Jump to content

Duhok: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 36°52′N 43°0′E / 36.867°N 43.000°E / 36.867; 43.000
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Added content, fixed typo and spelling
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
No edit summary
 
(461 intermediate revisions by more than 100 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|City in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.}}
{{Other uses}}
<!-- Infobox begins -->
<!-- Infobox begins -->
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
| motto =
|official_name = Duhok<br>Bēṯ Nūhadrā ܒܹܝܬܼ ܢܘ̣ܗܲܕܪܵܐ<br>دهۆک
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|other_name
| photo1a = City of Duhok.jpg
|native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English -->
| photo2a = Mustafa Barzani Building .jpg
|nickname =
| photo2b =
|settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)-->
| photo3a = Duhok.jpg
|motto =
| photo3b = Assyrian Mar Narsai Church.jpg
|image_skyline = City of Duhok.jpg
| photo4a =
|imagesize =
| spacing = 2
|image_caption = View on Duhok with the Duhok Dam in the background
| size = 280
|image_flag =
| foot_montage = Top-bottom, R-L:{{br}}View over Dohuk {{br}} American University of Kurdistan, Dohuk • Sharansh Waterfall<br>Dohuk at night • Assyrian Mar Narsai Church
|flag_size =
}}
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
| ima =
|image_shield =
| image_caption =
|shield_size =
| image_flag =
|city_logo =
| flag_size =
| settlement_type = [[List of cities in Iraq|City]]
|citylogo_size =
|image_map =
| image_seal =
|mapsize =
| seal_size =
|map_caption =
| image_shield =
|image_map1 =
| shield_size =
|mapsize1 =
| image_map =
|map_caption1 =
| map_caption =
| native_name = {{Native name|ku-Latn|Dihok}}
|pushpin_map = Iraq
| pushpin_map = Iraq
|pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none -->
| pushpin_label = Duhok
|pushpin_map_caption = Dohuk's location in Iraq
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|pushpin_mapsize =
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Iraq}}
|coordinates_region = IQ
| subdivision_type2 = Region
|subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kurdistan Region]]
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Iraq}}
| subdivision_type3 = Governorate
|subdivision_type1 = Autonomous region
| subdivision_name3 = [[Duhok Governorate]]
|subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Kurdistan}}<ref>http://krg.org/articles/detail.asp?lngnr=12&smap=03010300&rnr=140&anr=23911</ref>
| subdivision_type4 = District
|subdivision_type2 = Governorate
| subdivision_name4 = [[Duhok District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Dohuk Governorate]]
| government_type =
|subdivision_type3 = District
|subdivision_name3 = [[Dohuk District]]
| leader_title = [[Governor]]
|subdivision_type4 = Subdistrict
| leader_name = [[Ali Tatar]]
| leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager -->
|subdivision_name4 = Dohuk Subdistrict
|government_type =
| leader_name1 =
| established_title = <!-- Settled -->
|leader_title =
| established_date =
|leader_name =
| established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) -->
|leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager -->
| established_date2 =
|leader_name1 =
| established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) -->
|leader_title2 =
| established_date3 =
|leader_name2 =
| unit_pref = Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->
|leader_title3 =
| area_footnotes =
|leader_name3 =
| area_total_km2 =
|leader_title4 =
|leader_name4 =
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
|established_title = <!-- Settled -->
| area_water_percent =
|established_date =
| population_note =
|established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) -->
| population_density_km2 =
|established_date2 =
| timezone = Arabian Standard Time
|established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) -->
|established_date3 =
| utc_offset = +3
|area_magnitude =
| timezone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =
|unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->
| coordinates = {{coord|36|52|N|43|0|E|region:IQ|display=inline,title}}
|area_footnotes =
| elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags-->
|area_total_km2 =
|area_land_km2 =
| elevation_m = 565
|area_water_km2 =
| elevation_ft = 1854
| postal_code_type = Postcode <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Postcode, Postal code... -->
|area_total_sq_mi =
|area_land_sq_mi =
| postal_code = 42001
|area_water_sq_mi =
| area_code = 062
| website = {{URL|http://duhok.gov.krd}}
|area_water_percent =
|area_urban_km2 =
| footnotes =
|area_urban_sq_mi =
| name =
|area_metro_km2 =
| pop_est_as_of = 2018
| pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="citypop cities">{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/iraq/cities.html|title=Iraq: Governorates & Cities}}</ref>
|area_metro_sq_mi =
| population_est = 340,871
|population_as_of = 2013
}}
|population_footnotes = World Gazetteer
'''Duhok''' ({{langx|ku|دهۆک|translit=Dihok}};<ref>{{cite news |title=K24 rêjeya dengdanê li navçeyên cuda yên Herêma Kurdistan belav kir |url=https://www.kurdistan24.net/ku/news/90900b5c-a142-417c-90ff-64d8b0ca1672 |access-date=18 December 2019 |work=Kurdistan24 |language=ku}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=كوردستانی سەرسوڕهێنەر- وێبسایتی فەرمی دەستەی گشتی گەشت و گوزار |url=http://bot.gov.krd/kurdish/duhok-province/duhok |website=bot.gov.krd |access-date=18 December 2019}}</ref> {{langx|ar|دهوك| Dohūk}};<ref>{{cite news |title=دهوك تغرق بالفيضانات والدفاع المدني يحذر المواطنين الخروج من منازلهم - نشرة أخبار الثالثة|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5thcd_qsq38|access-date=21 March 2024 |author= قناة التغيير |language=ar}}</ref> {{langx|syr|ܒܝܬ ܢܘܗܕܪܐ| Beth Nohadra}},<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbpFJ8TMHyoC&pg=PA81|title=Klimatische Optimierung von verdichteten Wohnhäusern in Irakisch-Kurdistan|last=Kadr|first=Salahden Ghareb|date=2010|publisher=Univerlagtuberlin|isbn=978-3-7983-2238-7|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://syriaca.org/place/76|title=Duhok|access-date=Oct 6, 2020}}</ref> {{langx|aij|דוהוך|Dohok}}<ref>{{cite book |author1=Jared Greenblatt|title=The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Amәdya|date=2011|page=11|isbn=978-90-04-18257-8}}</ref>) is a city in [[Kurdistan Region]], [[Iraq]]. It is the [[Capital (political)|capital]] city of [[Duhok Governorate]].
|population_note =
|population_total = <1,000,000>
|population_density_km2 =
|population_density_sq_mi =
|population_metro =
|population_density_metro_km2 =
|population_density_metro_sq_mi =
|population_urban =
|population_density_urban_km2 =
|population_density_urban_sq_mi =
|timezone =
|utc_offset =
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|latd=36 |latm=52 |lats= |latNS=N
|longd=43 |longm=0 |longs= |longEW=E
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags-->
|elevation_m = 565
|elevation_ft =
|postal_code_type = Postcode <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... -->
|postal_code = 42001
|area_code =
|blank_name =
|blank_info =
|blank1_name =
|blank1_info =
|website =
|footnotes =
}} <!-- Infobox ends -->
'''Dohuk''' ({{lang-ku|{{Nastaliq|دهۆک}}}}, ''{{transl|ku|Dihok}}''; {{lang-syr|ܒܝܬ ܢܘܗܕܪܐ}} ''{{transl|syr|Bēṯ Nūhadrā}}''; {{lang-ar|دهوك}} ''{{transl|ar|Dahūk}}'') is the [[Capital (political)|capital]] of [[Dohuk Governorate]] in [[Kurdistan]] and part of [[Iraqi Kurdistan]], with a population of approximately 350,000 inhabitants, consisting mostly of [[Kurdish people|Kurds]], with a minority population of [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] Christians that greatly fluctuate in numbers due to the state of violence in the plain below and all over Kurdistan. The city is encircled by mountains along the [[Tigris]] river. Dohuk has a growing tourist industry. Its population has increased rapidly since the 1990s, as the rural population moved to the cities. The [[University of Dohuk]], founded in 1992, is a renowned center for teaching and research. Arabs claim that the place is there's but in reality that's not true


