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{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
⚫
| image = Wood Sandpiper Photograph By Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg
| image = Wood Sandpiper Safari Park.jpg
| image_caption = Wood sandpiper [[Mangaon]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| image_caption = Wood sandpiper in [[Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Safari Park]], [[Gazipur City]], [[Bangladesh]]
| image2 = Wood sandpiper - Timbi Lake, Vadodara 2022-01-09.jpg
| image2_caption = At Timbi Lake, [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]], India
| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{IUCN|id=22693247 |title=''Tringa glareola'' |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Tringa glareola'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22693247A86689640 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693247A86689640.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| genus = Tringa
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| species = glareola
⚫
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| classis = [[Aves]]
| subclassis = [[Neornithes]]
|<!-- infraclassis = [[Neognathae]]
| superordo = [[Neoaves]] [Enable when article is longer] -->
| ordo = [[Charadriiformes]]
|<!-- subordo = Scolopaci [monotypic - don't link. Enable when article is longer] -->
| familia = [[Scolopacidae]]
| genus = ''[[Tringa]]''
| species = '''''T. glareola'''''
| binomial = ''Tringa glareola''
⚫
| binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
| synonyms =
| synonyms =
''Rhyacophilus glareola'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])</small>
''Rhyacophilus glareola'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])</small>
}}
}}
[[File:Bosruiter foeragerend-4961636.webm|thumb|Tringa glareola]]
The '''wood sandpiper''' ('''''Tringa glareola''''') is a small [[wader]] belonging to the sandpiper [[family (biology)|family]] [[Scolopacidae]]. A Eurasian [[species]], it is the smallest of the [[Tringa|shanks]], a [[genus]] of mid-sized, long-legged waders that largely inhabit [[Fresh water|freshwater]] and [[wetland]] environments, as opposed to the maritime or coastal habitats of other, similar species.


==Taxonomy==
The '''wood sandpiper''' (''Tringa glareola'') is a small [[wader]]. This Eurasian [[species]] is the smallest of the [[Tringa|shanks]], which are mid-sized long-legged waders of the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Scolopacidae]]. The genus name ''Tringa'' is the [[New Latin]] name given to the [[green sandpiper]] by [[Ulisse Aldrovandi|Aldrovandus]] in 1599 based on [[Ancient Greek]] ''trungas'', a thrush-sized, white-rumped, tail-bobbing wading bird mentioned by [[Aristotle]]. The specific '' glareola'' is from [[Latin]] ''glarea'', " gravel".<ref name=job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages= 174, 390}}</ref>
The wood sandpiper was [[Species description|formally described]] in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' under the current [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Tringa glareola''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=149 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727056 }}</ref> Linnaeus cited his own ''Fauna Svecica'' that had been published in 1746.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1746 | title= Fauna Svecica: sistens animalia Sveciæ regni: qvadrupedia, aves, amphibia, pisces, insecta, vermes, distributa per classes & ordines, genera & species. Cum differentiis specierum, synonymis autorum, nominibus incolarum, locis habitationum, descriptionibus insectorum | language=Latin | location=Stockholmiae | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | page=56, No. 152 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41558769 }}</ref> He specified the [[type locality (biology)|type locality]] as Europe but it is now restricted to Sweden.<ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1934 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=2 | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=267 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483080 }}</ref> The species is considered to be [[monotypic]]: no [[subspecies]] are recognised.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=December 2023 | title=Sandpipers, snipes, coursers | work=IOC World Bird List Version 14.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/sandpipers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=14 August 2024}}</ref> The genus name, ''[[Tringa]]'', is the [[Neo-Latin]] name given to the [[green sandpiper]] (''Tringa ochropus'') in 1599 by [[Ulisse Aldrovandi|Aldrovandus]], based on the [[Ancient Greek]] ''trungas'', a "thrush-sized, white-rumped, tail-bobbing" wading bird mentioned by [[Aristotle]]. The specific ''glareola'' is from the [[Latin]] ''glarea'', meaning "gravel".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n174/mode/1up 174], [https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n390/mode/1up 390]}}</ref>


