Jump to content

Frank Gaffney: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Content deleted Content added
No edit summary
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
rearrange parts of this for better relevance/chronology narrative
 
(352 intermediate revisions by more than 100 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|American defense policy analyst (born 1953)}}
{{for|the American soldier|Frank Gaffney (Medal of Honor)}}
{{for|the American soldier|Frank Gaffney (Medal of Honor)}}

{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Frank J. Gaffney Jr.
| name = Frank Gaffney
| honorific_suffix =
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| native_name_lang =
| image = File:Frank_Gaffney.png
| image = Frank Gaffney by Gage Skidmore.jpg
| alt =
| alt =
| caption = Frank Gaffney pictured in 2013
| caption = Gaffney speaking at [[Conservative Political Action Conference|CPAC]] in 2018
| birth_name = <!--only use if different from name-->
| birth_name = Frank J. Gaffney Jr.
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1953|04|05}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1953|04|05}}
| baptism_date =
| birth_place = [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]], U.S.
| birth_place = [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]], United States
| nationality =
| other_names =
| disappeared_date = <!-- {{Disappeared date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (disappeared date then birth date) -->
| disappeared_place =
| citizenship =
| education = [[Georgetown University]], [[Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])<br>[[Johns Hopkins University]], [[Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies|Nitze School of Advanced International Studies]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])
| disappeared_status =
| occupation = Defense policy analyst
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) -->
| death_place =
| years_active =
| death_cause =
| employer =
| body_discovered =
| agent =
| known_for = [[Counter-jihad]], popular [[conspiracy theories]], conservative political commentary
| resting_place =
| notable_works =
| resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} -->
| monuments =
| style =
| residence = United States
| title = [[Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense]] (1983–87)
| nationality =
| party =
| other_names =
| movement =
| ethnicity = <!-- Ethnicity should be supported with a citation from a reliable source -->
| spouse =
| partner = <!-- unmarried life partner; use ''Name (1950–present)'' -->
| citizenship = United States
| children =
| education = [[Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service]] ([[B.A.]], 1975)<br>[[Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies|Nitze School of Advanced International Studies]] ([[M.A.]])
| occupation = President of [[Center for Security Policy]]
| parents =
| years_active =
| relatives =
| awards = [[Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service]] (1987)<br />[[Zionist Organization of America]]'s [[Brandeis Award (Zionism)|Louis Brandeis Award]] (2003)<ref name="aboutGaffney">{{cite web|title=Frank Gaffney|date=June 7, 2013|url=https://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/about-us/frank-gaffney/|publisher=[[Center for Security Policy]]|access-date=August 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818010847/https://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/about-us/frank-gaffney/|archive-date=August 18, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| employer =
| organization = Center for Security Policy
| signature =
| agent =
| signature_alt =
| known_for = Conspiracy theories, political commentary
| signature_size =
| notable_works =
| website =
| style =
| footnotes =
| home_town =
| salary = $309,000 (2012)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Smietana |first1=Bob |title=Anti-Muslim crusaders make millions spreading fear |url=http://archive.tennessean.com/article/20101024/NEWS01/10240374/Anti-Muslim-crusaders-make-millions-spreading-fear |accessdate=26 July 2015 |work=[[The Tennessean|Tennessean]] |date=24 October 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726183346/http://archive.tennessean.com/article/20101024/NEWS01/10240374/Anti-Muslim-crusaders-make-millions-spreading-fear |archivedate=26 July 2015 |df= }}</ref><ref>http://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/2012-990-PDC-resize.pdf</ref>
| net_worth = <!-- Net worth should be supported with a citation from a reliable source -->
| height = <!-- {{height|m=}} -->
| weight = <!-- {{convert|weight in kg|kg|lb}} -->
| television =
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =
| movement =
| opponents =
| boards =
| religion = <!-- Religion should be supported with a citation from a reliable source -->
| denomination = <!-- Denomination should be supported with a citation from a reliable source -->
| criminal_charge = <!-- Criminality parameters should be supported with citations from reliable sources -->
| criminal_penalty =
| criminal_status =
| spouse =
| partner = <!-- unmarried life partner; use ''Name (1950–present)'' -->
| children =
| parents = Frank J. Gaffney Sr.<br>Virginia Reed
| relatives =
| callsign =
| awards = Louis Brandeis Award ([[Zionist Organization of America]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/about-us/frank-gaffney/|title=Frank Gaffney |publisher=Center for Security Policy}}</ref>
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| module =
| module2 =
| module3 =
| module4 =
| module5 =
| module6 =
| website = <!-- {{URL|Example.com}} -->
| footnotes =
| box_width =
}}
}}


'''Frank J. Gaffney Jr.''' (born April 5, 1953) Frank Gaffney is the Founder and President of the Center for Security Policy in Washington, D.C. The Center is a not-for-profit, non-partisan educational corporation established in 1988. Under Mr. Gaffney’s leadership, the Center has been nationally and internationally recognized as a resource for timely, informed and penetrating analyses of foreign and defense policy matters. an American <!-- do not change "conspiracy theorist" without first gaining consensus on the talk page -->conspiracy theorist<ref>{{cite news|title=4 Conspiracy Theories Promoted by Frank Gaffney, Ted Cruz's New Adviser |url=http://www.haaretz.com/world-news/u-s-election-2016/1.709566 |accessdate=21 July 2016 |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=18 March 2016 }}<br />{{cite news|title=Stop Islamization of America (SIOA) |url=http://www.adl.org/assets/pdf/civil-rights/stop-islamization-of-america-2013-1-11-v1.pdf |accessdate=28 September 2015 |publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]] }}<br />{{cite web|url=https://reason.com/blog/2008/10/14/frank-gaffney-obama-truther |title=Frank Gaffney, Obama Truther |work=Reason |date=October 14, 2008 }}<br />{{cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/frank-gaffney-jr |title=Frank Gaffney Jr. |work=Southern Poverty Law Center }}<br />{{cite news|last1=Carden |first1=James |title=The Iran Deal Opponents Are Going to Fight to the Bitter End |url=http://www.thenation.com/article/the-iran-deal-opponents-are-going-to-fight-to-the-bitter-end/ |accessdate=28 September 2015 |work=[[The Nation]] |issue=11 September 2015 }}<br />{{cite news|last1=Woodruff |first1=Betsy |title=Glenn Beck Thinks Grover Norquist Is a Muslim Brotherhood Mole. Now, the NRA Is "Investigating." |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/03/16/nra_investigates_grover_norquist_as_glenn_beck_says_he_is_a_muslim_brotherhood.html |accessdate=28 September 2015 |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=15 March 2015 }}<br />{{cite news|last1=Larison |first1=Daniel |title=Cruz’s Preposterous Foreign Policy Team |url=http://www.theamericanconservative.com/larison/cruzs-preposterous-foreign-policy-team/ |accessdate=21 July 2016 |work=[[American Conservative Magazine]] |date=17 March 2016 }}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/07/23/bachmann-gaffney-and-the-gop-s-anti-muslim-culture-of-conspiracy.html |title=Bachmann, Gaffney, and the GOP's Anti-Muslim Culture of Conspiracy |work=The Daily Beast }}</ref> who is the founder and president of the [[Center for Security Policy]]. He has worked in the US government, including seven months in the post of [[Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs|Acting Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs]].
'''Frank J. Gaffney Jr.''' (born April 5, 1953) is an American defense policy analyst and founder of the [[Center for Security Policy]] (CSP). He founded the CSP in 1988, serving as its president until 2023, and thereafter as executive chairman.<ref name="csp">{{cite news|url=https://centerforsecuritypolicy.org/center-for-security-policy-improves-its-approach-to-changing-national-security-challenges/|title=Center for Security Policy improves its approach to changing national security challenges|date=August 19, 2022|publisher=Center for Security Policy|access-date=April 11, 2024|archive-date=April 21, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421205027/https://centerforsecuritypolicy.org/center-for-security-policy-improves-its-approach-to-changing-national-security-challenges/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 1970s and 1980s, he worked for the [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]] in multiple posts, including as [[Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense]] for Nuclear Forces and Arms Control Policy from 1983 to 1987, and seven months as [[Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs|Acting Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs]] during the [[Presidency of Ronald Reagan|Reagan administration]]. He was awarded the [[Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service]] in 1987. In later years, he has been described as an [[anti-Muslim]] <!-- do not change "conspiracy theorist" without first gaining consensus on the talk page -->[[conspiracy theorist]].<ref>{{cite news |title=4 Conspiracy Theories Promoted by Frank Gaffney, Ted Cruz's New Adviser |url=http://www.haaretz.com/world-news/u-s-election-2016/1.709566 |access-date=July 21, 2016 |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=March 18, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817135851/http://www.haaretz.com/world-news/u-s-election-2016/1.709566 |archive-date=August 17, 2016 |url-status=live }}<br />{{cite web |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/frank-gaffney-jr |title=Frank Gaffney Jr |website=Southern Poverty Law Center |access-date=September 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908010433/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/frank-gaffney-jr |archive-date=September 8, 2015 |url-status=live }}<br />{{cite news |last1=Carden |first1=James |title=The Iran Deal Opponents Are Going to Fight to the Bitter End |url=http://www.thenation.com/article/the-iran-deal-opponents-are-going-to-fight-to-the-bitter-end/ |access-date=September 28, 2015 |work=[[The Nation]] |issue=September 11, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929051858/http://www.thenation.com/article/the-iran-deal-opponents-are-going-to-fight-to-the-bitter-end/ |archive-date=September 29, 2015 |url-status=live }}<br />{{cite news |last1=Woodruff |first1=Betsy |title=Glenn Beck Thinks Grover Norquist Is a Muslim Brotherhood Mole. Now, the NRA Is "Investigating." |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/03/16/nra_investigates_grover_norquist_as_glenn_beck_says_he_is_a_muslim_brotherhood.html |access-date=September 28, 2015 |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=March 15, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926130621/http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/03/16/nra_investigates_grover_norquist_as_glenn_beck_says_he_is_a_muslim_brotherhood.html |archive-date=September 26, 2015 |url-status=live }}<br />{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/07/23/bachmann-gaffney-and-the-gop-s-anti-muslim-culture-of-conspiracy.html |title=Bachmann, Gaffney, and the GOP's Anti-Muslim Culture of Conspiracy |website=The Daily Beast |date=July 23, 2012 |access-date=July 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711192335/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/07/23/bachmann-gaffney-and-the-gop-s-anti-muslim-culture-of-conspiracy.html |archive-date=July 11, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>


==Early life==
==Early life and education==
Gaffney was born in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]], Pennsylvania in 1953 to Virginia Gaffney (''née'' Reed) and Frank J. Gaffney.<ref name=nyt1/><ref name="politicoarena"/> His father was a classical music aficionado and long-time partner at the law firm of Thorp, Reed & Armstrong, which was founded by his wife's father, Earl Reed.<ref name=nyt1>{{cite news|title=Devon Gaffney, Research Director, Engaged to Marry Jay Cross in June |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/09/style/devon-gaffney-research-director-engaged-to-marry-jay-cross-in-june.html|accessdate=12 December 2015|work=[[New York Times]]}}</ref><ref name="postga">{{cite news|last1=Gigler|first1=Dan|title=Lawyer with a Passion for Classical Music|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=20011103&id=SfFRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gXADAAAAIBAJ&pg=6710,949544&hl=en|accessdate=12 December 2015|work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|date=3 Nov 2001}}</ref> (It merged in 2013 with Clark Hill PLC.<ref>{{cite news|title=Clark Hill dropping Thorp Reed from name in Pittsburgh|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/news/2014/05/30/clark-hill-drops-thorp-reed-name.html|work=Pittsburgh Business Times}}</ref>) Gaffney's grandfather, Joseph Gaffney, was a city solicitor of Philadelphia.<ref name=nyt1/> In the early twentieth century in that city, he was controversial as a known Catholic, because nativist [[Protestant]] groups in the city alleged that Catholics were "gaining control of American institutions while rewriting the nation's history".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=soIQzXxudHkC&lpg=PA80&vq=gaffney&pg=PA80#v=onepage&q&f=false|last1=Evenson|first1=Bruce|title=When Dempsey Fought Tunney: Heroes, Hokum, and Storytelling in the Jazz Age|date=1996|publisher=University of Tennessee Press|isbn=9780870499180|page=80}}</ref>
Gaffney was born in [[Pittsburgh]], Pennsylvania in 1953 to Virginia Gaffney (''née'' Reed) and Frank J. Gaffney.<ref name=nyt1/><ref name="politicoarena"/> His father was a [[classical music]] [[aficionado]] and long-time partner at the [[law firm]] of Thorp, Reed & Armstrong, which was founded by his wife's father, Earl Reed; in 2013, it merged with Clark Hill PLC.<ref name=nyt1>{{cite news|title=Devon Gaffney, Research Director, Engaged to Marry Jay Cross in June|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/09/style/devon-gaffney-research-director-engaged-to-marry-jay-cross-in-june.html|access-date=December 12, 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=9 April 1989 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222213819/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/09/style/devon-gaffney-research-director-engaged-to-marry-jay-cross-in-june.html|archive-date=December 22, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="postga">{{cite news|last1=Gigler|first1=Dan|title=Lawyer with a Passion for Classical Music|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=20011103&id=SfFRAAAAIBAJ&pg=6710,949544|access-date=December 12, 2015|work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|date=November 3, 2001|archive-date=April 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415205912/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=20011103&id=SfFRAAAAIBAJ&pg=6710,949544|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Clark Hill dropping Thorp Reed from name in Pittsburgh|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/news/2014/05/30/clark-hill-drops-thorp-reed-name.html|work=Pittsburgh Business Times|access-date=February 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221110034/http://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/news/2014/05/30/clark-hill-drops-thorp-reed-name.html|archive-date=February 21, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Gaffney's grandfather, Joseph Gaffney, was a [[city solicitor]] in [[Philadelphia]].<ref name=nyt1/> In the early 20th century, as a known [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] in Philadelphia, he [[Anti-Catholicism in the United States|faced opposition]] from [[Nativism (politics)|nativist]] [[Protestant]] groups who alleged that Catholics were "gaining control of American institutions while rewriting the nation's history".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=soIQzXxudHkC&pg=PA80|last1=Evenson|first1=Bruce|title=When Dempsey Fought Tunney: Heroes, Hokum, and Storytelling in the Jazz Age|date=1996|publisher=University of Tennessee Press|isbn=9780870499180|page=80}}</ref>