==Etymology==
== Name ==
The city of Duhok received its name from the [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] word ’du’ (two) and ’hok’ (lump) as a tax payment of two lumps from the basket of each passing caravan that often carry wheat and barley.<ref name="dhk-pti_DuhokCity">{{cite web |url=https://dhk-pti.com/website/DuhokCity.php |title=Duhok City |website=dhk-pti.com |access-date=2023-10-16}}</ref> According to a tradition presented by Sasson Nahum, Dohuk was initially named ''Dohuk-e [[Dasini|Dasinya]]'', signifying "Dohuk of the [[Yazidis|Yezidis]]". However, after a massacre of the Yezidis, the town was abandoned, leading to the settlement of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the area.<ref name=":0" />
Dohuk ([[Duhok of Dassini]]) means [[Yazidi]] village. Another theory is that the name comes from Taok (meaning grapevine in Kurdish) due to the fact that the region is very well known for vine trees. The Syriac name Bēṯ Nūhadrā translates to House/Land of the military leader. It refers to a small village nearby which is a district in the city due to the growth of the city during the last century. The name Nūhadrā continues to be used in reference to the city and is also a popular name among Assyrian women.


== History ==
== Demographics ==
The city is home to diverse ethnic groups, including [[Kurds in Iraq|Kurds]] who are the majority, while other minorities include [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Yazidis]] and [[Arabs]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life in Duhok |url=https://auk.edu.krd/about/life-in-duhok/ |website=[[The American University of Kurdistan]]}}</ref> The city also hosts tens of thousands of [[Refugee|refugees]] from [[Syria]], mostly [[Kurds in Syria|Syrian Kurds]], and [[Internally displaced person|internally displaced persons (IDPs)]], most of whom are Yazidis and Assyrians who fled after [[Islamic State|ISIS]] took control of [[Nineveh Governorate|Mosul]], [[Iraq]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-24 |title=International aid for IDPs and refugees in Duhok decreasing |url=https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/28788-International-aid-for-IDPs-and-refugees-in-Duhok-decreasing |website=[[Kurdistan 24]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Khalel, Sheren |author2=Vickery, Matthew |date=27 October 2014 |title=The Forgotten Yazidis |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/10/27/the-forgotten-yazidis/ |work=[[Foreign Policy Magazine]]}}</ref>
Throughout history to the present time, Duhok has acquired a strategic position historically and geographically. Between the 25th and 22nd century BC, it changed hands between the [[Akkadians]], [[Sumerians]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Amorites]], [[Gutians]], [[Hurrians]] and [[Hattians]], before becoming an integral part of [[Assyria]] from the mid 21st century BC until the dissolution of Assyria (then known as [[Athura]]/[[Assuristan]]) in the mid 7th century AD after the [[Arab]] [[Islamic Conquest]].<ref>http://www.uod.ac/site/en/duhokcity#sthash.m1dKO7nV.dpuf</ref>


According to the [[Government of Kurdistan Region|Kurdistan Regional Government]], as of March 2024, the [[Kurdistan Region]] hosts 631,174 IDPs, with 40% of them living in [[Duhok Governorate]]. Additionally, there are 251,475 [[Syrians|Syrian]] refugees, of which 131,000 reside in Duhok Governorate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-03 |title=Kurdistan Region: A Beacon of Hope for Displaced Persons and Refugees |url=https://gov.krd/dmi-en/activities/news-and-press-releases/2024/march/kurdistan-region-a-beacon-of-hope-for-displaced-persons-and-refugees/ |website=[[Government of Kurdistan Region]]}}</ref>
During the Assyrian period the town was named [[Nohadra]] (and also '''Bit Nuhadra''' or '''Naarda'''), where, during the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]]-[[Sassanid]] rule in Assyria (c.160 BC to 250 AD) as [[Beth Nuhadra]] it gained semi-independence as one of a patchwork of [[Neo-Assyrian]] kingdoms in Assyria, which also included [[Adiabene]], [[Osroene]], [[Assur]] and [[Beth Garmai]]. During the Christian era became an [[eparchy]] within the [[Assyrian Church of the East]] [[Adiabene (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province)|metropolitanate of Ḥadyab]] ([[Arbil]]).<ref>{{cite book|last=Société des études arméniennes, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Association de la revue des études arméniennes|title=Revue des études arméniennes , Volume 21|pages=303, 309|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=17P9Tea_AoiG-waSs6i3Aw&ct=result&id=D_JfAAAAMAAJ&dq=nohadra&q=nohadra}}</ref><ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DN NAARDA], Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854)</ref>


== History ==
The city became prominent again in 1236, when Hasan Beg Saifadin joined the Kurdish Badinan principality. In 1842, the principality was dissolved by the [[Ottomans]] and connected to the city of [[Mosul]].<ref>http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bahdinan-kurdish-region-river-dialect-group-and-amirate></ref>[[File:Duhok, Kurdistan, Iraq.JPG|thumbnail|Duhok by night]]
{{For timeline}}
The city of Duhok has an ancient [[Assyria|Assyrian]] and [[Hurrian]] history attached to it from the time of the [[Middle Assyrian Empire]] and [[Urartu]] and was originally [[Assyrian people |Assyrian]] inhabited and called [[Nuhadra]].<ref name="dhk-pti_DuhokCity"/>


The city joined the [[Kurdistan|Kurdish]] principality of [[Badinan]] sometime in the 13th or 14th centuries under the foundation of the Kurdish [[Emirate of Hakkâri|Hakkari]] tribe. As observed by [[Evliya Celebi]] in ''[[Seyahatnâme]]'' (Book of Travels), the principality was divided into: [[Akre]], [[Zaxo]], Shixoyi, Duhok, Zibari, and [[Muzuri (tribe)|Muzuri]].<ref> [https://www.academia.edu/6040973/Kurdistan_in_the_16th_and_17th_centuries_as_reflected_in_Evliya_Çelebis_Seyahatname]</ref>
In 1898 there were according to a report eleven small and private schools in the city, two [[Assyrian Christian]] and two [[Jewish]] schools. In 1920 there were in all of Iraq only five primary schools that were accessible for girls, and one of them was in Dohuk.