==Description and systematics==
==Description==
It resembles a longer-legged and more delicate [[Green sandpiper|green]] (''T. ochropus'') or [[solitary sandpiper]] (''T. solitaria'') with a short fine [[beak|bill]], brown back and longer yellowish legs. It differs from the first of those species in a smaller and less contrasting white rump patch, while the solitary sandpiper has no white rump patch at all.<ref name=haymanetal1986/>
The wood sandpiper resembles a longer-legged, more delicate form of the aforementioned green sandpiper (''T. ochropus''), or a [[solitary sandpiper]] (''T. solitaria''), albeit with a shorter, finer [[beak|bill]], brown back and longer yellowish legs. The wood sandpiper differs from the green by having a smaller, less contrasting white rump-patch, while the solitary sandpiper has no rump-patch, at all.<ref name=haymanetal1986/> However, the wood sandpiper is not closely related to these two species; its closest relative is the [[common redshank]] (''T. totanus''), with which it shares a [[sister taxon|sister relationship]] with the [[marsh sandpiper]] (''T. stagnatilis''). These three species are a group of smallish shanks with red or yellowish legs, displaying a breeding [[plumage]] of subdued, light-brown above (with some darker mottling), and a pattern of somewhat smaller, diffuse, brownish spots on the breast and neck.<ref name="haymanetal1986" /><ref name="Pereira2005" />


==Distribution and habitat==
However, it is not very closely related to these two species. Rather, its closest relative is the [[common redshank]] (''T. totanus''), and these two share a [[sister taxon|sister relationship]] with the [[marsh sandpiper]] (''T. stagnatilis''). These three species are a group of smallish shanks with red or yellowish legs, a breeding [[plumage]] that is generally subdued light brown above with some darker mottling and with a pattern of somewhat diffuse small brownish spots on the breast and neck.<ref name=haymanetal1986/><ref name=Pereira2005/>
⚫
The wood sandpiper breeds in [[subarctic]] [[wetlands]], from the [[Scottish Highlands]] in the west, east across [[Eurasia]] and the [[Palearctic]]. They will [[bird migration|migrate]] to [[Africa]], [[South Asia]] (particularly [[India]]) and [[Australia]]. [[Vagrancy (biology)|Vagrant]] birds have been seen as far into the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] as the [[Hawaiian Islands]]. In [[Micronesia]], it is a regular visitor to [[Palau]] and the [[Mariana Islands]], where flocks of up to 32 birds have been reported; it is observed and recorded on [[Kwajalein]], [[Marshall Islands]], approximately once each decade. The wood sandpiper is also encountered in the Western Pacific region of [[East Asia]] and some [[List of islands in the Pacific Ocean|Western Pacific islands]] between mid-October and mid-May.<ref name=haymanetal1986/><ref name=Wiles2000/><ref name=VanderWerf2006/><ref name=VanderWerfetal2006/> A slight westward-expansion saw the establishment of a small resident breeding population in [[Scotland]], beginning in the [[1950s]]. This species is usually found in and around freshwater habitats during migration and wintering.


