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Coordinates: 49°12′46″N 37°15′25″E / 49.21278°N 37.25694°E / 49.21278; 37.25694
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{{short description|City in Kharkiv Oblast, Ukraine}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Izium
| official_name = Izium
| other_name = Izyum
|native_name = Ізюм
| native_name = {{lang|uk|Ізюм}}
|nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of cities in Ukraine|City]]
|image_skyline = File:Ізюм 1.JPG
| nickname =
|imagesize = 250px
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage|position=center
|image_caption = Izyum city view from Kremenets Mountain
| photo1a = Izum Ascension Cathedral Panorama.jpg{{!}}Ascension Cathedral
|image_flag = File:Flag of Izum.png
| photo2a = Хрестовоздвиженський (Миколаївський) храм в Ізюмі зі східної сторони.jpg{{!}}Church of the Exaltation of the Cross
|image_shield =Герб_Изюма.png
| photo2b = Church of Transfiguration, Izium (2).jpg{{!}}Church of Transfiguration
|motto =
| photo3a = Izum WWII Monument Panorama without border.jpg{{!}}World War II memorial
|image_map = Isjum-Ukraine-Map.png
| size = 270
|mapsize = 250px
| spacing = 2
|map_caption = Map of Ukraine with Izyum highlighted.
| color = #FFFFFF
|coordinates_region =UA
| border = 0
|subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]<br> [[Subdivisions of Ukraine|Oblast]]<br> [[Raion]]
}}
|subdivision_name =[[Ukraine]]<br>[[Kharkiv Oblast]]<br>[[Izium Raion|Iziumskyi Raion]]
| image_caption = {{hlist|From top, left to right: Ascension Cathedral|Church of the Exaltation of the Cross|Church of Transfiguration|World War II memorial}}
|established_title = founded
| image_flag = Flag of Izium.svg
|established_date = 1681
| image_shield = Coat of Arms of Izium.svg
|established_title1 = city
| image_map =
|established_date1 = 1685
| mapsize = 250px
|leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| map_caption =
|leader_name = Valeriy Marchenko (New Faces)<ref>http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/vlast/30.10.2015/izbrany_mery_vosmi_gorodov_harkovskoj_oblasti_oficialnye_dannye/</ref>
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|area_magnitude =
| subdivision_name = {{UKR}}
|area_total_km2 = 43.6
| subdivision_type1 = [[Oblasts of Ukraine|Oblast]]
|area_land_km2 =
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kharkiv Oblast]]
|area_water_km2 =
| subdivision_type2 = [[Raions of Ukraine|Raion]]
|population_as_of = 2001
| subdivision_name2 = [[Izium Raion]]
|population_note =
| established_title = Founded
|population_total = 56100
| established_date = 1681
|population_metro =
| established_title1 = City status
|population_density_km2 =
| established_date1 = 1765
|pushpin_map =Ukraine
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
|pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none -->
| leader_name = Valerii Marchenko<ref name="tyzhden249674VM">{{in lang|uk}} {{Cite web|url=https://m.tyzhden.ua/publication/249674|title=Elections in Kharkiv Region: Kernes' Son in the Regional Council and Local Success "Servants of the People"|date=2020-11-11|website=[[The Ukrainian Week]]|access-date=2020-11-11}}</ref>
|pushpin_map_caption =Location of Izium
| leader_party = [[Servant of the People party|Servant of the People]]<ref name="tyzhden249674VM"/>
|pushpin_mapsize =
| area_magnitude =
|latd=49 |latm=12 |lats=46 |latNS=N
| area_total_km2 = 43.6
|longd=37 |longm=15 |longs=25 |longEW=E
| area_land_km2 =
|elevation_m =
| area_water_km2 =
||postal_code_type=[[Postal code]]|
| population_as_of = 2022
postal_code = 64300
| population_note =
|area_code = 380-5743
| population_total = 44979
|blank_info = АХ|blank_name=[[Licence plate|Licence&nbsp;plate]]|, ХА, ХК
| population_metro =
|blank1_info = [[Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast|Krasnogorsk]], [[Moscow Oblast]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
|blank1_name=[[Town twinning|Sister cities]]
| pushpin_map = Ukraine Kharkiv Oblast#Ukraine
|website = [http://city-izyum.gov.ua/ Izium city official site]
| pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none -->
|footnotes =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Izium in Kharkiv Oblast##Location of Izium in Ukraine
| pushpin_mapsize =
| coordinates = {{coord|49|12|46|N|37|15|25|E|region:UA_type:city(63000)|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_m = 71
| postal_code_type = [[Postal code]]
| postal_code = 64300
| area_code = 380-5743
| blank_info = АХ, КХ
| blank_name = [[Licence plate|Licence&nbsp;plate]]
| blank1_info =
| blank1_name =
| website = {{url|city-izyum.gov.ua}}
| footnotes =
| pushpin_relief = y
| module = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom=11 |height=300 |width= | stroke-width=1 |coord={{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}
| subdivision_type3 = [[Hromada]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Izium urban hromada]]
}}
}}


'''Izium''' or '''Izyum'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-62860774|title=Ukraine counter-offensive: Russian forces retreat as Ukraine takes key towns|website=[[BBC News]]|date=10 September 2022}}</ref><ref name=brit>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Izyum|title=Izyum|website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|access-date=10 September 2022}}</ref> ({{langx|uk|Ізюм}}, {{IPA|uk|iˈzʲum|IPA|LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Gzhegozh-Ізюм.wav|pron}}; {{langx|ru|Изюм}}) is a city on the [[Donets River]] in [[Kharkiv Oblast]], eastern [[Ukraine]] that serves as the [[administrative center]] of [[Izium Raion]] and [[Izium urban hromada]].<ref name="admreform_2020_izium">{{cite web |title=Изюмская городская громада|url=https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/izumska/ |publisher=Портал об'єднаних громад України |language=ru}}</ref> It is about {{convert|120|km|mi|round=5}} southeast of the city of [[Kharkiv]], the oblast's administrative center.
'''Izium''' ({{lang-uk|Ізюм}}; also Romanized '''Izum''', '''Izyum'''; literally [[raisins]]), is a [[city]] situated on the [[Donets River]] in the [[Kharkiv Oblast]] ([[Oblast|province]]) of eastern [[Ukraine]]. Serving as the [[Capital (political)|administrative center]] of the [[Izium Raion|Iziumsky Raion]] ([[Raion|district]]), the city is located approximately 75 miles (120&nbsp;km) southeast of the oblast capital, [[Kharkiv]].


Izium has a population of {{Ua-pop-est2022|44,979|,}} making it the second-most populous city in Kharkiv Oblast behind Kharkiv proper. It has held economic significance for centuries due to its position as a transportation link between Kharkiv and the [[Donbas]] region to the southeast.
==History==


The area around Izium has been periodically inhabited since ancient times, but the modern city has its origins in a 17th-century fortress defending against [[Tatars|Tatar]] raids. Izium was the site of several battles during [[World War II]], but still grew rapidly during the 20th century due to its importance as a transport hub. During the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Russian forces occupied the city in April 2022 after [[Battle of Izium|a battle]] that destroyed much of the city. However, the city was recaptured by Ukrainian forces in the [[2022 Kharkiv counteroffensive]].
First mentioned in 1571 in connection with the [[Izyumsky Trail|Izium Warpath]] of the [[Crimean Tatars]], Izyum was a significant centre of the [[Sloboda Ukraine]] and home to a regiment of [[Cossacks]] between 1688 and 1765. The delight of the visitor to the town is the five-domed [[Sloboda Baroque|Baroque]] cathedral of the Saviour's Transfiguration (1684). Its remarkable similarity to the old cathedral of Kharkiv suggests the hand of the same master. The cathedral was renovated in 1902 and restored in 1955. The churches of Ascension (1819–21) and of St. Nicholas (1809–23) rank among the finest [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] buildings in the region.


===World War II===
== History ==
=== Pre-founding ===
During [[World War II]], the [[Red Army]] held a large bridgehead here, allowing for a salient that was cut off by counterattacking German forces (during the [[Second Battle of Kharkov]]) and eliminated in one of the most expensive learning errors for the Red Army.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=fYraAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 The Second World War on the Eastern Front] by [[Lee Baker]], [[Routledge]], 2009, ISBN 9781405840637 (page 60)</ref> Izium was occupied by the [[Wehrmacht|German Army]] from 24 June 1942 to 5 February 1943.
{{stack|[[File:Monomakh-Ihor sign.JPG|thumb|A monument commemorating the {{ill|Battle of the Salnytsia River|uk|Битва на Сальниці}}]]}}


