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{{Infobox Software
{{Infobox software
| name = KIVA
| name = KIVA
| screenshot = [[File:Kiva Simulation.jpg]]
| screenshot = Kiva Simulation.jpg
| caption = KIVA simulation of an experimental engine with [[Double overhead camshaft|DOHC]] quasi-symmetric pent-roof combustion chamber and 4 valves.
| caption = KIVA simulation of an experimental engine with [[Double overhead camshaft|DOHC]] quasi-symmetric pent-roof combustion chamber and 4 valves.
| logo =
| logo =
Line 14: Line 14:
| genre = [[Physics software|Physics]]
| genre = [[Physics software|Physics]]
| license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]
| license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]
| website = {{url|www.lanl.gov/orgs/t/t3/codes/kiva.shtml}}
| website = {{url|https://www.lanl.gov/projects/feynman-center/deploying-innovation/intellectual-property/software-tools/kiva/index.php}}
}}
}}


'''KIVA''' is a family of [[Fortran]]-based [[Computational Fluid Dynamics]] [[software]] developed by [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] (LANL). The software predicts complex fuel and air flows as well as [[Ignition system|ignition]], [[combustion]], and pollutant-formation processes in engines. The KIVA models have been used to understand combustion chemistry processes, such as auto-ignition of fuels, and to optimize [[diesel engine]]s for high efficiency and low emissions. [[General Motors]] has used KIVA in the development of direct-injection, stratified charge gasoline engines as well as the fast burn, homogeneous-charge gasoline engine.<ref name="energy1">{{cite web|url=http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/pdfs/success/modeling_combustion_processes.pdf |format=PDF |title=Modeling of Combustion Processes Improves Engine Efficiency
'''KIVA''' is a family of [[Fortran]]-based [[computational fluid dynamics]] [[software]] developed by [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] (LANL). The software predicts complex fuel and air flows as well as [[Ignition system|ignition]], [[combustion]], and pollutant-formation processes in engines. The KIVA models have been used to understand combustion chemistry processes, such as auto-ignition of fuels, and to optimize [[diesel engine]]s for high efficiency and low emissions. [[General Motors]] has used KIVA in the development of direct-injection, stratified charge gasoline engines as well as the fast burn, homogeneous-charge gasoline engine.<ref name="energy1">{{cite web|url=http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/pdfs/success/modeling_combustion_processes.pdf |title=Modeling of Combustion Processes Improves Engine Efficiency
|website=Eere.energy.gov |accessdate=2016-09-27}}</ref> [[Cummins]] reduced development time and cost by 10%–15% using KIVA to develop its high-efficiency 2007 [[Cummins B Series engine#B6.7|ISB 6.7-L diesel engine]] that was able to meet 2010 emission standards in 2007. At the same time, the company realized a more robust design and improved fuel economy while meeting all environmental and customer constraints.<ref name="energy2">{{cite web|url=http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/pdfs/adv_combustion_goals.pdf |format=PDF |title=Vehicle Technologies Program : Advanced Combustion Engine R&D: Goals, Strategies, and Top Accomplishments |website=Eere.energy.gov |accessdate=2016-09-27}}</ref>
|website=Eere.energy.gov |access-date=2016-09-27}}</ref> [[Cummins]] reduced development time and cost by 10%–15% using KIVA to develop its high-efficiency 2007 [[Cummins B Series engine#B6.7|ISB 6.7-L diesel engine]] that was able to meet 2010 emission standards in 2007. At the same time, the company realized a more robust design and improved fuel economy while meeting all environmental and customer constraints.<ref name="energy2">{{cite web|url=http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/pdfs/adv_combustion_goals.pdf |title=Vehicle Technologies Program : Advanced Combustion Engine R&D: Goals, Strategies, and Top Accomplishments |website=Eere.energy.gov |access-date=2016-09-27}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
LANL's Computational Fluid Dynamics expertise hails from the very beginning of the [[Manhattan Project]] in the 1940s. When the nation found itself in the midst of the first energy crisis in the 1970s, this core Laboratory capability transformed into KIVA, an [[internal combustion engine]] modeling tool designed to help make automotive engines more fuel-efficient and cleaner-burning. A "[[kiva]]" is actually a round [[Pueblo]] ceremonial chamber that is set underground and entered from above by means of a ladder through its roof; drawing on LANL's southwestern heritage, an analogy is made with the typical [[engine cylinder]] in which the entrance and exit of gases is achieved through valves set in the cylinder.<ref>Amsden, D. C., Amsden, and A. A., The KIVA Story: A Paradigm of Technology Transfer, IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication Journal, 36, (4), 190-195, December 1993</ref>
LANL's Computational Fluid Dynamics expertise hails from the very beginning of the [[Manhattan Project]] in the 1940s. When the [[United States]] found itself in the midst of the first energy crisis in the 1970s, this core Laboratory capability transformed into KIVA, an [[internal combustion engine]] modeling tool designed to help make automotive engines more fuel-efficient and cleaner-burning. A "[[kiva]]" is actually a round [[Pueblo]] ceremonial chamber that is set underground and entered from above by means of a ladder through its roof; drawing on LANL's southwestern heritage, an analogy is made with the typical [[engine cylinder]] in which the entrance and exit of gases is achieved through valves set in the cylinder.<ref>Amsden, D. C., Amsden, and A. A., The KIVA Story: A Paradigm of Technology Transfer, IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication Journal, 36, (4), 190-195, December 1993</ref>


