}},<ref>The [[Classical Armenian orthography|Classical spelling]] of his name in Armenian. In the [[Reformed Armenian orthography|reformed orthography]] it is spelled Տիգրան Չուխաջյան {{lang-tr|Dikran Çuhacıyan}}</ref> 1837 – March 11, 1898)<ref>[[Razmik Panossian]], (2013) [http://m.friendfeed-media.com/aa8bf684bb8e92320caa6d81c5109999dc6f4254 ''The Armenians: From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars'']. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231511337. p. 334</ref> was an [[Armenians|Armenian]] [[composer]], [[Conductor (music)|conductor]], public activist and the founder of the first opera institution in the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Donald Jay Grout|author2=Hermine Weigel Williams|title=A Short History of Opera|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_b2vIXHsUkC&pg=PA529|year=2003|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-11958-0|page=529}}</ref> He is considered the first opera composer in Turkish history.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Cowden, Robert H.|title=Opera companies of the world : selected profiles|year=1992|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=New York|isbn=0313262209}}</ref>


== Biography ==
== Biography ==
Tchoukhajian was born in [[Constantinople]]. He studied at composer Gabriel Yeranian's class, then had classes in [[Milan]]. Along with other [[Armenia]]n intellectuals of that period he fought for the development of national culture, organized Armenian musical societies, theatres, schools, papers and free concerts. In his works, Tchoukhajian used the elements of European musical techniques and Armenian folk melodies.<ref>[http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/bse/article/00090/03700.htm?text=%D1%87%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8F%D0%BD Чухаджян Тигран Геворгович]. [[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]]</ref> He is an author of pieces for piano, songs and romances, chamber and symphonic works, operas (''Zemire'', 1890; ''Leblebiji'', 1875) etc. He died in [[Smyrna]] (now [[İzmir]]). Tchouhadjian is buried in the Armenian cemetery of [[Smyrna]].


Chukhajian was born in [[Constantinople]].{{citation needed|date= October 2022}} He studied at composer Gabriel Yeranian's class, then had classes in [[Milan]]. Along with other [[Armenia]]n intellectuals of that period he fought for the development of national culture, organized Armenian musical societies, theatres, schools, papers and free concerts. In 1862, he took over publication of the Armenian musical journal ''[[Armenian Lyre]]''.In his works, Chukhajian used the elements of European musical techniques and eastern music elements<ref>Karadağlı, Özgecan. . ''From Empire to Republic: Western Art Music, Nationalism, and the Merging Mediation of Saygun’s Op.26 Yunus Emre Oratorio.'' University of Alberta: Unpublished PhD Dissertation, 2017</ref> He is an author of pieces for piano, songs and romances, chamber and symphonic works, operas. His most successful opera was Leblebici hor-hor agha (1875), it was premiered at the French Theatre in Constantinople, it was so successful that during the season it was performed more than hundred times and during the month Ramadan it was performed every single night<ref>Karadağlı, Özgecan. . ''From Empire to Republic: Western Art Music, Nationalism, and the Merging Mediation of Saygun’s Op.26 Yunus Emre Oratorio.'' University of Alberta: Unpublished PhD Dissertation, 2017.</ref> (''Zemire'', 1890) etc. He died in Smyrna (now [[İzmir]]). Chukhajian is buried in the Armenian cemetery of İzmir.{{citation needed|date= October 2022}}
He created the first Armenian opera, ''[[Arshak II (opera)|Arshak II]]'' (1868, partially staged in 1873), based on the historical figure [[Arshak II|King Arsaces II (Arshak II)]]. It is the first “Armenian grand opera” with choruses and ballets, and was assembled on November 29, 1945 at the [[Armenian Opera Theater]] opera theater in [[Yerevan]]. ''Arshak II'' is a "gem" of Armenian musical culture and it has continued to grace the repertoire of the Yerevan Opera Theater. In 2001, it was staged at the [[San Francisco Opera]].