In 1975, Gaffney graduated from the [[Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service]] of [[Georgetown University]].<ref name=a>{{cite web|url=http://townhall.com/columnists/frankgaffney/|title=Frank Gaffney|accessdate=2012-11-23|publisher=TownHall}}</ref><ref name="politicoarena">{{cite web|title=Arena Profile: Frank Gaffney|url=http://www.politico.com/arena/bio/frank_gaffney.html|publisher=[[Politico]]|accessdate=February 20, 2017}}</ref> He received his graduate degree from [[Johns Hopkins University]]'s [[Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies]].<ref name=b>{{cite book|last=Ruppert|first=Michael C.|year=2004|title=Crossing the Rubicon|page=531}}</ref>
Gaffney attended the [[Walsh School of Foreign Service|Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service]] at [[Georgetown University]], where he graduated with a [[Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service]] in 1975.<ref name=a>{{cite web|url=http://townhall.com/columnists/frankgaffney/|title=Frank Gaffney|access-date=November 23, 2012|publisher=TownHall|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115171422/http://townhall.com/columnists/frankgaffney/|archive-date=November 15, 2012|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name="politicoarena">{{cite web
|title=Arena Profile: Frank Gaffney|url=http://www.politico.com/arena/bio/frank_gaffney.html|publisher=[[Politico]]|access-date=February 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423061413/http://www.politico.com/arena/bio/frank_gaffney.html|archive-date=April 23, 2017|url-status=live
}}</ref> In 1978, he received an [[Master of Arts|MA]] in International Studies from [[Johns Hopkins University]]'s [[Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies]].<ref name="Ruppert">{{cite book
|last1=Ruppert|first1=Michael C.|author-link1=Michael Ruppert|title=Crossing the Rubicon: The Decline of the American Empire at the End of the Age of Oil|date=2004|publisher=[[New Society Publishers]]|location=[[Gabriola Island]], BC|isbn=978-0-865-71540-0|page=531|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ezyLJrAu1SIC|access-date=August 18, 2017}}</ref><ref name=CSP_Gaffney>{{cite web
|website=Center for Security Policy
|title=Frank Gaffney Jr
|url=https://centerforsecuritypolicy.org/author/imp_frank_gaffneyjr
|access-date=2023-06-06
}}</ref><ref name=ReaganGaffney>{{cite web
|website=Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum
|title=Nomination of Frank J Gaffney Jr
|access-date=2023-06-06
|url=https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/archives/speech/nomination-frank-j-gaffney-jr-be-assistant-secretary-defense
|date=1987-04-17
|archive-date=2023-06-07
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607024539/https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/archives/speech/nomination-frank-j-gaffney-jr-be-assistant-secretary-defense
|url-status=live
}}</ref>


==Career==
==Career==
Gaffney began his government career in the 1970s, working as an aide in the office of Democratic Senator [[Henry M. Jackson]], under [[Richard Perle]]. From August 1983 until November 1987, Gaffney held the position of Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear Forces and Arms Control Policy in the [[Reagan Administration]], again serving under Perle.<ref name="Shadow Elite">''Shadow Elite'', Janine R. Wedel, 2009. pp.147–91</ref>
Gaffney began his government career in the 1970s, working as an aide in the office of Democratic Senator [[Henry M. Jackson]], under [[Richard Perle]]. From August 1983 until November 1987, Gaffney held the position of [[Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense]] for Nuclear Forces and Arms Control Policy in the [[Presidency of Ronald Reagan|Reagan administration]], again serving under Perle.<ref name="Shadow Elite">{{cite book|last1=Wedel|first1=Janine R.|author-link1=Janine R. Wedel|title=Shadow Elite: How the World's New Power Brokers Undermine Democracy, Government, and the Free Market|date=December 1, 2009|publisher=[[Basic Books]]|location=[[New York City]]|isbn=978-0-465-09106-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/shadowelitehowwo0000wede/page/147 147]–191|edition=First|url=https://archive.org/details/shadowelitehowwo0000wede|url-access=registration}}</ref>


In April 1987, Gaffney was nominated to the position of [[Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs]]. He served as the acting Assistant Secretary for seven months. During this time, despite his official post, he was excluded by senior Reagan administration officials from the then-ongoing [[arms control]] talks with the [[Soviet Union]]. Gaffney was ultimately forced out of [[the Pentagon]]; ''[[The Washington Post]]'' observed at the time that within four days of [[Frank Carlucci]]'s appointment as Secretary of Defense, "Gaffney's belongings were boxed and he was gone".<ref name="newsw">{{cite news|last1=Watson|first1=Russell|title=At Long Last an Arms Deal|date= |work=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Disarmed but Undeterred; His Once Pervasive Power Waning, The Hard-Liner Awaits the Summit|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=23 November 1987}}</ref> Following his departure from government, he immediately set about criticizing Ronald Reagan's pursuit of an arms control agreement with the USSR.<ref name="newsw"/>
In April 1987, Gaffney was nominated to the position of [[Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs]].<ref name=ReaganGaffney /> He served as the acting Assistant Secretary for seven months. During this time, despite his official post, he was excluded by senior Reagan administration officials from the then-ongoing [[arms control]] talks with the [[Soviet Union]]. Gaffney was ultimately forced out of [[the Pentagon]]; ''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported in November 1987 that, within four days of [[Frank Carlucci]]'s appointment as Secretary of Defense, "Gaffney's belongings were boxed and he was gone".<ref name="newsw">{{cite news|last1=Watson|first1=Russell|title=At Long Last an Arms Deal|work=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Disarmed but Undeterred; His Once Pervasive Power Waning, The Hard-Liner Awaits the Summit|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=November 23, 1987}}</ref> Following his departure from government, he immediately set about criticizing Ronald Reagan's pursuit of an arms control agreement with the USSR.<ref name="newsw"/>


===Center for Security Policy===
Gaffney contributes to the media site [[Newsmax]], writing opinion pieces on topics such as politics, terrorism, and international affairs in a column titled "Security Watch."<ref name="auto">{{cite web|last=Gaffney|first=Frank|title=Frank Gaffney – Security Watch|url=http://www.newsmax.com/insiders/frankgaffney/id-40|publisher=Newsmax|accessdate=16 December 2013}}</ref> Formerly, Gaffney wrote a column for ''[[The Washington Times]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/staff/frank-j-gaffney-jr/|title=Frank J. Gaffney Jr. {{!}} Stories – Washington Times|last=http://www.washingtontimes.com|first=The Washington Times|website=www.washingtontimes.com|access-date=2016-06-21}}</ref> He also hosts a [[podcast]] that has featured guests such as [[white supremacist]] [[Jared Taylor]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Milbank|first1=Dana|title=Meet the Islamophobe inspiring Trump to redefine extremism|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/meet-the-islamophobe-inspiring-trump-to-redefine-extremism/2015/12/15/d38c5c0e-a346-11e5-9c4e-be37f66848bb_story.html|accessdate=22 July 2016|work=[[Washington Post]]}}</ref>
{{main|Center for Security Policy}}
In 1988, Gaffney established the Center for Security Policy (CSP), a [[Washington, D.C.]]-based [[national security]] [[think tank]] that has been widely described as engaging in [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theorizing]] by a range of individuals, media outlets and organizations. Its activities are focused on exposing and researching perceived [[jihadist]] threats to the United States. The Center has been described as "not very highly respected" by [[BBC News]] and "disreputable" by ''[[Salon (website)|Salon]]''. It has faced strong criticism from people across the political spectrum, but has also had its reports cited by political figures such as US President [[Donald Trump]] and former Congresswoman [[Michele Bachmann]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump's 'Muslim lockdown': What is the Center for Security Policy?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-35037943|access-date=December 10, 2015|work=BBC News|date=December 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212201215/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-35037943|archive-date=December 12, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Cruz's cynical Trump detente: They're good buddies now, but wait until The Donald's support drops|url=http://www.salon.com/2015/08/28/cruzs_cynical_trump_detente_theyre_good_buddies_now_but_wait_until_the_donalds_support_drops/|access-date=December 10, 2015|work=Salon|date=August 28, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227043440/http://www.salon.com/2015/08/28/cruzs_cynical_trump_detente_theyre_good_buddies_now_but_wait_until_the_donalds_support_drops/|archive-date=December 27, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Cockburn|first1=Alexander|title=The Politics of Anti-Semitism|date=2003|publisher=AK|isbn=978-1902593777|page=[https://archive.org/details/politicsofantise00alex/page/132 132]|url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofantise00alex/page/132}}</ref> In 2010 Gaffney became a trustee of the Center for Security Policy.<ref name=GaffneyBoard>{{cite web|website=ProPublica - Nonprofit Explorer|title=Center for Security Policy - IRS Form-990 yr2010|access-date=2023-06-06|date=2011-08-26|url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/display_990/521601976/2011_12_EO%2F52-1601976_990_201012}}</ref> CSP has been described as an "extremist think tank" by the Center for New Community.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/religious-rights/252605-anti-muslim-bigotry-has-no-place-in-politics/|title=Anti-Muslim bigotry has no place in politics|website=The Hill|date=September 3, 2015|author=Terri A. Johnson and [[J. Richard Cohen]]|access-date=September 28, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006111445/http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/religious-rights/252605-anti-muslim-bigotry-has-no-place-in-politics|archive-date=October 6, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, the CSP was classified by the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] (SPLC) as a "hate group".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/news/2016/02/17/splcs-intelligence-report-amid-year-lethal-violence-extremist-groups-expanded-ranks-2015|title=SPLC's Intelligence Report: Amid Year of Lethal Violence, Extremist Groups Expanded Ranks in 2015|access-date=August 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811080453/https://www.splcenter.org/news/2016/02/17/splcs-intelligence-report-amid-year-lethal-violence-extremist-groups-expanded-ranks-2015|archive-date=August 11, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The SPLC describes Gaffney as "one of America’s most notorious [[Islamophobia|Islamophobes]]".<ref>{{cite web|title=Frank Gaffney Jr|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/frank-gaffney-jr|publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center|access-date=December 11, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208040627/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/frank-gaffney-jr|archive-date=December 8, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Gaffney and the CSP have also been described as influential parts of the [[counter-jihad]] movement.<ref name="vox">{{cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/world/2017/2/13/14559822/trump-islam-muslims-islamophobia-sharia|title=Trump's counter-jihad|date=February 13, 2017|work=Vox|last=Beauchamp|first=Zack|access-date=October 31, 2022|archive-date=June 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608051716/https://www.vox.com/world/2017/2/13/14559822/trump-islam-muslims-islamophobia-sharia|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pertwee">{{cite journal|title=Donald Trump, the anti-Muslim far right and the new conservative revolution|first=Ed|last=Perwee|year=2020|journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies|volume=43|issue=16 |pages=211–230|doi=10.1080/01419870.2020.1749688|s2cid=218843237 |doi-access=free}}</ref>