The first public release of KIVA was made in 1985 through the National Energy Software Center (NESC) at [[Argonne National Laboratory]], which served at the time as the official distribution hub for [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]]-sponsored software. Distribution of KIVA continued through the Energy Science and Technology Software Center (ESTSC) in [[Oak Ridge, Tennessee|Oak Ridge]], [[Tennessee]] until 2008, when distribution of multiple versions of KIVA returned to LANL's [[Technology Transfer]] Division (TT).<ref>[http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/tt/pdf/techs/kiva.pdf ]{{dead link|date=September 2016}}</ref> KIVA is used by hundreds of institutions [[world]]wide, including the [[Big Three (automobile manufacturers)|Big Three U.S. auto makers]],<ref name="energy1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/v30n3-4/engine.htm |title=Computational Engine Modeling |publisher=Ornl.gov |date= |accessdate=2012-12-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~hgim/PDF/CST06-KIVA.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - cst_paper_revised_FINAL.doc |website=Personal.umich.edu |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2016-09-27}}</ref> [[Cummins]],<ref name="energy2"/> [[Caterpillar]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/EE/286.pdf |title=Energy Systems &#124; Argonne National Laboratory |website=Transportation.anl.gov |date= |accessdate=2016-09-27}}</ref> and various federal laboratories.<ref name="energy1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/pdfs/merit_review_2011/adv_combustion/ace006_steeper_2011_o.pdf |format=PDF |title=Automotive HCCI Engine Research |website=Eere.energy.gov |accessdate=2016-09-27}}</ref>
The first public release of KIVA was made in 1985 through the National Energy Software Center (NESC) at [[Argonne National Laboratory]], which served at the time as the official distribution hub for [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]]-sponsored software. Distribution of KIVA continued through the Energy Science and Technology Software Center (ESTSC) in [[Oak Ridge, Tennessee|Oak Ridge]], [[Tennessee]] until 2008, when distribution of multiple versions of KIVA returned to LANL's [[Technology Transfer]] Division (TT).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/tt/pdf/techs/kiva.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-10-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026114241/http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/tt/pdf/techs/kiva.pdf |archive-date=2011-10-26 }}</ref> KIVA is used by hundreds of institutions worldwide, including the [[Big Three (automobile manufacturers)|Big Three U.S. auto makers]],<ref name="energy1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/v30n3-4/engine.htm |title=Computational Engine Modeling |publisher=Ornl.gov |access-date=2012-12-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~hgim/PDF/CST06-KIVA.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - cst_paper_revised_FINAL.doc |website=Personal.umich.edu |access-date=2016-09-27}}</ref> [[Cummins]],<ref name="energy2"/> [[Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/EE/286.pdf |title=Energy Systems &#124; Argonne National Laboratory |website=Transportation.anl.gov |access-date=2016-09-27}}</ref> and various federal laboratories.<ref name="energy1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/pdfs/merit_review_2011/adv_combustion/ace006_steeper_2011_o.pdf |title=Automotive HCCI Engine Research |website=Eere.energy.gov |access-date=2016-09-27}}</ref>


==Overview==
==Overview==
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KIVA, a transient, [[three-dimensional]], [[Multiphase flow|multiphase]], [[Multi-component reaction|multicomponent]] code for the analysis of chemically reacting flows with sprays has been under development at LANL for decades. The code uses an [[Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian]] (ALE) methodology on a staggered [[Lattice graph|grid]], and discretizes space using the [[finite volume method]]. The code uses an implicit time-advancement with the exception of the [[Material derivative|advective]] terms that are cast in an explicit but second-order [[Monotonic function|monotonicity]]-preserving manner. Also, the [[convection]] calculations can be subcycled in the desired regions to avoid restricting the time step due to [[Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy condition|Courant]] conditions.
KIVA, a transient, [[three-dimensional]], [[Multiphase flow|multiphase]], [[Multi-component reaction|multicomponent]] code for the analysis of chemically reacting flows with sprays has been under development at LANL for decades. The code uses an [[Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian]] (ALE) methodology on a staggered [[Lattice graph|grid]], and discretizes space using the [[finite volume method]]. The code uses an implicit time-advancement with the exception of the [[Material derivative|advective]] terms that are cast in an explicit but second-order [[Monotonic function|monotonicity]]-preserving manner. Also, the [[convection]] calculations can be subcycled in the desired regions to avoid restricting the time step due to [[Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy condition|Courant]] conditions.


