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Coordinates: Sky map 12h 21m 54.9s, +04° 28′ 25″
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{{Short description|Galaxy in the constellation Virgo}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Infobox galaxy
{{Disputed|date=March 2017}}
{{relevance inline|date=March 2017}}
{{refimprove|date=March 2017}}
}}

{{Galaxybox begin
|name=[[Messier Catalogue|Messier]] 61<ref name="AnA">
|name=[[Messier Catalogue|Messier]] 61<ref name="AnA">
{{cite journal
{{cite journal
|last=Tschöke | first=D. | last2=Hensler |first2=G. |last3=Junkes |first3=N.
|last1=Tschöke | first1=D. | last2=Hensler |first2=G. |last3=Junkes |first3=N.
|date=2000
|date=2000
|title=X-rays from the barred galaxy NGC 4303
|title=X-rays from the barred galaxy NGC 4303
Line 15: Line 10:
|arxiv=astro-ph/0006361
|arxiv=astro-ph/0006361
|bibcode=2000A&A...360..447T
|bibcode=2000A&A...360..447T
|doi=}}</ref>
}}</ref>
}}
{{Galaxybox image
|image = [[File:A hungry starburst galaxy.jpg|300px]]
|image = [[File:A hungry starburst galaxy.jpg|300px]]
|caption = Messier 61 taken by Hubble<ref>{{cite news|title=A hungry starburst galaxy|url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1417a/|accessdate=29 April 2014|newspaper=ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week}}</ref>
|caption = Image taken by [[Hubble Space Telescope]], April 28, 2014<ref>{{cite news|title=A hungry starburst galaxy|url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1417a/|access-date=29 April 2014|newspaper=ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week}}</ref><br>Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA. Acknowledgement: Det58
|credit=ESA/Hubble & NASA. Acknowledgement: Det58}}
{{Galaxybox observe
|epoch=[[J2000]]
|epoch=[[J2000]]
|constell=[[Virgo (constellation)|Virgo]]
|constellation name=[[Virgo (constellation)|Virgo]]
|ra ={{RA|12|21|54.9}}<ref name="ned">
|ra ={{RA|12|21|54.9}}<ref name="ned">
{{cite web
{{cite web
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|work=Results for M 61
|work=Results for M 61
|url=http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?objname=Messier+61&extend=no&hconst=73&omegam=0.27&omegav=0.73&corr_z=1&out_csys=Equatorial&out_equinox=J2000.0&obj_sort=RA+or+Longitude&of=pre_text&zv_breaker=30000.0&list_limit=5&img_stamp=YES
|url=http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?objname=Messier+61&extend=no&hconst=73&omegam=0.27&omegav=0.73&corr_z=1&out_csys=Equatorial&out_equinox=J2000.0&obj_sort=RA+or+Longitude&of=pre_text&zv_breaker=30000.0&list_limit=5&img_stamp=YES
|accessdate=2006-11-18
|access-date=2006-11-18
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
| dec = {{DEC|+04|28|25}}<ref name="ned" />
|dec = {{DEC|+04|28|25}}<ref name="ned" />
| appdim_v = 6.5 × 5.8 [[Minute of arc|arcmin]]<ref name="ned" />
|size_v = 6.5 × 5.8 [[Minute of arc|arcmin]]<ref name="ned" />
|appmag_v = 9.7<ref>{{cite web |url=https://messier.seds.org/m/m061.html |title=Messier 61 |access-date=29 April 2022 |website=SEDS Messier Catalog}}</ref>
| appmag_v = 10.18
|type = SAB(rs)bc,<ref name="ned" /> [[Seyfert galaxy|H<sub>II</sub>Sy2]]<ref name="ned" />
|h_radial_v = {{val|1566|2|u=km/s}}<ref name="ned" />
|z = {{val|0.005224|0.000007}}<ref name="ned" />
|gal_v = {{val|1483|4|u=km/s}}<ref name="ned" />
|dist_ly = {{convert|52.5|+/-|2.3|Mly|Mpc|2|lk=on|abbr=on}}
|names = [[New General Catalogue|NGC]] 4303,<ref name="ned" /> [[Uppsala General Catalogue|UGC]] 07420,<ref name="ned" /> [[Principal Galaxies Catalogue|PGC]] 040001,<ref name="ned" /><br /> MCG +01-32-022,<ref name="ned" /> [[Boss General Catalogue|GC]] 2878
|references = [[SIMBAD]]: [http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=M61 Search M61]
}}
}}
'''[[Messier object|Messier]] 61''' (also known as '''M61''', '''[[New General Catalogue|NGC]] 4303''', or the '''Swelling Spiral Galaxy''') is an [[intermediate barred spiral galaxy]] in the [[Virgo Cluster]] of galaxies. It was first discovered by [[Barnaba Oriani]] on May 5, 1779, six days before [[Charles Messier]] discovered the same galaxy. Messier had observed it on the same night as Oriani but had mistaken it for a comet.<ref name="SEDS">{{cite web
{{Galaxybox character
|title = Messier 61
| g_type = SAB(rs)bc,<ref name="ned" /> [[Seyfert galaxy|H<sub>II</sub>Sy2]]<ref name="ned" />
|url = http://messier.seds.org/m/m061.html/
}}
|access-date = 2017-01-11
{{Galaxybox astrometry
|url-status = dead
|h_radial_v = 1566
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170106175502/http://messier.seds.org/m/m061.html
|hrv_err = 2<ref name="ned" />
|archive-date = 2017-01-06
|z = 0.005224
}}</ref> Its distance has been estimated to be 45.61 million light years from the [[Milky Way Galaxy]]. It is a member of the [[M61 Group]] of galaxies, which is a member of the [[Virgo II Groups]], a series of galaxies and [[galaxy cluster]]s strung out from the southern edge of the [[Virgo Supercluster]].<ref name="atlas universe">{{cite web | title=The Virgo III Groups |work=Atlas of the Universe |url=http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/galgrps/viriii.html |access-date=2010-11-27 }}</ref>
|z_err = 0.000007<ref name="ned" />
|gal_v = 1483
|gv_err = 4<ref name="ned" />
|g_dist = 52.5
|dist_err = 2.3
}}
{{Galaxybox catalog
| names = [[New General Catalogue|NGC]] 4303,<ref name="ned" /> [[Uppsala General Catalogue|UGC]] 07420,<ref name="ned" /> [[Principal Galaxies Catalogue|PGC]] 040001,<ref name="ned" /><br /> MCG +01-32-022,<ref name="ned" /> [[Boss General Catalogue|GC]] 2878
}}
{{Galaxybox reference
| Simbad = M61 Search M61
}}
{{Galaxybox end}}