On March 16, 2016, Republican presidential candidate [[Ted Cruz]] announced he would name Frank Gaffney to be one of his National Security Advisors.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ted Cruz Names Anti-Muslim Conspiracy Theorist As Top Foreign-Policy Adviser |url=http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2016/03/cruz-names-anti-muslim-paranoic-as-top-adviser.html# |access-date=March 19, 2016 |work=New York Magazine |date=March 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318141854/http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2016/03/cruz-names-anti-muslim-paranoic-as-top-adviser.html |archive-date=March 18, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Cruz said that Gaffney "is a serious thinker who has been focused on fighting jidahists [sic], fighting jihadism across the globe".<ref>{{cite web |last=Krieg |first=Gregory |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/03/21/politics/ted-cruz-frank-gaffney-national-security/ |title=Ted Cruz defends foreign policy adviser Frank Gaffney – CNNPolitics.com |publisher=Edition.cnn.com |date=March 22, 2016 |access-date=August 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818105905/http://edition.cnn.com/2016/03/21/politics/ted-cruz-frank-gaffney-national-security/ |archive-date=August 18, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2015, Nation Institute Fellow Eli Clifton characterized as unscientific a CSP-funded poll that Donald Trump had been citing, which purportedly showed widespread support for Sharia law among U.S. Muslims and a need for intervention in that community. It added that, "Between Trump’s calls for a national registry of Muslims and a ban on Muslim immigration, it appears that through coincidence or outright collaboration, Trump is building an immigration and anti-Muslim policy framework that closely mirrors the statements and proposals advocated by" Gaffney and the CSP.<ref name="Clifton"/>
The [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] (SPLC) describes Gaffney as "one of America’s most notorious Islamophobes".<ref>{{cite web|title=Frank Gaffney Jr.|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/frank-gaffney-jr|publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center|accessdate=11 December 2015}}</ref>


Gaffney has been associated with [[David Yerushalmi]] for being responsible in spreading misinformation about Islam and for encouraging the enactment of anti-Muslim laws, including anti-Sharia legislation in the United States.<ref name=Green>{{cite book|last1=Green|first1=Todd|title=The Fear of Islam: An Introduction to Islamophobia in the West|date=2015|publisher=Fortress Press|isbn=9781451469905|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrgFCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT177&dq=%22Frank+Gaffney%22#v=onepage&q=%22Frank%20Gaffney|accessdate=11 December 2015}}</ref>
Discussing what he calls prominent professional participants in Islamophobia, Professor Todd Green wrote mentioned "Frank Gaffney and David Yerushalmi, both of whom head organizations that are responsible for spreading misinformation about Islam and that seek to enact anti-Muslim laws, including the infamous anti-Sharia". [[David Yerushalmi]] served as legal counsel for the CSP<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/david-yerushalmi#.UalaAKVfmCI|title=David Yerushalmi|work=Southern Poverty Law Center|access-date=July 11, 2020|archive-date=July 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714071423/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/david-yerushalmi#.UalaAKVfmCI|url-status=live}}</ref> and has been accused of spreading misinformation about Islam and encouraging the enactment of anti-Muslim laws, including anti-[[Sharia Law|Sharia]] legislation in the United States.<ref name=Green>{{cite book|last1=Green|first1=Todd|title=The Fear of Islam: An Introduction to Islamophobia in the West|date=2015|publisher=Fortress Press|isbn=9781451469905|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrgFCAAAQBAJ&q=%22Frank%20Gaffney&pg=PT177|page=211|access-date=April 23, 2023}}</ref>


Gaffney and the CSP have been noted to have wielded influence on several prominent individuals of the [[First presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]].<ref name="vox"/><ref name="pertwee"/> Gaffney was himself hosted on [[Steve Bannon]]'s radio show at least thirty-four times during Bannon's time in ''[[Breitbart News]]'',<ref name="pertwee"/> and [[Michael Flynn]], [[Mike Pompeo]] and [[Jeff Sessions]] have all been described as "devotees" of Gaffney's ideas.<ref name="vox"/> Following [[John Bolton]]'s appointment as National Security Advisor, Gaffney was criticised as the source of where Bolton's beliefs originated on a number of subjects. This included the [[Iran nuclear deal]] and many anti-Islamic beliefs.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cortellessa|first1=Eric|title=Liberal Jewish groups slam Bolton for 'bellicose ideology, anti-Muslim bigotry'|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liberal-jewish-groups-slam-bolton-for-bellicose-ideology-anti-muslim-bigotry/|newspaper=[[Times of Israel]]|date=March 29, 2018|access-date=June 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622005752/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liberal-jewish-groups-slam-bolton-for-bellicose-ideology-anti-muslim-bigotry/|archive-date=June 22, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Wadhams|first1=Nick|title=A Tillerson Ally Survives the Purge With Help From Friends|newspaper=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-15/a-tillerson-confidant-survives-the-purge-with-help-from-friends|agency=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]|date=March 15, 2018|access-date=June 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426075715/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-15/a-tillerson-confidant-survives-the-purge-with-help-from-friends|archive-date=April 26, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Nguyen|first1=Tina|title="Revenge of the Nationalists": The Pro-Trump World Dances on Tillerson's Grave|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/03/revenge-of-the-nationalists-the-pro-trump-world-dances-on-tillersons-grave|magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|date=March 15, 2018|access-date=June 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316025706/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/03/revenge-of-the-nationalists-the-pro-trump-world-dances-on-tillersons-grave|archive-date=March 16, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Center for Security Policy===
{{main article|Center for Security Policy}}
In 1988, Gaffney established the Center for Security Policy (CSP), a [[Washington, D.C.]]-based [[national security]] [[think tank]] that has been widely described as engaging in [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theorizing]] by a range of individuals, media outlets and organizations. Its activities are focused on exposing and researching perceived [[jihadist]] threats to the United States. The Center has been described as "not very highly respected" by [[BBC News]] and "disreputable" by ''[[Salon.com|Salon]]''. It has faced strong criticism from people across the political spectrum, but has also had its reports cited by political figures such as US president elect [[Donald Trump]] and [[Michele Bachmann]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump's 'Muslim lockdown': What is the Center for Security Policy?|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-35037943|accessdate=10 December 2015|publisher=BBC News|date=8 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Cruz's cynical Trump detente: They're good buddies now, but wait until The Donald's support drops |url=http://www.salon.com/2015/08/28/cruzs_cynical_trump_detente_theyre_good_buddies_now_but_wait_until_the_donalds_support_drops/|accessdate=10 December 2015|work=Salon|date=28 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Cockburn|first1=Alexander|title=The Politics of Anti-Semitism|date=2003|publisher=AK|isbn=1902593774|page=132}}</ref> CSP has been described as an "extremist think tank" by the Center for New Community.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/religious-rights/252605-anti-muslim-bigotry-has-no-place-in-politics|title=Anti-Muslim bigotry has no place in politics |work=The Hill|date=September 3, 2015|author=Terri A. Johnson and J. Richard Cohen}}</ref> In 2016, the CSP was classified by the SPLC as a [[hate group]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/news/2016/02/17/splcs-intelligence-report-amid-year-lethal-violence-extremist-groups-expanded-ranks-2015|title=SPLC's Intelligence Report: Amid Year of Lethal Violence, Extremist Groups Expanded Ranks in 2015|publisher=}}</ref>


He stepped down as president of the CSP in January 2023 in favor of Tommy Waller, but remains its executive chairman.<ref name="csp"/>
On March 16, 2016, Republican presidential candidate [[Ted Cruz]] announced he would name Frank Gaffney to be one of his National Security Advisors.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ted Cruz Names Anti-Muslim Conspiracy Theorist As Top Foreign-Policy Adviser |url=http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2016/03/cruz-names-anti-muslim-paranoic-as-top-adviser.html# |accessdate=19 March 2016 |work=New York Magazine|date=17 March 2016}}</ref> Cruz said that Gaffney "is a serious thinker who has been focused on fighting jidahists [sic], fighting jihadism across the globe".<ref>{{cite web|last=Krieg |first=Gregory |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/03/21/politics/ted-cruz-frank-gaffney-national-security/ |title=Ted Cruz defends foreign policy adviser Frank Gaffney – CNNPolitics.com |publisher=Edition.cnn.com |date=2016-03-22 |accessdate=2016-08-01}}</ref> In December 2015, Nation Institute Fellow, Eli Clifton characterized as unscientific a CSP-funded poll that Donald Trump had been citing, which purportedly showed widespread support for Sharia law amongst U.S. Muslims and a need for intervention in that community. It added that, "Between Trump’s calls for a national registry of Muslims and a ban on Muslim immigration, it appears that through coincidence or outright collaboration, Trump is building an immigration and anti-Muslim policy framework that closely mirrors the statements and proposals advocated by" Gaffney and the CSP.<ref name="Clifton"/>


====Fax wars====
====Fax wars====
In the 1990s, Gaffney became known in Washington, D.C. for "fax wars" he waged, whereby his "small but loyal following" would be encouraged to inundate the offices of members of Congress with faxes.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hersman|first1=Rebecca|title=Friends and Foes: How Congress and the President Really Make Foreign Policy|date=2010|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]]|isbn=0815798962|pages=88–89}}</ref>
In the 1990s, Gaffney became known in Washington, D.C., for "fax wars" he waged, whereby his "small but loyal following" would be encouraged to inundate the offices of members of Congress with faxes.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hersman|first1=Rebecca|title=Friends and Foes: How Congress and the President Really Make Foreign Policy|date=2010|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]]|isbn=978-0815798965|pages=88–89}}</ref>


In 1995, Gaffney charged that [[US Secretary of Energy]] [[Hazel R. O'Leary]] was intentionally undermining US nuclear readiness; an analysis of Gaffney's charges against O'Leary published by [[William Arkin]] observed that Gaffney "specializes in intensely personal attacks" and his Center for Security Policy's liberal use of [[fax]]es to attack its opponents had made it the "[[Domino's Pizza]] of the policy business".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|journal=[[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientist]]|date=March 1995|volume=51|issue=2|page=80|doi=10.1080/00963402.1995.11658058|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00963402.1995.11658058?journalCode=rbul20|last1=Arkin|first1=William M.}}</ref>
In 1995, Gaffney charged that [[US Secretary of Energy]] [[Hazel R. O'Leary]] was intentionally undermining US nuclear readiness; an analysis of Gaffney's charges against O'Leary published by [[William Arkin]] observed that Gaffney "specializes in intensely personal attacks" and his Center for Security Policy's liberal use of [[fax]]es to attack its opponents had made it the "[[Domino's Pizza]] of the policy business".<ref>{{cite journal|journal=[[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]]|date=March 1995|volume=51|issue=2|page=80|doi=10.1080/00963402.1995.11658058|last1=Arkin|first1=William M.|title=A tale of two Franks |bibcode=1995BuAtS..51b..80A }}</ref>


Later, in a 1997 column for ''The Washington Times'', Gaffney alleged a [[seismic]] incident in Russia was a nuclear detonation at that nation's [[Novaya Zemlya]] test site, indicating Russia was violating the [[Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty]] (CTB).<ref name="bas">{{cite news|last1=Isaacs|first1=John|title=Spinning to the Right|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgwAAAAAMBAJ|accessdate=22 July 2016|work=[[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]]|date=November 1997}}</ref> (Subsequent scientific analysis of Novaya Zemlya confirmed the event was a routine [[earthquake]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wallace|first1=Terry|title=False Accusations, Undetected Tests and Implications for the CTB Treaty|url=http://www.armscontrol.org/print/357|accessdate=22 July 2016|work=[[Arms Control Association]]}}</ref>) Reporting on the allegation, the ''[[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]]'' observed that, following its publication, "fax machines around Washington, D.C. and across the country poured out pages detailing Russian duplicity. They came from Frank Gaffney", going on to note that during the first four months of 1997, Gaffney had "issued more than 25 screeds" against the CTB.<ref name="bas"/>
Later, in a 1997 column for ''The Washington Times'', Gaffney alleged a [[seismic]] incident in Russia was a nuclear detonation at that nation's [[Novaya Zemlya]] test site, indicating Russia was violating the [[Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty]] (CTB).<ref name="bas">{{cite news|last1=Isaacs|first1=John|title=Spinning to the Right|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgwAAAAAMBAJ|access-date=July 22, 2016|work=[[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]]|date=November 1997}}</ref> Subsequent scientific analysis of Novaya Zemlya confirmed the event was a routine [[earthquake]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wallace|first1=Terry|title=False Accusations, Undetected Tests and Implications for the CTB Treaty|url=http://www.armscontrol.org/print/357|access-date=July 22, 2016|work=[[Arms Control Association]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523100845/https://www.armscontrol.org/print/357|archive-date=May 23, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Reporting on the allegation, the ''[[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]]'' observed that, following its publication, "fax machines around Washington, D.C., and across the country poured out pages detailing Russian duplicity. They came from Frank Gaffney", going on to note that during the first four months of 1997, Gaffney had "issued more than 25 screeds" against the CTB.<ref name="bas" />