The area that is now Izium has been inhabited since ancient times. Archeologists have discovered remnants of [[Mesolithic]] settlements from the 13th- to 6th-century BC, and [[Neolithic]] settlements from the fifth- to third-century BC. These finds include ceramic implements and flint tools.<ref name=ssr1/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Залізняк |first=Л. Л. |date=2011 |title=Ізюмські стоянки |volume=11 |url=https://esu.com.ua/article-13870 |access-date=2023-10-26 |publisher=[[Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine]] |isbn=9789660220744 |language=Ukrainian}}</ref> The "Bondarisi" archeological tract near Izium gives its name to the [[Bondarikha culture]].<ref name=ssr1/>
===2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine===
The town was the site of sporadic fighting during the [[2014–15 Russian military intervention in Ukraine]]. In April 2014 Russian separatist forces occupied the city of [[Sloviansk]] 30 miles south of Izium. An operation by Ukrainian forces to remove these forces bogged down and checkpoints around the Izium were formed to stop possible intrusion into the city. On June 15 a Ukrainian checkpoint outside the city was attacked by Russian forces.{{cn}} On 19 June 2014 Ukrainian forces defeated a large group of Russian separatists at Yampil, approximately 40 miles southwest of Izium, signaling the furthest north the Russian forces would advance. As part of the [[Siege of Sloviansk]] and [[Battle of Kramatorsk]] both cities were recaptured by Ukrainian forces. Due to its proximity to the front line the city, along with the Kramatorsk Airfield which the Ukrainian military was able to control through the battles, served as a staging area for Ukrainian troops prior to Sloviansk and Kramatorsk being recaptured.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theunitedpatriot.com/ukraine-shooting-at-checkpoint-near-izium-kharkiv-15-06-2014|title=Ukraine – Shooting At Checkpoint Near Izium|publisher=United Patriot}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/06/19/uk-ukraine-crisis-fighting-idUKKBN0EU0S120140619|title=Ukraine rebels speak of heavy losses in battle against government troops|publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28211686|title=Fears remain as rebels flee Sloviansk|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rt.com/news/kramatorsk-ukraine-attack-army-664/|title=Military seize airfield controlled by anti-govt activists in eastern Ukraine|publisher=RT}}</ref>


The territory was later part of the ancient [[East Slav]]ic state [[Kievan Rus]]. In the 12th century AD Kievan Rus began to disintegrate, leading to increased incursions by [[Cuman]] nomads. In the year 1111, the territory that is now modern Izium was the site of the {{ill|Battle of the Salnytsia River|uk|Битва на Сальниці}}, in which the East Slavs, led by [[Vladimir II Monomakh]] and [[Sviatopolk II of Kiev]], defeated a Cuman army on the {{ill|Salnytsia (river)|lt=Salnytsia|ru|Сальница (летописная река)}} river. The larger {{ill|Cuman-Russian Wars|ru|Русско-половецкие войны|lt=conflict between the East Slavs and the Cumans}} continued until the early 13th century.<ref name=ssr1/> The area around Izium was devastated in the 1240s by the [[Mongol Empire]] and its [[Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'|invasion]] of the already collapsing Kievan Rus.<ref name=ssr1/><ref name=esu/>
[[European route E40]] passes through Izium, connecting Luhansk-Sloviansk-Kharkiv, 3 important cities to both pro Russia and Ukrainian forces. Controlling the highway was instrumental as it was the fastest access route into Sloviansk, as well as allowing for possible expansion of separatist territory into Kharkiv region. The Sloviansk-Izium highway was referred to as the "highway of death" by locals during the summer of 2014, however large scale fighting halted once Ukrainian forces captured Sloviansk.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sprotyv.info/ru/news/kiev/doroga-smerti-izyum-slavyansk-kak-eto-bylo-video|publisher=Information Resistance|title=Дорога смерти Изюм – Славянск: как это было}}</ref> Early April 2016 the [[Security Service of Ukraine]] arrested an alleged saboteur who was accused of wanting to explode the railway near Izium to aid the separatists.<ref>{{uk icon}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2016/04/5/7104506/ In Kharkiv detained a saboteur who planned to blow up the track]. [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (6 April 2016)</ref>


=== Founding and early history ===
In order to comply with [[Decommunization in Ukraine|decommunization laws]] the local ‘[[Soviet]] Square' was renamed ‘[[John Lennon]] [[Town square|Square]]' in February 2016.<ref>[http://uatoday.tv/society/not-back-to-the-ussr-beatles-star-john-lennon-gets-a-street-named-after-him-in-ukraine-602740.html Not Back in the USSR! Beatles star John Lennon gets a street named after him in Ukraine], [[Ukraine Today]] (2 March 2016)<br>[http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2015/05/15/7068057/ Poroshenko signed the laws about decomunization]. [[Ukrayinska Pravda]]. 15 May 2015<br>[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/265988.html Poroshenko signs laws on denouncing Communist, Nazi regimes], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]. 15 May 20<br>[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32267075 Goodbye, Lenin: Ukraine moves to ban communist symbols], [[BBC News]] (14 April 2015)</ref>


Settlement of the region by Slavs did not resume until the late 15th century, after the creation of a new centralized East Slavic state in the form of the [[Principality of Moscow]], more intensified settlement took place on the banks of the [[Donets]] river. As the Principality of Moscow evolved into the [[Tsardom of Russia]], there was an effort to secure the southern border of the East Slavic lands, to stop the "devastating" [[Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe|attacks]] by the [[Crimean Tatars]].<ref name=ssr1/> The [[Izium Trail]], one of the branches of the [[Muravsky Trail]], was a warpath of the Crimeans in the area in the 16th and 17th centuries before the official founding of the city, passing near the future location of Izium.<ref name=trail>{{Cite web |title=ІЗЮМСЬКИЙ ШЛЯХ |url=http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Izjumsky_shljakh |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=resource.history.org.ua}}</ref>
==Geography==


In response, Muscovy built fortifications in the [[Sloboda Ukraine]] region, like the {{ill|Belgorod line|ru|Белгородская черта}} (1635–1658) and the {{ill|Izium line|uk|Ізюмська лінія}} (1679–80), causing the Izium Trail to fall into disuse and easing invader pressure on Muscovy's border.<ref name=trail/> In 1681, a fortress named Izium was built by the [[Kharkiv Sloboda Cossack Regiment]] within a small settlement on the location of Izium. This is generally regarded as the foundation date of Izium.<ref>Изюм // Большая Советская Энциклопедия. / редколл., гл. ред. Б. А. Введенский. 2-е изд. том 17. М., Государственное научное издательство «Большая Советская энциклопедия», 1952. стр.522</ref><ref name=autogenerated2>Изюм // Украинская Советская Энциклопедия. том 4. Киев, «Украинская Советская энциклопедия», 1980. стр.231</ref>
===Climate===

The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "[[Humid continental climate|Dfb]]". (Warm Summer Continental Climate).<ref>[http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=51443&cityname=Izyum%2C+Ukraine&units= Climate Summary]</ref>
The origin of the name "Izium" is uncertain. It may originate from a [[Turkic-language]] word "huzun", meaning "a crossing", or from the {{ill|Mokryi Iziumets|uk|Мокрий Ізюмець}} (also simply Iziumets) river that the city was built on the banks of, or from a Tatar word "izzun" meaning "long", or "elongated".<ref name=esu/> According to historical materials, it is likely that a Tatar settlement existed on nearby {{ill|Kremenets (Izium)|lt=Mount Kremenets|uk|Кременець (Ізюм)}} as early as the 14th century, which makes it likely that the name of the town has some sort of Tatar origin.<ref name=study>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQ4aAQAAIAAJ |title=Linhvistychni studiï |date=2000 |publisher=[[Donetsk State University]] |language=uk |page=191}}</ref> In [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] and [[Russian language|Russian]], the town's name is spelled the exact same way as the word for "[[raisin]]",<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-16 |title=Ukraine: The stigma of Izium, one year after being freed from Russian occupation |language=en |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/europe/article/2023/09/16/ukraine-the-stigma-of-izium-one-year-after-being-freed-from-russian-occupation_6136571_143.html |access-date=2023-10-26}}</ref> but historian V. V. Markin argues that this is a coincidence, and any connection to a supposed Turkic word meaning "raisin" is [[false etymology]]. Markin notes that it would have probably been impossible to grow [[grape]]s in the area, making such a name illogical, and argues that such a word "huzun" meaning "raisin" does not exist in any Turkic language.<ref name=study/>

Izium grew to be an important defense against Tatar invasions of the region. In 1684, Izium's Transfiguration Cathedral was built. Starting in 1685, Izium served as the seat of the {{ill|Izium Regiment|uk|Ізюмський полк}} within [[Sloboda Ukraine Governorate]].<ref name=eou/>

Residents of Izium took part in the [[Bulavin Rebellion]] of 1707-1708. On 7 October 1707, not far from Izium, a detachment of salt workers from [[Bakhmut]] and [[Cossacks]] led by [[Kondraty Bulavin]] defeated a Tsarist [[punitive expedition]] heading to Bakhmut. In summer 1708, Bulavin sent a squad to Izium, but this was defeated by the Tsarist authorities, and the rebellion overall ended in defeat. In 1708, due to the [[1708 Russian administrative reform]], Izium was assigned to [[Azov Governorate (1708-1779)|Azov Governorate]]. In 1718, it was reassigned to [[Belgorod Province]] inside [[Kiev Governorate (1708–1764)|Kiev Governorate]].<ref name=ssr1/>

=== Russian Empire ===

[[File:Собор Пребраження Господнього. Ізюм. Sobor Prebraženńa Hospodńoho. Iźum.png|thumb|left|The Church of Transfiguration, pictured in 1897]]

In 1765, after the Izium Regiment was converted into a regular Russian [[hussar regiment]] as part of the [[abolition of the Cossack system in Sloboda Ukraine]], Izium received city status and was assigned to [[Sloboda Ukraine Governorate (1765–1780)|Sloboda Ukraine Governorate]] of the recently-proclaimed [[Russian Empire]].<ref name=ssr1>{{Cite web |title=Ізюм, Ізюмський район, Харківська область |url=https://ukrssr.com.ua/khark/izyumskiy/izyum-izyumskiy |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=Історія міст і сіл Української РСР |language=uk}}</ref> Starting in 1780, Izium was the administrative center of [[Izyumsky Uyezd]]. Izyumsky Uyezd was originally a subdivision of [[Kharkov Viceroyalty]] in 1780, but was transferred to the reformed [[Sloboda Ukraine Governorate (1796–1835)|Sloboda Ukraine Governorate]] in 1796.<ref name=eou/>