=== Ottoman period ===
From 22 to 24 September 2005 Dohuk held a cultural festival that was for the first time in Dohuk to which Kurdish writers from all countries were invited.
In 1820, Rich described Duhok as a small town comprising 300 houses, serving as the principal site for the Doski tribe, accompanied by eighty additional villages. The missionary [[Henry Aaron Stern]] (1851) observed Dohuk's diverse population, which included [[Jews|Jewish]] residents. Stern further noted that the ''kiahya'', or village mayor, was an Assyrian of [[Chaldean Catholic Church|Chaldean Catholic]] affiliation. By 1859, Rabbi Yehiel found two ''[[Minyan|minyans]]'' of Jews in the area. The Muslim and Assyrian Christian communities comprised around a hundred households.<ref name=":0" />


In 1929, the settled population reached approximately 3,500 inhabitants, with Kurds forming the majority. Among the 550 households, 65 were Assyrian Christian, and 30 were Jewish.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Zaken |first=M. |title=Chapter Three. Dohuk |date=2007-01-01 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789047422129/Bej.9789004161900.i-376_006.xml |work=Jewish Subjects and Their Tribal Chieftains in Kurdistan |pages=79–96 |access-date=2023-10-10 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004161900.i-376.24 |isbn=978-90-474-2212-9}}</ref>
==Demographics==
The city's population is made up of around 340,000 inhabitants, and consists mostly of [[Kurdish people|Kurds]], with a significant [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] community as well. The Assyrians of Dohuk boast one of the largest churches in the region named the Mar Marsi Cathedral, and is the center of an Eparchy.<ref>http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,35601.html</ref> tens of thousands of [[Yazidi]] and Assyrian Christian refugees live in the city as well due to the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]] invasion of Iraq in 2014 and the subsequent [[Fall of Mosul]] and the [[Nineveh Plains]] region after 2 more months of fighting, in addition to the [[Sinjar massacre|Siege of Sinjar]] in which 5,000 Yezidis were massacred in what has been referred to as [[Genocide of Yazidis by ISIL| a Genocide against them]]. <ref>{{cite web|url= http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/10/27/the-forgotten-yazidis/|title=The Forgotten Yazidis|work=[[Foreign Policy Magazine]] | author=Khalel, Sheren|author2=Vickery, Matthew|date=27 October 2014}}</ref><ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/2014/09/iraq-exodus-201493132419188566.html></ref>


== Educational institutions ==
=== Modern times ===
The [[University of Duhok]] was founded on 31 October 1992.<ref name="VerifyUOD">{{Cite web |url=https://uod.ac/about/ |title=University of Duhok (UoD) |access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref>
List of current higher educational institutions in Duhok is as below:
== Archaeology ==
* [[American University Duhok Kurdistan]]
In 2020, researchers discovered in the Balyuz hills, ten kilometers west of Duhok City, an ancient tablet with [[Greek language|Greek inscription]] which dates back to 165 B.C. The inscriptions refer to [[Demetrius I Soter|Demetrius]], the region's ruler during that time.<ref>[https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/6938f3e3-94dc-4c2f-b929-18e557ffaa2a Researchers in Kurdistan's Duhok find artifact over 2,000 years old]</ref>
* [[University of Duhok]]
* [http://www.nawrozuniversity.com/ Nawroz University]
* [[Duhok International School]]
* [[University of cihan]]


Seven kilometers southwest of Duhok, [[Halamata Cave]] is an [[archaeological site]] containing the Assyrian [[Relief carving|relief carvings]] known as the Maltai Reliefs, associated with the northern canal system built by the Assyrian king [[Sennacherib]] (r. 704–681 BCE) to carry water to his capital city of [[Nineveh]]".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maltai Rock Reliefs {{!}} Mapping Mesopotamian Monuments|url=https://mcid.mcah.columbia.edu/art-atlas/mapping-mesopotamian-monuments/monuments/maltai-sample|access-date=2021-03-21|website=mcid.mcah.columbia.edu}}</ref>
== Sport ==
The city is home to several sporting clubs including [[Dohuk SC]], a professional football club that plays in the [[Iraqi Premier League]], its [[Duhok Stadium|home stadium]] can hold up to 30,000 spectators {{Citation needed|date=July 2015}}. Another football team from the city is [[Zeravani SC]] which plays in the [[Kurdish Premier League]]. Dohuk also has a range of other sport clubs, notably the [[Duhok SC (Basketball)|Duhok Basketball Club]]. Duhok SC basketball competes in the [[Iraqi Division I Basketball League]] and successfully came third in [[FIBA Asia Champions Cup]] in 2012.