===Other activities===
Gaffney also contributes to the conservative media site ''[[Newsmax]]''. Gaffney wrote a column for ''[[The Washington Times]]'' from 2012 to 2016,<ref>{{cite news|title=Frank J. Gaffney Jr. Articles|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/staff/frank-j-gaffney-jr/|access-date=August 17, 2017|work=[[The Washington Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817080753/http://www.washingtontimes.com/staff/frank-j-gaffney-jr/|archive-date=August 17, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and for ''[[Jewish World Review]]'' from 2000 to 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Frank J. Gaffney Jr. Archives|url=http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/gaffney.html|website=[[Jewish World Review]]|access-date=August 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106122458/http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/gaffney.html|archive-date=January 6, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> He was also the host of ''Secure Freedom Radio'', a nationally-syndicated [[radio program]]<ref>{{cite web|title=AM 1260 The ANSWER— Program Guide|url=http://am1260theanswer.com/programguidedaily|website=[[AM 1260 The ANSWER]]|access-date=August 18, 2017}}</ref> and [[podcast]] which has featured guests such as [[Newt Gingrich]], [[John R. Bolton]], and white nationalist [[Jared Taylor]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Milbank|first1=Dana|title=Meet the Islamophobe inspiring Trump to redefine extremism|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/meet-the-islamophobe-inspiring-trump-to-redefine-extremism/2015/12/15/d38c5c0e-a346-11e5-9c4e-be37f66848bb_story.html|access-date=July 22, 2016|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407112912/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/meet-the-islamophobe-inspiring-trump-to-redefine-extremism/2015/12/15/d38c5c0e-a346-11e5-9c4e-be37f66848bb_story.html|archive-date=April 7, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=''Hatewatch'' Staff|title=Anti-Muslim Activist Frank Gaffney Interviews White Nationalist Jared Taylor on His Radio Show|url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2015/09/30/anti-muslim-activist-frank-gaffney-interviews-white-nationalist-jared-taylor-his-radio-show|publisher=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]]|access-date=August 17, 2017|language=en|date=September 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818011049/https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2015/09/30/anti-muslim-activist-frank-gaffney-interviews-white-nationalist-jared-taylor-his-radio-show|archive-date=August 18, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The radio program was turned into a television show titled ''Securing America TV'' on [[Real America's Voice]] in 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/national-security-expert-frank-gaffney-launches-new-tv-program-301161296.html|title=National Security Expert Frank Gaffney Launches New TV Program|work=PR Newswire|date=October 28, 2020|access-date=March 28, 2024|archive-date=May 8, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508200849/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/national-security-expert-frank-gaffney-launches-new-tv-program-301161296.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Gaffney is the vice-chair of the [[Committee on the Present Danger]] and has been described as part of a "new red scare" of anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Swanson|first=Ana|date=July 20, 2019|title=A New Red Scare Is Reshaping Washington|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/20/us/politics/china-red-scare-washington.html|access-date=April 27, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720234508/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/20/us/politics/china-red-scare-washington.html|url-status=live}}</ref>


==Conspiracy theories==
==Conspiracy theories==
The [[Anti-Defamation League]] has said that Gaffney "has promulgated a number of anti-Muslim conspiracy theories over the years" and that he has "undue influence" relative to other like-minded figures.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/civil-rights/discrimination/c/frank-gaffney-jr.html |title=Frank Gaffney Jr. and the Center for Security Policy |publisher=Anti-Defamation League |access-date=November 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104013256/http://www.adl.org/civil-rights/discrimination/c/frank-gaffney-jr.html |archive-date=November 4, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Other commentators have suggested that Gaffney's propensity for conspiracy theories began earlier during his career in the Reagan administration, where after being denied a higher position, was convinced that [[Soviet]] agents within the United States government were blocking him.<ref name="washingtontimes.com">{{cite web |first=David|last=Keene|authorlink=David Keene|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/apr/17/david-keene-when-conspiracy-nuts-do-real-damage/ |title=DAVID KEENE: When conspiracy nuts do real damage |website=[[The Washington Times]] |date=April 17, 2016 |access-date=August 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812015636/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/apr/17/david-keene-when-conspiracy-nuts-do-real-damage/ |archive-date=August 12, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>


===Background===
===Civilization Jihad===
One of Gaffney's main conspiracy theories is the so-called "Civilization Jihad", a supposed secret Muslim plan to take over America, which came to national prominence by being cited in a debate by 2016 presidential candidate [[Ben Carson]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=The Bridge Initiative Team |date=2016-02-02 |title='Civilization Jihad:' Debunking the Conspiracy Theory |url=https://bridge.georgetown.edu/research/civilization-jihad-debunking-the-conspiracy-theory/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Bridge Initiative |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525204434/https://bridge.georgetown.edu/research/civilization-jihad-debunking-the-conspiracy-theory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the [[Southern Poverty Law Center|SPLC]], Gaffney's beliefs stem "from a single discredited source&nbsp;– a 1991 fantasy written by a lone [[Muslim Brotherhood]] member that was introduced into evidence during the 2008 [[Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development|Holy Land Foundation trial]] in Dallas federal court.<ref name=":1" /> The FBI found the note to be incongruous with documents taken from Muslim Brotherhood, nor was it found to have been discussed during the 1991 conference of the Muslim Brotherhood.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:New_logo_for_US_Missile_Defense_Agency_circa_2010.jpeg|thumb|right|Gaffney has asserted that the logo of the U.S. Missile Defense Agency is a coded signal showing the "official U.S. submission to Islam."]]
The [[Anti-Defamation League ]] has said that Gaffney "has promulgated a number of anti-Muslim conspiracy theories over the years" and that he has "undue influence" relative to other like-minded figures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/civil-rights/discrimination/c/frank-gaffney-jr.html |title=Frank Gaffney Jr. and the Center for Security Policy |publisher=Adl.org |date= |accessdate=2016-11-02}}</ref>


According to the [[Southern Poverty Law Center|SPLC]], Gaffney's beliefs stem "from a single discredited source&nbsp;– a 1991 fantasy written by a lone Muslim Brotherhood member that was introduced into evidence during the 2008 [[Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development|Holy Land Foundation trial]] in Dallas federal court. But to Gaffney, this document is a smoking gun, a mission statement pointing to a massive Islamist conspiracy under our noses".<ref>{{cite news|title=Frank Gaffney, Jr.|url=http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/profiles/frank-gaffney-jr|accessdate=26 July 2015|publisher=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]]}}</ref> The ADL quotes Gaffney as "mentioning that in 1991, a Muslim Brotherhood operative produced the [[Muslim Brotherhood activities in the United States|explanatory memorandum]] on the general strategic goal of the group in North America. According to Gaffney, the memo explicitly addresses the progress the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] has made in building an [[Jihadist extremism in the United States#Non-violent Islamic extremism|infrastructure in the United States]] with the goal of destroying Western civilization from within so that Islam is victorious over other religions".<ref name="adl.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/civil-rights/discrimination/c/frank-gaffney-jr.html |title=Frank Gaffney Jr. and the Center for Security Policy |publisher=Adl.org |date= |accessdate=2016-08-01}}</ref> Other commentators have suggested that Gaffney's propensity for conspiracy theories began earlier during his career in the Reagan administration, where after being denied a higher position, was convinced that Soviet agents within the United States government were blocking him.<ref name="washingtontimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/apr/17/david-keene-when-conspiracy-nuts-do-real-damage/ |title=DAVID KEENE: When conspiracy nuts do real damage |publisher=Washington Times |date= |accessdate=2016-08-01}}</ref>
But to Gaffney, this document was "a [[smoking gun]], a mission statement pointing to a massive Islamist conspiracy under our noses".<ref name=":1">{{cite news|title=Frank Gaffney Jr.|url=http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/profiles/frank-gaffney-jr|access-date=July 26, 2015|publisher=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514074546/http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/profiles/frank-gaffney-jr|archive-date=May 14, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The ADL quotes Gaffney as "mentioning that in 1991, a [[Muslim Brotherhood]] operative produced the "[[Muslim Brotherhood activities in the United States|explanatory memorandum]] on the general strategic goal of the group in North America." According to Gaffney, the memo explicitly addresses the progress the Muslim Brotherhood has made in building an [[Jihadist extremism in the United States#Non-violent Islamic extremism|infrastructure in the United States]] with the goal of destroying Western civilization from within so that Islam is victorious over other religions".<ref name="adl.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/civil-rights/discrimination/c/frank-gaffney-jr.html |title=Frank Gaffney Jr. and the Center for Security Policy |publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |access-date=August 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818170439/http://www.adl.org/civil-rights/discrimination/c/frank-gaffney-jr.html |archive-date=August 18, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

The BRIDGE Initiative at Georgetown found that the memo failed to gain traction in the Arab world, as none of the sensationalist phrasings ever became commonplace in subsequent Arab literature and media.<ref name=":0" /> In contrast, some politicians and Islamaphobic commentators have used the phrase repeatedly to demonize Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oosting |first=Jonathan |title=Colbeck under fire for Muslim conspiracy claims |url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/2018/04/25/colbeck-el-sayed-muslim-conspiracy/34235679/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The Detroit News |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522223757/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/2018/04/25/colbeck-el-sayed-muslim-conspiracy/34235679/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-30 |title=Islamophobes React to Coronavirus Pandemic with Anti-Muslim Bigotry |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/blog/islamophobes-react-coronavirus-pandemic-anti-muslim-bigotry |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.adl.org |archive-date=2024-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704040931/https://www.adl.org/resources/blog/islamophobes-react-coronavirus-pandemic-anti-muslim-bigotry |url-status=live }}</ref>


===ACU dispute===
===ACU dispute===
In 2011, Gaffney was banned by the [[American Conservative Union]] from the [[Conservative Political Action Conference|Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC)]]. ACU chairman [[David Keene]] released a statement contending that Gaffney "has become personally and tiresomely obsessed with his weird belief that anyone who doesn't agree with him on everything all the time or treat him with the respect and deference he believes is his due, must be either ignorant of the dangers we face or, in extreme case, dupes of the nation's enemies".<ref name=tpm>{{cite news|title=CPAC Banned Frank Gaffney Over Baseless Anti-Muslim Charges |url=http://talkingpointsmemo.com/muckraker/cpac-banned-frank-gaffney-over-baseless-anti-muslim-charges|accessdate=26 July 2015|work=[[Talking Points Memo]]|date=15 February 2011}}</ref> (Gaffney has since returned to CPAC to host panels at the conference in 2015 and 2016.<ref name="adl.org"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Sarlin |first=Benjy |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/analysis-how-cpac-foreshadowed-donald-trump-s-takeover-gop-n532386 |title=Analysis: How CPAC Foreshadowed Donald Trump's Takeover of the GOP |publisher=NBC News |date= |accessdate=2016-08-01}}</ref>)
In 2011, Gaffney was banned by the [[American Conservative Union]] from the [[Conservative Political Action Conference]] (CPAC). ACU chairman [[David Keene]] released a statement contending that Gaffney "has become personally and tiresomely obsessed with his weird belief that anyone who doesn't agree with him on everything all the time or treat him with the respect and deference he believes is his due, must be either ignorant of the dangers we face or, in extreme case, dupes of the nation's enemies".<ref name=tpm>{{cite news|title=CPAC Banned Frank Gaffney Over Baseless Anti-Muslim Charges|url=http://talkingpointsmemo.com/muckraker/cpac-banned-frank-gaffney-over-baseless-anti-muslim-charges|access-date=July 26, 2015|work=[[Talking Points Memo]]|date=February 15, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711170638/http://talkingpointsmemo.com/muckraker/cpac-banned-frank-gaffney-over-baseless-anti-muslim-charges|archive-date=July 11, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Gaffney has since returned to CPAC to host panels at the conference in 2015 and 2016.<ref name="adl.org"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Sarlin |first=Benjy |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/analysis-how-cpac-foreshadowed-donald-trump-s-takeover-gop-n532386 |title=Analysis: How CPAC Foreshadowed Donald Trump's Takeover of the GOP |date=5 March 2016 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=August 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703045330/http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/analysis-how-cpac-foreshadowed-donald-trump-s-takeover-gop-n532386 |archive-date=July 3, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>