==Behaviour and ecology==
==Ecology==
⚫
Mature wood sandpipers [[Moulting|moult]] all of their primary feathers between August and December, whilst juvenile birds shed a varying number of outer primaries between December and April, much closer to their departure from Africa. Immature birds are also much more flexible than older birds regarding the timing (and rate) of their moult and refueling. Adults and immatures which accumulate fuel loads of c.50% of their lean body mass can potentially cross distances of 2397–4490&nbsp;km in one non-stop flight.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Remisiewicz, M. |author2=Tree, A. J.|author3=Underhill, L. G. |author4=Burman, M. S. | year=2017| title=Age-specific variation in relationship between moult and pre-migratory fuelling in Wood Sandpipers ''Tringa glareola'' in southern Africa| journal=Ibis| volume=159| pages=91–102| doi=10.1111/ibi.12436| issue=1}}</ref>
[[File:Tringa glareola - Laem Phak Bia.jpg|thumb|left|In non-breeding plumage]]
[[File:Tringa glareola MWNH 208.JPG|thumb|Egg, Collection [[Museum Wiesbaden]]]]
⚫
The wood sandpiper breeds in [[subarctic]] [[wetlands]] from the [[Scottish Highlands]] across Europe and Asia. They [[bird migration|migrate]] to Africa, Southern Asia, particularly India, and Australia. [[Vagrancy (biology)|Vagrant]] birds have been seen as far into the Pacific as the [[Hawaiian Islands]]. In [[Micronesia]] it is a regular visitor to the [[Mariana Islands]] (where flocks of up to 32 birds are reported) and [[Palau]]; it is recorded on [[Kwajalein]] in the [[Marshall Islands]] about once per decade. This species is encountered in the western Pacific region between mid-October and mid-May.<ref name=haymanetal1986/><ref name=Wiles2000/><ref name=VanderWerf2006/><ref name=VanderWerfetal2006/> A slight westward expansion saw the establishment of a small but permanent breeding population in Scotland since the 1950s.


===Breeding===
This bird is usually found on [[freshwater]] during migration and wintering. They forage by probing in shallow water or on wet mud, and mainly eat [[insect]]s and similar small prey. ''T. glareola'' nests on the ground or uses an abandoned old tree nest of another [[bird]], such as the [[fieldfare]] (''Turdus pilaris'').<ref name=haymanetal1986/> Four pale green eggs are laid between March and May.
The wood sandpiper [[Nest|nests]] primarily on the ground, or will re-use an abandoned tree nest of another bird species, such as the [[fieldfare]] (''Turdus pilaris'').<ref name=haymanetal1986/> Four pale-green eggs are laid between March and May. These are incubated by both sexes beginning with the last egg. They hatch after 22 to 23 days. They are initially cared for by both parents but the female normally departs after a few days. The young can feed themselves. The young fledge when aged around 30 days.{{sfn|Cramp|1983|p=584}}


===Food and feeding===
⚫
Adult wood sandpipers moult all their primary feathers between August and December, whilst immature birds moult varying number of outer primaries between December and April, much closer to their departure from Africa. Immatures are also much more flexible than adults in the timing and rate of their moult and refueling.<ref name=Remisiewicz/> Adults and immatures which accumulate fuel loads of c.50% of their lean body mass can potentially cross distances of 2397-4490 km in one non-stop flight. <ref>{{cite journal |author1=Remisiewicz, M. |author2=Tree, A. J.| |author3=Underhill, L. G. |author4=Burman, M. S. | year=2017| title=Age-specific variation in relationship between moult and pre-migratory fuelling in Wood Sandpipers Tringa glareola in southern Africa| journal=Ibis| volume=159| pages=91–102| doi=10.1111/ibi.12436| issue=1}}</ref>
They forage for [[Invertebrate|invertebrates]] by probing their bills in shallow water or into wet mud, such as lakeshores or [[Bank (geography)|riverbanks]], and mainly eat aquatic [[insect]]s, [[Crustacean|crustaceans]], [[Arthropod|arthropods]], various [[Worm|worms]], and other small prey.{{sfn|Cramp|1983|pp=580-582}}


==Conservation status==
The wood sandpiper is one of the species to which the ''Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds'' ([[AEWA]]) applies.
The wood sandpiper is one of the species to which the ''Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds'' ([[AEWA]]) applies. With an apparently stable, healthy global population, it is considered a Species of [[Least Concern]], as per the [[IUCN]].<ref name=iucn/><ref name="BLI" />


