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{{Short description|Agreement firmed in the 1921}}
{{Infobox Treaty
{{Infobox Treaty
|name = Treaty of Moscow
|name = Treaty of Moscow
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|image = Treaty of Moscow 1921.jpg
|image = Treaty of Moscow 1921.jpg
|image_width = 300px
|image_width = 300px
|caption = Turkish committee members [[Rıza Nur]], [[Yusuf Kemal Tengirşenk]], [[Ali Fuat Cebesoy]] together with Russian members [[Georgy Chicherin]] and Celalettin Korkmazov
|caption = Turkish committee members [[Rıza Nur]], [[Yusuf Kemal Tengirşenk]], [[Ali Fuat Cebesoy]] together with Russian members [[Georgy Chicherin]] and his deputy [[Lev Karakhan]]
|type = Peace Treaty
|type = Peace Treaty
|date_drafted =
|date_drafted =
|date_signed = 16 March 1921<ref name="moscow-text">{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.amsi.ge/istoria/sab/moskovi.html Московский договор между Росскией и Турцией, 16 марта 1921 года] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000013/http://www.amsi.ge/istoria/sab/moskovi.html |date=2007-09-28 }}</ref>
|date_signed = 16 March 1921
|location_signed = [[Moscow]], [[Russian SFSR]]
|location_signed = [[Moscow]], [[Russian SFSR]]
|date_sealed =
|date_sealed =
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|condition_effective = [[Ratification]]
|condition_effective = [[Ratification]]
|date_expiration =
|date_expiration =
|signatories = [[File:Ottoman flag alternative 2.svg|23px]] [[Government of the Grand National Assembly|Grand National Assembly of Turkey]]<br />[[File:Flag of SSRA.svg|23px]] [[Russian SFSR]]
|signatories =
* [[File:Ottoman flag alternative 2.svg|23px]] [[Government of the Grand National Assembly|Grand National Assembly of Turkey]]<ref name="moscow-text" />
* [[File:Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1918–1937).svg|23px]] [[Russian SFSR]]<ref name="moscow-text" />
|parties =
|parties =
|depositor =
|depositor =
|languages =[[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Russian language|Russian]]
|languages =[[Russian language|Russian]], [[French language|French]]
|website =
|website =
|wikisource = Treaty of Moscow (1921)
|wikisource =
}}
}}


⚫
The '''Treaty of Moscow''', or '''Treaty of Brotherhood''' ({{langx|tr|Moskova Antlaşması}}, {{langx|ru|Московский договор}}) was an agreement between the [[Government of the Grand National Assembly|Grand National Assembly of Turkey]] (TBMM), under the leadership of [[Mustafa Kemal]], and [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russia]], under the leadership of [[Vladimir Lenin]], signed on 16 March 1921.<ref name="moscow-text" /><ref name="tsutsiev">{{cite book|last=Tsutsiev|first=Arthur|translator=Nora Seligman Favorov|title=Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus|year=2014|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven|isbn=978-0300153088|page=79}}</ref><ref name="king">{{cite book|last=King|first=Charles|author-link=Charles King (professor of international affairs)|title=The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0195177756|page=[https://archive.org/details/ghostoffreedomhi0000king/page/189 189]|url=https://archive.org/details/ghostoffreedomhi0000king/page/189}}</ref> Neither the [[Turkey|Republic of Turkey]] nor the [[Soviet Union]] had then been established. The internationally recognised Turkish government at the time was that of Sultan [[Mehmed VI]], but it was not party to the Treaty of Moscow. The Sultan's government had signed the [[Treaty of Sèvres]], which had been repudiated by the [[Turkish National Movement]].


==Key points==
⚫
The '''Treaty of Moscow''' or '''Treaty of Brotherhood''' ({{lang-tr|Moskova Antlaşması}} {{lang-ru|Московский договор}}) was a friendship treaty between the [[Government of the Grand National Assembly|Grand National Assembly of Turkey]] (TBMM), under the leadership of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], and [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Bolshevist Russia]], under the leadership of [[Vladimir Lenin]], signed on 16 March 1921. Neither the [[Turkey|Republic of Turkey]] nor the [[Soviet Union]] was established at the time; the internationally recognized Turkish government at the time was that of sultan [[Mehmed VI]], but it was not party to the Treaty of Moscow; it had signed the [[Treaty of Sèvres]], which had been repudiated by the [[Turkish National Movement|Kemalists]].