In an April 2016 column in ''[[The Washington Times]]'' titled, "When conspiracy nuts do real damage", [[David Keene|Keene]] again slammed Gaffney, writing, "One hopes that is what they will do and that Mr. Gaffney will, like the folks at [[AFL-CIO|Group Research]], Mr. Hoover’s aides and most conspiracy nuts of yore will vanish into the fever swamps from which he came".<ref name="washingtontimes.com"/> The column came two months after Gaffney unexpectedly left ''The Washington Times'', where he was a staff columnist and Keene was the opinion editor. Keene, who had slashed the frequency of Gaffney's column from weekly to monthly, commented to [[Media Matters]] on Gaffney's departure, describing Gaffney's work as "well-researched," and stated, "we're sorry to lose him but we wish him well". Keene also noted that Gaffney had left without giving him any notice, telling Media Matters "I guess he's notifying us through you".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mediamatters.org/blog/2014/02/27/columnists-departure-for-breitbart-is-news-to-w/198262 |title=Columnist's Departure For Breitbart Is News To Washington Times |publisher=Mediamatters.org |date=2014-02-27 |accessdate=2016-08-01}}</ref>
In an April 2016 column in ''[[The Washington Times]]'' titled, "When conspiracy nuts do real damage", Keene again slammed Gaffney, writing, "One hopes that is what they will do and that Mr. Gaffney will, like the folks at [[AFL–CIO|Group Research]], [[J. Edgar Hoover|Mr. Hoover]]'s aides and most conspiracy nuts of yore will vanish into the fever swamps from which he came".<ref name="washingtontimes.com" /> The column came two months after Gaffney unexpectedly left ''The Washington Times'' for ''[[Breitbart News]]'', where he was a staff columnist and Keene was the opinion editor. Keene, who had slashed the frequency of Gaffney's column from weekly to monthly, commented to ''[[Media Matters]]'' on Gaffney's departure, describing Gaffney's work as "well-researched," and stated, "we're sorry to lose him but we wish him well". Keene also noted that Gaffney had left without giving him any notice, saying, "I guess he's notifying us through you".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mediamatters.org/blog/2014/02/27/columnists-departure-for-breitbart-is-news-to-w/198262 |title=Columnist's Departure For Breitbart Is News To Washington Times |publisher=[[Media Matters]]|date=February 27, 2014|access-date=August 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816234632/http://mediamatters.org/blog/2014/02/27/columnists-departure-for-breitbart-is-news-to-w/198262 |archive-date=August 16, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>


===Wider reception===
===Media responses===
Gaffney has been called a conspiracy theorist by [[Dave Weigel]] writing in ''[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]]'' magazine;<ref>{{cite news|last1=Weigel|first1=David|title=Frank Gaffney, Obama Truther| url=http://reason.com/blog/2008/10/14/frank-gaffney-obama-truther|accessdate=26 July 2015|issue=[[Reason Magazine]]|date=14 October 2008}}</ref> [[Steve Benen]] of [[MSNBC]];<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bennen|first1=Steve|title=The crumbling of the right's intellectual infrastructure |url=http://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/the-crumbling-the-rights-intellectual-infrastructure|accessdate=26 July 2015|publisher=[[MSNBC]]|date=17 June 2014}}</ref> ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'';<ref>{{cite news|last1=Woodruff|first1=Betsy|title=Glenn Beck Thinks Grover Norquist Is a Muslim Brotherhood Mole. Now, the NRA Is "Investigating." |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/03/16/nra_investigates_grover_norquist_as_glenn_beck_says_he_is_a_muslim_brotherhood.html|accessdate=26 July 2015|work=[[Slate Magazine]]|date=16 March 2015}}</ref> and ''[[The Intercept]]'',<ref>{{cite news|title=Leading GOP Candidates to Appear at Event Hosted by Anti-Muslim Conspiracist|url=https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/07/23/leading-gop-presidential-candidates-appear-event-hosted-anti-muslim-conspiracists/|accessdate=27 July 2015|work=[[The Intercept]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Presidential Candidates Set to Appear at Event Hosted By Anti-Muslim Conspiracy Theorist |url=http://bridge.georgetown.edu/presidential-candidates-set-to-appear-at-event-hosted-by-anti-muslim-conspiracy-theorist/|accessdate=26 July 2015|work=Bridge Initiative|publisher=[[Georgetown University]]|date=20 July 2015}}</ref> among others. [[Jacob Heilbrunn]], editor of ''[[The National Interest]]'', has described Gaffney as "plain creepy",<ref>{{cite news|title=Motley Cruz: Ted’s Wacky Foreign Policy Team|url=http://nationalinterest.org/feature/motley-cruz-teds-wacky-foreign-policy-team-15528|accessdate=29 July 2016|work=[[The National Interest]]|date=17 March 2016}}</ref> while ''The Washington Post'' has reported that Gaffney's views were "considered radioactive by the Republican establishment",<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tharoor|first1=Ishaan|title=The crazy conspiracy theories of Ted Cruz’s new foreign policy adviser|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/03/18/the-conspiratorial-fever-dreams-of-this-ted-cruz-foreign-policy-adviser/|accessdate=29 July 2016|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=18 March 2016}}</ref> and Eli Clifton noted that Gaffney suffered "from a lack of mainstream acceptance."<ref name="Clifton">{{cite news|last1=Clifton|first1=Eli|title=Meet Donald Trump’s Islamophobia Expert|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/12/08/donald-trump-frank-gaffney-islamophobia-poll/|accessdate=29 July 2016|work=[[Foreign Policy]]|date=8 December 2015|subscription=yes}}</ref> Democrats, and many Republicans, have called Gaffney a "conspiracy theorist".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Crowley|first1=Michael|title=Gaffney denies NYT, WSJ reports that he's a Trump adviser|url=http://www.politico.com/blogs/donald-trump-administration/2016/11/gaffney-denies-nyt-wsj-reports-that-hes-a-trump-adviser-231504|accessdate=16 November 2016|work=[[Politico]]|date=16 November 2016}}</ref>
Gaffney has been called a conspiracy theorist by [[Dave Weigel]] writing in ''[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]]'' magazine;<ref>{{cite news|last1=Weigel|first1=David|title=Frank Gaffney, Obama Truther|url=http://reason.com/blog/2008/10/14/frank-gaffney-obama-truther|access-date=July 26, 2015|issue=[[Reason Magazine]]|date=October 14, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150804233233/http://reason.com/blog/2008/10/14/frank-gaffney-obama-truther|archive-date=August 4, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Steve Benen]] of [[MSNBC]];<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bennen|first1=Steve|title=The crumbling of the right's intellectual infrastructure|url=http://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/the-crumbling-the-rights-intellectual-infrastructure|access-date=July 26, 2015|publisher=[[MSNBC]]|date=June 17, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926132804/http://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/the-crumbling-the-rights-intellectual-infrastructure|archive-date=September 26, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'';<ref>{{cite news|last1=Woodruff|first1=Betsy|title=Glenn Beck Thinks Grover Norquist Is a Muslim Brotherhood Mole. Now, the NRA Is "Investigating."|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/03/16/nra_investigates_grover_norquist_as_glenn_beck_says_he_is_a_muslim_brotherhood.html|access-date=July 26, 2015|work=[[Slate Magazine]]|date=March 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725160516/http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/03/16/nra_investigates_grover_norquist_as_glenn_beck_says_he_is_a_muslim_brotherhood.html|archive-date=July 25, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[The Intercept]]'',<ref>{{cite news|title=Leading GOP Candidates to Appear at Event Hosted by Anti-Muslim Conspiracist|url=https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/07/23/leading-gop-presidential-candidates-appear-event-hosted-anti-muslim-conspiracists/|access-date=July 27, 2015|work=[[The Intercept]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Schwarz|first1=Jon|author-link1=Jon Schwarz|title=Muslim-Hating Conspiracy Theorist Frank Gaffney May (or May Not) Be Advising Trump's Transition Team|url=https://theintercept.com/2016/11/16/muslim-hating-conspiracy-theorist-frank-gaffney-joins-trumps-transition-team/|access-date=August 18, 2017|work=[[The Intercept]]|date=November 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818220404/https://theintercept.com/2016/11/16/muslim-hating-conspiracy-theorist-frank-gaffney-joins-trumps-transition-team/|archive-date=August 18, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Presidential Candidates Set to Appear at Event Hosted By Anti-Muslim Conspiracy Theorist|url=http://bridge.georgetown.edu/presidential-candidates-set-to-appear-at-event-hosted-by-anti-muslim-conspiracy-theorist/|access-date=July 26, 2015|work=Bridge Initiative|publisher=[[Georgetown University]]|date=July 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726144937/http://bridge.georgetown.edu/presidential-candidates-set-to-appear-at-event-hosted-by-anti-muslim-conspiracy-theorist/|archive-date=July 26, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> among others. ''[[The Washington Post]]'' has reported that Gaffney's views were "considered radioactive by the Republican establishment",<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tharoor|first1=Ishaan|title=The crazy conspiracy theories of Ted Cruz's new foreign policy adviser|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/03/18/the-conspiratorial-fever-dreams-of-this-ted-cruz-foreign-policy-adviser/|access-date=July 29, 2016|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=March 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822114204/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/03/18/the-conspiratorial-fever-dreams-of-this-ted-cruz-foreign-policy-adviser/|archive-date=August 22, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and Eli Clifton noted that Gaffney suffered "from a lack of mainstream acceptance."<ref name="Clifton">{{cite news|last1=Clifton|first1=Eli|title=Meet Donald Trump's Islamophobia Expert|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/12/08/donald-trump-frank-gaffney-islamophobia-poll/|access-date=July 29, 2016|work=[[Foreign Policy]]|date=December 8, 2015|url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801083003/http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/12/08/donald-trump-frank-gaffney-islamophobia-poll/|archive-date=August 1, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Democrats, and many Republicans, have called Gaffney a "conspiracy theorist".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Crowley|first1=Michael|title=Gaffney denies NYT, WSJ reports that he's a Trump adviser|url=http://www.politico.com/blogs/donald-trump-administration/2016/11/gaffney-denies-nyt-wsj-reports-that-hes-a-trump-adviser-231504|access-date=November 16, 2016|work=[[Politico]]|date=November 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116225907/http://www.politico.com/blogs/donald-trump-administration/2016/11/gaffney-denies-nyt-wsj-reports-that-hes-a-trump-adviser-231504|archive-date=November 16, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>


