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Coordinates: Sky map 13h 15m 49.3s, +42° 01′ 45″
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{{Short description|Spiral galaxy in the constellation Canes Venatici}}
{{Infobox Galaxy
{{Infobox Galaxy
| name = Messier 63
| name = Messier 63
| image = [[Image:Messier 63 GALEX WikiSky.jpg|250px]]
| image = M63 (NGC 5055).jpg
| caption = Image taken by [[Hubble Space Telescope]], on 16 November 2001 at 450 and 814 nm<ref name=NASA/>
| caption = M63 from [[GALEX]] sky survey
| credit = [[NASA]] / [[WikiSky]]
| credit =
| epoch = [[Epoch (astronomy)#Julian years and J2000|J2000]]
| epoch = [[Epoch (astronomy)#Julian years and J2000|J2000]]
| constellation name = [[Canes Venatici]]
| ra = {{RA|13|15|49.3}}<ref name="ned">{{cite web
| ra = {{RA|13|15|49.27385}}<ref name=GaiaDR2/>
| title=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database
| dec = {{DEC|+42|01|45.7261}}<ref name=GaiaDR2/>
| work=Results for NGC 5055
| z = 484 km/[[second|s]]<ref name="ned" />
| url=http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?objname=messier+63&extend=no&hconst=73&omegam=0.27&omegav=0.73&corr_z=1&out_csys=Equatorial&out_equinox=J2000.0&obj_sort=RA+or+Longitude&of=pre_text&zv_breaker=30000.0&list_limit=5&img_stamp=YES
| dist_ly = {{Convert|8.99|Mpc|Mly|order=flip|lk=on|abbr=on}}<ref name=Tully2016/>
| accessdate=2006-10-10}}</ref>
| dec = {{DEC|+42|01|45}}<ref name="ned" />
| appmag_v = 9.3<ref name="ned" />
| type = SA(rs)bc<ref name="ned" />
| type = SAbc<ref name=Ann2015/>
| size_v = 12.6{{prime}} × 7.2{{prime}}<ref name="ned" />
| dist_ly = 37 [[Light year|Mly]]<ref>Frommert, Hartmut & Kronberg, Christine (2002). [http://messier.seds.org/m/m063.html "Messier Object 63"]. Retrieved Dec. 6, 2006</ref>
| group_cluster = [[M51 Group]]
| z = 484 km/[[second|s]]<ref name="ned" />
| names = [[Messier object|M]]63, [[New General Catalogue|NGC]]&nbsp;5055, [[Principal Galaxies Catalogue|PGC]]&nbsp;46153, [[Uppsala General Catalogue|UGC]]&nbsp;8334<ref name="ned" />
| appmag_v = 9.3<ref name="ned" />
| size_v = 12&prime;.6 &times; 7&prime;.2<ref name="ned" />
| constellation name = [[Canes Venatici]]
| names = [[Messier object|M]]63, NGC 5055, [[Uppsala General Catalogue|UGC]] 8334, [[Principal Galaxies Catalogue|PGC]] 46153<ref name="ned" />
}}
}}
[[File:A galactic sunflower.jpg|thumb|Center of the galaxy]]