Duhok SC football club won the Iraqi premier league championship In the [[2009–10 Iraqi Premier League|2009/2010 season]] beating '''Talaba SC''' 1–0 to become the champions for the first time.


==Climate==
==Climate==
[[Köppen-Geiger climate classification system]] classifies this climate as a [[semi-arid climate]] (''Bsh''), though having strong characteristics of the [[Mediterranean climate]] (''Csa''). The temperatures are typical to the northern parts of Mesopotamia region, with extremely hot summers and relatively cool, wet winters. [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]] falls in the cooler months.
According to the [[Köppen-Geiger climate classification system]], Duhok, like most of [[Upper Mesopotamia]], has a hot-summer [[Mediterranean climate]] (''Csa'') featuring sweltering, virtually rainless summers and cool to cold, wet winters. [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]] falls in the cooler months, being heaviest in late winter and early spring. The city can get around two or three snowy days yearly, with more severe falls in the uplands. Summers are virtually rainless, with rain returning in late autumn.


{{Weather box
{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=yes
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|single line=yes
|location=Dohuk, Iraq
|location=Duhok, Iraq
|Jan record high C=20
|Jan record high C=20
|Feb record high C=27
|Feb record high C=27
|Mar record high C=30
|Mar record high C=30
|Apr record high C=34
|Apr record high C=34
|May record high C=42
|May record high C=38
|Jun record high C=44
|Jun record high C=41
|Jul record high C=48
|Jul record high C=45
|Aug record high C=49
|Aug record high C=46
|Sep record high C=45
|Sep record high C=44
|Oct record high C=39
|Oct record high C=39
|Nov record high C=31
|Nov record high C=31
|Dec record high C=24
|Dec record high C=24

|Jan high C=11
|Jan high C=11
|Feb high C=14
|Feb high C=14
Line 167: Line 132:
|Nov high C=20
|Nov high C=20
|Dec high C=13
|Dec high C=13

|Jan mean C=7
|Jan mean C=7
|Feb mean C=10
|Feb mean C=10
Line 180: Line 144:
|Nov mean C=14
|Nov mean C=14
|Dec mean C=9
|Dec mean C=9

|Jan low C=3
|Jan low C=3
|Feb low C=5
|Feb low C=5
Line 193: Line 156:
|Nov low C=8
|Nov low C=8
|Dec low C=6
|Dec low C=6

|Jan record low C=-4
|Jan record low C=-4
|Feb record low C=-6
|Feb record low C=-6
Line 206: Line 168:
|Nov record low C=-2
|Nov record low C=-2
|Dec record low C=-2
|Dec record low C=-2
|precipitation colour = green

|Jan rain mm=101
| Jan precipitation mm =92.2
|Feb rain mm=120
| Feb precipitation mm =99.3
|Mar rain mm=111
| Mar precipitation mm =105
|Apr rain mm=70
| Apr precipitation mm =96.4
|May rain mm=38
| May precipitation mm =44.3
|Jun rain mm=0
| Jun precipitation mm =4.9
|Jul rain mm=0
| Jul precipitation mm =0.1
|Aug rain mm=0
| Aug precipitation mm =0.1
|Sep rain mm=1
| Sep precipitation mm =2.1
|Oct rain mm=10
| Oct precipitation mm =36
|Nov rain mm=57
| Nov precipitation mm =68.9
|Dec rain mm=108
| Dec precipitation mm =95.8
| year precipitation mm =

|Jan precipitation days=9
| Jan precipitation days =13.1
|Feb precipitation days=9
| Feb precipitation days =11.5
|Mar precipitation days=10
| Mar precipitation days =12.2
|Apr precipitation days=9
| Apr precipitation days =12
|May precipitation days=4
| May precipitation days =7.6
|Jun precipitation days=1
| Jun precipitation days =2.5
|Jul precipitation days=0
| Jul precipitation days =3.3
|Aug precipitation days=0
| Aug precipitation days =3.6
|Sep precipitation days=1
| Sep precipitation days =3.1
|Oct precipitation days=3
| Oct precipitation days =6.1
|Nov precipitation days=6
| Nov precipitation days =8
|Dec precipitation days=10
| Dec precipitation days =10.2
| year precipitation days =