'''[[Messier object|Messier]] 61''' (also known as '''M61''' or '''[[New General Catalogue|NGC]] 4303''') is an [[intermediate barred spiral galaxy]] in the [[Virgo Cluster]] of galaxies. It was discovered by [[Barnaba Oriani]] on May 5, 1779. This was six days before [[Charles Messier]] observed the same galaxy, but had mistook it to be a comet.<ref name="SEDS">{{cite web
|title=Messier 61
|url=http://messier.seds.org/m/m061.html/
|accessdate=2017-01-11}}</ref>


== Properties ==
== Properties ==
M61 is one of the largest members of Virgo Cluster, and belongs to a smaller subgroup known as the ''S Cloud''.<ref name="GOLDMine">{{cite web

M61 is one of the largest members of Virgo Cluster, and is designated to belong to a smaller section of the galaxy cluster known as the ''S Cloud''.<ref name="GOLDMine">
{{cite web
|title=Galaxy On Line Database Milano Network (GOLDMine)
|title=Galaxy On Line Database Milano Network (GOLDMine)
|work=
|url=http://goldmine.mib.infn.it/
|url=http://goldmine.mib.infn.it/
|access-date=2012-08-06
|accessdate=2012-08-06 }}</ref><ref name="VirgoAtlas">{{cite web
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603100014/http://goldmine.mib.infn.it/
|archive-date=2012-06-03
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref name="VirgoAtlas">{{cite web
|title=The Virgo Cluster
|title=The Virgo Cluster
|url=http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/galgrps/vir.html
|url=http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/galgrps/vir.html
|accessdate=2013-04-06
|access-date=2013-04-06
}}</ref> The [[Galaxy morphological classification|morphological classification]] of SAB(rs)bc<ref name="ned" /> indicates a weakly-barred spiral (SAB) with the suggestion of a ring structure (rs) and moderate to loosely wound spiral arms.<ref name="Class">
{{cite journal
| last=de Vaucouleurs |first=Gérard
| title=Revised Classification of 1500 Bright Galaxies
| journal=Astrophysical Journal Supplement
| date=April 1963 | volume=8 | page=31
| doi=10.1086/190084 |bibcode=1963ApJS....8...31D
}}</ref> It has an [[active galactic nucleus]]<ref name="Jiménez-Bailón2003">
}}</ref> It has an [[active galactic nucleus]]<ref name="Jiménez-Bailón2003">
{{cite journal
{{cite journal
|last=Jiménez-Bailón |first=E. |last2=Santos-Lleó |first2=M. |last3=Mas-Hesse |first3=J. M. |last4=Guainazzi |first4=M. |last5=Colina |first5=L. |last6=Cerviño |first6=M. |last7=González Delgado |first7=Rosa M.
|last1=Jiménez-Bailón |first1=E. |last2=Santos-Lleó |first2=M. |last3=Mas-Hesse |first3=J. M. |last4=Guainazzi |first4=M. |last5=Colina |first5=L. |last6=Cerviño |first6=M. |last7=González Delgado |first7=Rosa M.
|date=2003
|date=2003
|title=Nuclear Activity and Massive Star Formation in the Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nucleus NGC 4303: Chandra X-Ray Observations
|title=Nuclear Activity and Massive Star Formation in the Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nucleus NGC 4303: Chandra X-Ray Observations
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|doi=10.1086/376554
|doi=10.1086/376554
|bibcode=2003ApJ...593..127J
|bibcode=2003ApJ...593..127J
|arxiv=astro-ph/0304465
|arxiv=astro-ph/0304465
}}</ref>and is classified as a [[starburst galaxy]] containing a [[Super star cluster|massive]] [[Central massive object|nuclear star cluster]] with an estimated mass of 10<sup>5</sup> [[solar mass]]es and an age of 4 million years<ref name="Colina2002">{{cite journal |last=Colina |first=L. |last2=Gonzalez Delgado |first2=R. |last3=Mas-Hesse|first3=J. Miguel |last4=Leitherer |first4=C. |last5=Jimenez Bailon |first5=E.
|s2cid=12969809 }}</ref> and is classified as a [[starburst galaxy]] containing a [[Super star cluster|massive]] [[nuclear star cluster]] with an estimated mass of 10<sup>5</sup> [[solar mass]]es and an age of 4 million years,<ref name="Colina2002">{{cite journal |last1=Colina |first1=L. |last2=Gonzalez Delgado |first2=R. |last3=Mas-Hesse|first3=J. Miguel |last4=Leitherer |first4=C. |last5=Jimenez Bailon |first5=E.
|date=2002
|date=2002