KIVA’s functionality extends from low speeds to [[supersonic]] flows for both [[laminar flow|laminar]] and [[turbulent]] regimes. Transport and [[chemical reactions]] for an arbitrary number of species and their chemical reactions is provided. A [[stochastic]] particle method is used to calculate evaporating liquid sprays, including the effects of [[droplet]] collisions, [[Flocculation|agglomeration]], and [[aerodynamic]] breakups.
KIVA's functionality extends from low speeds to [[supersonic]] flows for both [[laminar flow|laminar]] and [[turbulent]] regimes. Transport and [[chemical reactions]] for an arbitrary number of species and their chemical reactions is provided. A [[stochastic]] particle method is used to calculate evaporating liquid sprays, including the effects of [[droplet]] collisions, [[Flocculation|agglomeration]], and [[aerodynamic]] breakups.


Although specifically designed for simulating [[internal combustion engines]], the modularity of the code facilitates easy modifications for solving a variety of [[hydrodynamics]] problems involving chemical reactions. The versatility and range of features have made KIVA programs attractive to a variety of non-engine applications as well; these range from convection towers to modeling [[silicon dioxide]] [[condensation]] in high pressure [[oxidation]] chambers. Other applications have included the analysis of flows in automotive [[catalytic converters]], power plant smokestack cleaning, [[Pyrolysis|pyrolytic]] treatment of [[biomass]], design of [[fire suppression systems]], [[Pulse detonation engine|Pulsed Detonation Engines]] (PDEs), stationary burners, aerosol dispersion, and design of heating, ventilation, and [[air conditioning]] systems. The code has found a widespread application in the automotive industry.
Although specifically designed for simulating [[internal combustion engines]], the modularity of the code facilitates easy modifications for solving a variety of [[hydrodynamics]] problems involving chemical reactions. The versatility and range of features have made KIVA programs attractive to a variety of non-engine applications as well; these range from convection towers to modeling [[silicon dioxide]] [[condensation]] in high pressure [[oxidation]] chambers. Other applications have included the analysis of flows in automotive [[catalytic converters]], power plant smokestack cleaning, [[Pyrolysis|pyrolytic]] treatment of [[biomass]], design of [[fire suppression systems]], [[Pulse detonation engine|Pulsed Detonation Engines]] (PDEs), stationary burners, aerosol dispersion, and design of heating, ventilation, and [[air conditioning]] systems. The code has found a widespread application in the automotive industry.


==Versions==
==Versions==

===KIVA-3V===
===KIVA-3V===
[[File:Fuel impingement in an engine cylinder modeled with KIVA-3V.gif|right|thumb|233px|Fuel impingement in an engine cylinder modeled with KIVA-3V.]]KIVA-3V is the most mature version of KIVA still maintained and distributed through LANL; it is an improved version of the earlier [[Federal Laboratory Consortium]] Excellence in Technology Transfer Award-winning KIVA3 (1993), extended to model vertical or canted valves in the cylinder head of a gasoline or diesel engine.<ref>{{cite web|author=Office of Science |url=http://science.energy.gov/about/honors-and-awards/flc/1993-awards/ |title=1993 Awards &#124; U.S. DOE Office of Science (SC) |publisher=Science.energy.gov |date=2012-06-21 |accessdate=2012-12-11}}</ref> KIVA3, in turn, was based on the earlier KIVA2 (1989) and used the same numerical solution procedure and solved the same types of equations.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.osti.gov/estsc/details.jsp?rcdid=547 |title=ESTSC - Find the latest in U.S. Department of Energy Software |publisher=Osti.gov |date=1999-11-29 |accessdate=2012-12-11}}</ref>
[[File:Fuel impingement in an engine cylinder modeled with KIVA-3V.gif|right|thumb|233px|Fuel impingement in an engine cylinder modeled with KIVA-3V.]]KIVA-3V is the most mature version of KIVA still maintained and distributed through LANL; it is an improved version of the earlier [[Federal Laboratory Consortium]] Excellence in Technology Transfer Award-winning KIVA3 (1993), extended to model vertical or canted valves in the cylinder head of a gasoline or diesel engine.<ref>{{cite web|author=Office of Science |url=http://science.energy.gov/about/honors-and-awards/flc/1993-awards/ |title=1993 Awards &#124; U.S. DOE Office of Science (SC) |publisher=Science.energy.gov |date=2012-06-21 |access-date=2012-12-11}}</ref> KIVA3, in turn, was based on the earlier KIVA2 (1989) and used the same numerical solution procedure and solved the same types of equations.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.osti.gov/estsc/details.jsp?rcdid=547 |title=ESTSC - Find the latest in U.S. Department of Energy Software |publisher=Osti.gov |date=1999-11-29 |access-date=2012-12-11}}</ref>