In 1809, construction began on Saint Nicholas's church in Izium. Construction was finished in 1823, and today the church is one of Izium's most notable architectural features. In 1835, Izyumsky Uyezd was transferred again, this time to [[Kharkov Governorate]].<ref name=eou/>

By the 18th and 19th centuries, Izium was considered one of the largest economic centers in the [[Sloboda Ukraine]] region. By the 1880s, factories producing bricks, vodka, butter, lard, and wax operated in Izium.<ref name=eiu>{{Cite web |title=ІЗЮМ |url=http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Izjum |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=resource.history.org.ua}}</ref> By 1884, the city's main exports were wool, sold to [[Kharkiv]] and [[Poltava]], and building materials sold to [[Taganrog]]. It had a population of 14,761 people.<ref name=warsaw>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom III|year=1882|language=pl|location=Warszawa|page=336|url=http://dir.icm.edu.pl/pl/Slownik_geograficzny/Tom_III/}}</ref>

In 1910, the Kharkiv-Donbas railway that passed through the city was built.<ref name=eiu/> In 1916, in accordance with an edict by Tsar [[Nicholas II]], the construction of an optical glass plant began in Izium.<ref name=esu/> This was the first optical glass plant to be built in the Russian Empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Проскурний |first=В. П. |date=2011 |title=Ізюмський казенний приладобудівний завод |volume=11 |url=https://esu.com.ua/article-13864 |access-date=2023-10-26 |publisher=Інститут енциклопедичних досліджень НАН України |isbn=9789660220744 |language=Ukrainian}}</ref>

=== 20th century and early 21st century ===

[[File:Пам'ятник генерал-лейтенанта П.В. Волоха.JPG|thumb|The monument to Pyotr Volokh in Izium]]

Izium changed hands several times during the [[Russian Civil War]] between 1918 and 1920, before finally being taken by the victorious [[Bolsheviks]], who established the [[Soviet Union]] on the territory of the former Russian Empire.<ref name=esu/> In 1923, Izium became the administrative center of the newly formed {{ill|Izium Okruha|uk|Ізюмська округа}} inside the [[Ukrainian SSR]]. In 1930, in accordance with republic-wide abolition of the [[Okruhas of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|okruha system in the Ukrainian SSR]], Izium Okruha was abolished and replaced with [[Izium Raion]], which was subordinated directly to the federal government of Soviet Ukraine.<ref name=ssr2/> In 1932, Izium and Izium Raion were assigned to the newly created [[Kharkiv Oblast]] of the Ukrainian SSR.<ref name=esu/> Izium was incorporated as a [[city of regional significance (Ukraine)|city of oblast significance]]; while Izium served as the administrative center of the raion, it did not belong to it, being subordinated directly to Kharkiv Oblast.<ref name=golos/><ref name=min/>

Izium suffered under [[Stalinist repressions (disambiguation)|the repressions]] of Soviet dictator [[Joseph Stalin]]. As a result of the [[Holodomor]], a manmade famine in Soviet Ukraine between 1932 and 1933, 2,761 people from Izium are documented to have died.<ref name=esu/>

During [[World War II]], Izium was the site of numerous important battles. A [[Red Army]] salient was cut off by counterattacking German forces during the [[Second Battle of Kharkiv]] and was eliminated in one of the most expensive learning errors for the Red Army.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=fYraAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 The Second World War on the Eastern Front] by [[Lee Baker]], [[Routledge]], 2009, {{ISBN|9781405840637}} (page 60)</ref> Izium was occupied by the [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|German Army]] starting on 24 June 1942.<ref name=ssr2/> The Germans operated a Nazi prison in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=753|title=Gefängnis Izjum|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=18 September 2022|language=de}}</ref> Izium was liberated by the Red Army on 5 February 1943.<ref name=ssr2>{{Cite web |title=Ізюм, Ізюмський район, Харківська область (продовження) |url=https://ukrssr.com.ua/khark/izyumskiy/izyum-izyumskiy-2 |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=Історія міст і сіл Української РСР |language=uk}}</ref> In mid-March 1943, German troops attacked Izium again, but were unsuccessful, according to Soviet sources. There were more clashes near the city in summer 1943, during the [[Izyum–Barvenkovo offensive]]. Soviet Lieutenant General {{ill|Pyotr Volokh|ru|Волох, Пётр Васильевич}}, commander of the {{ill|18th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union)|lt=18th Mechanized Corps|ru|18-й механизированный корпус}} that fought on the Izium bridgehead, died in combat in the southern outskirts of the city. On 13 September 1950, after the end of the war, a monument to [[Volokh]] was unveiled in Izium.<ref name=ssr2/> Until 2022, there was also a street named after Volokh.<ref name=renamings/>

Izium's population grew rapidly in the 20th century due to its importance as a junction between Kharkiv and the [[Donbas]].<ref name=eou>{{cite encyclopedia | url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pagesI%5CZ%5CIzium | title=Izium |encyclopedia=Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine}}</ref> In January 1989 the population was 64,334 people, up from 12,000 in 1926.<ref name=census89>{{Cite web|url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng89_reg2.php|title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей.|website=www.demoscope.ru|accessdate=Sep 11, 2022}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated3>Изюм // Большой энциклопедический словарь (в 2-х тт.). / редколл., гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров. том 1. М., "Советская энциклопедия", 1991. стр.481</ref>

During the [[2010 Ukrainian presidential election]], more than 85% of people in Izium voted for [[Victor Yanukovych]].<ref name=dw14/> In January 2013, Izium's population was 51,511 people.<ref name=census13>{{Cite web |url=http://database.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/ukr/publ_new1/2013/sb_nnas_2012.pdf |title=Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2013 року. Державна служба статистики України. Київ, 2013. стор.96 |access-date=2019-07-16 |archive-date=2013-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012013028/http://database.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/ukr/publ_new1/2013/sb_nnas_2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Russo-Ukrainian War ===

==== War in Donbas and decommunization====

[[File:MAZ-537, Armed Forces of Ukraine, Izium, 2014.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian [[tank]]s in Izium, October 2014]]

''[[Deutsche Welle]]'' (DW) reported in April 2014 that during the [[2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine]], there was only one attempt to hoist the [[Russian flag]] on any government buildings in Izium. Many of the people who had voted for Yanukovych in 2010 still supported him amidst the [[Euromaidan]] protests that ousted him. Most of the people DW interviewed supported some kind of [[federalization of Ukraine]], or united Ukraine, and did not support the idea of joining the [[Russian Federation]]. A local government official said that out of the approximately 50,000 inhabitants, Izium had "a maximum of 200 active [[pro-Russian]] people".<ref name=dw14>{{Cite news |title=Сможет ли Украина остановить сепаратизм на востоке страны? – DW – 25.04.2014 |language=ru |url=https://www.dw.com/ru/%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%BB%D0%B8-%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C-%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5-%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B/a-17591398 |access-date=2023-10-26}}</ref>

Izium was the site of sporadic fighting during the beginning of the [[war in Donbas]] in 2014. The Sloviansk-Izium highway was referred to as the "highway of death" by locals during the summer of 2014 due to constant shelling from pro-Russian separatists.<ref name="auto"/> Izium was seen as an important link between separatist-held [[Sloviansk]] and Kharkiv, which also had active pro-Russian movements, and there were fears that separatists would move in that direction.<ref name=dw14/> During Ukraine's [[Siege of Sloviansk]] to reclaim it from the separatists, Izium was used as a base for operations by the [[Ukrainian military]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Carol J. |last2=Loiko |first2=Sergei L. |date=2014-07-11 |title=In eastern Ukraine, separatist rocket attacks, bus ambush kill 30 |language=en-US |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-ukraine-russia-rocket-attack-20140711-story.html |access-date=2023-10-26}}</ref> Large-scale fighting in the proximity of Izium halted once Ukrainian forces liberated Sloviansk in July 2014.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Дорога смерти Изюм – Славянск: как это было |url=http://sprotyv.info/ru/news/kiev/doroga-smerti-izyum-slavyansk-kak-eto-bylo-video |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624035918/http://sprotyv.info/ru/news/kiev/doroga-smerti-izyum-slavyansk-kak-eto-bylo-video |archive-date=2018-06-24 |access-date=2015-08-10 |publisher=Information Resistance}}</ref>

On 30 September 2014, a monument to [[Vladimir Lenin]] in Izium was destroyed by unknown persons. This came as part of a larger trend of [[demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/26614069.html|title=На Харківщині зруйнували ще одного Леніна|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112212256/http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/26614069.html|archive-date=12 November 2014|work=Radio Svoboda|date=30 September 2014}}</ref> To comply with [[Decommunization in Ukraine|nationwide decommunization laws]] enacted in 2016, the local "[[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]] Square" was renamed "[[John Lennon]] Square" in February 2016.<ref>[http://uatoday.tv/society/not-back-to-the-ussr-beatles-star-john-lennon-gets-a-street-named-after-him-in-ukraine-602740.html Not Back in the USSR! Beatles star John Lennon gets a street named after him in Ukraine], [[Ukraine Today]] (2 March 2016)<br>[http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2015/05/15/7068057/ Poroshenko signed the laws about decomunization]. [[Ukrayinska Pravda]]. 15 May 2015<br>[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/265988.html Poroshenko signs laws on denouncing Communist, Nazi regimes], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]. 15 May 20<br>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32267075 Goodbye, Lenin: Ukraine moves to ban communist symbols], [[BBC News]] (14 April 2015)</ref>