===Beliefs===
===Beliefs===
Conspiracy theories Gaffney has promoted include:
Conspiracy theories Gaffney has promoted include:
[[File:US Missile Defense Agency logo circa 2010.jpg|thumb|upright|Gaffney has asserted that the logo of the U.S. Missile Defense Agency is a coded signal showing the "official U.S. submission to Islam."]]
* The belief that former [[President of Iraq|Iraqi President]] [[Saddam Hussein]] was involved in the [[1993 World Trade Center bombing]] and the [[Oklahoma City bombing]].<ref name=y>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/archives/individual/2009_03/017271.php|title=It never ends|work=Washington Monthly|first1=Steve|last1=Benen|accessdate=2012-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/ted-cruz-frank-gaffney-islamophobia_us_56eb11cbe4b03a640a69fc3b|title=Ted Cruz's New Adviser Is Even More Anti-Muslim Than Donald Trump|first1=Jessica Schulberg Foreign Affairs|last1=Reporter|first2=The Huffington|last2=Post|date=17 March 2016|publisher=}}</ref>
* The belief that the logo of the US [[Missile Defense Agency]] is a coded indicator of "official U.S. submission to Islam" because it "appears ominously to reflect a morphing of the Islamic [[Star and crescent|crescent and star]] with the Obama campaign logo".<ref>{{cite news|title=Far-right birther's secret funders: Look who's backing Islamophobe Frank Gaffney|url=http://www.salon.com/2014/10/01/far_right_birthers_secret_funders_look_whos_backing_islamophobe_frank_gaffney/|access-date=July 24, 2015|work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]]|date=October 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725140801/http://www.salon.com/2014/10/01/far_right_birthers_secret_funders_look_whos_backing_islamophobe_frank_gaffney/|archive-date=July 25, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Accusations that Republican Party strategist [[Grover Norquist]] is a secret agent of the Muslim Brotherhood. In 2014, Gaffney claimed that Norquist had "been working with the enemy for over a decade."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Terkel|first1=Amanda|title=Frank Gaffney Escalates Crusade To Take Down Grover Norquist|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/05/frank-gaffney_n_4905219.html|accessdate=26 July 2015|work=[[Huffington Post]]|date=5 March 2014}}</ref> (Responding to the accusation, the board of directors of the American Conservative Union unanimously condemned Gaffney's charges as "reprehensible" and "unfounded."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Brinker|first1=Luke|title=Conservative civil war: Islamophobic activist seeks to oust Grover Norquist from NRA board |url=http://www.salon.com/2015/02/19/conservative_civil_war_islamophobic_activist_seeks_to_oust_grover_norquist_from_nra_board/|accessdate=26 July 2015|work=[[Slate Magazine]]|date=19 February 2015}}</ref>)
* The belief that former [[President of Iraq|Iraqi President]] [[Saddam Hussein]] was involved in the [[1993 World Trade Center bombing]] and the [[Oklahoma City bombing]].<ref name=y>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/archives/individual/2009_03/017271.php|title=It never ends|work=Washington Monthly|first1=Steve|last1=Benen|access-date=August 23, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512030230/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/archives/individual/2009_03/017271.php|archive-date=May 12, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/ted-cruz-frank-gaffney-islamophobia_us_56eb11cbe4b03a640a69fc3b|title=Ted Cruz's New Adviser Is Even More Anti-Muslim Than Donald Trump|first1=Jessica Schulberg Foreign Affairs|last1=Reporter|first2=The Huffington|last2=Post|website=[[HuffPost]]|date=March 17, 2016|access-date=November 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107221048/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/ted-cruz-frank-gaffney-islamophobia_us_56eb11cbe4b03a640a69fc3b|archive-date=November 7, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Accusations that [[Hillary Clinton]] aide [[Huma Abedin]] is a secret agent of the Muslim Brotherhood.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kay|first1=Jonathan|title=Bachmann, Gaffney, and the GOP’s Anti-Muslim Culture of Conspiracy|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/07/23/bachmann-gaffney-and-the-gop-s-anti-muslim-culture-of-conspiracy.html|accessdate=26 July 2015|work=[[Daily Beast]]|issue=23 July 2012}}</ref> (After the allegation was repeated by [[Michele Bachmann]], US senators [[John McCain]], [[Scott Brown (politician)|Scott Brown]], and [[Marco Rubio]] joined in dismissing it, and [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]] [[John Boehner]] said "accusations like this being thrown around are pretty dangerous."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/19/huma-abedin-michele-bachmann_n_1686557.html|title=Huma Abedin Attacks By Michele Bachmann Condemned By John Boehner, Marco Rubio|date=19 July 2012|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref>)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/frank-gaffney-cruz-obama-muslim_us_56f093cde4b03a640a6b70ed|title=Ted Cruz Defends Adviser Who Called Obama America's "First Muslim President"|first1=Nick Baumann Senior Enterprise|last1=Editor|first2=The Huffington|last2=Post|date=21 March 2016|publisher=}}</ref>
* Gaffney has sought to have Republican Party strategist [[Grover Norquist]] excluded from CPAC because of his alleged ties to the [[Muslim Brotherhood]]. In 2011, Gaffney said of Norquist, "We are in a war, and he has been working with the enemy for over a decade."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Terkel|first1=Amanda|title=Frank Gaffney Escalates Crusade To Take Down Grover Norquist|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/05/frank-gaffney_n_4905219.html|access-date=July 26, 2015|work=[[Huffington Post]]|date=March 5, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805202053/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/05/frank-gaffney_n_4905219.html|archive-date=August 5, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Responding to the accusation, the board of directors of the American Conservative Union unanimously condemned Gaffney's charges as "reprehensible" and "unfounded."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Brinker|first1=Luke|title=Conservative civil war: Islamophobic activist seeks to oust Grover Norquist from NRA board|url=http://www.salon.com/2015/02/19/conservative_civil_war_islamophobic_activist_seeks_to_oust_grover_norquist_from_nra_board/|access-date=July 26, 2015|work=[[Slate Magazine]]|date=February 19, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707061155/http://www.salon.com/2015/02/19/conservative_civil_war_islamophobic_activist_seeks_to_oust_grover_norquist_from_nra_board/|archive-date=July 7, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Accusations that Barack Obama is a [[Muslim]] who has secretly orchestrated "the most consequential bait-and-switch since Adolf Hitler", that Gen. [[David Petraeus]] had "submitted to Sharia", that congressman [[Keith Ellison]] is "likely to leak information to the Muslim Brotherhood", and that deputies in the [[Broward County]] Sheriff's department are "directly tied to [[Hamas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bauman|first1=Nick|title=Ted Cruz Defends Adviser Who Called Obama ‘America’s First Muslim President’|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/frank-gaffney-cruz-obama-muslim_us_56f093cde4b03a640a6b70ed|accessdate=22 July 2016|work=[[Huffington Post]]|date=21 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Burt|first1=American|title=American Hysteria|date=2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=1493017659|pages=156–158}}</ref>
* He has opposed the building of a number of large religious [[Muslim]] sites in the [[United States]], including [[Park51]], also referred to as the Ground Zero Mosque.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bump|first1=Philip|title=Meet Frank Gaffney, the anti-Muslim gadfly reportedly advising Donald Trump's transition team|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/12/08/meet-frank-gaffney-the-anti-muslim-gadfly-who-produced-donald-trumps-anti-muslim-poll/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=November 16, 2016|access-date=March 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301231703/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/12/08/meet-frank-gaffney-the-anti-muslim-gadfly-who-produced-donald-trumps-anti-muslim-poll/|archive-date=March 1, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The belief that the logo of the US [[Missile Defense Agency]] is a coded indicator of "official U.S. submission to Islam" because it "appears ominously to reflect a morphing of the Islamic [[Star and crescent|crescent and star]] with the Obama campaign logo".<ref>{{cite news|title=Far-right birther's secret funders: Look who's backing Islamophobe Frank Gaffney |url=http://www.salon.com/2014/10/01/far_right_birthers_secret_funders_look_whos_backing_islamophobe_frank_gaffney/|accessdate=24 July 2015|work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]]|date=14 October 2014}}</ref>
* Accusations that [[Hillary Clinton]] aide [[Huma Abedin]] is a secret agent of the Muslim Brotherhood.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kay|first1=Jonathan|title=Bachmann, Gaffney, and the GOP's Anti-Muslim Culture of Conspiracy|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/07/23/bachmann-gaffney-and-the-gop-s-anti-muslim-culture-of-conspiracy.html|access-date=July 26, 2015|work=[[Daily Beast]]|issue=July 23, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711192335/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/07/23/bachmann-gaffney-and-the-gop-s-anti-muslim-culture-of-conspiracy.html|archive-date=July 11, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> After the allegation was repeated by [[Michele Bachmann]], US senators [[John McCain]], [[Scott Brown (politician)|Scott Brown]], and [[Marco Rubio]] joined in dismissing it, and [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]] [[John Boehner]] said "accusations like this being thrown around are pretty dangerous."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/19/huma-abedin-michele-bachmann_n_1686557.html|title=Huma Abedin Attacks By Michele Bachmann Condemned By John Boehner, Marco Rubio|date=July 19, 2012|website=[[The Huffington Post]]|access-date=July 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725121041/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/19/huma-abedin-michele-bachmann_n_1686557.html|archive-date=July 25, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/frank-gaffney-cruz-obama-muslim_us_56f093cde4b03a640a6b70ed|title=Ted Cruz Defends Adviser Who Called Obama America's "First Muslim President"|first=Nick |last=Baumann|website=[[Huffington Post]]|date=March 21, 2016|access-date=July 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818170723/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/frank-gaffney-cruz-obama-muslim_us_56f093cde4b03a640a6b70ed|archive-date=August 18, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The belief that the [[responsibility to protect|responsibility-to-protect]] norm has been supported by the United States government to lay the groundwork for a forthcoming American military invasion of Israel.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Besser |first1=James |title=The Latest From the Conspiracy Front |url=http://www.thejewishweek.com/blogs/political_insider/latest_conspiracy_front_us_may_use_gaddafi_precedent_attack_israel |accessdate=9 December 2015 |work=Jewish Week |date=22 March 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211090611/http://www.thejewishweek.com/blogs/political_insider/latest_conspiracy_front_us_may_use_gaddafi_precedent_attack_israel |archivedate=11 December 2015 |df= }}</ref>
* Accusations that [[Barack Obama]] is a [[Muslim]] who has secretly orchestrated "the most consequential bait-and-switch since [[Adolf Hitler]]", that General [[David Petraeus]] had "submitted to [[Sharia law|Sharia]]", that Congressman [[Keith Ellison]] is "likely to leak information to the Muslim Brotherhood", and that deputies in the [[Broward County Sheriff's Office|Broward County, Florida, sheriff's office]] are "directly tied to [[Hamas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bauman|first1=Nick|title=Ted Cruz Defends Adviser Who Called Obama 'America's First Muslim President'|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/frank-gaffney-cruz-obama-muslim_us_56f093cde4b03a640a6b70ed|access-date=July 22, 2016|work=[[Huffington Post]]|date=March 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818170723/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/frank-gaffney-cruz-obama-muslim_us_56f093cde4b03a640a6b70ed|archive-date=August 18, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Burt|first1=American|title=American Hysteria|date=2015|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|location=Lanham, Maryland|isbn=978-1493017652|pages=156–158}}</ref>
* The belief that Muslim enemies of the United States are hidden in plain sight and organizing through mainstream Muslim rights organizations. He said said of Muslims, “They essentially, like termites, hollow out the structure of the civil society and other institutions, for the purpose of creating conditions under which the jihad will succeed.”<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/01/us/politics/donald-trump-islam.html|title=Trump Pushes Dark View of Islam to Center of U.S. Policy-Making|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 1, 2017|first1=Scott|last1=Shane|first2=Matthew|last2=Rosenberg|first3=Eric|last3=Lipton}}</ref>
* The belief that the [[responsibility to protect|responsibility-to-protect]] norm has been supported by the United States government to lay the groundwork for a forthcoming American military invasion of [[Israel]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Besser |first1=James |title=The Latest From the Conspiracy Front |url=http://www.thejewishweek.com/blogs/political_insider/latest_conspiracy_front_us_may_use_gaddafi_precedent_attack_israel |access-date=December 9, 2015 |work=Jewish Week |date=March 22, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211090611/http://www.thejewishweek.com/blogs/political_insider/latest_conspiracy_front_us_may_use_gaddafi_precedent_attack_israel |archive-date=December 11, 2015 }}</ref>
* The belief that Muslim enemies of the United States are hidden in plain sight and organizing through mainstream Muslim rights organizations. He said of Muslims, “They essentially, like termites, hollow out the structure of the civil society and other institutions, for the purpose of creating conditions under which the [[jihad]] will succeed.”<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/01/us/politics/donald-trump-islam.html|title=Trump Pushes Dark View of Islam to Center of U.S. Policy-Making|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 1, 2017|first1=Scott|last1=Shane|first2=Matthew|last2=Rosenberg|first3=Eric|last3=Lipton|access-date=February 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202054557/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/01/us/politics/donald-trump-islam.html|archive-date=February 2, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>


==Personal life==
==Works==
===Books===
Gaffney has donated money to a number of Republican political candidates including [[Allen West (politician)|Allen West]], [[Chris Myers (New Jersey)|Chris Myers]], and [[Jon Kyl]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Donor Lookup – Frank Gaffney|url=https://www.opensecrets.org/indivs/search.php?name=Frank+Gaffney&cycle=All&sort=R&state=&zip=&employ=&cand=&submit=Submit |publisher=Open Secrets|accessdate=12 Dec 2015}}</ref>
* {{cite book|last1=Gaffney|first1=Frank J.|author2=with colleagues|title=War Footing: 10 Steps America Must Take to Prevail in the War for the Free World|date=2005|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-1-591-14301-7}}
* {{cite book|last1=Gaffney, Jr.|first1=Frank J.|last2=Luft|first2=Gal|last3=Zubrin|first3=Robert|last4=Clark|first4=Wesley K.|last5=Haigwood|first5=Burl|last6=Dolan|first6=Greg|editor1-last=Lerner|editor1-first=Ben|editor2-last=Reaboi|editor2-first=David|title=Homegrown Defense: Biofuels & National Security|date=2010|publisher=Center for Security Policy Press|isbn=978-0-982-29474-1}}
* {{cite book|title=[[Shariah: The Threat To America|Shariah: The Threat To America: An Exercise In Competitive Analysis]]|author=Team B II|year=2010|publisher=Center for Security Policy Press|isbn=978-0982294765}}
* {{cite book|title=[[Shariah: The Threat To America#Follow-up|The Secure Freedom Strategy: A Plan for Victory Over the Global Jihad Movement]]|author=The Tiger Team|year=2015|publisher=Center for Security Policy Press|isbn=978-1507756133}}
* {{cite book|title=See No Sharia: 'Countering Violent Extremism' and the Disarming of America's First Line of Defense|first2=Clare M.|last2=Lopez|first1=Frank J.|last1=Gaffney, Jr.|year=2016|publisher=Center for Security Policy Press|isbn=978-1530234332}}
* {{cite book|title=The Indictment: Prosecuting the Chinese Communist Party & Friends for Crimes against America, China, and the World|first1=Frank|last1=Gaffney|first2=Dede|last2=Laugesen|year=2023|publisher=War Room Books|isbn=978-1648210044}}


==Bibliography==
===Films===
Gaffney was an executive producer of the documentary ''Islam vs. Islamists: Voices From the Muslim Center''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Farhi|first1=Paul|title=Rejected by PBS, Film on Islam Revived by CPB|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/24/AR2007052402571.html|access-date=August 18, 2017|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=May 25, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226184552/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/24/AR2007052402571.html|archive-date=December 26, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''War Footing'' ([[Naval Institute Press]], 2005) ISBN 978-1591143017<ref name=g>{{cite web|url=http://author.heritage.org/Press/Events/ev012406a.cfm |title=War Footing: 10 Steps America Must Take to Prevail in the War for the Free World |accessdate=2012-08-23 |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708200632/http://author.heritage.org/Press/Events/ev012406a.cfm |archivedate=2011-07-08 |df= }}</ref>
* ''Shariah: The Threat to America'' (self-published) ISBN 978-0982294765


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{C-SPAN|frankgaffney}}
{{commons category}}
*{{iMDb name|1544208}}
* {{Twitter|frankgaffney}}
* [https://centerforsecuritypolicy.org/author/securing-america-tv/ ''Securing America TV with Frank Gaffney''] (from 2022)
* [https://centerforsecuritypolicy.org/author/sfh/ ''Secure Freedom Radio with Frank Gaffney''] (until 2022)
* {{C-SPAN|1828}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


Line 153: Line 149:
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century American male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American columnists]]
[[Category:American columnists]]
[[Category:American conspiracy theorists]]
[[Category:American counter-jihad activists]]
[[Category:American critics of Islam]]
[[Category:American foreign policy writers]]
[[Category:American foreign policy writers]]
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American political writers]]
[[Category:American political writers]]
[[Category:American conspiracy theorists]]
[[Category:Breitbart News people]]
[[Category:Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service alumni]]
[[Category:Islam in the United States]]
[[Category:Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies alumni]]
[[Category:National Review people]]
[[Category:National Review people]]
[[Category:Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies alumni]]
[[Category:Reagan administration personnel]]
[[Category:Reagan administration personnel]]
[[Category:The Washington Times people]]
[[Category:The Washington Times people]]
[[Category:United States Department of Defense officials]]
[[Category:United States Department of Defense officials]]
[[Category:Critics of Islam]]
[[Category:Walsh School of Foreign Service alumni]]

Latest revision as of 13:02, 15 November 2024

Frank Gaffney
Gaffney speaking at CPAC in 2018
Born
Frank J. Gaffney Jr.