KIVA-3V uses a block-structured mesh with connectivity defined through indirect addressing. The departure from a single rectangular structure in logical space allows complex geometries to be modeled with significantly greater efficiency because large regions of deactivated cells are no longer necessary. Cell-face boundary conditions permit greater flexibility and simplification in the application of boundary conditions. KIVA-3V also contains a number of significant improvements over its predecessors. New features enhanced the robustness, efficiency, and usefulness of the overall program for engine modeling. Automatic restart of the cycle with a reduced timestep in case of iteration limit or temperature overflow effectively reduced code crashes. A new option provided automatic deactivation of a port region when it is closed from the cylinder and reactivation when it communicates with the cylinder. Extensions to the particle-based liquid wall film model made the model more complete and a split injection option was also added. A new subroutine monitors the liquid and gaseous fuel phases and energy balance data and emissions are monitored and printed. In addition, new features were added to the LANL-developed grid generator, K3PREP, and the KIVA graphics post processor, K3POST.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
KIVA-3V uses a block-structured mesh with connectivity defined through indirect addressing. The departure from a single rectangular structure in logical space allows complex geometries to be modeled with significantly greater efficiency because large regions of deactivated cells are no longer necessary. Cell-face boundary conditions permit greater flexibility and simplification in the application of boundary conditions. KIVA-3V also contains a number of significant improvements over its predecessors. New features enhanced the robustness, efficiency, and usefulness of the overall program for engine modeling. Automatic restart of the cycle with a reduced timestep in case of iteration limit or temperature overflow effectively reduced code crashes. A new option provided automatic deactivation of a port region when it is closed from the cylinder and reactivation when it communicates with the cylinder. Extensions to the particle-based liquid wall film model made the model more complete and a split injection option was also added. A new subroutine monitors the liquid and gaseous fuel phases and energy balance data and emissions are monitored and printed. In addition, new features were added to the LANL-developed grid generator, K3PREP, and the KIVA graphics post processor, K3POST.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
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===KIVA-4mpi===
===KIVA-4mpi===
Recently, LANL researchers developed KIVA-4mpi, a parallel version of KIVA-4, and the most advanced version of KIVA maintained and distributed by LANL. KIVA-4mpi also solves chemically reacting, turbulent, multi-phase viscous flows, but does this on multiple computer processors with a distributed computational domain (grid). KIVA-4mpi internal combustion engine modeling capabilities are the same as that of KIVA-4, and are based on the KIVA-4 unstructured grid code. The software is well suited for modeling internal combustion engines on multiple processors using the [[message passing interface]] (MPI).<ref>David Torres, Yuanhong Li and Song-Charng Kong, Partitioning Strategies for Parallel KIVA-4 Engine Simulations, Computers and Fluids, 2009</ref> On August 9, 2011, LANL honored the authors of KIVA-4mpi with the Distinguished Copyright Award for demonstrating a breadth of commercial applications, potential to create economic value, and the highest level of technical excellence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lanl.gov/news/releases/awards_recognize_outstanding_innovation_in_tech_transfer.html|title=Awards recognize outstanding innovation in Technology Transfer |accessdate=October 24, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021051725/http://www.lanl.gov/news/releases/awards_recognize_outstanding_innovation_in_tech_transfer.html |archivedate=October 21, 2011 }}</ref>
Recently, LANL researchers developed KIVA-4mpi, a parallel version of KIVA-4, and the most advanced version of KIVA maintained and distributed by LANL. KIVA-4mpi also solves chemically reacting, turbulent, multi-phase viscous flows, but does this on multiple computer processors with a distributed computational domain (grid). KIVA-4mpi internal combustion engine modeling capabilities are the same as that of KIVA-4, and are based on the KIVA-4 unstructured grid code. The software is well suited for modeling internal combustion engines on multiple processors using the [[message passing interface]] (MPI).<ref>David Torres, Yuanhong Li and Song-Charng Kong, Partitioning Strategies for Parallel KIVA-4 Engine Simulations, Computers and Fluids, 2009</ref> On August 9, 2011, LANL honored the authors of KIVA-4mpi with the Distinguished Copyright Award for demonstrating a breadth of commercial applications, potential to create economic value, and the highest level of technical excellence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lanl.gov/news/releases/awards_recognize_outstanding_innovation_in_tech_transfer.html|title=Awards recognize outstanding innovation in Technology Transfer |access-date=October 24, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021051725/http://www.lanl.gov/news/releases/awards_recognize_outstanding_innovation_in_tech_transfer.html |archive-date=October 21, 2011 }}</ref>