'''Messier 63''' (also known as '''M63''', '''NGC 5055''', or the '''Sunflower Galaxy''') is a [[spiral galaxy]] in the [[constellation]] [[Canes Venatici]] consisting of a central disc surrounded by many short spiral arm segments. M63 is part of the [[M51 Group]], a group of galaxies that also includes [[Messier 51|M51]] (the 'Whirlpool Galaxy'). M63 is an [[active galaxy]] with a [[LINER]] nucleus.<ref>{{cite web|title=SIMBAD results for M63|url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=M63|accessdate=16 November 2015}}</ref>
'''Messier 63''' or '''M63''', also known as '''NGC 5055''' or the seldom-used '''Sunflower Galaxy''',<ref name=Garfinkle1997/> is a [[spiral galaxy]] in the northern [[constellation]] of [[Canes Venatici]] with approximately 400 billion stars.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Messier 63 - M63 - The Sunflower Galaxy (Spiral Galaxy) {{!}} freestarcharts.com|url=https://freestarcharts.com/messier-63|access-date=2020-06-23|website=freestarcharts.com}}</ref> M63 was first discovered by the French astronomer [[Pierre Méchain]], then later verified by his colleague [[Charles Messier]] on 14 June 1779.<ref name=Garfinkle1997/> The galaxy became listed as object 63 in the [[Messier Catalogue]]. In the mid-19th century, Anglo-Irish astronomer [[Lord Rosse]] identified spiral structures within the galaxy, making this one of the first galaxies in which such structure was identified.<ref name=jonesbook1991/>


The shape or morphology of this galaxy has a [[Galaxy morphological classification|classification]] of SAbc,<ref name=Ann2015/> indicating a spiral form with no central [[Barred spiral galaxy|bar feature]] (SA) and moderate to loosely wound [[Spiral arm|arms]] (bc). There is a general lack of large-scale continuous spiral structure in visible light, so it is considered a ''[[flocculent spiral galaxy|flocculent galaxy]]''. However, when observed in the [[near infrared]], a symmetric, two-arm structure is seen. Each arm wraps 150° around the galaxy and extends out to {{convert|4000|pc|lk=on|order=flip|abbr=off}} from the nucleus.<ref name=Thornley1996/>
==History==


M63 is a weakly [[active galaxy]] with a [[LINER]] nucleus &ndash; short for 'low-ionization nuclear emission-line region'. This displays as an unresolved source at the galactic nucleus that is cloaked in a diffuse [[emission lines|emission]]. The latter is extended along a [[position angle]] of 110° relative to the [[Celestial pole|north celestial pole]], and both [[soft X-ray]]s and hydrogen ([[H-alpha]]) emission can be observed coming from along nearly the same direction.<ref name=Masegosa2011/> The existence of a [[supermassive black hole]] (SMBH) at the nucleus is uncertain; if it does exist, then the mass is estimated as {{Val|8.5e8|1.9|ul=solar mass}},<ref name=Graham2008/> or around 850&nbsp;million times the mass of the Sun.
M63 was discovered by [[Pierre Méchain]] on June 14, 1779.<ref name="jonesbook1991">{{cite book
| author=K. G. Jones
| date=1991
| title=Messier's Nebulae and Star Clusters
| edition= 2nd
| publisher=Cambridge University Press
| location=Cambridge
| isbn=0-521-37079-5 }}</ref> The galaxy was then listed by [[Charles Messier]] as object 63 in the [[Messier Catalogue]].


Radio observations at the [[Hydrogen line|21-cm]] hydrogen line show the gaseous disk of M63 extends outward to a radius of {{Convert|40|kpc|ly|abbr=off|order=flip}}, well past the bright optical disk. This gas shows a symmetrical form that is warped in a pronounced manner, starting at a radius of {{Convert|10|kpc|ly|order=flip|abbr=off}}. The form suggests a [[dark matter]] halo that is offset with respect to the inner region. The reason for the warp is unclear, but the position angle points toward the smaller companion galaxy, UGC 8313.<ref name=Battaglia2006/>
In the mid-19th century, [[Lord Rosse]] identified spiral structures within the galaxy, making this one of the first galaxies in which such structure was identified.<ref name="jonesbook1991"/>


The distance to M63, based upon the luminosity-distance measurement is {{Convert|8.99|Mpc|ly|order=flip|abbr=off}}.<ref name=Tully2016/> The [[radial velocity]] relative to the [[Local Group]] yields an estimate of {{Convert|4.65|Mpc|ly|order=flip|abbr=off}}.<ref name=Ann2015/> Estimates based on the [[Tully–Fisher relation]] range over {{Convert|5.0|–|10.3|Mpc|ly|abbr=off|order=flip}}. The [[tip of the red-giant branch]] technique gives a distance of {{Convert|8.87|±|0.29|Mpc|ly|order=flip|abbr=off}}.<ref name=McQuinn2017/> M63 is part of the [[M51 Group]], a group of galaxies that also includes [[Messier 51|M51]] (the 'Whirlpool Galaxy').<ref name=Tikhonov2009/>
In 1971, a supernova with a magnitude of 11.8 appeared in one of the arms of M63.