{{Gallery
Widespread, it is considered a Species of [[Least Concern]] by the [[IUCN]].<ref name=BLI/>
| align = center
⚫
| File:Wood Sandpiper Photograph By Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg
| alt1=
|At [[Mangaon]], [[Maharashtra]], India.| File:Tringa glareola - Laem Phak Bia.jpg
| alt2=
| Non-breeding plumage; [[Laem Phak Bia]], [[Thailand]].| File:Tringa glareola MWNH 208.JPG
| alt3=
| Egg, at [[Museum Wiesbaden]].| File:Wood sandpiper David Raju.jpg
| alt4=
|At [[Perumbakkam]] Lake ([[Chennai]]), [[Tamil Nadu]], India.| File:Wood Sandpiper in Perumbakkam, Chennai.jpg
| alt5=
|At Perumbakkam Lake, Tamil Nadu.| File:Bruchwasserläufer.jpg
| alt6=
|At [[Lower Oder Valley International Park]], [[Germany]]/[[Poland]].}}


==References==
==References==
Line 46: Line 58:
<ref name=BLI>{{cite web |publisher=BirdLife International |year=2008 |title=Species factsheet: Tringa glareola |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/factsheet/22693247 |website=www.birdlife.org}}</ref>
<ref name=BLI>{{cite web |publisher=BirdLife International |year=2008 |title=Species factsheet: Tringa glareola |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/factsheet/22693247 |website=www.birdlife.org}}</ref>


<ref name=haymanetal1986>{{cite book |last1=Hayman |first1=Peter |last2=Marchant |first2=John |last3=Prater |first3=Tony |year=1986 |title=Shorebirds: an identification guide to the waders of the world |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston |isbn=0-395-60237-8}}</ref>
<ref name=haymanetal1986>{{cite book |last1=Hayman |first1=Peter |last2=Marchant |first2=John |last3=Prater |first3=Tony |year=1986 |title=Shorebirds: an Identification Guide to the Waders of the World |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston |isbn=0-395-60237-8}}</ref>


<ref name=Pereira2005>{{cite journal |last1=Pereira |first1=S.L. |last2=Baker |first2=A.J. |year=2005 |title=Multiple Gene Evidence for Parallel Evolution and Retention of Ancestral Morphological States in the Shanks (Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae) |journal=[[The Condor (journal)|Condor]] |volume=107 |issue=3 |pages=514–526 |doi=10.1650/0010-5422(2005)107[0514:MGEFPE]2.0.CO;2 |url=http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&issn=0010-5422&volume=107&issue=03&page=0514}}</ref>
<ref name=Pereira2005>{{cite journal |last1=Pereira |first1=S.L. |last2=Baker |first2=A.J. |year=2005 |title=Multiple gene evidence for parallel evolution and retention of ancestral morphological states in the shanks (Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae) |journal=[[The Condor (journal)|Condor]] |volume=107 |issue=3 |pages=514–526 |doi=10.1650/0010-5422(2005)107[0514:MGEFPE]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=86221767 |url=http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&issn=0010-5422&volume=107&issue=03&page=0514|doi-access=free }}</ref>


<ref name=VanderWerf2006>{{cite journal |last=VanderWerf |first=Eric A. |year=2006 |title=Observations on the birds of Kwajalein Atoll, including six new species records for the Marshall Islands |journal=Micronesica |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=221–237 |url=http://www.uog.edu/up/micronesica/dynamicdata/assetmanager/images/vol38/vanderwerf-kwaj.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name=VanderWerf2006>{{cite journal |last=VanderWerf |first=Eric A. |year=2006 |title=Observations on the birds of Kwajalein Atoll, including six new species records for the Marshall Islands |journal=Micronesica |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=221–237 |url=http://www.uog.edu/up/micronesica/dynamicdata/assetmanager/images/vol38/vanderwerf-kwaj.pdf |access-date=2009-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615004852/http://www.uog.edu/up/micronesica/dynamicdata/assetmanager/images/vol38/vanderwerf-kwaj.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