===KIVA-EXEC===
===KIVA-EXEC===
KIVA-EXEC is a free, reduced-functionality executable-only trial version of KIVA-4. KIVA-EXEC has all the performance of Los Alamos National Laboratory’s premier KIVA-4 code, but with a 45K cell limitation.<ref>{{cite web|author=Los Alamos National Laboratory &bull; Established 1943 |url=http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/tt/license/software/kiva/index.php |title=KIVA-4: Los Alamos National Laboratory |publisher=Lanl.gov |date= |accessdate=2012-12-11}}</ref> KIVA-EXEC is perfect for beginners who do not need or intend to modify the source code.<ref>{{cite web|author=Los Alamos National Laboratory &bull; Est 1943 |url=http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/tt/license/software/11.shtml |title=LANL &#124; TT &#124; License &#124; Software &#124; 2010 |publisher=Lanl.gov |date= |accessdate=2012-12-11}}</ref>
KIVA-EXEC is a free, reduced-functionality executable-only trial version of KIVA-4. KIVA-EXEC has all the performance of Los Alamos National Laboratory's premier KIVA-4 code, but with a 45K cell limitation.<ref>{{cite web|author=Los Alamos National Laboratory &bull; Established 1943 |url=http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/tt/license/software/kiva/index.php |title=KIVA-4: Los Alamos National Laboratory |publisher=Lanl.gov |access-date=2012-12-11}}</ref> KIVA-EXEC is perfect for beginners who do not need or intend to modify the source code.<ref>{{cite web|author=Los Alamos National Laboratory &bull; Est 1943 |url=http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/tt/license/software/11.shtml |title=LANL &#124; TT &#124; License &#124; Software &#124; 2010 |publisher=Lanl.gov |access-date=2012-12-11}}</ref>


==KIVA videos==
==KIVA videos==
*KIVA4 slant valve<ref>[http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/t/kiva_files/kiva4slantvalue_wvel.avi ]{{dead link|date=September 2016}}</ref>
*KIVA4 slant valve<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/t/kiva_files/kiva4slantvalue_wvel.avi |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-10-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031014030/http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/t/kiva_files/kiva4slantvalue_wvel.avi |archive-date=2011-10-31 }}</ref>
*Cubit scalloped bowl<ref>[http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/t/kiva_files/Cubit_scalluped_bowl_uvel.mov ]{{dead link|date=September 2016}}</ref>
*Cubit scalloped bowl<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/t/kiva_files/Cubit_scalluped_bowl_uvel.mov |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-10-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031013903/http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/t/kiva_files/Cubit_scalluped_bowl_uvel.mov |archive-date=2011-10-31 }}</ref>
*4 Valve<ref>[http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/t/kiva_files/4valve.avi ]{{dead link|date=September 2016}}</ref>
*4 Valve KIVA-4 mpi<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/t/kiva_files/4valve.avi |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-10-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031014524/http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/t/kiva_files/4valve.avi |archive-date=2011-10-31 }}</ref>
*4 Valve FEARCE, 2018 new FEM based LANL T-3 software (David Carrington and Jiajia Waters )