Under the Treaty of Moscow,<ref>''Документы внешней политики СССР''. Moscow, 1959, Vol. III, pp. 597-604.</ref> the two governments undertook to establish friendly relations between the countries. The treaty stipulated that the term "Turkey" therein meant the territories included in the [[Misak-ı Millî|National Oath]] adopted by the [[General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Parliament]] on 28 January 1920.
Under the Treaty of Moscow, both governments undertook to establish friendly relations between the countries.<ref>{{in lang|ru}} ''Документы внешней политики СССР''. Moscow, 1959, Vol. III, pp. 597-604.</ref> The treaty stipulated that the term "Turkey" in it meant the territories included in the [[Misak-ı Millî|National Oath]], which had been adopted by the [[Ottoman Parliament]] on 28 January 1920. Article VI declared all treaties that had been concluded between Russia and Turkey to be [[void (law)|null and void]]. Under Article II, Turkey ceded [[Batumi|Batum]] and the adjacent area north of the village of [[Sarpi, Georgia|Sarp]] to [[Soviet Georgia]] (the [[Kars Oblast]] went to Turkey).


Article VI of the Treaty declared all the treaties theretofore concluded between Russia and Turkey to be [[void (law)|null and void]]; under Article II, Turkey [[Cession|ceded]] [[Batumi|Batum]] and the adjacent area north of the village of [[Sarpi, Georgia|Sarp]] to [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic|Georgia]] ([[Kars Oblast]] went to Turkey); Article III instituted an autonomous [[Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Nakhchivan oblast]] under [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic|Azerbaijan]]'s protectorate; under Article V, the parties agreed to delegate the final elaboration of the status of the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Turkish Straits|Straits]] to a future conference of delegates of the littoral states provided that the "full sovereignty" and security of Turkey and "her capital city of Constantinople" were not injured.
Article III instituted an autonomous [[Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Nakhichevan district]] under [[Soviet Azerbaijan]]'s protectorate. Under Article V, the parties agreed to delegate the final elaboration of the status of the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Turkish Straits]] to a future conference of delegates of the littoral states if the "full sovereignty" and security of Turkey and "her capital city of Constantinople" were not injured.<ref name="moscow-text" />


==Kars treaty==
Turkey's borders, as well as those of Georgia, [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|Armenia]] and Azerbaijan, as defined by the treaty as well as the nearly identical [[Treaty of Kars]] (signed on October 13, 1921), are still in existence.
Turkey's borders, as well as those of Georgia, [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|Armenia]] and Azerbaijan, as defined by the treaty as well as the nearly-identical [[Treaty of Kars]] (signed on October 13, 1921), are still in existence.

==2015 Russian–Turkish tensions==
After the [[2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown|shootdown of the Russian Sukhoi Su-24]] over the [[Syria–Turkey border]] in November 2015 and the rise of [[Russia–Turkey relations|Russian–Turkish tensions]], members of the [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation|Communist Party of Russia]] proposed annulling the Treaty of Moscow.<ref name="russia-direct">{{cite news|last=Shakarian|first=Pietro A.|title=Will Russia cancel its 1921 friendship treaty with Turkey?|url=http://www.russia-direct.org/analysis/how-treaty-1921-could-determine-future-arc-russian-turkish-relations|work=Russia Direct|date=17 February 2016|access-date=24 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="eurasianet">{{cite news|last=Lomsadze|first=Giorgi|title=Russian Communists Want to Scrap Historic Treaty with Turkey|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/77261|work=[[EurasiaNet]]|date=10 February 2016|access-date=24 March 2017}}</ref> Initially, the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Russian Foreign Ministry]] considered that action to send a political message to the government of Turkish President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]].<ref name="russia-direct" /> However, Moscow ultimately decided against the idea in its effort to de-escalate tensions with Ankara.<ref>{{cite news|title=RF MFA's letter on impossibility of dissolution of friendship Treaty with Turkey|url=http://rusarminfo.ru/rf-mfas-letter-on-impossibility-of-dissolution-of-friendship-treaty-with-turkey/|work=Russian-Armenian News Agency|date=16 March 2016|access-date=24 March 2017}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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==External links==
==External links==
⚫
*[https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Moscow-1921 "Treaty of Moscow." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2017. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 24 March 2017]
*[http://www.amsi.ge/istoria/sab/moskovi.html Full text of the Treaty of Moscow in original Russian]
⚫
*[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9053890 "Moscow, Treaty of." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 23 March 2007]