|title=Detection of a Super-Star Cluster as the Ionizing Source in the Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nucleus NGC 4303
|title=Detection of a Super-Star Cluster as the Ionizing Source in the Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nucleus NGC 4303
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|volume=579 |issue=2 |pages=545–553
|volume=579 |issue=2 |pages=545–553
|doi=10.1086/342839
|doi=10.1086/342839
|bibcode=2002ApJ...579..545C}}</ref>, as well as a central candidate [[supermassive black hole]] weighing around {{solar mass|5×10<sup>6</sup>}} solar masses.<ref name="Pastorini2007">{{cite journal |last=Pastorini |first=G. |last2=Marconi |first2=A. |last3=Capetti |first3=A. |last4=Axon |first4=D. J. |last5=Alonso-Herrero |first5=A. |last6=Atkinson |first6=J. |last7=Batcheldor |first7=D. |last8=Carollo |first8=C. M. | authorlink8 = C. Marcella Carollo|last9=Collett |first9=J. |last10=Dressel |first10=L. |last11=Hughes |first11=M. A. |last12=Macchetto |first12=D. |last13=Maciejewski |first13=W. |last14=Sparks |first14=W. |last15=van der Marel |first15=R.
|bibcode=2002ApJ...579..545C|doi-access=free |hdl=10261/191615 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> as well as a central candidate [[supermassive black hole]] weighing around {{solar mass|5×10<sup>6</sup>}} solar masses.<ref name="Pastorini2007">{{cite journal |last1=Pastorini |first1=G. |last2=Marconi |first2=A. |last3=Capetti |first3=A. |last4=Axon |first4=D. J. |last5=Alonso-Herrero |first5=A.|author5-link=Almudena Alonso-Herrero |last6=Atkinson |first6=J. |last7=Batcheldor |first7=D. |last8=Carollo |first8=C. M. | author-link8 = C. Marcella Carollo|last9=Collett |first9=J. |last10=Dressel |first10=L. |last11=Hughes |first11=M. A. |last12=Macchetto |first12=D. |last13=Maciejewski |first13=W. |last14=Sparks |first14=W. |last15=van der Marel |first15=R.
|date=2007
|date=2007
|title=Supermassive black holes in the Sbc spiral galaxies NGC 3310, NGC 4303 and NGC 4258
|title=Supermassive black holes in the Sbc spiral galaxies NGC 3310, NGC 4303 and NGC 4258
Line 95: Line 84:
|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20066784
|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20066784
|bibcode=2007A&A...469..405P
|bibcode=2007A&A...469..405P
|arxiv=astro-ph/0703149}}</ref> cohabiting with an older massive star cluster as well as a likely older starburst<ref name=Colina2002/>. Evidence of significant star formation and active bright [[nebula|nebulae]] appears across M61's disk.<ref name="Koopmann2004">
|arxiv=astro-ph/0703149|s2cid=849621 }}</ref>
It cohabits with an older massive star cluster as well as a likely older starburst.<ref name=Colina2002/> Evidence of significant star formation and active bright [[nebula]]e appears across M61's disk.<ref name="Koopmann2004">
{{cite journal
{{cite journal
|last1=Koopmann |first1=R. |last2=Kenney |first2=J. D. P.
|last1=Koopmann |first1=R. |last2=Kenney |first2=J. D. P.
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|bibcode=2004ApJ...613..866K
|bibcode=2004ApJ...613..866K
|doi=10.1086/423191
|doi=10.1086/423191
|arxiv=astro-ph/0406243
|arxiv=astro-ph/0406243
}}</ref> Unlike most [[Hubble classification|late-type spiral galaxies]] within the Virgo Cluster, M61 shows an unusual abundance of [[neutral hydrogen]] (H I)<ref name="Kenney1986">
|s2cid=17519217 }}</ref> Unlike most [[Hubble classification|late-type spiral galaxies]] within the Virgo Cluster, M61 shows an unusual abundance of [[neutral hydrogen]] (H I).<ref name="Kenney1986">
{{cite journal
{{cite journal
|last=Kenney |first=J. D.
|last1=Kenney |first1=J. D.
|last2=Young |first2=J. S.
|last2=Young |first2=J. S.
|date=1986
|date=1986
|title=CO in H I-deficient Virgo cluster spiral galaxies
|title=CO in H I-deficient Virgo cluster spiral galaxies
|journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal Letters]]
|journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal Letters]]
|volume=301 |pages=L13-L17
|volume=301 |pages=L13–L17
|doi=10.1086/184614
|doi=10.1086/184614
|bibcode=1986ApJ...301L..13K}}</ref>
|bibcode=1986ApJ...301L..13K|doi-access=free
}}</ref>