He created the first Armenian opera, ''[[Arshak II (opera)|Arshak II]]'' (1868, partially staged in 1873), based on the historical figure [[Arshak II|King Arsaces II (Arshak II)]].Arshak II was banned because of its potential political ramifications. Nevertheless, Chukhajian changed some of the scenes and managed to convince Naum to allow the opera to be performed in his theatre by an Italian opera group known as Olimpia.<ref>Karadagli, O. (2020). Western Performing Arts in the Late Ottoman Empire: Accommodation and Formation. ''Context, 46'', 17-33.</ref> The score was considered lost, but was discovered in 1942 and performed in 1945 in a revised version at the [[Armenian Opera Theater]] opera theater in [[Yerevan]].{{sfn|Sarkisyan|2001}} ''Arshak II'' continued in the repertoire of the Yerevan Opera Theater. In 2001, it was staged at the [[San Francisco Opera]].<ref>[http://archive.sfopera.com/qry3webcastlist.asp?x_OperaID=127&z_OperaID=%3D%2C%2C San Francisco Opera Performance Archive], accessed 22 June 2019.</ref>
Tchoukhajian is also remembered as the composer of what may have been the first original opera in Turkish, ''[[Arif'in Hilesi]]'' (Arif's Deception),<ref>Türk tiyatro tarihi – Page 66 Metin And – 1992 "Dikran Çuhacıyan, imzasıyla halka seslenirken ve amacını açıklarken, Güllü Agop da Arifin Hilesi'nin vodvil olduğunu, bu bakımdan tekelin kapsamına girdiğini ileri sürüyordu. Öteki gazeteler de tartışmaya katıldılar. Bu arada Güllü Agop'un ..."</ref><ref>[[Athenaeum (British magazine)|The Athenæum]] 1874 Page 616 "Tun Festival of the Ramazan, in Constantinople, has been marked by the production of an opera in Turkish and the foundation of an Opera house for the Moslem quarter of Stamboul. The name of the piece is ' Arifiu-heilessi'; the composer is ... The name of the piece is 'Arifiu-heilessi'; the composer is Mr. Digran Chohajian (= Tailor-son), an Armenian ; and the authors of the libretto are [[Haled Bey]], [[Mahir Bey]], and other Turkish gentlemen. The piece was received with enthusiasm by ..."</ref> though [[Donizetti]]'s ''[[Belisario]]'' had been staged in Turkish translation in 1840.<ref>Newsletter of the Research Centre for Islamic History, Art, and Culture – Page 41 1999 "... operettas were put on stage in the [[Naum Theatre]] in the Pera district of Istanbul. At the beginning, the plays were in French and the roles were undertaken by Armenian. Jewish and Greek artists. The first opera in Turkish was staged in 1840."</ref>

Chukhajian is also remembered as the composer of what may have been the first original opera in Turkish, ''[[Arif'in Hilesi]]'' (Arif's Deception), based on [[Nikolai Gogol]]'s ''[[The Government Inspector]]'' .The opera caused a conflict between Chouhajian and Gullu Agop whether it was a vaudeville or opera. It was performed in the Gedikpaşa theatre.<ref>Karadağlı, Özgecan. ''Türkiye’ye Müzikli Sahne Sanatlarının Girişi Dikran Çuhacıyan Öncesi ve Sonrası.'' İstanbul: Unpublished Master's Thesis, 2003. Now some people that are part of his family is the Jokhagian family after the genocide the family speared out!</ref>


== Selected compositions ==
== Selected compositions ==
{{unreferenced section|date= October 2022}}


=== Operas ===
=== Operas ===
* ''Arshak II'' (1868)
* ''[[Arshak II (opera)]]'' (1868)
* ''Leblebidji Hor-Hor Agha'' (1875)
* ''Arif'in Hilesi'' (1874)
* ''Zémir'' (1891)
*'' Leblebidji Hor-Hor Agha'' (1875)
* ''Zemire'' (1890)
* ''Indiana'' (1897)
* ''Indiana'' (1897)

=== Solo Piano Works ===
* Mouvement Perpetuel
* Cascade de couz
* Illusion
* Apres La Gavotte
* Deux Fantaisies Orientales
* La Lyre Orientale, Laura
* Rapelle-tois
* Romans
* Impromptu in B Flat Minor ‘Cascade De Couz’ (1887)
* Danse Caractéristique in a minor ‘L’orientale’ (1891)
* Grande Valse Fantastique in a minor ‘Illusions’ (1888)
* Tarantelle in b-flat minor (1887)
* Caprice in e minor ‘La Lyre Orientale’ (1894)
* Mazurka De Salon ‘Mignon’ (1887)
* Une Gavotte De Plus in E-flat Major (1883)
* Polka in F Major ‘La Gaité’ (1892)
* Proti Polka in G Major (1892)
* Funeral March in d minor (1884)
* Fantaisie Orientale No. 1 in A Minor ‘Sur des Motifs Turcs’ (1895)
* Fantaisie Orientale No. 2 in A Minor ‘Sur des Motifs Turcs’ (1895)


== References ==
== References ==
Line 33: Line 58:


== Bibliography ==
== Bibliography ==
* {{cite encyclopedia
⚫
* [[Nikoghos Tahmizian]], ''[Tigran Tchoukhajian – Life and Work, | http://www.larkmusicalsociety.com/research-publication/drazark-publishing/]'' trans. Aris Sevag, Pasadena, CA: Drazark Publishing, 2001. (translated from "Dikran Tchouhadjian: gyanku yev steghtazakortzoutiunu," 1999)
| last1 =Sarkisyan
| first1 =Svetlana
| author-link =
| editor-last =
| editor-first =
| editor-link =
| encyclopedia = [[Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians|Grove Music Online]]
| title =Chukhajian, Tigran Gevorki
| trans-title =
| year =2001
| publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]
| doi =10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.05728
}}{{subscription required}}
* Karadagli, Ozgecan. “From Empire to Republic: Western Art Music, Nationalism, and the Merging Mediation of Saygun’s Op.26 Yunus Emre Oratorio.” ''University of Alberta Libraries'', 2017. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.7939/R3FQ9QK4S</nowiki>.
* Karadagli, Ozgecan. 2003. “Türkiye’ye Müzikli Sahne Sanatlarının Girisi Dikran Çuhacıyan Öncesi ve Sonrasi. Istanbul: Unpublished Master's Thesis.
* Karadagli, O. (2020). Western Performing Arts in the Late Ottoman Empire: Accommodation and Formation. ''Context, 46'', 17-33.

==Further reading==
⚫
* [[Nikoghos Tahmizian]], ''[http://www.larkmusicalsociety.com/research-publication/drazark-publishing/ The Life and Work of Dikran Tchouhadjian],'' trans. Aris Sevag, Pasadena, CA: Drazark Publishing, 2001. (translated from "Dikran Tchouhadjian: gyanku yev steghtazakortzoutiunu," 1999)
* Ozgecan Karadagli, Western Performing Arts in the Late Ottoman Empire: Accommodation and Formation [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348991704_Western_Performing_Arts_in_the_Late_Ottoman_Empire_Accommodation_and_Formation],''


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Dikran Tchouhadjian}}
{{Commons category|Dikran Tchouhadjian}}
*[http://www.amazon.com/dp/B000BGNBDQ Chukhajian – Arsaces II – Aram Katanyan]
*[https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000BGNBDQ Chukhajian – Arsaces II – Aram Katanyan] (recording of the opera)
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PZIgHd3nklg In the Footsteps of Tchouhadjian] — documentary film about Dikran Tchouhadjian
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PZIgHd3nklg In the Footsteps of Tchouhadjian] — documentary film about Chukhajian

{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Tchouhadjian, Dikran}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chukhajian, Tigran Gevorki}}
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[[Category:Ethnic Armenian composers]]
[[Category:1837 births]]
[[Category:1837 births]]
[[Category:1898 deaths]]
[[Category:1898 deaths]]
[[Category:Ottoman Armenians]]
[[Category:19th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:19th-century conductors (music)]]
[[Category:Armenian conductors (music)]]
[[Category:Armenian conductors (music)]]
[[Category:Opera in Turkey]]
[[Category:Armenian opera composers]]
[[Category:Armenians from the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Composers from the Ottoman Empire]]
⚫
[[Category:Male opera composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Istanbul]]
[[Category:Musicians from Istanbul]]
[[Category:Ottoman composers]]
[[Category:Opera in Turkey]]
[[Category:19th-century composers]]
[[Category:Romantic composers]]
[[Category:19th-century conductors (music)]]
[[Category:19th-century male musicians]]

Latest revision as of 16:40, 5 December 2024

Tigran Chukhajian
Born1837
Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
DiedMarch 11, 1898
Smyrna, Ottoman Empire
Other namesDikran Chouhajian, Tigran Tchoukhajian, Dikran Çuhacıyan
Occupation(s)Composer, conductor

Tigran Gevorki Chukhajian[1][2] (Armenian: Տիգրան Չուխաճեան; Turkish: Dikran Çuhacıyan; 1837 – March 11, 1898) was an Ottoman Armenian composer and conductor, and the founder of the first opera institution in the Ottoman Empire.[3]

Biography

[edit]

Chukhajian was born in Constantinople.[citation needed] He studied at composer Gabriel Yeranian's class, then had classes in Milan. Along with other Armenian intellectuals of that period he fought for the development of national culture, organized Armenian musical societies, theatres, schools, papers and free concerts. In 1862, he took over publication of the Armenian musical journal Armenian Lyre.In his works, Chukhajian used the elements of European musical techniques and eastern music elements[4] He is an author of pieces for piano, songs and romances, chamber and symphonic works, operas. His most successful opera was Leblebici hor-hor agha (1875), it was premiered at the French Theatre in Constantinople, it was so successful that during the season it was performed more than hundred times and during the month Ramadan it was performed every single night[5] (Zemire, 1890) etc. He died in Smyrna (now İzmir). Chukhajian is buried in the Armenian cemetery of İzmir.[citation needed]

