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{{short description|Dutch poet and communist (1869–1954)}}
{{infobox person/Wikidata | fetchwikidata=ALL | onlysourced=no
{{more citations needed|date=February 2019}}
|image = Rholst.JPG
{{Infobox person
| name = Henriette Roland Holst
| image = Portret van Henriette Roland Holst-van der Schalk, door M. de Klerk (1921).jpg
| alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software -->
| caption = Portrait of Roland Holst by [[Michel de Klerk]] (1921)
| birth_name = Henriette Goverdine Anna van der Schalk
| birth_date = {{birth date|1869|12|24|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Noordwijk]], Netherlands
| death_date = {{death date and age|1952|11|21|1869|12|24|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Amsterdam]], Netherlands
| other_names = {{ubl | Henriette Goverdine Anna Roland Holst-van der Schalk | Jet}}
| occupation = {{hlist | Poet | activist}}
| years_active =
| era =
| notable_works = <!-- produces label "Notable work"; may be overridden by |credits=, which produces label "Notable credit(s)"; or by |works=, which produces label "Works"; or by |label_name=, which produces label "Label(s)" -->
| party = {{ubl | [[Social Democratic Workers' Party (Netherlands)|Social Democratic Workers' Party]] | [[Communist Party of the Netherlands]] }}
| movement = {{hlist | [[Christian communism]] | [[council communism]]}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Richard Roland Holst]]|1896|1938|end=died}}
| children =
| parents =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
}}
}}
'''Henriette Goverdine Anna''' "'''Jet'''" '''Roland Holst-van der Schalk''' (24 December 1869, [[Noordwijk]] &ndash; 21 November 1952, [[Amsterdam]]) was a [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[poet]] and [[socialist]].<ref>Her name is spelled in some places as Henriëtte, but her birth certificate spelled her name without the umlaut and the [[Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]] are not used in most literature about her. Her nickname was Jet, and to many she was known as "Aunt Bev".</ref> He was nominated for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=12039 |title=Nomination Database|website=www.nobelprize.org|access-date=2017-04-19}}</ref>
'''Henriette Goverdine Anna''' "'''Jet'''" '''Roland Holst-van der Schalk'''{{efn|Some sources spell her name as Henriëtte, with a [[diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]], but her birth certificate gives her name without the diaeresis, as do most sources. Her nickname was Jet, and because of her relationship to the poet [[Adriaan Roland Holst]] she was often referred to as "Tante Jet" ("Aunt Jet").}} (24 December 1869 – 21 November 1952) was a Dutch [[poet]] and [[council communist|communist]]. She was nominated for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=12039 |title=Nomination Database|website=www.nobelprize.org|access-date=19 April 2017}}</ref>


The poet [[Adriaan Roland Holst]] (1888–1976), nicknamed "the Dutch Prince of Poets", was the nephew of her husband.
She had many noted relatives. Her husband was the artist [[Richard Roland Holst]]. The poet [[Adriaan Roland Holst]] (1888–1976), nicknamed "the Dutch Prince of Poets", was the nephew of her husband.


==Early life==
==Early life==
Roland Holst was brought up in the affluent, [[liberalism|liberal]] [[Christianity|Christian]] family of the notary Theodore Willem van der Schalk and Anna Ida van der Schalk-van der Hoeven. Roland Holst attended four years of boarding school in [[Velp, Gelderland|Velp]] and studied [[French language|French]] in [[Liège|Liege]].
Born in [[Noordwijk]] on 24 December 1869, Roland Holst was brought up in the affluent, [[liberal Christianity|liberal Christian]] family of the notary Theodore Willem van der Schalk and Anna Ida van der Schalk-van der Hoeven. Roland Holst attended four years of boarding school in [[Velp, Gelderland|Velp]] and studied French in [[Liège|Liege]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Amersfoort |first1=Jaap van |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3PnEBgAAQBAJ&dq=Henriette+Roland+Holst+%22velp%22&pg=PA132 |title=Ora et labora: Twaalf opstellen over christelijke spiritualiteit in de praktijk |last2=Beek |first2=Pieta van |last3=Schutte |first3=Gerrit |date=2014 |publisher=Uitgeverij Verloren |isbn=978-90-8704-429-9 |pages=132 |language=nl}}</ref>