|rain colour=green
|Jan snow days=1
|Jan snow days=1
|Feb snow days=0
|Feb snow days=0
|Mar snow days=<!--the source has no answer-->
|Mar snow days=0
|Apr snow days=0
|Apr snow days=0
|May snow days=0
|May snow days=0
Line 244: Line 207:
|Oct snow days=0
|Oct snow days=0
|Nov snow days=0
|Nov snow days=0
|Dec snow days=<!--the source has no answer-->
|Dec snow days=0
|Jan humidity=72.4
|Feb humidity=69.4
|Mar humidity=64.5
|Apr humidity=60.2
|May humidity=46
|Jun humidity=30.5
|Jul humidity=25.8
|Aug humidity=26.7
|Sep humidity=30.6
|Oct humidity=46.8
|Nov humidity=62.9
|Dec humidity=72.9
| Jan dew point C =-0.1
| Feb dew point C =1.0
| Mar dew point C =3.8
| Apr dew point C =7.5
| May dew point C =9.2
| Jun dew point C =8.2
| Jul dew point C =9.2
| Aug dew point C =9.1
| Sep dew point C =7.6
| Oct dew point C =7.6
| Nov dew point C =5.2
| Dec dew point C =2.0


|Jan humidity=60
| Jan percentsun =50.1
|Feb humidity=53
| Feb percentsun =53.2
|Mar humidity=46
| Mar percentsun =56.4
|Apr humidity=39
| Apr percentsun =57.8
|May humidity=23
| May percentsun =70.2
|Jun humidity=15
| Jun percentsun =89.8
|Jul humidity=13
| Jul percentsun =95.2
|Aug humidity=15
| Aug percentsun =94.4
|Sep humidity=17
| Sep percentsun =90.5
|Oct humidity=28
| Oct percentsun =71.8
|Nov humidity=42
| Nov percentsun =59.5
|Dec humidity=62
| Dec percentsun =50.1
| year percentsun =

|source 1= ''My Forecast''<ref name="My Forecast">{{Cite web |url=http://www.myforecast.com/bin/climate.m?city=66292&metric=true |title=Dahuk, Iraq Climate |publisher=My Forecast |accessdate=2014-01-04 }}</ref>
|source 1= ''My Forecast''<ref name="My Forecast">{{Cite web |url=http://www.myforecast.com/bin/climate.m?city=66292&metric=true |title=Dahuk, Iraq Climate |publisher=My Forecast |access-date=2014-01-04 }}</ref>

|source 2 = ''Levoyageur'' for rainfall<ref name="Levoyageur">{{Cite web |url=http://www.myforecast.com/bin/climate.m?city=66292&metric=true |title=Climate, weather, temperatures - City : DUHOK |publisher=Levoyageur |accessdate=2014-01-04 }}</ref>


|source 2 = ''Weatherbase'' (precipitation-precip days-humidity-dew point-sun)<ref name="weatherbase">{{Cite web |url=https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=602776&cityname=Dahuk%2C+Dahuk%2C+Iraq&units= |title=Dahuk, Iraq travel weather averages |publisher=CantyMedia |access-date=17 July 2024 }}</ref>
}}
}}


==See also==
==See also==
*[[List of largest cities of Iraq|List of largest cities in Iraq]]
*[[University of Nawroz]]
*[[Duhok International Airport]]
*[[Duhok International Airport]]
*[[Assyrians in Iraq]]
*[[Duhok of Dassini]] of [[Yazidi]] [[ethno-religious]] group
*[[Kurds in Iraq]]

*[[Yazidis in Iraq]]
==Twin towns==
*[[Sami Khoshaba Latchin]]
* [[Gainesville, Florida|Gainesville]], [[Florida]], [[United States|USA]] since 2006


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
<references />


==External links==
==External links==
{{commons category|Dohuk}}
*{{commons category-inline}}
*[http://www.iraqimage.com/pages/browse/Dihok.html Iraq Image - Dahuk Satellite Observation]
*[http://www.iraqimage.com/pages/browse/Dihok.html Iraq Image – Dahuk Satellite Observation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623063905/http://www.iraqimage.com/pages/browse/Dihok.html |date=2012-06-23 }}


{{Districts of Iraq}}
{{Districts of Iraq}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Duhok| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Iraqi Kurdistan]]
[[Category:Cities in Iraqi Kurdistan]]
[[Category:District capitals of Iraq]]
[[Category:District capitals of Iraq]]
[[Category:Populated places in Dohuk Province]]
[[Category:Populated places in Dohuk Province]]
[[Category:Assyrian communities in Iraq]]
[[Category:Assyrian communities in Iraq]]
[[Category:Ancient Assyrian cities]]
[[Category:Cities in Iraq]]
[[Category:Cities in Iraq]]
[[Category:Dohuk| ]]
[[Category:Kurdish settlements in Iraq]]
[[Category:Historic Jewish communities in Iraq]]
[[Category:Yazidi populated places in Iraq]]