One [[supernova]] has been observed in M63: {{nowrap|SN 1971I}} ([[type_Ia_supernova|type{{nbsp}}Ia]], mag. 11.8) was discovered by Glenn Jolly on 24 May 1971, and was discovered independently by Roger Clark on 29 May 1971.<ref name=Deming1973 /><ref>{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}1971I | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1971I | publisher = [[International_Astronomical_Union|IAU]] | access-date=2 December 2024}}</ref> It reached peak light around 26 May.<ref name=Barbon1973/> While the spectrum was consistent with a supernova of type I, the spectroscopic behavior appeared anomalous.<ref name=Deming1973/>
[[File:M63 (NGC 5055).jpg|thumb|left|Spiral galaxy M63 (NGC 5055), by [[Hubble Space Telescope|HST]] (450 and 814 nm).]]


==Gallery==
[[Image:M63 3.6 8.0 24 microns spitzer.png|thumb|left|Messier 63 seen in infrared by the [[Spitzer Space Telescope]].]]
<gallery widths="220px" heights="220px">
File:Messier 63 GALEX WikiSky.jpg|M63 imaged in [[ultraviolet|UV]] light by the [[GALEX]] satellite. The UV light is produced primarily by young, massive stars, so the UV-bright areas are regions where stars are currently forming.<ref name="Bai"/> Credit [[NASA]] / [[WikiSky]]

File:M63 3.6 8.0 24 microns spitzer.png|Messier 63 seen in the [[infrared]] by the [[Spitzer Space Telescope]]. The infrared radiation traces the dust within the spiral arms, which does not radiate visible light. A small dust ring can be seen just outside of the galaxy's center.<ref name="spitzer">{{cite web |last1=spitzer |title=Spitzer's Sunflower |url=https://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/image/sig11-002-spitzers-sunflower |website=Spitzer Space Telescope |publisher=JPL-Caltech |access-date=21 October 2021}}</ref>
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of Messier objects]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|refs=


<ref name=GaiaDR2>{{cite DR2}}</ref>
{{reflist}}

<ref name=Barbon1973>{{citation
| title=Observations of five supernovae 1970-71
| last1=Barbon | first1=R. | last2=Ciatti | first2=F.
| last3=Rosino | first3=L. | display-authors=1
| journal=Memorie della Società Astronomia Italiana
| volume=44 | page=65 | year=1973
| bibcode=1973MmSAI..44...65B | postscript=. }}</ref>

<ref name=Deming1973>{{citation
| title=The Light Curve of Supernova 1971 I
| last1=Deming | first1=Drake | last2=Rust | first2=Bert W.
| last3=Olson | first3=Edward C. | display-authors=1
| journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
| volume=85 | issue=505 | page=321 | date=June 1973
| doi=10.1086/129462 | bibcode=1973PASP...85..321D | doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=Tikhonov2009>{{citation
| title=Stellar content of the interacting galaxies of the M51 system
| last1=Tikhonov | first1=N. A. | last2=Galazutdinova | first2=O. A.
| last3=Tikhonov | first3=E. N. | display-authors=1
| journal=Astronomy Letters | postscript=.
| volume=35 | issue=9 | pages=599–608 | date=September 2009
| doi=10.1134/S1063773709090035 | bibcode=2009AstL...35..599T | s2cid=123044805 }}</ref>