Roland Holst soon came to develop a talent as a poet. She married the artist [[Richard Roland Holst]] (Rik) in 1896 and befriended the poet [[Herman Gorter]], who prompted her to read [[Das Kapital]] by [[Karl Marx]]. Around this time she became [[politics|politically]] active and began her career as a writer on political, historical and [[philosophy|philosophical]] fields.
Roland Holst soon came to develop a talent as a poet. She married the artist [[Richard Roland Holst]] in 1896<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muller |first=Sheila D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPhLoy0FICMC&dq=Henriette+Roland+Holst+%22Richard+Roland+Holst%22+%221896%22&pg=PA332 |title=Dutch Art: An Encyclopedia |date=2013-07-04 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-49574-9 |pages=332 |language=en}}</ref> and befriended the poet [[Herman Gorter]], who prompted her to read ''[[Das Kapital]]'' by [[Karl Marx]]. Around this time she became [[politics|politically]] active and began her career as a writer on political, historical and [[philosophy|philosophical]] fields.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bel |first1=Jacqueline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DKDyxjdELaEC&dq=Henriette+Roland+Holst+%22Herman+Gorter%22+%22friend%22&pg=PA39 |title=Women's Writing from the Low Countries 1880-2010: An Anthology |last2=Vaessens |first2=Thomas |date=2010 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-90-8964-193-9 |pages=39 |language=en}}</ref>


==Poetry==
==Poetry==
Around 1890, Henriette met [[Albert Verwey]], who with [[William Kloos]] was among the leaders of the [[Tachtigers]] and the founders of [[De Nieuwe Gids]]. In 1892 she met the painter [[Jan Toorop]]. She wrote about Toorop and Verwey in her first sonnets. In these poems she showcased her intense needs as an artist, more precisely: as a poet(ess).
Around 1890, Henriette met [[Albert Verwey]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Meijer |first=Reinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2j3qCAAAQBAJ&dq=Henriette+Roland+Holst+%22Albert+Verwey%22&pg=PA263 |title=Literature of the Low Countries: A Short History of Dutch Literature in the Netherlands and Belgium |date=2012-12-06 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-009-9734-9 |pages=263 |language=en}}</ref> who with [[Willem Kloos]] was among the leaders of the [[Tachtigers]] and the founders of [[De Nieuwe Gids]]. In 1892 she met the painter [[Jan Toorop]]. She wrote about Toorop and Verwey in her first sonnets. In these poems she showcased her intense needs as an artist, more precisely: as a poet.


==Socialism==
==Socialism==
[[File:Henriëtte Roland Holst.jpg|thumb|upright|Bust of Henriette Roland Holst at the Lindenplein, [[Noordwijk]]]]
[[File:Henriëtte Roland Holst.jpg|thumb|upright|Bust of Henriette Roland Holst at the Lindenplein, [[Noordwijk]]]]
At the age of 27 Roland Holst joined the [[Social Democratic Workers' Party (Netherlands)|SDAP]]. She was then working night after night in smoky halls calling for workers' struggle to improve their miserable fate. She became part of the party leadership and, in 1900, was delegated to the [[Second International]]. At the conferences of the International, she came into contact with prominent Marxists such as [[Karl Liebknecht]], [[Rosa Luxemburg]] and [[Leon Trotsky]].
At the age of 27 Roland Holst joined the [[Social Democratic Workers' Party (Netherlands)|SDAP]]. She was then working night after night in smoky halls calling for workers' struggle to improve their miserable fate. She became part of the party leadership and, in 1900, was delegated to the [[Second International]]. At the conferences of the International, she came into contact with prominent Marxists such as [[Karl Liebknecht]], [[Rosa Luxemburg]], and [[Leon Trotsky]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Grever |first1=Maria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8IJQagdkH5AC&dq=Henriette+Roland+Holst+%22trotsky%22+%22Rosa+Luxemburg%22&pg=PA50 |title=Transforming the Public Sphere: The Dutch National Exhibition of Women's Labor in 1898 |last2=Waaldijk |first2=Berteke |date=2004-06-23 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-3296-1 |pages=50 |language=en}}</ref>