{{Turkish War of Independence}}
{{Turkish War of Independence}}
{{First World War treaties}}
{{First World War treaties}}
{{Treaties of Turkey}}
{{Treaties of Turkey}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Treaty Of Moscow (1921)}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Treaty Of Moscow (1921)}}
[[Category:Treaties of Turkey|Moscow]]
[[Category:1921 in Armenia]]
[[Category:World War I treaties]]
[[Category:1921 in Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:1921 in Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:1921 in Russia]]
[[Category:1921 in the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:1921 in the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1921]]
[[Category:History of Adjara]]
[[Category:Treaties entered into force in 1921]]
[[Category:History of Kars]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]]
[[Category:Modern history of Turkey]]
[[Category:Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]]
[[Category:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic]]
[[Category:Russian Civil War]]
[[Category:Russia–Turkey relations]]
[[Category:Russia–Turkey relations]]
⚫
[[Category:Treaties of the Turkish War of Independence]]
[[Category:Soviet Union–Turkey relations]]
[[Category:Soviet Union–Turkey relations]]
[[Category:History of Adjara]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1921|Moscow]]
[[Category:Treaties entered into force in 1921|Moscow]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Moscow]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Soviet Union|Moscow]]
⚫
[[Category:Treaties of the Turkish War of Independence|Moscow]]
[[Category:Treaties of Turkey|Moscow]]
[[Category:World War I treaties|Moscow]]
[[Category:March 1921 events]]
[[Category:Boundary treaties]]
[[Category:Treaties involving territorial changes]]
[[Category:Vladimir Lenin]]
[[Category:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]

Latest revision as of 20:49, 24 October 2024

Treaty of Moscow
Turkish committee members Rıza Nur, Yusuf Kemal Tengirşenk, Ali Fuat Cebesoy together with Russian members Georgy Chicherin and his deputy Lev Karakhan
TypePeace Treaty
Signed16 March 1921[1]
LocationMoscow, Russian SFSR
ConditionRatification
Signatories
LanguagesRussian, French

The Treaty of Moscow, or Treaty of Brotherhood (Turkish: Moskova Antlaşması, Russian: Московский договор) was an agreement between the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (TBMM), under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal, and Russia, under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, signed on 16 March 1921.[1][2][3] Neither the Republic of Turkey nor the Soviet Union had then been established. The internationally recognised Turkish government at the time was that of Sultan Mehmed VI, but it was not party to the Treaty of Moscow. The Sultan's government had signed the Treaty of Sèvres, which had been repudiated by the Turkish National Movement.

Key points

[edit]

Under the Treaty of Moscow, both governments undertook to establish friendly relations between the countries.[4] The treaty stipulated that the term "Turkey" in it meant the territories included in the National Oath, which had been adopted by the Ottoman Parliament on 28 January 1920. Article VI declared all treaties that had been concluded between Russia and Turkey to be null and void. Under Article II, Turkey ceded Batum and the adjacent area north of the village of Sarp to Soviet Georgia (the Kars Oblast went to Turkey).

Article III instituted an autonomous Nakhichevan district under Soviet Azerbaijan's protectorate. Under Article V, the parties agreed to delegate the final elaboration of the status of the Black Sea and the Turkish Straits to a future conference of delegates of the littoral states if the "full sovereignty" and security of Turkey and "her capital city of Constantinople" were not injured.[1]

Kars treaty

[edit]

Turkey's borders, as well as those of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan, as defined by the treaty as well as the nearly-identical Treaty of Kars (signed on October 13, 1921), are still in existence.

2015 Russian–Turkish tensions

[edit]

After the shootdown of the Russian Sukhoi Su-24 over the Syria–Turkey border in November 2015 and the rise of Russian–Turkish tensions, members of the Communist Party of Russia proposed annulling the Treaty of Moscow.[5][6] Initially, the Russian Foreign Ministry considered that action to send a political message to the government of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.[5] However, Moscow ultimately decided against the idea in its effort to de-escalate tensions with Ankara.[7]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e (in Russian) Московский договор между Росскией и Турцией, 16 марта 1921 года Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014). Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus. Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0300153088.
  3. ^ King, Charles (2008). The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0195177756.
  4. ^ (in Russian) Документы внешней политики СССР. Moscow, 1959, Vol. III, pp. 597-604.
  5. ^ a b Shakarian, Pietro A. (17 February 2016). "Will Russia cancel its 1921 friendship treaty with Turkey?". Russia Direct. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  6. ^ Lomsadze, Giorgi (10 February 2016). "Russian Communists Want to Scrap Historic Treaty with Turkey". EurasiaNet. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  7. ^ "RF MFA's letter on impossibility of dissolution of friendship Treaty with Turkey". Russian-Armenian News Agency. 16 March 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
[edit]
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