<ref name=Battaglia2006>{{citation
| title=ion{H}{i} study of the warped spiral galaxy NGC 5055: a disk/dark matter halo offset?
| last1=Battaglia | first1=G. | last2=Fraternali | first2=F.
| last3=Oosterloo | first3=T. | last4=Sancisi | first4=R.
| journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | display-authors=1
| volume=447 | issue=1 | pages=49–62 | date=February 2006
| doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20053210 | bibcode=2006A&A...447...49B
| arxiv=astro-ph/0509382 | s2cid=119353199 | postscript=. }}</ref>

<ref name=McQuinn2017>{{citation
| title=Accurate Distances to Important Spiral Galaxies: M63, M74, NGC 1291, NGC 4559, NGC 4625, and NGC 5398
| display-authors=1 | last1=McQuinn | first1=Kristen. B. W.
| last2=Skillman | first2=Evan D. | last3=Dolphin | first3=Andrew E.
| last4=Berg | first4=Danielle | last5=Kennicutt | first5=Robert
| journal=The Astronomical Journal
| volume=154 | issue=2 | id=51 | pages=13 | date=August 2017
| doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aa7aad | bibcode=2017AJ....154...51M
| arxiv=1706.06586 | s2cid=119449804 | postscript=. | doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Bai">{{cite journal |last1=Bai |first1=Yu |last2=Zou |first2=Hu |last3=Liu |first3=JiFeng |last4=Wang |first4=Song |title=An Updated Ultraviolet Catalog of Galex Nearby Galaxies |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |date=September 2015 |volume=220 |issue=1 |page=6 |doi=10.1088/0067-0049/220/1/6 |url=ttpsh://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/220/1/6 |access-date=21 October 2021|arxiv=1508.07071 |bibcode=2015ApJS..220....6B |s2cid=118402184 }}</ref>

<ref name=Garfinkle1997>{{citation
| title=Star-Hopping: Your Visa to Viewing the Universe
| first1=Robert A. | last1=Garfinkle | postscript=.
| publisher=Cambridge University Press
| year=1997 | isbn=978-0521598897 | page=258
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40JzBYGREL0C&pg=PA258 }}</ref>

<ref name=Ann2015>{{citation
| title=A Catalog of Visually Classified Galaxies in the Local (z ~ 0.01) Universe
| last1=Ann | first1=H. B. | last2=Seo | first2=Mira
| last3=Ha | first3=D. K. | display-authors=1
| journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
| volume=217 | issue=2 | pages=27–49 | date=2015
| bibcode=2015ApJS..217...27A | arxiv=1502.03545
| doi=10.1088/0067-0049/217/2/27 | s2cid=119253507 | postscript=. }}</ref>

<ref name="ned">{{cite web
| title=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database
| work=Results for NGC 5055
| url=http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?objname=messier+63&extend=no&hconst=73&omegam=0.27&omegav=0.73&corr_z=1&out_csys=Equatorial&out_equinox=J2000.0&obj_sort=RA+or+Longitude&of=pre_text&zv_breaker=30000.0&list_limit=5&img_stamp=YES
| access-date=2006-10-10}}</ref>

<ref name=NASA>{{citation
| title=Hubble Sees a Galactic Sunflower
| publisher=NASA | date=11 September 2015
| editor1-first=Ashley | editor1-last=Morrow
| url=https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/hubbles-galactic-sunflower
| access-date=2018-11-30 | postscript=. }}</ref>

<ref name=Graham2008>{{citation
| title=Populating the Galaxy Velocity Dispersion - Supermassive Black Hole Mass Diagram: A Catalogue of (Mbh, σ) Values
| last1=Graham | first1=Alister W. | postscript=.
| journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia
| volume=25 | issue=4 | pages=167–175 | date=November 2008
| doi=10.1071/AS08013 | bibcode=2008PASA...25..167G |arxiv = 0807.2549 | s2cid=89905 }}</ref>