==Supernovae==
==Extragalactic supernovae==


Seven extragalactic [[supernova]]e have so far been observed in M61, making it one of the most prodigious galaxies for such cataclysmic events.<ref>[http://messier.seds.org/m-sne.html Supernovae which have been observed in Messier catalog galaxies]</ref><ref name="eps_super">
Eight [[supernova]]e have been observed in M61, making it one of the most prodigious galaxies for such cataclysmic events.<ref>[http://messier.seds.org/m-sne.html Supernovae which have been observed in Messier catalog galaxies]</ref><ref name="eps_super">
{{cite web
{{cite web
| url=http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/lists/Supernovae.html
| url=http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/lists/Supernovae.html
| title=List of Supernovae
| title=List of Supernovae
| publisher=[[Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams]]
| publisher=[[Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams]]
| accessdate=2011-07-03
| access-date=2011-07-03
}}</ref><ref name="SEDS" />These include: SN 2014dt, SN 2008in, SN 2006ov, SN 1999gn, SN 1964F, SN 1961I,<ref name="SNeList">{{cite web
}}</ref><ref name="SEDS" /> These include:
* SN 1926A ([[Type_II_supernova|type II]], mag. 14)<ref>{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}1926A | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1926A | publisher = [[International_Astronomical_Union|IAU]] | access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref> was discovered by [[Max Wolf]] and [[Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth]] on 9 May 1926.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/lists/Supernovae.html
| url = http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/IAUCs/IAUC0111.jpg
| title=List of Supernovae
| title = Circular No. 111
| publisher=[[Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams]]
| last = Stromgren
| accessdate=2011-07-03
| first = Elis
}}</ref> and the first to be observed, the Type II-K SN 1926A, which appeared on 9th May 1926.<ref name="SNeList" /> <ref name="Boffi1999">
| date = 15 May 1926
{{cite journal
| website = Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams
|last=Boffi |first=F.R.
| publisher = Observatoire De Copenhague
| access-date = 26 November 2024
}}</ref>
* SN 1961I (Type II, mag. 13)<ref>{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}1961I | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1961I | publisher = [[International_Astronomical_Union|IAU]] | access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref> was discovered by [[Milton_L._Humason|Milton Humason]] on 3 June 1961.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/IAUCs/IAUC1761.jpg
| title = Circular No. 1761
| last = Thernoe
| first = K. A.
| date = 8 June 1961
| website = Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams
| publisher = Observatory Copenhagen
| access-date = 26 November 2024
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | bibcode=1962PASP...74..215H | title=The 1961 Palomar Supernova Search | last1=Humason | first1=M. L. | last2=Kearns | first2=C. E. | last3=Gomes | first3=Alercio M. | journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific | date=1962 | volume=74 | issue=438 | page=215 | doi=10.1086/127790}}</ref>
* SN 1964F (Type II, mag. 14)<ref>[https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1964F Transient Name Server entry for SN 1964F.] Retrieved 21 June 2023.</ref> was discovered by Leonida Rosino on 30 June 1964.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/IAUCs/IAUC1868.jpg