{{ill|Izium urban hromada|uk|Ізюмська міська громада}} was formed on 14 June 2019, as an [[amalgamated hromada]] with its administrative center in Izium by uniting the {{ill|Izium city council|uk|Ізюмська міська рада}} with a nearby village council.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Потреби внутрішньо переміщених осіб: в Ізюмській міській об'єднаній територіальній громаді Харківської області |url=https://rm.coe.int/survey-results/16809f43db |page=12 |language=uk |quote=Ізюмська міська об’єднана територіальна громада створена 14 червня 2019 року. У складі громади місто Ізюм, яке є центром, та села Кам’янка, Синичено, Суха Кам’янка, Тихоцьке.}}</ref> On 12 June 2020, the hromada was expanded to include several other local councils, and, along with all other amalgamated hromadas in the country, was converted into a plain [[hromada]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Про визначення адміністративних центрів та затвердження територій територіальних громад Харківської області |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/725-2020-%D1%80 |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України |language=uk}}</ref> On 18 July 2020, the city of Izium, along with the rest of the hromada, was subordinated to Izium Raion, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine. The area of Izium Raion was also significantly expanded to include the area of several other raions, which reduced the number of raions of Kharkiv Oblast to seven.<ref name=golos>{{Cite news|title=Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ.|url=http://www.golos.com.ua/article/333466|access-date=2020-10-03|date=2020-07-18|website=Голос України|language=uk}}</ref><ref name=min>{{cite web |title=Нові райони: карти + склад |url=https://www.minregion.gov.ua/press/news/novi-rajony-karty-sklad/ |publisher=Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України |language=Ukrainian}}</ref>

==== Russian invasion of Ukraine ====
{{Further info|Battle of Izium|2022 Kharkiv counteroffensive|Izium mass graves}}

[[File:3 Khlibozavodska Street, Izium (2023-08-01) 01.jpg|thumb|A building in Izium destroyed in March 2022, pictured in August 2023 during reconstruction attempts]]

During the full-scale [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Russia began trying to take Izium in March 2022, beginning the [[battle of Izium]].<ref name=apr1/> Its importance as a rail hub made it an important target for the invading [[Russian military]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bombed Out and Occupied |url=https://humanrightsfirst.org/library/bombed-out-and-occupied-russias-invasion-of-izyum/ |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=Human Rights First |language=en-US}}</ref> On 9 March, Russian forces used a large airborne munition on a civilian apartment building in Izium, killing at least 44 civilians in what [[Human Rights Watch]] called one of the deadliest [[attacks on civilians during the Russian invasion of Ukraine|attacks on civilians during the war]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-22 |title=Ukraine: Izium Apartment Victims Need Justice | work=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/03/22/ukraine-izium-apartment-victims-need-justice |access-date=2023-10-26 |language=en}}</ref>

Russia gained control over Izium on 1 April 2022.<ref name=apr1>{{cite web|url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-april-1|access-date=25 October 2023|title=RUSSIAN OFFENSIVE CAMPAIGN ASSESSMENT, APRIL 1|date=1 April 2022}}</ref> Russian soldiers used the "Lyceum No. 2" school as a base. The director of the school was one of the residents of Izium accused of [[Collaboration with Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine|collaborating with Russia]], and would later be put on trial in Kharkiv by Ukraine after the end of occupation.<ref name=hopkins/> On 3 April 2022, the Ukrainian government stated that two Russian soldiers were killed and 28 others hospitalized after Ukrainian civilians handed out poisoned cakes to Russian soldiers of the Russian [[3rd Motor Rifle Division]] in Izium.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://thehill.com/policy/international/3257737-two-russian-soldiers-killed-28-in-hospital-after-being-poisoned-by-ukrainian-civilians-officials/|title = Two Russian soldiers killed, 28 in hospital after being poisoned by Ukrainian civilians: Officials|date = 3 April 2022|access-date = 27 April 2022|archive-date = 3 April 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220403210618/https://thehill.com/policy/international/3257737-two-russian-soldiers-killed-28-in-hospital-after-being-poisoned-by-ukrainian-civilians-officials/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Cook |first1=Pip |title=Putin's army mocked after Ukrainian pie poisoning of Russian soldiers |url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1590887/putin-news-russian-army-mocked-ukraine-pie-poisoning |access-date=15 April 2022 |publisher=Express |date=4 April 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408221201/https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1590887/putin-news-russian-army-mocked-ukraine-pie-poisoning |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2022, Russian forces [[Battle of the Siverskyi Donets|attempted to cross the Siverskyi Donets River]] and advance south. According to the [[British Ministry of Defense]], Ukrainian forces rebuffed the attempted river crossing with substantial Russian losses.<ref name="NYT51322">{{cite news |author1=Marc Santora |title=Ukraine decimated Russian forces trying to cross a river in the east, Britain's defense ministry says. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/13/world/europe/ukraine-russian-forces-pontoon-bridges-river.html |access-date=May 17, 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=May 13, 2022}}</ref> Residents of Izium said they were imprisoned, and tortured by Russian soldiers during the occupation.<ref name=hopkins/> The June 2022 [[shooting of Andrii Bohomaz]] by Russian soldiers in Izium during the occupation was featured in [[Lubomir Levitski|Lubomir Levitski's]] documentary [[Follow Me (documentary)|''Follow Me'']].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-22 |title=Ægtepar drejede forkert ved frontlinjen - nu er optagelse blevet vigtigt bevis - TV 2 |url=https://nyheder.tv2.dk/udland/2023-03-21-aegtepar-drejede-forkert-ved-frontlinjen-nu-er-optagelse-blevet-vigtigt-bevis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322155802/https://nyheder.tv2.dk/udland/2023-03-21-aegtepar-drejede-forkert-ved-frontlinjen-nu-er-optagelse-blevet-vigtigt-bevis |archive-date=2023-03-22 |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=[[TV 2 (Denmark)]] |language=da-DK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Agapiou |first=Gina |date=24 Feb 2023 |title=Protests and events in Cyprus to mark one year since Russia's invasion of Ukraine |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2023/02/24/protests-and-events-in-cyprus-to-mark-one-year-since-russias-invasion-of-ukraine/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304005313/https://cyprus-mail.com/2023/02/24/protests-and-events-in-cyprus-to-mark-one-year-since-russias-invasion-of-ukraine/ |archive-date=2023-03-04 |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=[[Cyprus Mail]] |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Ukraine began a [[2022 Kharkiv counteroffensive|counteroffensive in the Kharkiv region]] in early September 2022, during which Izium was liberated.<ref name=kramer/> During the frantic Russian retreat, the Russian soldiers "completely gutted" the school that served as their base, [[Looting during the Russian invasion of Ukraine|looting]] "anything of possible value", including water heaters and small sinks from each classroom.<ref name=hopkins/> After Ukrainian troops secured the liberated city, local police officers found [[Izium mass graves|mass graves of 440 bodies]] in Izium.<ref name=kramer>{{Cite news |last1=Kramer |first1=Andrew E. |last2=Santora |first2=Marc |date=2022-09-16 |title=Mass Grave With 440 Bodies Found in Izium, Ukraine Says |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/09/16/world/ukraine-russia-war |access-date=2022-09-16 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> According to city officials, by the end of the occupation, more than 80% of the city's infrastructure was destroyed; about 70% of multi-storey buildings are destroyed. The city administration estimates that all in all, about 1,000 people lost their lives under the Russian occupation.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.moscowtimes.ru/2022/09/16/oon-napravit-sledovatelei-na-mesta-massovih-zahoronenii-v-izyume-a24356 | title=ООН направит следователей на места массовых захоронений в Изюме | date=16 September 2022 }}</ref>

In December 2022, Izium decided to rename 22 street names in the city that previously held names affiliated with [[communism]] and with [[Russia]]. Among others, the street named after Pyotr Volokh was renamed to honor Hetman [[Pavlo Polubotok]].<ref name=renamings>{{cite news |first=Roman|last=Petrenko|title=У звільненому Ізюмі з'явилася вулиця Бандери|trans-title=Bandera Street appeared in the liberated Izium|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/12/3/7379110/|website=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]] |date=3 December 2022|access-date=3 December 2022|language=uk}}</ref>

[[Unexploded ordnance]] has posed a major threat to Izium's population, even months after the battle. In March 2023, a local doctor said that on average, the hospital received a person with wounds from landmines every week.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-06 |title=In liberated Ukraine city, civilians still pay price of war |language=en |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-izium-land-mines-kharkiv-aec1fb4de0914cc01eb6db12e33d4a9c |access-date=2023-10-26}}</ref> In September 2023, a year after the end of Russian occupation, Izium was still scarred and its people traumatized by war. Most of the city's schools were destroyed in the battles, and were planned to open by the start of 2024, so most students had to attend through [[online school]] technology. The hospital still bore heavy damage from a missile strike, and urgent surgeries were held in a "small, dank room in the basement" due to fear of [[Shahed drone]] attacks. One resident said, "People still haven’t recovered from this psychological trauma[.] This feeling of total fear that came with the occupation — it hasn’t disappeared."<ref name=hopkins>{{Cite news |last1=Hopkins |first1=Valerie |last2=Pinchuk |first2=Dzvinka |last3=Ducke |first3=Emile |date=2023-09-29 |title=Russian Forces Left This City a Year Ago. The Scars Remain. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/29/world/europe/ukraine-russia-izium.html |access-date=2023-10-25 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

== Geography ==

=== Landmarks and location ===

[[File:Polovtsian babas on Mount Kremenets after Russian shelling (02).jpg|thumb|The Polovetsian statues on Kremenets, after war damage]]