<ref name=jonesbook1991>{{citation | postscript=.
| first1=K. G. | last1=Jones | date=1991
| title=Messier's Nebulae and Star Clusters
| edition= 2nd | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]
| location=Cambridge | isbn=978-0-521-37079-0 }}</ref>

<ref name=Thornley1996>{{citation
| title=Uncovering Spiral Structure in Flocculent Galaxies
| last1=Thornley | first1=Michele D.
| journal=Astrophysical Journal Letters
| volume=469 | page=L45 | date=September 1996
| doi=10.1086/310250 | bibcode=1996ApJ...469L..45T
| arxiv=astro-ph/9607041 | s2cid=9003459 | postscript=. }}</ref>

<ref name=Tully2016>{{citation
| last1=Tully | first1=R. Brent | last2=Courtois | first2=Hélène M.
| last3=Sorce | first3=Jenny G. | display-authors=1
| title=Cosmicflows-3 | journal=The Astronomical Journal
| volume=152 | issue=2 | id=50 | pages=21 | date=August 2016
| doi=10.3847/0004-6256/152/2/50 | bibcode=2016AJ....152...50T
| arxiv=1605.01765 | s2cid=250737862 | postscript=. | doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=Masegosa2011>{{citation
| title=The nature of nuclear Hα emission in LINERs
| last1=Masegosa | first1=J. | last2=Márquez | first2=I.
| last3=Ramirez | first3=A. | last4=González-Martín | first4=O.
| journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics | display-authors=1
| volume=527 | id=A23 | pages=28 | date=March 2011
| doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201015047 | bibcode=2011A&A...527A..23M
| arxiv=1011.0865 | s2cid=116978210 | postscript=. }}</ref>

}}


==External links==
==External links==
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{{Sky|13|15|49.3|+|42|01|45|37000000}}
{{Sky|13|15|49.3|+|42|01|45|37000000}}
{{Portal bar|Astronomy|Stars|Outer space}}

{{Messier objects}}
{{Messier objects}}
{{Ngc55}}
{{Ngc55}}{{Stars of Canes Venatici}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Messier 63}}

[[Category:Spiral galaxies]]
[[Category:Unbarred spiral galaxies]]
[[Category:Unbarred spiral galaxies]]
[[Category:LINER galaxies]]
[[Category:LINER galaxies]]
[[Category:M51 Group]]
[[Category:M51 Group]]
[[Category:Canes Venatici (constellation)]]
[[Category:Canes Venatici]]
[[Category:Messier objects]]
[[Category:Messier objects|063]]
[[Category:NGC objects]]
[[Category:NGC objects]]
[[Category:UGC objects|08334]]
[[Category:UGC objects|08334]]
[[Category:PGC objects|46153]]
[[Category:Principal Galaxies Catalogue objects|46153]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1779]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1779]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Pierre Méchain]]

Latest revision as of 16:31, 3 December 2024

Messier 63
Image taken by Hubble Space Telescope, on 16 November 2001 at 450 and 814 nm[1]
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
ConstellationCanes Venatici
Right ascension13h 15m 49.27385s[2]
Declination+42° 01′ 45.7261″[2]
Redshift484 km/s[3]
Distance29.3 Mly (8.99 Mpc)[4]
Group or clusterM51 Group
Apparent magnitude (V)9.3[3]
Characteristics
TypeSAbc[5]
Apparent size (V)12.6′ × 7.2′[3]
Other designations
M63, NGC 5055, PGC 46153, UGC 8334[3]
Center of the galaxy

Messier 63 or M63, also known as NGC 5055 or the seldom-used Sunflower Galaxy,[6] is a spiral galaxy in the northern constellation of Canes Venatici with approximately 400 billion stars.[7] M63 was first discovered by the French astronomer Pierre Méchain, then later verified by his colleague Charles Messier on 14 June 1779.[6] The galaxy became listed as object 63 in the Messier Catalogue. In the mid-19th century, Anglo-Irish astronomer Lord Rosse identified spiral structures within the galaxy, making this one of the first galaxies in which such structure was identified.[8]