==Alternative software==
==Alternative software==
* [[Advanced Simulation Library]] (open source: AGPL)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asl.org.il/ |title=Advanced Simulation Library |publisher=ASL |date= |accessdate=2016-09-27}}</ref>
* [[Advanced Simulation Library]] (open source: AGPL)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asl.org.il/ |title=Advanced Simulation Library |publisher=ASL |access-date=2016-09-27}}</ref>
* [[COMSOL Multiphysics]]
* [[COMSOL Multiphysics]]
* CLAWPACK<ref>{{cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/clawpack |title=Clawpack |website=Depts.washington.edu |date=2013-01-21 |accessdate=2016-09-27}}</ref>
* CLAWPACK<ref>{{cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/clawpack |title=Clawpack |website=Depts.washington.edu |date=2013-01-21 |access-date=2016-09-27}}</ref>
* [[Code Saturne]] (GPL)
* [[Code Saturne]] (GPL)
* [[Coolfluid]] (LGPLv3)<ref>{{cite web|author=andrealani |url=https://github.com/andrealani/COOLFluiD/wiki/ |title=Home · andrealani/COOLFluiD Wiki · GitHub |website=Github.com |date= |accessdate=2016-09-27}}</ref>
* [[Coolfluid]] (LGPLv3)<ref>{{cite web|author=andrealani |url=https://github.com/andrealani/COOLFluiD/wiki/ |title=Home · andrealani/COOLFluiD Wiki · GitHub |website=Github.com |access-date=2016-09-27}}</ref>
* [[deal.II]]<ref>[http://www.dealii.org]{{dead link|date=September 2016}}</ref>
* [[deal.II]]<ref>[http://www.dealii.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608055415/http://www.dealii.org/ |date=2012-06-08 }}</ref>
* Featool.com<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.featool.com |title=FEATool Multiphysics - Matlab FEM Finite Element Physics Simulation Toolbox |website=Featool.com |date= |accessdate=2016-09-27}}</ref>
* [[FEATool Multiphysics]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.featool.com |title=FEATool Multiphysics - Matlab FEM Finite Element Physics Simulation Toolbox |website=Featool.com |access-date=2016-09-27}}</ref>
* FreeCFD{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}
* FreeCFD{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}
* [[Gerris (software)|Gerris Flow Solver]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gfs.sf.net/ |title=Gerris Flow Solver |website=Gfs.sf.net |accessdate=2016-09-27}}</ref>
* [[Gerris (software)|Gerris Flow Solver]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gfs.sf.net/ |title=Gerris Flow Solver |website=Gfs.sf.net |access-date=2016-09-27}}</ref>
* [[Nektar++]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nektar.info|title=Nektar++ – Spectral/hp Element Framework|website=Nektar.info|access-date=2016-06-14}}</ref>
* [[Nektar++]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nektar.info|title=Nektar++ – Spectral/hp Element Framework|website=Nektar.info|access-date=2016-06-14}}</ref>
* OpenFVM<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sourceforge.net/projects/openfvm/ |title=OpenFVM download |website=SourceForge.net |date= |accessdate=2016-09-27}}</ref>
* OpenFVM<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sourceforge.net/projects/openfvm/ |title=OpenFVM download |website=SourceForge.net |access-date=2016-09-27}}</ref>
* [[SU2 code]] (LGPL)<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://su2.stanford.edu/ |title=SU2, the open-source CFD code |doi=10.1016/j.compfluid.2016.02.003 |website=Su2.stanford.edu |date= |accessdate=2016-09-27}}</ref>
* [[SU2 code]] (LGPL)<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://su2.stanford.edu/ |title=SU2, the open-source CFD code |doi=10.1016/j.compfluid.2016.02.003 |website=Su2.stanford.edu |access-date=2016-09-27}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 13:44, 27 May 2024

KIVA
Developer(s)Los Alamos National Laboratory
Initial release1985; 39 years ago (1985)
Stable release
KIVA-4mpi / 2009; 15 years ago (2009)
Operating systemLinux, Unix, Windows
Available inFortran
TypePhysics
LicenseProprietary
Websitewww.lanl.gov/projects/feynman-center/deploying-innovation/intellectual-property/software-tools/kiva/index.php

KIVA is a family of Fortran-based computational fluid dynamics software developed by Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The software predicts complex fuel and air flows as well as ignition, combustion, and pollutant-formation processes in engines. The KIVA models have been used to understand combustion chemistry processes, such as auto-ignition of fuels, and to optimize diesel engines for high efficiency and low emissions. General Motors has used KIVA in the development of direct-injection, stratified charge gasoline engines as well as the fast burn, homogeneous-charge gasoline engine.[1] Cummins reduced development time and cost by 10%–15% using KIVA to develop its high-efficiency 2007 ISB 6.7-L diesel engine that was able to meet 2010 emission standards in 2007. At the same time, the company realized a more robust design and improved fuel economy while meeting all environmental and customer constraints.[2]

History

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LANL's Computational Fluid Dynamics expertise hails from the very beginning of the Manhattan Project in the 1940s. When the United States found itself in the midst of the first energy crisis in the 1970s, this core Laboratory capability transformed into KIVA, an internal combustion engine modeling tool designed to help make automotive engines more fuel-efficient and cleaner-burning. A "kiva" is actually a round Pueblo ceremonial chamber that is set underground and entered from above by means of a ladder through its roof; drawing on LANL's southwestern heritage, an analogy is made with the typical engine cylinder in which the entrance and exit of gases is achieved through valves set in the cylinder.[3]