(1953-04-05) April 5, 1953 (age 71)
EducationGeorgetown University, Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service (BS)
Johns Hopkins University, Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (MA)
OccupationDefense policy analyst
Known forCounter-jihad, popular conspiracy theories, conservative political commentary
TitleDeputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (1983–87)
AwardsDepartment of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service (1987)
Zionist Organization of America's Louis Brandeis Award (2003)[1]

Frank J. Gaffney Jr. (born April 5, 1953) is an American defense policy analyst and founder of the Center for Security Policy (CSP). He founded the CSP in 1988, serving as its president until 2023, and thereafter as executive chairman.[2] In the 1970s and 1980s, he worked for the federal government in multiple posts, including as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear Forces and Arms Control Policy from 1983 to 1987, and seven months as Acting Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs during the Reagan administration. He was awarded the Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service in 1987. In later years, he has been described as an anti-Muslim conspiracy theorist.[3]

Early life and education

[edit]

Gaffney was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1953 to Virginia Gaffney (née Reed) and Frank J. Gaffney.[4][5] His father was a classical music aficionado and long-time partner at the law firm of Thorp, Reed & Armstrong, which was founded by his wife's father, Earl Reed; in 2013, it merged with Clark Hill PLC.[4][6][7] Gaffney's grandfather, Joseph Gaffney, was a city solicitor in Philadelphia.[4] In the early 20th century, as a known Catholic in Philadelphia, he faced opposition from nativist Protestant groups who alleged that Catholics were "gaining control of American institutions while rewriting the nation's history".[8]

Gaffney attended the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service in 1975.[9][5] In 1978, he received an MA in International Studies from Johns Hopkins University's Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies.[10][11][12]

Career

[edit]

Gaffney began his government career in the 1970s, working as an aide in the office of Democratic Senator Henry M. Jackson, under Richard Perle. From August 1983 until November 1987, Gaffney held the position of Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear Forces and Arms Control Policy in the Reagan administration, again serving under Perle.[13]

In April 1987, Gaffney was nominated to the position of Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs.[12] He served as the acting Assistant Secretary for seven months. During this time, despite his official post, he was excluded by senior Reagan administration officials from the then-ongoing arms control talks with the Soviet Union. Gaffney was ultimately forced out of the Pentagon; The Washington Post reported in November 1987 that, within four days of Frank Carlucci's appointment as Secretary of Defense, "Gaffney's belongings were boxed and he was gone".[14][15] Following his departure from government, he immediately set about criticizing Ronald Reagan's pursuit of an arms control agreement with the USSR.[14]

Center for Security Policy

[edit]

In 1988, Gaffney established the Center for Security Policy (CSP), a Washington, D.C.-based national security think tank that has been widely described as engaging in conspiracy theorizing by a range of individuals, media outlets and organizations. Its activities are focused on exposing and researching perceived jihadist threats to the United States. The Center has been described as "not very highly respected" by BBC News and "disreputable" by Salon. It has faced strong criticism from people across the political spectrum, but has also had its reports cited by political figures such as US President Donald Trump and former Congresswoman Michele Bachmann.[16][17][18] In 2010 Gaffney became a trustee of the Center for Security Policy.[19] CSP has been described as an "extremist think tank" by the Center for New Community.[20] In 2016, the CSP was classified by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) as a "hate group".[21] The SPLC describes Gaffney as "one of America’s most notorious Islamophobes".[22] Gaffney and the CSP have also been described as influential parts of the counter-jihad movement.[23][24]

On March 16, 2016, Republican presidential candidate Ted Cruz announced he would name Frank Gaffney to be one of his National Security Advisors.[25] Cruz said that Gaffney "is a serious thinker who has been focused on fighting jidahists [sic], fighting jihadism across the globe".[26] In December 2015, Nation Institute Fellow Eli Clifton characterized as unscientific a CSP-funded poll that Donald Trump had been citing, which purportedly showed widespread support for Sharia law among U.S. Muslims and a need for intervention in that community. It added that, "Between Trump’s calls for a national registry of Muslims and a ban on Muslim immigration, it appears that through coincidence or outright collaboration, Trump is building an immigration and anti-Muslim policy framework that closely mirrors the statements and proposals advocated by" Gaffney and the CSP.[27]

Discussing what he calls prominent professional participants in Islamophobia, Professor Todd Green wrote mentioned "Frank Gaffney and David Yerushalmi, both of whom head organizations that are responsible for spreading misinformation about Islam and that seek to enact anti-Muslim laws, including the infamous anti-Sharia". David Yerushalmi served as legal counsel for the CSP[28] and has been accused of spreading misinformation about Islam and encouraging the enactment of anti-Muslim laws, including anti-Sharia legislation in the United States.[29]

Gaffney and the CSP have been noted to have wielded influence on several prominent individuals of the Trump administration.[23][24] Gaffney was himself hosted on Steve Bannon's radio show at least thirty-four times during Bannon's time in Breitbart News,[24] and Michael Flynn, Mike Pompeo and Jeff Sessions have all been described as "devotees" of Gaffney's ideas.[23] Following John Bolton's appointment as National Security Advisor, Gaffney was criticised as the source of where Bolton's beliefs originated on a number of subjects. This included the Iran nuclear deal and many anti-Islamic beliefs.[30][31][32]

He stepped down as president of the CSP in January 2023 in favor of Tommy Waller, but remains its executive chairman.[2]

Fax wars

[edit]

In the 1990s, Gaffney became known in Washington, D.C., for "fax wars" he waged, whereby his "small but loyal following" would be encouraged to inundate the offices of members of Congress with faxes.[33]

In 1995, Gaffney charged that US Secretary of Energy Hazel R. O'Leary was intentionally undermining US nuclear readiness; an analysis of Gaffney's charges against O'Leary published by William Arkin observed that Gaffney "specializes in intensely personal attacks" and his Center for Security Policy's liberal use of faxes to attack its opponents had made it the "Domino's Pizza of the policy business".[34]

Later, in a 1997 column for The Washington Times, Gaffney alleged a seismic incident in Russia was a nuclear detonation at that nation's Novaya Zemlya test site, indicating Russia was violating the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTB).[35] Subsequent scientific analysis of Novaya Zemlya confirmed the event was a routine earthquake.[36] Reporting on the allegation, the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists observed that, following its publication, "fax machines around Washington, D.C., and across the country poured out pages detailing Russian duplicity. They came from Frank Gaffney", going on to note that during the first four months of 1997, Gaffney had "issued more than 25 screeds" against the CTB.[35]

Other activities

[edit]

Gaffney also contributes to the conservative media site Newsmax. Gaffney wrote a column for The Washington Times from 2012 to 2016,[37] and for Jewish World Review from 2000 to 2013.[38] He was also the host of Secure Freedom Radio, a nationally-syndicated radio program[39] and podcast which has featured guests such as Newt Gingrich, John R. Bolton, and white nationalist Jared Taylor.[40][41] The radio program was turned into a television show titled Securing America TV on Real America's Voice in 2020.[42] Gaffney is the vice-chair of the Committee on the Present Danger and has been described as part of a "new red scare" of anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States.[43]

Conspiracy theories

[edit]

The Anti-Defamation League has said that Gaffney "has promulgated a number of anti-Muslim conspiracy theories over the years" and that he has "undue influence" relative to other like-minded figures.[44] Other commentators have suggested that Gaffney's propensity for conspiracy theories began earlier during his career in the Reagan administration, where after being denied a higher position, was convinced that Soviet agents within the United States government were blocking him.[45]

Civilization Jihad

[edit]

One of Gaffney's main conspiracy theories is the so-called "Civilization Jihad", a supposed secret Muslim plan to take over America, which came to national prominence by being cited in a debate by 2016 presidential candidate Ben Carson.[46] According to the SPLC, Gaffney's beliefs stem "from a single discredited source – a 1991 fantasy written by a lone Muslim Brotherhood member that was introduced into evidence during the 2008 Holy Land Foundation trial in Dallas federal court.[47] The FBI found the note to be incongruous with documents taken from Muslim Brotherhood, nor was it found to have been discussed during the 1991 conference of the Muslim Brotherhood.[46]

But to Gaffney, this document was "a smoking gun, a mission statement pointing to a massive Islamist conspiracy under our noses".[47] The ADL quotes Gaffney as "mentioning that in 1991, a Muslim Brotherhood operative produced the "explanatory memorandum on the general strategic goal of the group in North America." According to Gaffney, the memo explicitly addresses the progress the Muslim Brotherhood has made in building an infrastructure in the United States with the goal of destroying Western civilization from within so that Islam is victorious over other religions".[48][46]

The BRIDGE Initiative at Georgetown found that the memo failed to gain traction in the Arab world, as none of the sensationalist phrasings ever became commonplace in subsequent Arab literature and media.[46] In contrast, some politicians and Islamaphobic commentators have used the phrase repeatedly to demonize Muslims.[49][50]

ACU dispute

[edit]

In 2011, Gaffney was banned by the American Conservative Union from the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC). ACU chairman David Keene released a statement contending that Gaffney "has become personally and tiresomely obsessed with his weird belief that anyone who doesn't agree with him on everything all the time or treat him with the respect and deference he believes is his due, must be either ignorant of the dangers we face or, in extreme case, dupes of the nation's enemies".[51] Gaffney has since returned to CPAC to host panels at the conference in 2015 and 2016.[48][52]

In an April 2016 column in The Washington Times titled, "When conspiracy nuts do real damage", Keene again slammed Gaffney, writing, "One hopes that is what they will do and that Mr. Gaffney will, like the folks at Group Research, Mr. Hoover's aides and most conspiracy nuts of yore will vanish into the fever swamps from which he came".[45] The column came two months after Gaffney unexpectedly left The Washington Times for Breitbart News, where he was a staff columnist and Keene was the opinion editor. Keene, who had slashed the frequency of Gaffney's column from weekly to monthly, commented to Media Matters on Gaffney's departure, describing Gaffney's work as "well-researched," and stated, "we're sorry to lose him but we wish him well". Keene also noted that Gaffney had left without giving him any notice, saying, "I guess he's notifying us through you".[53]

Media responses

[edit]

Gaffney has been called a conspiracy theorist by Dave Weigel writing in Reason magazine;[54] Steve Benen of MSNBC;[55] Slate;[56] and The Intercept,[57][58][59] among others. The Washington Post has reported that Gaffney's views were "considered radioactive by the Republican establishment",[60] and Eli Clifton noted that Gaffney suffered "from a lack of mainstream acceptance."[27] Democrats, and many Republicans, have called Gaffney a "conspiracy theorist".[61]

Beliefs

[edit]

Conspiracy theories Gaffney has promoted include:

Gaffney has asserted that the logo of the U.S. Missile Defense Agency is a coded signal showing the "official U.S. submission to Islam."

Works

[edit]

Books

[edit]
  • Gaffney, Frank J.; with colleagues (2005). War Footing: 10 Steps America Must Take to Prevail in the War for the Free World. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-591-14301-7.
  • Gaffney, Jr., Frank J.; Luft, Gal; Zubrin, Robert; Clark, Wesley K.; Haigwood, Burl; Dolan, Greg (2010). Lerner, Ben; Reaboi, David (eds.). Homegrown Defense: Biofuels & National Security. Center for Security Policy Press. ISBN 978-0-982-29474-1.
  • Team B II (2010). Shariah: The Threat To America: An Exercise In Competitive Analysis. Center for Security Policy Press. ISBN 978-0982294765.
  • The Tiger Team (2015). The Secure Freedom Strategy: A Plan for Victory Over the Global Jihad Movement. Center for Security Policy Press. ISBN 978-1507756133.
  • Gaffney, Jr., Frank J.; Lopez, Clare M. (2016). See No Sharia: 'Countering Violent Extremism' and the Disarming of America's First Line of Defense. Center for Security Policy Press. ISBN 978-1530234332.
  • Gaffney, Frank; Laugesen, Dede (2023). The Indictment: Prosecuting the Chinese Communist Party & Friends for Crimes against America, China, and the World. War Room Books. ISBN 978-1648210044.