Latest revision as of 07:34, 13 November 2024

Duhok
Dihok (Kurdish)
City
Top-bottom, R-L:
View over Dohuk
American University of Kurdistan, Dohuk • Sharansh Waterfall
Dohuk at night • Assyrian Mar Narsai Church
Duhok is located in Iraq
Duhok
Duhok
Coordinates: 36°52′N 43°0′E / 36.867°N 43.000°E / 36.867; 43.000
Country Iraq
RegionKurdistan Region
GovernorateDuhok Governorate
DistrictDuhok District
Government
 • GovernorAli Tatar
Elevation
1,854 ft (565 m)
Population
 • Estimate 
(2018)[1]
340,871
Time zoneUTC+3 (Arabian Standard Time)
Postcode
42001
Area code062
Websiteduhok.gov.krd

Duhok (Kurdish: دهۆک, romanized: Dihok;[2][3] Arabic: دهوك, romanized: Dohūk;[4] Syriac: ܒܝܬ ܢܘܗܕܪܐ, romanized: Beth Nohadra,[5][6] Lishanid Noshan: דוהוך, romanized: Dohok[7]) is a city in Kurdistan Region, Iraq. It is the capital city of Duhok Governorate.

Name

[edit]

The city of Duhok received its name from the Kurdish word ’du’ (two) and ’hok’ (lump) as a tax payment of two lumps from the basket of each passing caravan that often carry wheat and barley.[8] According to a tradition presented by Sasson Nahum, Dohuk was initially named Dohuk-e Dasinya, signifying "Dohuk of the Yezidis". However, after a massacre of the Yezidis, the town was abandoned, leading to the settlement of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the area.[9]

Demographics

[edit]

The city is home to diverse ethnic groups, including Kurds who are the majority, while other minorities include Assyrians, Yazidis and Arabs.[10] The city also hosts tens of thousands of refugees from Syria, mostly Syrian Kurds, and internally displaced persons (IDPs), most of whom are Yazidis and Assyrians who fled after ISIS took control of Mosul, Iraq.[11][12]

According to the Kurdistan Regional Government, as of March 2024, the Kurdistan Region hosts 631,174 IDPs, with 40% of them living in Duhok Governorate. Additionally, there are 251,475 Syrian refugees, of which 131,000 reside in Duhok Governorate.[13]

History

[edit]
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Duhok.

The city of Duhok has an ancient Assyrian and Hurrian history attached to it from the time of the Middle Assyrian Empire and Urartu and was originally Assyrian inhabited and called Nuhadra.[8]

The city joined the Kurdish principality of Badinan sometime in the 13th or 14th centuries under the foundation of the Kurdish Hakkari tribe. As observed by Evliya Celebi in Seyahatnâme (Book of Travels), the principality was divided into: Akre, Zaxo, Shixoyi, Duhok, Zibari, and Muzuri.[14]

Ottoman period

[edit]

In 1820, Rich described Duhok as a small town comprising 300 houses, serving as the principal site for the Doski tribe, accompanied by eighty additional villages. The missionary Henry Aaron Stern (1851) observed Dohuk's diverse population, which included Jewish residents. Stern further noted that the kiahya, or village mayor, was an Assyrian of Chaldean Catholic affiliation. By 1859, Rabbi Yehiel found two minyans of Jews in the area. The Muslim and Assyrian Christian communities comprised around a hundred households.[9]

In 1929, the settled population reached approximately 3,500 inhabitants, with Kurds forming the majority. Among the 550 households, 65 were Assyrian Christian, and 30 were Jewish.[9]

Modern times

[edit]

The University of Duhok was founded on 31 October 1992.[15]

Archaeology

[edit]

In 2020, researchers discovered in the Balyuz hills, ten kilometers west of Duhok City, an ancient tablet with Greek inscription which dates back to 165 B.C. The inscriptions refer to Demetrius, the region's ruler during that time.[16]

Seven kilometers southwest of Duhok, Halamata Cave is an archaeological site containing the Assyrian relief carvings known as the Maltai Reliefs, associated with the northern canal system built by the Assyrian king Sennacherib (r. 704–681 BCE) to carry water to his capital city of Nineveh".[17]

Climate

[edit]

According to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system, Duhok, like most of Upper Mesopotamia, has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) featuring sweltering, virtually rainless summers and cool to cold, wet winters. Precipitation falls in the cooler months, being heaviest in late winter and early spring. The city can get around two or three snowy days yearly, with more severe falls in the uplands. Summers are virtually rainless, with rain returning in late autumn.