The first public release of KIVA was made in 1985 through the National Energy Software Center (NESC) at Argonne National Laboratory, which served at the time as the official distribution hub for Department of Energy-sponsored software. Distribution of KIVA continued through the Energy Science and Technology Software Center (ESTSC) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee until 2008, when distribution of multiple versions of KIVA returned to LANL's Technology Transfer Division (TT).[4] KIVA is used by hundreds of institutions worldwide, including the Big Three U.S. auto makers,[1][5][6] Cummins,[2] Caterpillar,[7] and various federal laboratories.[1][8]

Overview

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Fuel economy is heavily dependent upon engine efficiency, which in turn depends to a large degree on how fuel is burned within the cylinders of the engine. Higher in-cylinder pressures and temperatures lead to increased fuel economy, but they also create more difficulty in controlling the combustion process. Poorly controlled and incomplete combustion can cause higher levels of emissions and lower engine efficiencies.

In order to optimize combustion processes, engine designers have traditionally undertaken manual engine modifications, conducted testing, and analyzed the results. This iterative process is painstakingly slow, costly, and does not lend itself to identifying the optimal engine design specifications. In response to these problems, Los Alamos National Laboratory scientists developed KIVA, an advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling code that accurately simulates the in-cylinder processes of engines.

KIVA, a transient, three-dimensional, multiphase, multicomponent code for the analysis of chemically reacting flows with sprays has been under development at LANL for decades. The code uses an Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) methodology on a staggered grid, and discretizes space using the finite volume method. The code uses an implicit time-advancement with the exception of the advective terms that are cast in an explicit but second-order monotonicity-preserving manner. Also, the convection calculations can be subcycled in the desired regions to avoid restricting the time step due to Courant conditions.

KIVA's functionality extends from low speeds to supersonic flows for both laminar and turbulent regimes. Transport and chemical reactions for an arbitrary number of species and their chemical reactions is provided. A stochastic particle method is used to calculate evaporating liquid sprays, including the effects of droplet collisions, agglomeration, and aerodynamic breakups.

Although specifically designed for simulating internal combustion engines, the modularity of the code facilitates easy modifications for solving a variety of hydrodynamics problems involving chemical reactions. The versatility and range of features have made KIVA programs attractive to a variety of non-engine applications as well; these range from convection towers to modeling silicon dioxide condensation in high pressure oxidation chambers. Other applications have included the analysis of flows in automotive catalytic converters, power plant smokestack cleaning, pyrolytic treatment of biomass, design of fire suppression systems, Pulsed Detonation Engines (PDEs), stationary burners, aerosol dispersion, and design of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. The code has found a widespread application in the automotive industry.

Versions

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KIVA-3V

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Fuel impingement in an engine cylinder modeled with KIVA-3V.

KIVA-3V is the most mature version of KIVA still maintained and distributed through LANL; it is an improved version of the earlier Federal Laboratory Consortium Excellence in Technology Transfer Award-winning KIVA3 (1993), extended to model vertical or canted valves in the cylinder head of a gasoline or diesel engine.[9] KIVA3, in turn, was based on the earlier KIVA2 (1989) and used the same numerical solution procedure and solved the same types of equations.[10]

KIVA-3V uses a block-structured mesh with connectivity defined through indirect addressing. The departure from a single rectangular structure in logical space allows complex geometries to be modeled with significantly greater efficiency because large regions of deactivated cells are no longer necessary. Cell-face boundary conditions permit greater flexibility and simplification in the application of boundary conditions. KIVA-3V also contains a number of significant improvements over its predecessors. New features enhanced the robustness, efficiency, and usefulness of the overall program for engine modeling. Automatic restart of the cycle with a reduced timestep in case of iteration limit or temperature overflow effectively reduced code crashes. A new option provided automatic deactivation of a port region when it is closed from the cylinder and reactivation when it communicates with the cylinder. Extensions to the particle-based liquid wall film model made the model more complete and a split injection option was also added. A new subroutine monitors the liquid and gaseous fuel phases and energy balance data and emissions are monitored and printed. In addition, new features were added to the LANL-developed grid generator, K3PREP, and the KIVA graphics post processor, K3POST.[10]

KIVA-4

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KIVA-4 is maintained and distributed through LANL. While KIVA-4 maintains the full generality of KIVA-3V, it adds the capability of computing with unstructured grids. Unstructured grids can be generated more easily than structured grids for complex geometries. The unstructured grids may be composed of a variety of elements including hexahedra, prisms, pyramids, and tetrahedra. However, the numerical accuracy diminishes when the grid is not composed of hexahedra. KIVA-4 was developed to work with the many geometries accommodated within KIVA-3V, which includes 2D axisymmetric, 2D planar, 3D axisymmetric sector geometries, and full 3D geometries. KIVA-4 also features a multicomponent fuel evaporation algorithm. Many of the numerical algorithms in KIVA-3V generalize properly to unstructured meshes; however, fundamental changes were needed in the solution of the pressure equation and the fluxing of momentum. In addition, KIVA-4 loops over cell faces to compute diffusion terms.[11]