| title = Circular No. 1868
| last = Petersen
| first = J. Otzen
| date = 3 July 1964
| website = Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams
| publisher = Observatory Copenhagen
| access-date = 26 November 2024
}}</ref>
* SN 1999gn (Type II, mag. 16)<ref>[https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1999gn Transient Name Server entry for SN 1999gn.] Retrieved 21 June 2023.</ref> was discovered by [[List_of_minor_planet_discoverers#A._Dimai|Alessandro Dimai]] on 17 December 1999.<ref>{{cite journal | bibcode = 1999IAUC.7335....1D | title = Supernova 1999gn in M61 | last1 = Dimai | first1 = Alessandro | last2 = Li | first2 = W. | journal = International Astronomical Union Circular | date = 1999 | issue = 7335 | page = 1}}</ref>
* SN 2006ov (Type II, mag. 14.9)<ref>[https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2006ov Transient Name Server entry for SN 2006ov.] Retrieved 21 June 2023.</ref> was discovered by [[Kōichi Itagaki]] on 24 November 2006.<ref>{{cite journal | bibcode = 2006IAUC.8781....2P | title = Supernovae 2006ou, 2006ov, and 2006ow | last1 = Puckett | first1 = T. | last2 = Peoples | first2 = M. | last3 = Itagaki | first3 = K. | last4 = Nakano | first4 = S. | last5 = Boles | first5 = T. | last6 = Kadota | first6 = K. | journal = International Astronomical Union Circular | date = 2006 | issue = 8781 | page = 2}}</ref>
* SN 2008in (Type II, mag. 14.9)<ref>[https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2008in Transient Name Server entry for SN 2008in.] Retrieved 21 June 2023.</ref> was discovered by Kōichi Itagaki on 26 December 2008.<ref>{{cite journal | bibcode = 2008CBET.1636....1N | title = Supernova 2008in in M61 | last1 = Nakano | first1 = S. | last2 = Kadota | first2 = K. | last3 = Wells | first3 = W. | journal = Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams | date = 2008 | volume = 1636 | page = 1}}</ref>
* SN 2014dt ([[type Ia supernova|type&nbsp;Ia-pec]], mag. 13.6)<ref>[https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2014dt Transient Name Server entry for SN 2014dt.] Retrieved 21 June 2023.</ref> was discovered by Kōichi Itagaki on 29 October 2014.<ref>{{cite journal | bibcode = 2014CBET.4011....1N | title = Supernova 2014dt in M61 = PSN J12215757+0428185 | last1 = Nakano | first1 = S. | last2 = Itagaki | first2 = K. | last3 = Guido | first3 = E. | last4 = Nicolini | first4 = M. | last5 = Howes | first5 = N. | last6 = Kiyota | first6 = S. | last7 = Masi | first7 = G. | last8 = Catalano | first8 = P. | last9 = Vagnozzi | first9 = A. | last10 = Munari | first10 = U. | journal = Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams | date = 2014 | volume = 4011 | page = 1 }}</ref>
* [[SN 2020jfo]] (Type II, mag. 16)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2020jfo |title=SN 2020jfo |work=Transient Name Server |publisher=[[International Astronomical Union|IAU]] |access-date=23 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="Boffi1999">{{cite journal
|last1=Boffi |first1=F.R.
|last2=Sparks |first2=W.B.
|last2=Sparks |first2=W.B.
|last3=Macchetto |first3=F.D.
|last3=Macchetto |first3=F.D.
Line 138: Line 158:
|journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series]]
|journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series]]
|volume=138
|volume=138
|issue=2
|pages=253–266
|pages=253–266
|doi=10.1051/aas:1999274
|doi=10.1051/aas:1999274
|bibcode=1999A&AS..138..253B}}</ref>
|bibcode=1999A&AS..138..253B|arxiv = astro-ph/9906206 |s2cid=17688690
}}</ref> was discovered by the [[Zwicky Transient Facility]] on 6 May 2020.