Films

[edit]

Gaffney was an executive producer of the documentary Islam vs. Islamists: Voices From the Muslim Center.[75]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Frank Gaffney". Center for Security Policy. June 7, 2013. Archived from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  2. ^ a b "Center for Security Policy improves its approach to changing national security challenges". Center for Security Policy. August 19, 2022. Archived from the original on April 21, 2024. Retrieved April 11, 2024.
  3. ^ "4 Conspiracy Theories Promoted by Frank Gaffney, Ted Cruz's New Adviser". Haaretz. March 18, 2016. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
    "Frank Gaffney Jr". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
    Carden, James. "The Iran Deal Opponents Are Going to Fight to the Bitter End". The Nation. No. September 11, 2015. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
    Woodruff, Betsy (March 15, 2015). "Glenn Beck Thinks Grover Norquist Is a Muslim Brotherhood Mole. Now, the NRA Is "Investigating."". Slate. Archived from the original on September 26, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
    "Bachmann, Gaffney, and the GOP's Anti-Muslim Culture of Conspiracy". The Daily Beast. July 23, 2012. Archived from the original on July 11, 2015. Retrieved July 27, 2015.
  4. ^ a b c "Devon Gaffney, Research Director, Engaged to Marry Jay Cross in June". The New York Times. 9 April 1989. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
  5. ^ a b "Arena Profile: Frank Gaffney". Politico. Archived from the original on April 23, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
  6. ^ Gigler, Dan (November 3, 2001). "Lawyer with a Passion for Classical Music". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on April 15, 2023. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
  7. ^ "Clark Hill dropping Thorp Reed from name in Pittsburgh". Pittsburgh Business Times. Archived from the original on February 21, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
  8. ^ Evenson, Bruce (1996). When Dempsey Fought Tunney: Heroes, Hokum, and Storytelling in the Jazz Age. University of Tennessee Press. p. 80. ISBN 9780870499180.
  9. ^ "Frank Gaffney". TownHall. Archived from the original on November 15, 2012. Retrieved November 23, 2012.
  10. ^ Ruppert, Michael C. (2004). Crossing the Rubicon: The Decline of the American Empire at the End of the Age of Oil. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers. p. 531. ISBN 978-0-865-71540-0. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  11. ^ "Frank Gaffney Jr". Center for Security Policy. Retrieved 2023-06-06.
  12. ^ a b "Nomination of Frank J Gaffney Jr". Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum. 1987-04-17. Archived from the original on 2023-06-07. Retrieved 2023-06-06.
  13. ^ Wedel, Janine R. (December 1, 2009). Shadow Elite: How the World's New Power Brokers Undermine Democracy, Government, and the Free Market (First ed.). New York City: Basic Books. pp. 147–191. ISBN 978-0-465-09106-5.
  14. ^ a b Watson, Russell. "At Long Last an Arms Deal". Newsweek.
  15. ^ "Disarmed but Undeterred; His Once Pervasive Power Waning, The Hard-Liner Awaits the Summit". The Washington Post. November 23, 1987.
  16. ^ "Trump's 'Muslim lockdown': What is the Center for Security Policy?". BBC News. December 8, 2015. Archived from the original on December 12, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
  17. ^ "Cruz's cynical Trump detente: They're good buddies now, but wait until The Donald's support drops". Salon. August 28, 2015. Archived from the original on December 27, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
  18. ^ Cockburn, Alexander (2003). The Politics of Anti-Semitism. AK. p. 132. ISBN 978-1902593777.
  19. ^ "Center for Security Policy - IRS Form-990 yr2010". ProPublica - Nonprofit Explorer. 2011-08-26. Retrieved 2023-06-06.
  20. ^ Terri A. Johnson and J. Richard Cohen (September 3, 2015). "Anti-Muslim bigotry has no place in politics". The Hill. Archived from the original on October 6, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  21. ^ "SPLC's Intelligence Report: Amid Year of Lethal Violence, Extremist Groups Expanded Ranks in 2015". Archived from the original on August 11, 2016. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
  22. ^ "Frank Gaffney Jr". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
  23. ^ a b c Beauchamp, Zack (February 13, 2017). "Trump's counter-jihad". Vox. Archived from the original on June 8, 2017. Retrieved October 31, 2022.
  24. ^ a b c Perwee, Ed (2020). "Donald Trump, the anti-Muslim far right and the new conservative revolution". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 43 (16): 211–230. doi:10.1080/01419870.2020.1749688. S2CID 218843237.
  25. ^ "Ted Cruz Names Anti-Muslim Conspiracy Theorist As Top Foreign-Policy Adviser". New York Magazine. March 17, 2016. Archived from the original on March 18, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
  26. ^ Krieg, Gregory (March 22, 2016). "Ted Cruz defends foreign policy adviser Frank Gaffney – CNNPolitics.com". Edition.cnn.com. Archived from the original on August 18, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
  27. ^ a b Clifton, Eli (December 8, 2015). "Meet Donald Trump's Islamophobia Expert". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
  28. ^ "David Yerushalmi". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on July 14, 2020. Retrieved July 11, 2020.
  29. ^ Green, Todd (2015). The Fear of Islam: An Introduction to Islamophobia in the West. Fortress Press. p. 211. ISBN 9781451469905. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
  30. ^ Cortellessa, Eric (March 29, 2018). "Liberal Jewish groups slam Bolton for 'bellicose ideology, anti-Muslim bigotry'". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
  31. ^ Wadhams, Nick (March 15, 2018). "A Tillerson Ally Survives the Purge With Help From Friends". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on April 26, 2018. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
  32. ^ Nguyen, Tina (March 15, 2018). ""Revenge of the Nationalists": The Pro-Trump World Dances on Tillerson's Grave". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
  33. ^ Hersman, Rebecca (2010). Friends and Foes: How Congress and the President Really Make Foreign Policy. Brookings Institution. pp. 88–89. ISBN 978-0815798965.
  34. ^ Arkin, William M. (March 1995). "A tale of two Franks". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 51 (2): 80. Bibcode:1995BuAtS..51b..80A. doi:10.1080/00963402.1995.11658058.
  35. ^ a b Isaacs, John (November 1997). "Spinning to the Right". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  36. ^ Wallace, Terry. "False Accusations, Undetected Tests and Implications for the CTB Treaty". Arms Control Association. Archived from the original on May 23, 2018. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  37. ^ "Frank J. Gaffney Jr. Articles". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  38. ^ "Frank J. Gaffney Jr. Archives". Jewish World Review. Archived from the original on January 6, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  39. ^ "AM 1260 The ANSWER— Program Guide". AM 1260 The ANSWER. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  40. ^ Milbank, Dana. "Meet the Islamophobe inspiring Trump to redefine extremism". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 7, 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  41. ^ Hatewatch Staff (September 30, 2015). "Anti-Muslim Activist Frank Gaffney Interviews White Nationalist Jared Taylor on His Radio Show". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  42. ^ "National Security Expert Frank Gaffney Launches New TV Program". PR Newswire. October 28, 2020. Archived from the original on May 8, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
  43. ^ Swanson, Ana (July 20, 2019). "A New Red Scare Is Reshaping Washington". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 20, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  44. ^ "Frank Gaffney Jr. and the Center for Security Policy". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on November 4, 2016. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
  45. ^ a b Keene, David (April 17, 2016). "DAVID KEENE: When conspiracy nuts do real damage". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on August 12, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
  46. ^ a b c d The Bridge Initiative Team (2016-02-02). "'Civilization Jihad:' Debunking the Conspiracy Theory". Bridge Initiative. Archived from the original on 2022-05-25. Retrieved 2024-05-31.
  47. ^ a b "Frank Gaffney Jr". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on May 14, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
  48. ^ a b "Frank Gaffney Jr. and the Center for Security Policy". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on August 18, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
  49. ^ Oosting, Jonathan. "Colbeck under fire for Muslim conspiracy claims". The Detroit News. Archived from the original on 2022-05-22. Retrieved 2024-05-31.
  50. ^ "Islamophobes React to Coronavirus Pandemic with Anti-Muslim Bigotry". www.adl.org. 2020-04-30. Archived from the original on 2024-07-04. Retrieved 2024-05-31.
  51. ^ "CPAC Banned Frank Gaffney Over Baseless Anti-Muslim Charges". Talking Points Memo. February 15, 2011. Archived from the original on July 11, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
  52. ^ Sarlin, Benjy (5 March 2016). "Analysis: How CPAC Foreshadowed Donald Trump's Takeover of the GOP". NBC News. Archived from the original on July 3, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
  53. ^ "Columnist's Departure For Breitbart Is News To Washington Times". Media Matters. February 27, 2014. Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
  54. ^ Weigel, David (October 14, 2008). "Frank Gaffney, Obama Truther". No. Reason Magazine. Archived from the original on August 4, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
  55. ^ Bennen, Steve (June 17, 2014). "The crumbling of the right's intellectual infrastructure". MSNBC. Archived from the original on September 26, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
  56. ^ Woodruff, Betsy (March 16, 2015). "Glenn Beck Thinks Grover Norquist Is a Muslim Brotherhood Mole. Now, the NRA Is "Investigating."". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on July 25, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
  57. ^ "Leading GOP Candidates to Appear at Event Hosted by Anti-Muslim Conspiracist". The Intercept. Retrieved July 27, 2015.
  58. ^ Schwarz, Jon (November 16, 2016). "Muslim-Hating Conspiracy Theorist Frank Gaffney May (or May Not) Be Advising Trump's Transition Team". The Intercept. Archived from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  59. ^ "Presidential Candidates Set to Appear at Event Hosted By Anti-Muslim Conspiracy Theorist". Bridge Initiative. Georgetown University. July 20, 2015. Archived from the original on July 26, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
  60. ^ Tharoor, Ishaan (March 18, 2016). "The crazy conspiracy theories of Ted Cruz's new foreign policy adviser". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 22, 2016. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
  61. ^ Crowley, Michael (November 16, 2016). "Gaffney denies NYT, WSJ reports that he's a Trump adviser". Politico. Archived from the original on November 16, 2016. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
  62. ^ "Far-right birther's secret funders: Look who's backing Islamophobe Frank Gaffney". Salon. October 14, 2014. Archived from the original on July 25, 2015. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
  63. ^ Benen, Steve. "It never ends". Washington Monthly. Archived from the original on May 12, 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2012.
  64. ^ Reporter, Jessica Schulberg Foreign Affairs; Post, The Huffington (March 17, 2016). "Ted Cruz's New Adviser Is Even More Anti-Muslim Than Donald Trump". HuffPost. Archived from the original on November 7, 2016. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
  65. ^ Terkel, Amanda (March 5, 2014). "Frank Gaffney Escalates Crusade To Take Down Grover Norquist". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on August 5, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
  66. ^ Brinker, Luke (February 19, 2015). "Conservative civil war: Islamophobic activist seeks to oust Grover Norquist from NRA board". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on July 7, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
  67. ^ Bump, Philip (November 16, 2016). "Meet Frank Gaffney, the anti-Muslim gadfly reportedly advising Donald Trump's transition team". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 1, 2018. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
  68. ^ Kay, Jonathan. "Bachmann, Gaffney, and the GOP's Anti-Muslim Culture of Conspiracy". Daily Beast. No. July 23, 2012. Archived from the original on July 11, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
  69. ^ "Huma Abedin Attacks By Michele Bachmann Condemned By John Boehner, Marco Rubio". The Huffington Post. July 19, 2012. Archived from the original on July 25, 2015. Retrieved July 27, 2015.
  70. ^ Baumann, Nick (March 21, 2016). "Ted Cruz Defends Adviser Who Called Obama America's "First Muslim President"". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on August 18, 2016. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
  71. ^ Bauman, Nick (March 21, 2016). "Ted Cruz Defends Adviser Who Called Obama 'America's First Muslim President'". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on August 18, 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  72. ^ Burt, American (2015). American Hysteria. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 156–158. ISBN 978-1493017652.
  73. ^ Besser, James (March 22, 2011). "The Latest From the Conspiracy Front". Jewish Week. Archived from the original on December 11, 2015. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
  74. ^ Shane, Scott; Rosenberg, Matthew; Lipton, Eric (February 1, 2017). "Trump Pushes Dark View of Islam to Center of U.S. Policy-Making". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
  75. ^ Farhi, Paul (May 25, 2007). "Rejected by PBS, Film on Islam Revived by CPB". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
[edit]