Izium is located at the foot of the {{ill|Kremenets (Izium)|lt=Kremenets|uk|Кременець (Ізюм)}} Mountain, on the right bank of the [[Donets]] river.<ref name=eou/> On top of the mountain, there are several ancient Polovtsian ([[Cuman]]) stone statues known as "stone babas", dating from the ninth- to the thirteenth-century. The statues were heavily damaged during the [[battle of Izium]] in 2022, with one being completely destroyed.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Oliphant |first1=Roland |last2=Simmonds |first2=Julian |date=2022-10-03 |title=Izyum's ancient guardians fall victim to Russia's assault |language=en-GB |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2022/10/03/izyums-ancient-guardians-fall-victim-russias-assault/ |access-date=2023-10-26 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-21 |title=Ukrainian stone statues—likened to Easter Island's Moai—destroyed during Russian invasion |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/09/21/ukrainian-stone-statueslikened-to-easter-islands-moaidestroyed-during-russian-invasion |access-date=2023-10-26}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
The [[Köppen climate classification]] subtype for this climate is "[[Humid continental climate|Dfb]]", warm summer continental climate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=51443&cityname=Izyum,+Ukraine&units=|title=Izyum, Ukraine Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|website=www.weatherbase.com|accessdate=Sep 11, 2022}}</ref>
{{Weather box
{{Weather box
|location = Izium (1949–2011)
|location = Izium (1981–2010, extremes 1949–2011)
|single line = Yes
|single line = Yes
|metric first = Yes
|metric first = Yes
Line 76: Line 165:
|Apr record high C = 31.0
|Apr record high C = 31.0
|May record high C = 36.7
|May record high C = 36.7
|Jun record high C = 37.4
|Jun record high C = 38.9
|Jul record high C = 39.1
|Jul record high C = 39.1
|Aug record high C = 39.4
|Aug record high C = 39.4
Line 84: Line 173:
|Dec record high C = 20.0
|Dec record high C = 20.0
|year record high C = 39.4
|year record high C = 39.4
|Jan high C = -2.2
|Jan high C = -1.9
|Feb high C = -1.1
|Feb high C = -1.2
|Mar high C = 5.2
|Mar high C = 5.0
|Apr high C = 15.1
|Apr high C = 14.7
|May high C = 22.1
|May high C = 21.6
|Jun high C = 25.8
|Jun high C = 25.1
|Jul high C = 27.9
|Jul high C = 27.4
|Aug high C = 27.1
|Aug high C = 26.8
|Sep high C = 21.0
|Sep high C = 20.6
|Oct high C = 12.9
|Oct high C = 12.9
|Nov high C = 5.1
|Nov high C = 4.3
|Dec high C = 0.0
|Dec high C = -0.7
|year high C = 13.2
|year high C = 12.9
|Jan mean C = -5.2
|Jan mean C = -4.1
|Feb mean C = -4.6
|Feb mean C = -4.0
|Mar mean C = 0.8
|Mar mean C = 1.3
|Apr mean C = 9.4
|Apr mean C = 9.5
|May mean C = 15.6
|May mean C = 15.6
|Jun mean C = 19.4
|Jun mean C = 19.5
|Jul mean C = 21.3
|Jul mean C = 21.5
|Aug mean C = 19.9
|Aug mean C = 20.1
|Sep mean C = 14.2
|Sep mean C = 14.4
|Oct mean C = 7.5
|Oct mean C = 8.0
|Nov mean C = 1.7
|Nov mean C = 1.6
|Dec mean C = -2.8
|Dec mean C = -2.9
|year mean C = 8.1
|year mean C = 8.4
|Jan low C = -8.5
|Jan low C = -6.9
|Feb low C = -8.3
|Feb low C = -7.2
|Mar low C = -3.1
|Mar low C = -2.2
|Apr low C = 3.8
|Apr low C = 4.5
|May low C = 8.8
|May low C = 10.2
|Jun low C = 12.8
|Jun low C = 14.3
|Jul low C = 14.7
|Jul low C = 16.0
|Aug low C = 12.9
|Aug low C = 14.9
|Sep low C = 7.7
|Sep low C = 9.9
|Oct low C = 2.5
|Oct low C = 4.4
|Nov low C = -1.4
|Nov low C = -1.3
|Dec low C = -5.7
|Dec low C = -5.7
|year low C = 3.0
|year low C = 4.2
|Jan record low C = -35.0
|Jan record low C = -35.0
|Feb record low C = -36.1
|Feb record low C = -36.1
Line 137: Line 226:
|year record low C = -36.1
|year record low C = -36.1
|precipitation colour = green
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 47.1
|Jan precipitation mm = 47.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 39.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 43.3
|Mar precipitation mm = 41.4
|Mar precipitation mm = 44.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 44.1
|Apr precipitation mm = 37.9
|May precipitation mm = 51.8
|May precipitation mm = 48.3
|Jun precipitation mm = 75.0
|Jun precipitation mm = 62.8
|Jul precipitation mm = 60.9
|Jul precipitation mm = 58.8
|Aug precipitation mm = 47.6
|Aug precipitation mm = 38.2
|Sep precipitation mm = 50.7
|Sep precipitation mm = 48.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 48.1
|Oct precipitation mm = 43.0
|Nov precipitation mm = 43.1
|Nov precipitation mm = 46.0
|Dec precipitation mm = 52.1
|Dec precipitation mm = 46.2
|year precipitation mm = 600.9
|year precipitation mm = 565.3
|Jan humidity = 84.7
|Jan humidity = 84.9
|Feb humidity = 81.5
|Feb humidity = 81.8
|Mar humidity = 76.2
|Mar humidity = 77.3
|Apr humidity = 65.1
|Apr humidity = 67.5
|May humidity = 64.8
|May humidity = 64.9
|Jun humidity = 66.7
|Jun humidity = 68.2
|Jul humidity = 67.5
|Jul humidity = 68.2
|Aug humidity = 64.8
|Aug humidity = 67.5
|Sep humidity = 72.9
|Sep humidity = 73.4
|Oct humidity = 80.1
|Oct humidity = 79.2
|Nov humidity = 84.4
|Nov humidity = 85.1
|Dec humidity = 85.9
|Dec humidity = 85.5
|year humidity = 74.6
|year humidity = 75.3
|Jan precipitation days = 20.0
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Feb precipitation days = 16.4
|Jan precipitation days = 10.4
|Mar precipitation days = 16.3
|Feb precipitation days = 8.8
|Apr precipitation days = 10.2
|Mar precipitation days = 8.4
|May precipitation days = 9.7
|Apr precipitation days = 7.0
|May precipitation days = 7.2
|Jun precipitation days = 8.5
|Jun precipitation days = 8.5
|Jul precipitation days = 6.3
|Jul precipitation days = 7.5
|Aug precipitation days = 4.6
|Aug precipitation days = 5.2
|Sep precipitation days = 8.1
|Sep precipitation days = 6.7
|Oct precipitation days = 10.5
|Oct precipitation days = 6.5
|Nov precipitation days = 15.4
|Nov precipitation days = 7.7
|Dec precipitation days = 19.4
|Dec precipitation days = 9.2
|year precipitation days = 145.4
|year precipitation days = 93.1
|source 1 = Climatebase.ru<ref name = climatebase>
|source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210717143555/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20%282%29.xls
| archive-date = 17 July 2021
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20(2).xls
| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010
| publisher = World Meteorological Organization
| access-date = 18 July 2021}}</ref>
|source 2 = Climatebase.ru (extremes)<ref name = climatebase>
{{cite web
{{cite web
| url = http://climatebase.ru/station/34415/?lang=en
| url = http://climatebase.ru/station/34415/?lang=en
| title = Izmium, Ukraine Climate data (Period supervision: 1949–2011)
| title = Izmium, Ukraine Climate data (Period supervision: 1949–2011)
| publisher = Climatebase
| publisher = Climatebase
| accessdate = April 6, 2015}}</ref>
| access-date = April 6, 2015}}</ref>
|date=May 2013
|date=May 2013
}}
}}


==Gallery==
== Economy ==

The factories of Izium produce optical equipment, mechanical components, concrete products, building materials, and foodstuffs.<ref name=eou/><ref name=brit/> Other industries include railroad repair and brewing.<ref name=brit/>

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations
| title= Population census
| percentages = pagr
| 1884 |14761<ref name=warsaw/>
| 1897 |24300<ref name=ssr1/>
| 1926 |12000<ref name=autogenerated3 />
| 1989 |64334<ref name=census89/>
| 2013 |51511<ref name=census13/>
| 2022 |44979<ref name=ua2022estimate/>
}}

According to the [[2001 Ukrainian census]], the native languages of Izium residents were 74.22% [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], 23.77% [[Russian language in Ukraine|Russian]], and 2.01% other/undecided.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://socialdata.org.ua/projects/mova-2001/ | title=Рідні мови в об'єднаних територіальних громадах України }}</ref> The same census data concluded that over 80% of the city's population were ethnic [[Ukrainians]] and roughly 13% were [[Russians]]. Other significant minorities were [[Belarusians]] and [[Armenians]]. The exact ethnic composition was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|title=Національний склад міст за переписом 2001 року|url=https://datatowel.in.ua/pop-composition/ethnic-cities|language=uk}}</ref>
{{bar box|title=Ethnic groups in Izium|titlebar=#ddd|left1=|right1=percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Ukrainians]]|dodgerblue|83.57}}
{{bar percent|[[Russians]]|purple|13.36}}
{{bar percent|[[Armenians]]|brown|0.47}}
{{bar percent|[[Belarusians]]|red|0.42}}
{{bar percent|others|gray|0.24}}}}

''Deutsche Welle'', reporting in 2014, said that most of the people in Izium were ethnic [[Ukrainians]], but the Russian language was the most common language of communication on the streets.<ref name=dw14 />