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery widths="220px" heights="220px" >
<gallery widths="220" heights="220">
File:Messier61 - ESO - Potw1901a.tif|Spiral galaxy Messier 61 is aligned face-on towards Earth.<ref>{{cite web |title=A portrait of a beauty |url=https://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1901a/ |website=www.eso.org |access-date=7 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
File:Messier 61 looks straight into the camera.jpg|Messier 61 image using data from Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 2
File:Messier 61 looks straight into the camera.jpg|Messier 61 image using data from Hubble's Wide Field Camera 2
File:SN2008inHunter Wilson.jpg|Amateur Image of Messier 61 Showing Supernova 2008in on April 16, 2009
File:SN2008inHunter Wilson.jpg|Amateur Image of Messier 61 Showing Supernova 2008in on April 16, 2009
File:M61 3.6 5.8 8.0 microns spitzer.png|Infrared image of M61 taken by the Spitzer Space Telescope
File:M61 3.6 5.8 8.0 microns spitzer.png|Infrared image of M61 taken by the Spitzer Space Telescope
File:Messier 61 with SN2020jfo (Supernova).jpg|alt=Messier 61 with SN2020jfo (Supernova) observed on May 15, 2020|Messier 61 with SN2020jfo (Supernova) observed on May 15, 2020
File:Spiral arms of M61 hubble april 2021.tif|M61 galaxy image that incorporates data from not only Hubble, but also the FORS camera at the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope
</gallery>
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of Messier objects]]


==References==
==References==
Line 153: Line 181:


==External links==
==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://messier.seds.org/m/m061.html messier.seds.org/m/m061.html]
*[http://messier.seds.org/m/m061.html messier.seds.org/m/m061.html]
*{{WikiSky}}
*{{WikiSky}}
{{commons category}}


{{Portal bar|Astronomy|Stars|Outer space}}
{{Ngc45}}
{{Ngc45}}
{{Virgo}}
{{Virgo}}
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{{Sky|12|21|54.9|+|04|28|25|52500000}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Messier 61}}
[[Category:Intermediate spiral galaxies]]
[[Category:Intermediate spiral galaxies]]
[[Category:Virgo Cluster|Messier 061]]
[[Category:Virgo Cluster|Messier 061]]

Latest revision as of 23:35, 26 November 2024

Messier 61[1]
Image taken by Hubble Space Telescope, April 28, 2014[2]
Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA. Acknowledgement: Det58
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
ConstellationVirgo
Right ascension12h 21m 54.9s[3]
Declination+04° 28′ 25″[3]
Redshift0.005224±0.000007[3]
Heliocentric radial velocity1566±2 km/s[3]
Galactocentric velocity1483±4 km/s[3]
Distance52.5 ± 2.3 Mly (16.10 ± 0.71 Mpc)
Apparent magnitude (V)9.7[4]
Characteristics
TypeSAB(rs)bc,[3] HIISy2[3]
Apparent size (V)6.5 × 5.8 arcmin[3]
Other designations
NGC 4303,[3] UGC 07420,[3] PGC 040001,[3]
MCG +01-32-022,[3] GC 2878
References: SIMBAD: Search M61