He created the first Armenian opera, Arshak II (1868, partially staged in 1873), based on the historical figure King Arsaces II (Arshak II).Arshak II was banned because of its potential political ramifications. Nevertheless, Chukhajian changed some of the scenes and managed to convince Naum to allow the opera to be performed in his theatre by an Italian opera group known as Olimpia.[6] The score was considered lost, but was discovered in 1942 and performed in 1945 in a revised version at the Armenian Opera Theater opera theater in Yerevan.[1] Arshak II continued in the repertoire of the Yerevan Opera Theater. In 2001, it was staged at the San Francisco Opera.[7]

Chukhajian is also remembered as the composer of what may have been the first original opera in Turkish, Arif'in Hilesi (Arif's Deception), based on Nikolai Gogol's The Government Inspector .The opera caused a conflict between Chouhajian and Gullu Agop whether it was a vaudeville or opera. It was performed in the Gedikpaşa theatre.[8]

Selected compositions

[edit]

Operas

[edit]
  • Arshak II (opera) (1868)
  • Arif'in Hilesi (1874)
  • Leblebidji Hor-Hor Agha (1875)
  • Zemire (1890)
  • Indiana (1897)

Solo Piano Works

[edit]
  • Mouvement Perpetuel
  • Cascade de couz
  • Illusion
  • Apres La Gavotte
  • Deux Fantaisies Orientales
  • La Lyre Orientale, Laura
  • Rapelle-tois
  • Romans
  • Impromptu in B Flat Minor ‘Cascade De Couz’ (1887)
  • Danse Caractéristique in a minor ‘L’orientale’ (1891)
  • Grande Valse Fantastique in a minor ‘Illusions’ (1888)
  • Tarantelle in b-flat minor (1887)
  • Caprice in e minor ‘La Lyre Orientale’ (1894)
  • Mazurka De Salon ‘Mignon’ (1887)
  • Une Gavotte De Plus in E-flat Major (1883)
  • Polka in F Major ‘La Gaité’ (1892)
  • Proti Polka in G Major (1892)
  • Funeral March in d minor (1884)
  • Fantaisie Orientale No. 1 in A Minor ‘Sur des Motifs Turcs’ (1895)
  • Fantaisie Orientale No. 2 in A Minor ‘Sur des Motifs Turcs’ (1895)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Sarkisyan 2001.
  2. ^ His name is sometimes transcribed as 'Tigran Tchoukhajian' or 'Dikran Tchouhadjian'.
  3. ^ Donald Jay Grout; Hermine Weigel Williams (2003). A Short History of Opera. Columbia University Press. p. 529. ISBN 978-0-231-11958-0.Cowden, Robert H., ed. (1992). Opera companies of the world : selected profiles. New York: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313262209.
  4. ^ Karadağlı, Özgecan. . From Empire to Republic: Western Art Music, Nationalism, and the Merging Mediation of Saygun’s Op.26 Yunus Emre Oratorio. University of Alberta: Unpublished PhD Dissertation, 2017
  5. ^ Karadağlı, Özgecan. . From Empire to Republic: Western Art Music, Nationalism, and the Merging Mediation of Saygun’s Op.26 Yunus Emre Oratorio. University of Alberta: Unpublished PhD Dissertation, 2017.
  6. ^ Karadagli, O. (2020). Western Performing Arts in the Late Ottoman Empire: Accommodation and Formation. Context, 46, 17-33.
  7. ^ San Francisco Opera Performance Archive, accessed 22 June 2019.
  8. ^ Karadağlı, Özgecan. Türkiye’ye Müzikli Sahne Sanatlarının Girişi Dikran Çuhacıyan Öncesi ve Sonrası. İstanbul: Unpublished Master's Thesis, 2003. Now some people that are part of his family is the Jokhagian family after the genocide the family speared out!

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Sarkisyan, Svetlana (2001). "Chukhajian, Tigran Gevorki". Grove Music Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.05728.(subscription required)
  • Karadagli, Ozgecan. “From Empire to Republic: Western Art Music, Nationalism, and the Merging Mediation of Saygun’s Op.26 Yunus Emre Oratorio.” University of Alberta Libraries, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7939/R3FQ9QK4S.
  • Karadagli, Ozgecan. 2003. “Türkiye’ye Müzikli Sahne Sanatlarının Girisi Dikran Çuhacıyan Öncesi ve Sonrasi. Istanbul: Unpublished Master's Thesis.
  • Karadagli, O. (2020). Western Performing Arts in the Late Ottoman Empire: Accommodation and Formation. Context, 46, 17-33.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
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