<ref name=VanderWerfetal2006>{{cite journal |last1=VanderWerf |first1=Eric A. |last2=Wiles |first2=Gary J. |last3=Marshall |first3=Ann P. |last4=Knecht |first4=Melia |year=2006 |title=Observations of migrants and other birds in Palau, April–May 2005, including the first Micronesian record of a Richard's Pipit |journal=Micronesica |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=11–29 |url=http://www.uog.edu/up/micronesica/dynamicdata/assetmanager/images/pdf/vanderwerf-palau.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name=VanderWerfetal2006>{{cite journal |last1=VanderWerf |first1=Eric A. |last2=Wiles |first2=Gary J. |last3=Marshall |first3=Ann P. |last4=Knecht |first4=Melia |year=2006 |title=Observations of migrants and other birds in Palau, April–May 2005, including the first Micronesian record of a Richard's Pipit |journal=Micronesica |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=11–29 |url=http://www.uog.edu/up/micronesica/dynamicdata/assetmanager/images/pdf/vanderwerf-palau.pdf |access-date=2009-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615004924/http://www.uog.edu/up/micronesica/dynamicdata/assetmanager/images/pdf/vanderwerf-palau.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


<ref name=Wiles2000>{{cite journal |last1=Wiles |first1=Gary J. |last2=Worthington |first2=David J. |last3=Beck |first3=Robert E. Jr. |last4=Pratt |first4=H. Douglas |last5=Aguon |first5=Celestino F. |last6=Pyle |first6=Robert L. |year=2000 |title=Noteworthy Bird Records for Micronesia, with a Summary of Raptor Sightings in the Mariana Islands, 1988–1999 |journal=Micronesica |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=257–284 |url=http://www.uog.edu/up/micronesica/dynamicdata/assetmanager/images/vol32/wiles_etal.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name=Wiles2000>{{cite journal |last1=Wiles |first1=Gary J. |last2=Worthington |first2=David J. |last3=Beck |first3=Robert E. Jr. |last4=Pratt |first4=H. Douglas |last5=Aguon |first5=Celestino F. |last6=Pyle |first6=Robert L. |year=2000 |title=Noteworthy bird records for Micronesia, with a summary of raptor sightings in the Mariana Islands, 1988–1999 |journal=Micronesica |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=257–284 |url=http://www.uog.edu/up/micronesica/dynamicdata/assetmanager/images/vol32/wiles_etal.pdf |access-date=2009-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423041229/http://www.uog.edu/up/micronesica/dynamicdata/assetmanager/images/vol32/wiles_etal.pdf |archive-date=2013-04-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}
}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
*{{ cite book | editor1-last=Cramp | editor1-first=Stanley | editor1-link=Stanley Cramp | year=1983 | chapter=''Tringa glareola'' Wood Sandpiper | title=Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic | volume=III: Waders to Gulls | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-857506-1 | pages=577-587 }}
{{refend}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons|Tringa glareola}}
{{Commons|Tringa glareola}}
{{wikispecies|Tringa glareola}}
{{Wikispecies|Tringa glareola}}
* [http://sabap2.adu.org.za/docs/sabap1/266.pdf Wood sandpiper species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds]
* [http://sabap2.adu.org.za/docs/sabap1/266.pdf Wood sandpiper species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds]
* [http://orientalbirdimages.org/search.php?Bird_ID=1214 Oriental Bird Images: ''Wood Sandpiper''] Selected photos
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180212224905/http://orientalbirdimages.org/search.php?Bird_ID=1214 Oriental Bird Images: ''Wood Sandpiper''] Selected photos
* [http://aulaenred.ibercaja.es/wp-content/uploads/209_WoodSandpiperTglareola.pdf Ageing and sexing (PDF; 1.8 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161108184453/http://aulaenred.ibercaja.es/wp-content/uploads/209_WoodSandpiperTglareola.pdf Ageing and sexing (PDF; 1.8 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze]
* {{Avibase|name=Tringa glareola}}
* {{Avibase|name=Tringa glareola}}
* {{InternetBirdCollection|wood-sandpiper-tringa-glareola}}
* {{InternetBirdCollection|wood-sandpiper-tringa-glareola}}
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* {{ARKive}}
* {{ARKive}}