It is the second most populous city in [[Kharkiv Oblast]] behind the oblast center [[Kharkiv]].<ref name=esu>{{Cite book |last=Махортова |first=О. В. |date=2011 |title=Ізюм |volume=11 |url=https://esu.com.ua/article-13859 |access-date=2023-10-26 |publisher=[[Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine]] |isbn=9789660220744 |language=Ukrainian}}</ref>

== Notable people ==

* [[Serhii Vasylkivsky]] (1854–1917), artist
* [[Denys Kulakov]] (born 1986), footballer

== Twin towns ==

On April 17, 2023, Izium formed a Sister City partnership with [[Greenwich, Connecticut]], USA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2023 |title=Greenwich officials, Ukrainian leaders meet to formalize sister city relationship with Izyum |url=https://connecticut.news12.com/greenwich-officials-ukrainian-leaders-meet-to-formalize-sister-city-relationship-with-izyum |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=News 12 - Connecticut}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Izyum central square.jpg|City Hall
File:Izyum central square.jpg|Izium City Hall
File:Soborna, 6 (Izium).JPG|A historical building in Izium
File:Monomakh-Ihor sign.JPG|Monument commemorating the battle of [[Volodymyr Monomakh]] against [[Cumans]]
File:Soborna, 6 (Izium).JPG|Historical building in Izium
File:Spartak cinema.JPG|The Spartak cinema
File:Церква Вознесіння (Ізюм) 2.JPG|The Ascension Church
File:Spartak cinema.JPG|Spartak cinema
File:Церква Вознесіння (Ізюм) 2.JPG|Ascension Church
File:Спасо-Преображенський собор, Ізюм (3).JPG|The Transfiguration Church
File:Izium Church.jpg|The Holy Cross Church
File:Спасо-Преображенський собор, Ізюм (3).JPG|Transfiguration Church
File:Izium Church.jpg|Holy Cross Church
File:Криниця у Ізюмі.jpg|A holy well in Izium
File:Криниця у Ізюмі.jpg|A holy well in Izium
File:Izium railway station.jpg|Izium railway station
File:Izium railway station.jpg|Izium railway station
</gallery>
</gallery>


==See also==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
*[[Second Battle of Kharkiv]]


==External links==
== External links ==
*{{Commonscatinline}}
* {{en icon}} [http://ukrainian.su/goroda-kharkovskoy-oblasti/izyum-istoriya-goroda.html / History of the city]
*{{in lang|en}} [http://ukrainian.su/goroda-kharkovskoy-oblasti/izyum-istoriya-goroda.html / History of the city] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513171850/http://ukrainian.su/goroda-kharkovskoy-oblasti/izyum-istoriya-goroda.html |date=2019-05-13 }}
* {{en icon}} [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9043123 Encyclopædia Britannica Online]


==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Kharkiv Oblast}}
{{Kharkiv Oblast}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:1681 establishments in Ukraine]]
{{coord|49|12|46|N|37|15|25|E|region:UA_type:city(63000)|display=title}}

[[Category:Cities in Kharkiv Oblast]]
[[Category:Cities in Kharkiv Oblast]]
[[Category:Kharkov Governorate]]
[[Category:Izyumsky Uezd]]
[[Category:Donets]]
[[Category:Cities of regional significance in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Cities of regional significance in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Cities and towns built in the Sloboda Ukraine]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1681]]
[[Category:Populated places destroyed during the Russian invasion of Ukraine]]

Latest revision as of 23:24, 2 December 2024

Izium
Ізюм
Izyum
Ascension Cathedral
Church of the Exaltation of the Cross
Church of Transfiguration
World War II memorial
  • From top, left to right: Ascension Cathedral
  • Church of the Exaltation of the Cross
  • Church of Transfiguration
  • World War II memorial
Izium is located in Kharkiv Oblast
Izium
Izium
Location of Izium in Kharkiv Oblast
Izium is located in Ukraine
Izium
Izium
Location of Izium in Ukraine
Coordinates: 49°12′46″N 37°15′25″E / 49.21278°N 37.25694°E / 49.21278; 37.25694
Country Ukraine
OblastKharkiv Oblast
RaionIzium Raion
HromadaIzium urban hromada
Founded1681
City status1765
Government
 • MayorValerii Marchenko[1] (Servant of the People[1])
Area
 • Total
43.6 km2 (16.8 sq mi)
Elevation
71 m (233 ft)
Population
 (2022)
 • Total
44,979
 • Density1,000/km2 (2,700/sq mi)
Postal code
64300
Area code380-5743
Licence plateАХ, КХ
Websitecity-izyum.gov.ua
Map

Izium or Izyum[2][3] (Ukrainian: Ізюм, IPA: [iˈzʲum] ; Russian: Изюм) is a city on the Donets River in Kharkiv Oblast, eastern Ukraine that serves as the administrative center of Izium Raion and Izium urban hromada.[4] It is about 120 kilometres (75 mi) southeast of the city of Kharkiv, the oblast's administrative center.

Izium has a population of 44,979 (2022 estimate),[5] making it the second-most populous city in Kharkiv Oblast behind Kharkiv proper. It has held economic significance for centuries due to its position as a transportation link between Kharkiv and the Donbas region to the southeast.

The area around Izium has been periodically inhabited since ancient times, but the modern city has its origins in a 17th-century fortress defending against Tatar raids. Izium was the site of several battles during World War II, but still grew rapidly during the 20th century due to its importance as a transport hub. During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian forces occupied the city in April 2022 after a battle that destroyed much of the city. However, the city was recaptured by Ukrainian forces in the 2022 Kharkiv counteroffensive.

History

[edit]

Pre-founding

[edit]
A monument commemorating the Battle of the Salnytsia River [uk]

The area that is now Izium has been inhabited since ancient times. Archeologists have discovered remnants of Mesolithic settlements from the 13th- to 6th-century BC, and Neolithic settlements from the fifth- to third-century BC. These finds include ceramic implements and flint tools.[6][7] The "Bondarisi" archeological tract near Izium gives its name to the Bondarikha culture.[6]

The territory was later part of the ancient East Slavic state Kievan Rus. In the 12th century AD Kievan Rus began to disintegrate, leading to increased incursions by Cuman nomads. In the year 1111, the territory that is now modern Izium was the site of the Battle of the Salnytsia River [uk], in which the East Slavs, led by Vladimir II Monomakh and Sviatopolk II of Kiev, defeated a Cuman army on the Salnytsia [ru] river. The larger conflict between the East Slavs and the Cumans [ru] continued until the early 13th century.[6] The area around Izium was devastated in the 1240s by the Mongol Empire and its invasion of the already collapsing Kievan Rus.[6][8]

Founding and early history

[edit]

Settlement of the region by Slavs did not resume until the late 15th century, after the creation of a new centralized East Slavic state in the form of the Principality of Moscow, more intensified settlement took place on the banks of the Donets river. As the Principality of Moscow evolved into the Tsardom of Russia, there was an effort to secure the southern border of the East Slavic lands, to stop the "devastating" attacks by the Crimean Tatars.[6] The Izium Trail, one of the branches of the Muravsky Trail, was a warpath of the Crimeans in the area in the 16th and 17th centuries before the official founding of the city, passing near the future location of Izium.[9]

In response, Muscovy built fortifications in the Sloboda Ukraine region, like the Belgorod line [ru] (1635–1658) and the Izium line [uk] (1679–80), causing the Izium Trail to fall into disuse and easing invader pressure on Muscovy's border.[9] In 1681, a fortress named Izium was built by the Kharkiv Sloboda Cossack Regiment within a small settlement on the location of Izium. This is generally regarded as the foundation date of Izium.[10][11]

The origin of the name "Izium" is uncertain. It may originate from a Turkic-language word "huzun", meaning "a crossing", or from the Mokryi Iziumets [uk] (also simply Iziumets) river that the city was built on the banks of, or from a Tatar word "izzun" meaning "long", or "elongated".[8] According to historical materials, it is likely that a Tatar settlement existed on nearby Mount Kremenets [uk] as early as the 14th century, which makes it likely that the name of the town has some sort of Tatar origin.[12] In Ukrainian and Russian, the town's name is spelled the exact same way as the word for "raisin",[13] but historian V. V. Markin argues that this is a coincidence, and any connection to a supposed Turkic word meaning "raisin" is false etymology. Markin notes that it would have probably been impossible to grow grapes in the area, making such a name illogical, and argues that such a word "huzun" meaning "raisin" does not exist in any Turkic language.[12]

Izium grew to be an important defense against Tatar invasions of the region. In 1684, Izium's Transfiguration Cathedral was built. Starting in 1685, Izium served as the seat of the Izium Regiment [uk] within Sloboda Ukraine Governorate.[14]

Residents of Izium took part in the Bulavin Rebellion of 1707-1708. On 7 October 1707, not far from Izium, a detachment of salt workers from Bakhmut and Cossacks led by Kondraty Bulavin defeated a Tsarist punitive expedition heading to Bakhmut. In summer 1708, Bulavin sent a squad to Izium, but this was defeated by the Tsarist authorities, and the rebellion overall ended in defeat. In 1708, due to the 1708 Russian administrative reform, Izium was assigned to Azov Governorate. In 1718, it was reassigned to Belgorod Province inside Kiev Governorate.[6]

Russian Empire

[edit]
The Church of Transfiguration, pictured in 1897

In 1765, after the Izium Regiment was converted into a regular Russian hussar regiment as part of the abolition of the Cossack system in Sloboda Ukraine, Izium received city status and was assigned to Sloboda Ukraine Governorate of the recently-proclaimed Russian Empire.[6] Starting in 1780, Izium was the administrative center of Izyumsky Uyezd. Izyumsky Uyezd was originally a subdivision of Kharkov Viceroyalty in 1780, but was transferred to the reformed Sloboda Ukraine Governorate in 1796.[14]