Messier 61 (also known as M61, NGC 4303, or the Swelling Spiral Galaxy) is an intermediate barred spiral galaxy in the Virgo Cluster of galaxies. It was first discovered by Barnaba Oriani on May 5, 1779, six days before Charles Messier discovered the same galaxy. Messier had observed it on the same night as Oriani but had mistaken it for a comet.[5] Its distance has been estimated to be 45.61 million light years from the Milky Way Galaxy. It is a member of the M61 Group of galaxies, which is a member of the Virgo II Groups, a series of galaxies and galaxy clusters strung out from the southern edge of the Virgo Supercluster.[6]

Properties

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M61 is one of the largest members of Virgo Cluster, and belongs to a smaller subgroup known as the S Cloud.[7][8] The morphological classification of SAB(rs)bc[3] indicates a weakly-barred spiral (SAB) with the suggestion of a ring structure (rs) and moderate to loosely wound spiral arms.[9] It has an active galactic nucleus[10] and is classified as a starburst galaxy containing a massive nuclear star cluster with an estimated mass of 105 solar masses and an age of 4 million years,[11] as well as a central candidate supermassive black hole weighing around 5×106 M☉ solar masses.[12] It cohabits with an older massive star cluster as well as a likely older starburst.[11] Evidence of significant star formation and active bright nebulae appears across M61's disk.[13] Unlike most late-type spiral galaxies within the Virgo Cluster, M61 shows an unusual abundance of neutral hydrogen (H I).[14]

Supernovae

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Eight supernovae have been observed in M61, making it one of the most prodigious galaxies for such cataclysmic events.[15][16][5] These include:

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  • Spiral galaxy Messier 61 is aligned face-on towards Earth.[34]
    Spiral galaxy Messier 61 is aligned face-on towards Earth.[34]
  • Messier 61 image using data from Hubble's Wide Field Camera 2
    Messier 61 image using data from Hubble's Wide Field Camera 2
  • Amateur Image of Messier 61 Showing Supernova 2008in on April 16, 2009
    Amateur Image of Messier 61 Showing Supernova 2008in on April 16, 2009
  • Infrared image of M61 taken by the Spitzer Space Telescope
    Infrared image of M61 taken by the Spitzer Space Telescope
  • Messier 61 with SN2020jfo (Supernova) observed on May 15, 2020
    Messier 61 with SN2020jfo (Supernova) observed on May 15, 2020
  • M61 galaxy image that incorporates data from not only Hubble, but also the FORS camera at the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope
    M61 galaxy image that incorporates data from not only Hubble, but also the FORS camera at the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ Tschöke, D.; Hensler, G.; Junkes, N. (2000). "X-rays from the barred galaxy NGC 4303". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 360 (2): 447–456. arXiv:astro-ph/0006361. Bibcode:2000A&A...360..447T.
  2. ^ "A hungry starburst galaxy". ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for M 61. Retrieved 2006-11-18.
  4. ^ "Messier 61". SEDS Messier Catalog. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  5. ^ a b "Messier 61". Archived from the original on 2017-01-06. Retrieved 2017-01-11.
  6. ^ "The Virgo III Groups". Atlas of the Universe. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
  7. ^ "Galaxy On Line Database Milano Network (GOLDMine)". Archived from the original on 2012-06-03. Retrieved 2012-08-06.
  8. ^ "The Virgo Cluster". Retrieved 2013-04-06.
  9. ^ de Vaucouleurs, Gérard (April 1963). "Revised Classification of 1500 Bright Galaxies". Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 8: 31. Bibcode:1963ApJS....8...31D. doi:10.1086/190084.
  10. ^ Jiménez-Bailón, E.; Santos-Lleó, M.; Mas-Hesse, J. M.; Guainazzi, M.; Colina, L.; Cerviño, M.; González Delgado, Rosa M. (2003). "Nuclear Activity and Massive Star Formation in the Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nucleus NGC 4303: Chandra X-Ray Observations". The Astrophysical Journal. 593 (1): 127–141. arXiv:astro-ph/0304465. Bibcode:2003ApJ...593..127J. doi:10.1086/376554. S2CID 12969809.
  11. ^ a b Colina, L.; Gonzalez Delgado, R.; Mas-Hesse, J. Miguel; Leitherer, C.; Jimenez Bailon, E. (2002). "Detection of a Super-Star Cluster as the Ionizing Source in the Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nucleus NGC 4303". The Astrophysical Journal. 579 (2): 545–553. Bibcode:2002ApJ...579..545C. doi:10.1086/342839. hdl:10261/191615.
  12. ^ Pastorini, G.; Marconi, A.; Capetti, A.; Axon, D. J.; Alonso-Herrero, A.; Atkinson, J.; Batcheldor, D.; Carollo, C. M.; Collett, J.; Dressel, L.; Hughes, M. A.; Macchetto, D.; Maciejewski, W.; Sparks, W.; van der Marel, R. (2007). "Supermassive black holes in the Sbc spiral galaxies NGC 3310, NGC 4303 and NGC 4258". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 469 (2): 405–423. arXiv:astro-ph/0703149. Bibcode:2007A&A...469..405P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066784. S2CID 849621.
  13. ^ Koopmann, R.; Kenney, J. D. P. (2004). "Hα Morphologies and Environmental Effects in Virgo Cluster Spiral Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 613 (2): 866–885. arXiv:astro-ph/0406243. Bibcode:2004ApJ...613..866K. doi:10.1086/423191. S2CID 17519217.
  14. ^ Kenney, J. D.; Young, J. S. (1986). "CO in H I-deficient Virgo cluster spiral galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 301: L13–L17. Bibcode:1986ApJ...301L..13K. doi:10.1086/184614.
  15. ^ Supernovae which have been observed in Messier catalog galaxies
  16. ^ "List of Supernovae". Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. Retrieved 2011-07-03.
  17. ^ "SN 1926A". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  18. ^ Stromgren, Elis (15 May 1926). "Circular No. 111". Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. Observatoire De Copenhague. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  19. ^ "SN 1961I". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  20. ^ Thernoe, K. A. (8 June 1961). "Circular No. 1761". Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. Observatory Copenhagen. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  21. ^ Humason, M. L.; Kearns, C. E.; Gomes, Alercio M. (1962). "The 1961 Palomar Supernova Search". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 74 (438): 215. Bibcode:1962PASP...74..215H. doi:10.1086/127790.
  22. ^ Transient Name Server entry for SN 1964F. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  23. ^ Petersen, J. Otzen (3 July 1964). "Circular No. 1868". Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. Observatory Copenhagen. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  24. ^ Transient Name Server entry for SN 1999gn. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  25. ^ Dimai, Alessandro; Li, W. (1999). "Supernova 1999gn in M61". International Astronomical Union Circular (7335): 1. Bibcode:1999IAUC.7335....1D.
  26. ^ Transient Name Server entry for SN 2006ov. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  27. ^ Puckett, T.; Peoples, M.; Itagaki, K.; Nakano, S.; Boles, T.; Kadota, K. (2006). "Supernovae 2006ou, 2006ov, and 2006ow". International Astronomical Union Circular (8781): 2. Bibcode:2006IAUC.8781....2P.
  28. ^ Transient Name Server entry for SN 2008in. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  29. ^ Nakano, S.; Kadota, K.; Wells, W. (2008). "Supernova 2008in in M61". Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams. 1636: 1. Bibcode:2008CBET.1636....1N.
  30. ^ Transient Name Server entry for SN 2014dt. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  31. ^ Nakano, S.; Itagaki, K.; Guido, E.; Nicolini, M.; Howes, N.; Kiyota, S.; Masi, G.; Catalano, P.; Vagnozzi, A.; Munari, U. (2014). "Supernova 2014dt in M61 = PSN J12215757+0428185". Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams. 4011: 1. Bibcode:2014CBET.4011....1N.
  32. ^ "SN 2020jfo". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  33. ^ Boffi, F.R.; Sparks, W.B.; Macchetto, F.D. (1999). "A search for candidate light echoes: Photometry of supernova environments". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 138 (2): 253–266. arXiv:astro-ph/9906206. Bibcode:1999A&AS..138..253B. doi:10.1051/aas:1999274. S2CID 17688690.
  34. ^ "A portrait of a beauty". www.eso.org. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
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