{{taxonbar}}
{{Scolopacidae|2}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q18837}}
{{Authority control}}


⚫
[[Category:Sandpipers|wood sandpiper]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:sandpipier, wood}}
⚫
[[Category:Scolopacidae|wood sandpiper]]
[[Category:Shorebirds|wood sandpiper]]
[[Category:Shorebirds|wood sandpiper]]
[[Category:Birds of Scandinavia]]
[[Category:Birds of Scandinavia]]
[[Category:Birds of Russia]]
[[Category:Birds of Russia]]
[[Category:Vagrant birds of Africa]]
[[Category:Vagrant birds of South Asia]]
[[Category:Vagrant birds of Oceania]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1758|wood sandpiper]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1758|wood sandpiper]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|wood sandpiper]]

Latest revision as of 13:50, 11 October 2024

Wood sandpiper
Wood sandpiper in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Safari Park, Gazipur City, Bangladesh
At Timbi Lake, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Charadriiformes
Family: Scolopacidae
Genus: Tringa
Species:
T. glareola
Binomial name
Tringa glareola
Synonyms

Rhyacophilus glareola (Linnaeus, 1758)

Tringa glareola

The wood sandpiper (Tringa glareola) is a small wader belonging to the sandpiper family Scolopacidae. A Eurasian species, it is the smallest of the shanks, a genus of mid-sized, long-legged waders that largely inhabit freshwater and wetland environments, as opposed to the maritime or coastal habitats of other, similar species.

Taxonomy

[edit]

The wood sandpiper was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the current binomial name Tringa glareola.[2] Linnaeus cited his own Fauna Svecica that had been published in 1746.[3] He specified the type locality as Europe but it is now restricted to Sweden.[4] The species is considered to be monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.[5] The genus name, Tringa, is the Neo-Latin name given to the green sandpiper (Tringa ochropus) in 1599 by Aldrovandus, based on the Ancient Greek trungas, a "thrush-sized, white-rumped, tail-bobbing" wading bird mentioned by Aristotle. The specific glareola is from the Latin glarea, meaning "gravel".[6]

Description

[edit]

The wood sandpiper resembles a longer-legged, more delicate form of the aforementioned green sandpiper (T. ochropus), or a solitary sandpiper (T. solitaria), albeit with a shorter, finer bill, brown back and longer yellowish legs. The wood sandpiper differs from the green by having a smaller, less contrasting white rump-patch, while the solitary sandpiper has no rump-patch, at all.[7] However, the wood sandpiper is not closely related to these two species; its closest relative is the common redshank (T. totanus), with which it shares a sister relationship with the marsh sandpiper (T. stagnatilis). These three species are a group of smallish shanks with red or yellowish legs, displaying a breeding plumage of subdued, light-brown above (with some darker mottling), and a pattern of somewhat smaller, diffuse, brownish spots on the breast and neck.[7][8]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

The wood sandpiper breeds in subarctic wetlands, from the Scottish Highlands in the west, east across Eurasia and the Palearctic. They will migrate to Africa, South Asia (particularly India) and Australia. Vagrant birds have been seen as far into the Pacific as the Hawaiian Islands. In Micronesia, it is a regular visitor to Palau and the Mariana Islands, where flocks of up to 32 birds have been reported; it is observed and recorded on Kwajalein, Marshall Islands, approximately once each decade. The wood sandpiper is also encountered in the Western Pacific region of East Asia and some Western Pacific islands between mid-October and mid-May.[7][9][10][11] A slight westward-expansion saw the establishment of a small resident breeding population in Scotland, beginning in the 1950s. This species is usually found in and around freshwater habitats during migration and wintering.