In 1809, construction began on Saint Nicholas's church in Izium. Construction was finished in 1823, and today the church is one of Izium's most notable architectural features. In 1835, Izyumsky Uyezd was transferred again, this time to Kharkov Governorate.[14]

By the 18th and 19th centuries, Izium was considered one of the largest economic centers in the Sloboda Ukraine region. By the 1880s, factories producing bricks, vodka, butter, lard, and wax operated in Izium.[15] By 1884, the city's main exports were wool, sold to Kharkiv and Poltava, and building materials sold to Taganrog. It had a population of 14,761 people.[16]

In 1910, the Kharkiv-Donbas railway that passed through the city was built.[15] In 1916, in accordance with an edict by Tsar Nicholas II, the construction of an optical glass plant began in Izium.[8] This was the first optical glass plant to be built in the Russian Empire.[17]

20th century and early 21st century

[edit]
The monument to Pyotr Volokh in Izium

Izium changed hands several times during the Russian Civil War between 1918 and 1920, before finally being taken by the victorious Bolsheviks, who established the Soviet Union on the territory of the former Russian Empire.[8] In 1923, Izium became the administrative center of the newly formed Izium Okruha [uk] inside the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, in accordance with republic-wide abolition of the okruha system in the Ukrainian SSR, Izium Okruha was abolished and replaced with Izium Raion, which was subordinated directly to the federal government of Soviet Ukraine.[18] In 1932, Izium and Izium Raion were assigned to the newly created Kharkiv Oblast of the Ukrainian SSR.[8] Izium was incorporated as a city of oblast significance; while Izium served as the administrative center of the raion, it did not belong to it, being subordinated directly to Kharkiv Oblast.[19][20]

Izium suffered under the repressions of Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin. As a result of the Holodomor, a manmade famine in Soviet Ukraine between 1932 and 1933, 2,761 people from Izium are documented to have died.[8]

During World War II, Izium was the site of numerous important battles. A Red Army salient was cut off by counterattacking German forces during the Second Battle of Kharkiv and was eliminated in one of the most expensive learning errors for the Red Army.[21] Izium was occupied by the German Army starting on 24 June 1942.[18] The Germans operated a Nazi prison in the city.[22] Izium was liberated by the Red Army on 5 February 1943.[18] In mid-March 1943, German troops attacked Izium again, but were unsuccessful, according to Soviet sources. There were more clashes near the city in summer 1943, during the Izyum–Barvenkovo offensive. Soviet Lieutenant General Pyotr Volokh [ru], commander of the 18th Mechanized Corps [ru] that fought on the Izium bridgehead, died in combat in the southern outskirts of the city. On 13 September 1950, after the end of the war, a monument to Volokh was unveiled in Izium.[18] Until 2022, there was also a street named after Volokh.[23]

Izium's population grew rapidly in the 20th century due to its importance as a junction between Kharkiv and the Donbas.[14] In January 1989 the population was 64,334 people, up from 12,000 in 1926.[24][25]

During the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election, more than 85% of people in Izium voted for Victor Yanukovych.[26] In January 2013, Izium's population was 51,511 people.[27]

Russo-Ukrainian War

[edit]

War in Donbas and decommunization

[edit]
Ukrainian tanks in Izium, October 2014

Deutsche Welle (DW) reported in April 2014 that during the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine, there was only one attempt to hoist the Russian flag on any government buildings in Izium. Many of the people who had voted for Yanukovych in 2010 still supported him amidst the Euromaidan protests that ousted him. Most of the people DW interviewed supported some kind of federalization of Ukraine, or united Ukraine, and did not support the idea of joining the Russian Federation. A local government official said that out of the approximately 50,000 inhabitants, Izium had "a maximum of 200 active pro-Russian people".[26]

Izium was the site of sporadic fighting during the beginning of the war in Donbas in 2014. The Sloviansk-Izium highway was referred to as the "highway of death" by locals during the summer of 2014 due to constant shelling from pro-Russian separatists.[28] Izium was seen as an important link between separatist-held Sloviansk and Kharkiv, which also had active pro-Russian movements, and there were fears that separatists would move in that direction.[26] During Ukraine's Siege of Sloviansk to reclaim it from the separatists, Izium was used as a base for operations by the Ukrainian military.[29] Large-scale fighting in the proximity of Izium halted once Ukrainian forces liberated Sloviansk in July 2014.[28]

On 30 September 2014, a monument to Vladimir Lenin in Izium was destroyed by unknown persons. This came as part of a larger trend of demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine.[30] To comply with nationwide decommunization laws enacted in 2016, the local "Lenin Square" was renamed "John Lennon Square" in February 2016.[31]

Izium urban hromada [uk] was formed on 14 June 2019, as an amalgamated hromada with its administrative center in Izium by uniting the Izium city council [uk] with a nearby village council.[32] On 12 June 2020, the hromada was expanded to include several other local councils, and, along with all other amalgamated hromadas in the country, was converted into a plain hromada.[33] On 18 July 2020, the city of Izium, along with the rest of the hromada, was subordinated to Izium Raion, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine. The area of Izium Raion was also significantly expanded to include the area of several other raions, which reduced the number of raions of Kharkiv Oblast to seven.[19][20]

Russian invasion of Ukraine

[edit]
A building in Izium destroyed in March 2022, pictured in August 2023 during reconstruction attempts

During the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russia began trying to take Izium in March 2022, beginning the battle of Izium.[34] Its importance as a rail hub made it an important target for the invading Russian military.[35] On 9 March, Russian forces used a large airborne munition on a civilian apartment building in Izium, killing at least 44 civilians in what Human Rights Watch called one of the deadliest attacks on civilians during the war.[36]

Russia gained control over Izium on 1 April 2022.[34] Russian soldiers used the "Lyceum No. 2" school as a base. The director of the school was one of the residents of Izium accused of collaborating with Russia, and would later be put on trial in Kharkiv by Ukraine after the end of occupation.[37] On 3 April 2022, the Ukrainian government stated that two Russian soldiers were killed and 28 others hospitalized after Ukrainian civilians handed out poisoned cakes to Russian soldiers of the Russian 3rd Motor Rifle Division in Izium.[38][39] In May 2022, Russian forces attempted to cross the Siverskyi Donets River and advance south. According to the British Ministry of Defense, Ukrainian forces rebuffed the attempted river crossing with substantial Russian losses.[40] Residents of Izium said they were imprisoned, and tortured by Russian soldiers during the occupation.[37] The June 2022 shooting of Andrii Bohomaz by Russian soldiers in Izium during the occupation was featured in Lubomir Levitski's documentary Follow Me.[41][42]

Ukraine began a counteroffensive in the Kharkiv region in early September 2022, during which Izium was liberated.[43] During the frantic Russian retreat, the Russian soldiers "completely gutted" the school that served as their base, looting "anything of possible value", including water heaters and small sinks from each classroom.[37] After Ukrainian troops secured the liberated city, local police officers found mass graves of 440 bodies in Izium.[43] According to city officials, by the end of the occupation, more than 80% of the city's infrastructure was destroyed; about 70% of multi-storey buildings are destroyed. The city administration estimates that all in all, about 1,000 people lost their lives under the Russian occupation.[44]

In December 2022, Izium decided to rename 22 street names in the city that previously held names affiliated with communism and with Russia. Among others, the street named after Pyotr Volokh was renamed to honor Hetman Pavlo Polubotok.[23]

Unexploded ordnance has posed a major threat to Izium's population, even months after the battle. In March 2023, a local doctor said that on average, the hospital received a person with wounds from landmines every week.[45] In September 2023, a year after the end of Russian occupation, Izium was still scarred and its people traumatized by war. Most of the city's schools were destroyed in the battles, and were planned to open by the start of 2024, so most students had to attend through online school technology. The hospital still bore heavy damage from a missile strike, and urgent surgeries were held in a "small, dank room in the basement" due to fear of Shahed drone attacks. One resident said, "People still haven’t recovered from this psychological trauma[.] This feeling of total fear that came with the occupation — it hasn’t disappeared."[37]

Geography

[edit]

Landmarks and location

[edit]
The Polovetsian statues on Kremenets, after war damage

Izium is located at the foot of the Kremenets [uk] Mountain, on the right bank of the Donets river.[14] On top of the mountain, there are several ancient Polovtsian (Cuman) stone statues known as "stone babas", dating from the ninth- to the thirteenth-century. The statues were heavily damaged during the battle of Izium in 2022, with one being completely destroyed.[46][47]

Climate

[edit]

The Köppen climate classification subtype for this climate is "Dfb", warm summer continental climate.[48]