The shape or morphology of this galaxy has a classification of SAbc,[5] indicating a spiral form with no central bar feature (SA) and moderate to loosely wound arms (bc). There is a general lack of large-scale continuous spiral structure in visible light, so it is considered a flocculent galaxy. However, when observed in the near infrared, a symmetric, two-arm structure is seen. Each arm wraps 150° around the galaxy and extends out to 13,000 light-years (4,000 parsecs) from the nucleus.[9]

M63 is a weakly active galaxy with a LINER nucleus – short for 'low-ionization nuclear emission-line region'. This displays as an unresolved source at the galactic nucleus that is cloaked in a diffuse emission. The latter is extended along a position angle of 110° relative to the north celestial pole, and both soft X-rays and hydrogen (H-alpha) emission can be observed coming from along nearly the same direction.[10] The existence of a supermassive black hole (SMBH) at the nucleus is uncertain; if it does exist, then the mass is estimated as (8.5±1.9)×108 M☉,[11] or around 850 million times the mass of the Sun.

Radio observations at the 21-cm hydrogen line show the gaseous disk of M63 extends outward to a radius of 130,000 light-years (40 kiloparsecs), well past the bright optical disk. This gas shows a symmetrical form that is warped in a pronounced manner, starting at a radius of 33,000 light-years (10 kiloparsecs). The form suggests a dark matter halo that is offset with respect to the inner region. The reason for the warp is unclear, but the position angle points toward the smaller companion galaxy, UGC 8313.[12]

The distance to M63, based upon the luminosity-distance measurement is 29,300,000 light-years (8.99 megaparsecs).[4] The radial velocity relative to the Local Group yields an estimate of 15,200,000 light-years (4.65 megaparsecs).[5] Estimates based on the Tully–Fisher relation range over 16,000,000–34,000,000 light-years (5.0–10.3 megaparsecs). The tip of the red-giant branch technique gives a distance of 28,930,000 ± 950,000 light-years (8.87 ± 0.29 megaparsecs).[13] M63 is part of the M51 Group, a group of galaxies that also includes M51 (the 'Whirlpool Galaxy').[14]

One supernova has been observed in M63: SN 1971I (type Ia, mag. 11.8) was discovered by Glenn Jolly on 24 May 1971, and was discovered independently by Roger Clark on 29 May 1971.[15][16] It reached peak light around 26 May.[17] While the spectrum was consistent with a supernova of type I, the spectroscopic behavior appeared anomalous.[15]