Behaviour and ecology

[edit]

Mature wood sandpipers moult all of their primary feathers between August and December, whilst juvenile birds shed a varying number of outer primaries between December and April, much closer to their departure from Africa. Immature birds are also much more flexible than older birds regarding the timing (and rate) of their moult and refueling. Adults and immatures which accumulate fuel loads of c.50% of their lean body mass can potentially cross distances of 2397–4490 km in one non-stop flight.[12]

Breeding

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The wood sandpiper nests primarily on the ground, or will re-use an abandoned tree nest of another bird species, such as the fieldfare (Turdus pilaris).[7] Four pale-green eggs are laid between March and May. These are incubated by both sexes beginning with the last egg. They hatch after 22 to 23 days. They are initially cared for by both parents but the female normally departs after a few days. The young can feed themselves. The young fledge when aged around 30 days.[13]

Food and feeding

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They forage for invertebrates by probing their bills in shallow water or into wet mud, such as lakeshores or riverbanks, and mainly eat aquatic insects, crustaceans, arthropods, various worms, and other small prey.[14]

Conservation status

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The wood sandpiper is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies. With an apparently stable, healthy global population, it is considered a Species of Least Concern, as per the IUCN.[1][15]

References

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  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2016). "Tringa glareola". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22693247A86689640. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693247A86689640.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 149.
  3. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1746). Fauna Svecica: sistens animalia Sveciæ regni: qvadrupedia, aves, amphibia, pisces, insecta, vermes, distributa per classes & ordines, genera & species. Cum differentiis specierum, synonymis autorum, nominibus incolarum, locis habitationum, descriptionibus insectorum (in Latin). Stockholmiae: Laurentii Salvii. p. 56, No. 152.
  4. ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 267.
  5. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (December 2023). "Sandpipers, snipes, coursers". IOC World Bird List Version 14.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 14 August 2024.
  6. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 174, 390. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  7. ^ a b c d Hayman, Peter; Marchant, John; Prater, Tony (1986). Shorebirds: an Identification Guide to the Waders of the World. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-60237-8.
  8. ^ Pereira, S.L.; Baker, A.J. (2005). "Multiple gene evidence for parallel evolution and retention of ancestral morphological states in the shanks (Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae)". Condor. 107 (3): 514–526. doi:10.1650/0010-5422(2005)107[0514:MGEFPE]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86221767.
  9. ^ Wiles, Gary J.; Worthington, David J.; Beck, Robert E. Jr.; Pratt, H. Douglas; Aguon, Celestino F.; Pyle, Robert L. (2000). "Noteworthy bird records for Micronesia, with a summary of raptor sightings in the Mariana Islands, 1988–1999" (PDF). Micronesica. 32 (2): 257–284. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-23. Retrieved 2009-05-12.
  10. ^ VanderWerf, Eric A. (2006). "Observations on the birds of Kwajalein Atoll, including six new species records for the Marshall Islands" (PDF). Micronesica. 38 (2): 221–237. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2009-05-12.
  11. ^ VanderWerf, Eric A.; Wiles, Gary J.; Marshall, Ann P.; Knecht, Melia (2006). "Observations of migrants and other birds in Palau, April–May 2005, including the first Micronesian record of a Richard's Pipit" (PDF). Micronesica. 39 (1): 11–29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2009-05-12.
  12. ^ Remisiewicz, M.; Tree, A. J.; Underhill, L. G.; Burman, M. S. (2017). "Age-specific variation in relationship between moult and pre-migratory fuelling in Wood Sandpipers Tringa glareola in southern Africa". Ibis. 159 (1): 91–102. doi:10.1111/ibi.12436.
  13. ^ Cramp 1983, p. 584.
  14. ^ Cramp 1983, pp. 580–582.
  15. ^ "Species factsheet: Tringa glareola". www.birdlife.org. BirdLife International. 2008.

Sources

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  • Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1983). "Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper". Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Vol. III: Waders to Gulls. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 577–587. ISBN 978-0-19-857506-1.
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