Climate data for Duhok, Iraq
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20
(68) 		27
(81) 		30
(86) 		34
(93) 		38
(100) 		41
(106) 		45
(113) 		46
(115) 		44
(111) 		39
(102) 		31
(88) 		24
(75) 		46
(115)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 11
(52) 		14
(57) 		19
(66) 		24
(75) 		32
(90) 		38
(100) 		42
(108) 		41
(106) 		37
(99) 		29
(84) 		20
(68) 		13
(55) 		27
(80)
Daily mean °C (°F) 7
(45) 		10
(50) 		14
(57) 		18
(64) 		25
(77) 		31
(88) 		34
(93) 		34
(93) 		29
(84) 		22
(72) 		14
(57) 		9
(48) 		21
(69)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 3
(37) 		5
(41) 		9
(48) 		13
(55) 		18
(64) 		23
(73) 		27
(81) 		26
(79) 		21
(70) 		15
(59) 		8
(46) 		6
(43) 		15
(58)
Record low °C (°F) −4
(25) 		−6
(21) 		−1
(30) 		3
(37) 		6
(43) 		10
(50) 		13
(55) 		17
(63) 		11
(52) 		4
(39) 		−2
(28) 		−2
(28) 		−6
(21)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 92.2
(3.63) 		99.3
(3.91) 		105
(4.1) 		96.4
(3.80) 		44.3
(1.74) 		4.9
(0.19) 		0.1
(0.00) 		0.1
(0.00) 		2.1
(0.08) 		36
(1.4) 		68.9
(2.71) 		95.8
(3.77) 		645.1
(25.33)
Average precipitation days 13.1 11.5 12.2 12 7.6 2.5 3.3 3.6 3.1 6.1 8 10.2 93.2
Average snowy days 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Average relative humidity (%) 72.4 69.4 64.5 60.2 46 30.5 25.8 26.7 30.6 46.8 62.9 72.9 50.7
Average dew point °C (°F) −0.1
(31.8) 		1.0
(33.8) 		3.8
(38.8) 		7.5
(45.5) 		9.2
(48.6) 		8.2
(46.8) 		9.2
(48.6) 		9.1
(48.4) 		7.6
(45.7) 		7.6
(45.7) 		5.2
(41.4) 		2.0
(35.6) 		5.9
(42.6)
Percent possible sunshine 50.1 53.2 56.4 57.8 70.2 89.8 95.2 94.4 90.5 71.8 59.5 50.1 69.9
Source 1: My Forecast[18]
Source 2: Weatherbase (precipitation-precip days-humidity-dew point-sun)[19]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Iraq: Governorates & Cities".
  2. ^ "K24 rêjeya dengdanê li navçeyên cuda yên Herêma Kurdistan belav kir". Kurdistan24 (in Kurdish). Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  3. ^ "كوردستانی سەرسوڕهێنەر- وێبسایتی فەرمی دەستەی گشتی گەشت و گوزار". bot.gov.krd. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  4. ^ قناة التغيير. "دهوك تغرق بالفيضانات والدفاع المدني يحذر المواطنين الخروج من منازلهم - نشرة أخبار الثالثة" (in Arabic). Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  5. ^ Kadr, Salahden Ghareb (2010). Klimatische Optimierung von verdichteten Wohnhäusern in Irakisch-Kurdistan (in German). Univerlagtuberlin. ISBN 978-3-7983-2238-7.
  6. ^ "Duhok". Retrieved Oct 6, 2020.
  7. ^ Jared Greenblatt (2011). The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Amәdya. p. 11. ISBN 978-90-04-18257-8.
  8. ^ a b "Duhok City". dhk-pti.com. Retrieved 2023-10-16.
  9. ^ a b c Zaken, M. (2007-01-01), "Chapter Three. Dohuk", Jewish Subjects and Their Tribal Chieftains in Kurdistan, Brill, pp. 79–96, doi:10.1163/ej.9789004161900.i-376.24, ISBN 978-90-474-2212-9, retrieved 2023-10-10
  10. ^ "Life in Duhok". The American University of Kurdistan.
  11. ^ "International aid for IDPs and refugees in Duhok decreasing". Kurdistan 24. 2022-06-24.
  12. ^ Khalel, Sheren; Vickery, Matthew (27 October 2014). "The Forgotten Yazidis". Foreign Policy Magazine.
  13. ^ "Kurdistan Region: A Beacon of Hope for Displaced Persons and Refugees". Government of Kurdistan Region. 2024-03-03.
  14. ^ [1]
  15. ^ "University of Duhok (UoD)". Retrieved 19 October 2022.
  16. ^ Researchers in Kurdistan's Duhok find artifact over 2,000 years old
  17. ^ "Maltai Rock Reliefs | Mapping Mesopotamian Monuments". mcid.mcah.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
  18. ^ "Dahuk, Iraq Climate". My Forecast. Retrieved 2014-01-04.
  19. ^ "Dahuk, Iraq travel weather averages". CantyMedia. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Duhok&oldid=1257105603"