[edit]
  • M63 imaged in UV light by the GALEX satellite. The UV light is produced primarily by young, massive stars, so the UV-bright areas are regions where stars are currently forming.[18] Credit NASA / WikiSky
    M63 imaged in UV light by the GALEX satellite. The UV light is produced primarily by young, massive stars, so the UV-bright areas are regions where stars are currently forming.[18] Credit NASA / WikiSky
  • Messier 63 seen in the infrared by the Spitzer Space Telescope. The infrared radiation traces the dust within the spiral arms, which does not radiate visible light. A small dust ring can be seen just outside of the galaxy's center.[19]
    Messier 63 seen in the infrared by the Spitzer Space Telescope. The infrared radiation traces the dust within the spiral arms, which does not radiate visible light. A small dust ring can be seen just outside of the galaxy's center.[19]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Morrow, Ashley, ed. (11 September 2015), Hubble Sees a Galactic Sunflower, NASA, retrieved 2018-11-30.
  2. ^ a b Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (August 2018). "Gaia Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 616. A1. arXiv:1804.09365. Bibcode:2018A&A...616A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051.
  3. ^ a b c d "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 5055. Retrieved 2006-10-10.
  4. ^ a b Tully, R. Brent; et al. (August 2016), "Cosmicflows-3", The Astronomical Journal, 152 (2): 21, arXiv:1605.01765, Bibcode:2016AJ....152...50T, doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/2/50, S2CID 250737862, 50.
  5. ^ a b c Ann, H. B.; et al. (2015), "A Catalog of Visually Classified Galaxies in the Local (z ~ 0.01) Universe", The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 217 (2): 27–49, arXiv:1502.03545, Bibcode:2015ApJS..217...27A, doi:10.1088/0067-0049/217/2/27, S2CID 119253507.
  6. ^ a b Garfinkle, Robert A. (1997), Star-Hopping: Your Visa to Viewing the Universe, Cambridge University Press, p. 258, ISBN 978-0521598897.
  7. ^ "Messier 63 - M63 - The Sunflower Galaxy (Spiral Galaxy) | freestarcharts.com". freestarcharts.com. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
  8. ^ Jones, K. G. (1991), Messier's Nebulae and Star Clusters (2nd ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-37079-0.
  9. ^ Thornley, Michele D. (September 1996), "Uncovering Spiral Structure in Flocculent Galaxies", Astrophysical Journal Letters, 469: L45, arXiv:astro-ph/9607041, Bibcode:1996ApJ...469L..45T, doi:10.1086/310250, S2CID 9003459.
  10. ^ Masegosa, J.; et al. (March 2011), "The nature of nuclear Hα emission in LINERs", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 527: 28, arXiv:1011.0865, Bibcode:2011A&A...527A..23M, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015047, S2CID 116978210, A23.
  11. ^ Graham, Alister W. (November 2008), "Populating the Galaxy Velocity Dispersion - Supermassive Black Hole Mass Diagram: A Catalogue of (Mbh, σ) Values", Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia, 25 (4): 167–175, arXiv:0807.2549, Bibcode:2008PASA...25..167G, doi:10.1071/AS08013, S2CID 89905.
  12. ^ Battaglia, G.; et al. (February 2006), "ion{H}{i} study of the warped spiral galaxy NGC 5055: a disk/dark matter halo offset?", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 447 (1): 49–62, arXiv:astro-ph/0509382, Bibcode:2006A&A...447...49B, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053210, S2CID 119353199.
  13. ^ McQuinn, Kristen. B. W.; et al. (August 2017), "Accurate Distances to Important Spiral Galaxies: M63, M74, NGC 1291, NGC 4559, NGC 4625, and NGC 5398", The Astronomical Journal, 154 (2): 13, arXiv:1706.06586, Bibcode:2017AJ....154...51M, doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa7aad, S2CID 119449804, 51.
  14. ^ Tikhonov, N. A.; et al. (September 2009), "Stellar content of the interacting galaxies of the M51 system", Astronomy Letters, 35 (9): 599–608, Bibcode:2009AstL...35..599T, doi:10.1134/S1063773709090035, S2CID 123044805.
  15. ^ a b Deming, Drake; et al. (June 1973), "The Light Curve of Supernova 1971 I", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 85 (505): 321, Bibcode:1973PASP...85..321D, doi:10.1086/129462
  16. ^ "SN 1971I". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
  17. ^ Barbon, R.; et al. (1973), "Observations of five supernovae 1970-71", Memorie della Società Astronomia Italiana, 44: 65, Bibcode:1973MmSAI..44...65B.
  18. ^ Bai, Yu; Zou, Hu; Liu, JiFeng; Wang, Song (September 2015). [ttpsh://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/220/1/6 "An Updated Ultraviolet Catalog of Galex Nearby Galaxies"]. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 220 (1): 6. arXiv:1508.07071. Bibcode:2015ApJS..220....6B. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/220/1/6. S2CID 118402184. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  19. ^ spitzer. "Spitzer's Sunflower". Spitzer Space Telescope. JPL-Caltech. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
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