Climate data for Izium (1981–2010, extremes 1949–2011)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 13.1
(55.6)
16.3
(61.3)
24.0
(75.2)
31.0
(87.8)
36.7
(98.1)
38.9
(102.0)
39.1
(102.4)
39.4
(102.9)
34.4
(93.9)
31.1
(88.0)
22.0
(71.6)
20.0
(68.0)
39.4
(102.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −1.9
(28.6)
−1.2
(29.8)
5.0
(41.0)
14.7
(58.5)
21.6
(70.9)
25.1
(77.2)
27.4
(81.3)
26.8
(80.2)
20.6
(69.1)
12.9
(55.2)
4.3
(39.7)
−0.7
(30.7)
12.9
(55.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) −4.1
(24.6)
−4.0
(24.8)
1.3
(34.3)
9.5
(49.1)
15.6
(60.1)
19.5
(67.1)
21.5
(70.7)
20.1
(68.2)
14.4
(57.9)
8.0
(46.4)
1.6
(34.9)
−2.9
(26.8)
8.4
(47.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −6.9
(19.6)
−7.2
(19.0)
−2.2
(28.0)
4.5
(40.1)
10.2
(50.4)
14.3
(57.7)
16.0
(60.8)
14.9
(58.8)
9.9
(49.8)
4.4
(39.9)
−1.3
(29.7)
−5.7
(21.7)
4.2
(39.6)
Record low °C (°F) −35.0
(−31.0)
−36.1
(−33.0)
−29.7
(−21.5)
−9.0
(15.8)
−2.8
(27.0)
1.1
(34.0)
3.0
(37.4)
1.1
(34.0)
−6.7
(19.9)
−17.0
(1.4)
−22.6
(−8.7)
−33.2
(−27.8)
−36.1
(−33.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 47.9
(1.89)
43.3
(1.70)
44.0
(1.73)
37.9
(1.49)
48.3
(1.90)
62.8
(2.47)
58.8
(2.31)
38.2
(1.50)
48.9
(1.93)
43.0
(1.69)
46.0
(1.81)
46.2
(1.82)
565.3
(22.26)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 10.4 8.8 8.4 7.0 7.2 8.5 7.5 5.2 6.7 6.5 7.7 9.2 93.1
Average relative humidity (%) 84.9 81.8 77.3 67.5 64.9 68.2 68.2 67.5 73.4 79.2 85.1 85.5 75.3
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[49]
Source 2: Climatebase.ru (extremes)[50]

Economy

[edit]

The factories of Izium produce optical equipment, mechanical components, concrete products, building materials, and foodstuffs.[14][3] Other industries include railroad repair and brewing.[3]

Demographics

[edit]
Population census
YearPop.±% p.a.
1884 14,761[16]—    
1897 24,300[6]+3.91%
1926 12,000[25]−2.40%
1989 64,334[24]+2.70%
2013 51,511[27]−0.92%
2022 44,979[5]−1.50%

According to the 2001 Ukrainian census, the native languages of Izium residents were 74.22% Ukrainian, 23.77% Russian, and 2.01% other/undecided.[51] The same census data concluded that over 80% of the city's population were ethnic Ukrainians and roughly 13% were Russians. Other significant minorities were Belarusians and Armenians. The exact ethnic composition was as follows:[52]

Ethnic groups in Izium
percent
Ukrainians
83.57%
Russians
13.36%
Armenians
0.47%
Belarusians
0.42%
others
0.24%

Deutsche Welle, reporting in 2014, said that most of the people in Izium were ethnic Ukrainians, but the Russian language was the most common language of communication on the streets.[26]

It is the second most populous city in Kharkiv Oblast behind the oblast center Kharkiv.[8]

Notable people

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Twin towns

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On April 17, 2023, Izium formed a Sister City partnership with Greenwich, Connecticut, USA.[53]

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References

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  1. ^ a b (in Ukrainian) "Elections in Kharkiv Region: Kernes' Son in the Regional Council and Local Success "Servants of the People"". The Ukrainian Week. 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2020-11-11.
  2. ^ "Ukraine counter-offensive: Russian forces retreat as Ukraine takes key towns". BBC News. 10 September 2022.
  3. ^ a b c "Izyum". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
  4. ^ "Изюмская городская громада" (in Russian). Портал об'єднаних громад України.
  5. ^ a b Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022] (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h "Ізюм, Ізюмський район, Харківська область". Історія міст і сіл Української РСР (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2023-10-25.
  7. ^ Залізняк, Л. Л. (2011). Ізюмські стоянки (in Ukrainian). Vol. 11. Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine. ISBN 9789660220744. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Махортова, О. В. (2011). Ізюм (in Ukrainian). Vol. 11. Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine. ISBN 9789660220744. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
  9. ^ a b "ІЗЮМСЬКИЙ ШЛЯХ". resource.history.org.ua. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
  10. ^ Изюм // Большая Советская Энциклопедия. / редколл., гл. ред. Б. А. Введенский. 2-е изд. том 17. М., Государственное научное издательство «Большая Советская энциклопедия», 1952. стр.522
  11. ^ Изюм // Украинская Советская Энциклопедия. том 4. Киев, «Украинская Советская энциклопедия», 1980. стр.231
  12. ^ a b Linhvistychni studiï (in Ukrainian). Donetsk State University. 2000. p. 191.
  13. ^ "Ukraine: The stigma of Izium, one year after being freed from Russian occupation". Le Monde.fr. 2023-09-16. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
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  16. ^ a b Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom III (in Polish). Warszawa. 1882. p. 336.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  17. ^ Проскурний, В. П. (2011). Ізюмський казенний приладобудівний завод (in Ukrainian). Vol. 11. Інститут енциклопедичних досліджень НАН України. ISBN 9789660220744. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
  18. ^ a b c d "Ізюм, Ізюмський район, Харківська область (продовження)". Історія міст і сіл Української РСР (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2023-10-25.
  19. ^ a b "Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ". Голос України (in Ukrainian). 2020-07-18. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
  20. ^ a b "Нові райони: карти + склад" (in Ukrainian). Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України.
  21. ^ The Second World War on the Eastern Front by Lee Baker, Routledge, 2009, ISBN 9781405840637 (page 60)
  22. ^ "Gefängnis Izjum". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 18 September 2022.
  23. ^ a b Petrenko, Roman (3 December 2022). "У звільненому Ізюмі з'явилася вулиця Бандери" [Bandera Street appeared in the liberated Izium]. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 3 December 2022.
  24. ^ a b "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved Sep 11, 2022.
  25. ^ a b Изюм // Большой энциклопедический словарь (в 2-х тт.). / редколл., гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров. том 1. М., "Советская энциклопедия", 1991. стр.481
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  27. ^ a b "Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2013 року. Державна служба статистики України. Київ, 2013. стор.96" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-12. Retrieved 2019-07-16.
  28. ^ a b "Дорога смерти Изюм – Славянск: как это было". Information Resistance. Archived from the original on 2018-06-24. Retrieved 2015-08-10.
  29. ^ Williams, Carol J.; Loiko, Sergei L. (2014-07-11). "In eastern Ukraine, separatist rocket attacks, bus ambush kill 30". Retrieved 2023-10-26.
  30. ^ "На Харківщині зруйнували ще одного Леніна". Radio Svoboda. 30 September 2014. Archived from the original on 12 November 2014.
  31. ^ Not Back in the USSR! Beatles star John Lennon gets a street named after him in Ukraine, Ukraine Today (2 March 2016)
    Poroshenko signed the laws about decomunization. Ukrayinska Pravda. 15 May 2015
    Poroshenko signs laws on denouncing Communist, Nazi regimes, Interfax-Ukraine. 15 May 20
    Goodbye, Lenin: Ukraine moves to ban communist symbols, BBC News (14 April 2015)
  32. ^ "Потреби внутрішньо переміщених осіб: в Ізюмській міській об'єднаній територіальній громаді Харківської області" (in Ukrainian). p. 12. Ізюмська міська об'єднана територіальна громада створена 14 червня 2019 року. У складі громади місто Ізюм, яке є центром, та села Кам'янка, Синичено, Суха Кам'янка, Тихоцьке.
  33. ^ "Про визначення адміністративних центрів та затвердження територій територіальних громад Харківської області". Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2023-10-26.
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  35. ^ "Bombed Out and Occupied". Human Rights First. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
  36. ^ "Ukraine: Izium Apartment Victims Need Justice". Human Rights Watch. 2023-03-22. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
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  38. ^ "Two Russian soldiers killed, 28 in hospital after being poisoned by Ukrainian civilians: Officials". 3 April 2022. Archived from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
  39. ^ Cook, Pip (4 April 2022). "Putin's army mocked after Ukrainian pie poisoning of Russian soldiers". Express. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  40. ^ Marc Santora (May 13, 2022). "Ukraine decimated Russian forces trying to cross a river in the east, Britain's defense ministry says". The New York Times. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  41. ^ "Ægtepar drejede forkert ved frontlinjen - nu er optagelse blevet vigtigt bevis - TV 2". TV 2 (Denmark) (in Danish). 2023-03-22. Archived from the original on 2023-03-22. Retrieved 2023-03-22.
  42. ^ Agapiou, Gina (24 Feb 2023). "Protests and events in Cyprus to mark one year since Russia's invasion of Ukraine". Cyprus Mail. Archived from the original on 2023-03-04. Retrieved 2023-03-22.
  43. ^ a b Kramer, Andrew E.; Santora, Marc (2022-09-16). "Mass Grave With 440 Bodies Found in Izium, Ukraine Says". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-09-16.
  44. ^ "ООН направит следователей на места массовых захоронений в Изюме". 16 September 2022.
  45. ^ "In liberated Ukraine city, civilians still pay price of war". 2023-03-06. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
  46. ^ Oliphant, Roland; Simmonds, Julian (2022-10-03). "Izyum's ancient guardians fall victim to Russia's assault". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
  47. ^ "Ukrainian stone statues—likened to Easter Island's Moai—destroyed during Russian invasion". 2022-09-21. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
  48. ^ "Izyum, Ukraine Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". www.weatherbase.com. Retrieved Sep 11, 2022.
  49. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
  50. ^ "Izmium, Ukraine Climate data (Period supervision: 1949–2011)". Climatebase. Retrieved April 6, 2015.
  51. ^ "Рідні мови в об'єднаних територіальних громадах України".
  52. ^ "Національний склад міст за переписом 2001 року" (in Ukrainian).
  53. ^ "Greenwich officials, Ukrainian leaders meet to formalize sister city relationship with Izyum". News 12 - Connecticut. April 17, 2023. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
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