KIVA-4mpi

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Recently, LANL researchers developed KIVA-4mpi, a parallel version of KIVA-4, and the most advanced version of KIVA maintained and distributed by LANL. KIVA-4mpi also solves chemically reacting, turbulent, multi-phase viscous flows, but does this on multiple computer processors with a distributed computational domain (grid). KIVA-4mpi internal combustion engine modeling capabilities are the same as that of KIVA-4, and are based on the KIVA-4 unstructured grid code. The software is well suited for modeling internal combustion engines on multiple processors using the message passing interface (MPI).[12] On August 9, 2011, LANL honored the authors of KIVA-4mpi with the Distinguished Copyright Award for demonstrating a breadth of commercial applications, potential to create economic value, and the highest level of technical excellence.[13]

KIVA-EXEC

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KIVA-EXEC is a free, reduced-functionality executable-only trial version of KIVA-4. KIVA-EXEC has all the performance of Los Alamos National Laboratory's premier KIVA-4 code, but with a 45K cell limitation.[14] KIVA-EXEC is perfect for beginners who do not need or intend to modify the source code.[15]

KIVA videos

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  • KIVA4 slant valve[16]
  • Cubit scalloped bowl[17]
  • 4 Valve KIVA-4 mpi[18]
  • 4 Valve FEARCE, 2018 new FEM based LANL T-3 software (David Carrington and Jiajia Waters )

Alternative software

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "Modeling of Combustion Processes Improves Engine Efficiency" (PDF). Eere.energy.gov. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
  2. ^ a b "Vehicle Technologies Program : Advanced Combustion Engine R&D: Goals, Strategies, and Top Accomplishments" (PDF). Eere.energy.gov. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
  3. ^ Amsden, D. C., Amsden, and A. A., The KIVA Story: A Paradigm of Technology Transfer, IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication Journal, 36, (4), 190-195, December 1993
  4. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-26. Retrieved 2011-10-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  5. ^ "Computational Engine Modeling". Ornl.gov. Retrieved 2012-12-11.
  6. ^ "Microsoft Word - cst_paper_revised_FINAL.doc" (PDF). Personal.umich.edu. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
  7. ^ "Energy Systems | Argonne National Laboratory" (PDF). Transportation.anl.gov. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
  8. ^ "Automotive HCCI Engine Research" (PDF). Eere.energy.gov. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
  9. ^ Office of Science (2012-06-21). "1993 Awards | U.S. DOE Office of Science (SC)". Science.energy.gov. Retrieved 2012-12-11.
  10. ^ a b "ESTSC - Find the latest in U.S. Department of Energy Software". Osti.gov. 1999-11-29. Retrieved 2012-12-11.
  11. ^ Torres, D.J. and Trujillo, M.F., KIVA-4: An unstructured ALE code for compressible gas flow with sprays, Journal of Computational Physics, 2006, vol. 219, pp. 943-975.
  12. ^ David Torres, Yuanhong Li and Song-Charng Kong, Partitioning Strategies for Parallel KIVA-4 Engine Simulations, Computers and Fluids, 2009
  13. ^ "Awards recognize outstanding innovation in Technology Transfer". Archived from the original on October 21, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
  14. ^ Los Alamos National Laboratory • Established 1943. "KIVA-4: Los Alamos National Laboratory". Lanl.gov. Retrieved 2012-12-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Los Alamos National Laboratory • Est 1943. "LANL | TT | License | Software | 2010". Lanl.gov. Retrieved 2012-12-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-10-31. Retrieved 2011-10-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  17. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-10-31. Retrieved 2011-10-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  18. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-10-31. Retrieved 2011-10-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  19. ^ "Advanced Simulation Library". ASL. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
  20. ^ "Clawpack". Depts.washington.edu. 2013-01-21. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
  21. ^ andrealani. "Home · andrealani/COOLFluiD Wiki · GitHub". Github.com. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
  22. ^ [1] Archived 2012-06-08 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ "FEATool Multiphysics - Matlab FEM Finite Element Physics Simulation Toolbox". Featool.com. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
  24. ^ "Gerris Flow Solver". Gfs.sf.net. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
  25. ^ "Nektar++ – Spectral/hp Element Framework". Nektar.info. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
  26. ^ "OpenFVM download". SourceForge.net. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
  27. ^ "SU2, the open-source CFD code". Su2.stanford.edu. doi:10.1016/j.compfluid.2016.02.003. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
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