In 1911, Roland Holst had joined as an orthodox Marxist in the SDAP. Unlike most other orthodox Marxists, she did not immediately move over to the Social-Democratic Party (SDP, later known as the [[Communist Party of the Netherlands]] (CPN)). Against the advice of Rosa Luxemburg in some years she remained non-partisan. She founded in 1915, along with a number of SDAP and SDP members, the [[Revolutionair Socialistische Vereeniging]]. While in the CPN, she sided with [[Herman Gorter]], [[Anton Pannekoek]] and the [[left communist]] fraction of the party.
In 1911, Roland Holst had joined as an orthodox Marxist in the SDAP. Unlike most other orthodox Marxists, she did not immediately move over to the Social-Democratic Party (SDP, later known as the [[Communist Party of the Netherlands]] [CPN]). Against the advice of Rosa Luxemburg in some years she remained non-partisan. She founded in 1915, along with a number of SDAP and SDP members, the [[Revolutionair Socialistische Vereeniging]]. While in the CPN, she sided with [[Herman Gorter]], [[Anton Pannekoek]], and the [[left communist]] fraction of the party.


"Rode Jet" (meaning "Red Jet", a nickname of Roland Holst) also played a role during the revolutionary turmoil of November 1918. On November 13 she went with [[David Wijnkoop]] at the head of a procession on the Orange-Nassau barracks in Amsterdam, to celebrate the brotherhood with the hussars. Intervention by the security forces resulted in two dead, the only victims of the "revolution that did not happen".{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}
"Rode Jet" (meaning "Red Jet", a nickname of Roland Holst) also played a role during the revolutionary turmoil of November 1918. On 13 November she went with [[David Wijnkoop]] at the head of a procession on the Orange-Nassau barracks in Amsterdam, to celebrate the brotherhood with the hussars. Intervention by the security forces resulted in two dead, the only victims of the "revolution that did not happen".{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}


⚫
==1928–1952: Christian socialist==
In 1927 she broke with the CPN. She later joined the [[Communist Workers' Party of the Netherlands]], a council communist party.
⚫
Henriette had deep slumps. She suffered from [[depression (mood)|depression]], bouts of [[anorexia nervosa|anorexia]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Etty |first=Elsbeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HVsaAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Henriette+Roland+Holst%22+%22anorexia%22 |title=Liefde is heel het leven niet: Henriette Roland Holst, 1869-1952 |date=1997 |publisher=Balans |isbn=978-90-5018-503-5 |pages=517 |language=nl}}</ref> [[anemia]] and heart disease but when she was well she struggled with an unrelenting zeal to improve the position of workers, youth, and women.


⚫
Her first poems were passionately for [[socialism]]. She wrote among other things, the Dutch text for the anthem "[[The Internationale]]". Later, her work took a more religious character. Among her writings were plays, biographies (of Rousseau, Gandhi and Tolstoy), journalism, and radio plays.
⚫
==1928-1952: religious-socialist==
⚫
Henriette had deep slumps. She suffered from [[Depression (mood)|depression]], bouts of [[Anorexia nervosa|anorexia]], [[anemia]] and heart disease but when she was well she struggled with an unrelenting zeal to improve the position of workers, youth and women.


During the [[Second World War]] she was active in the [[Dutch resistance]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dewulf |first=Jeroen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUQmsfyctPcC&dq=%22Henriette+Roland+Holst%22+%22dutch+resistance%22&pg=PA59 |title=Spirit of Resistance: Dutch Clandestine Literature During the Nazi Occupation |date=2010 |publisher=Camden House |isbn=978-1-57113-493-6 |pages=59 |language=en}}</ref> as editor of the resistance magazine ''De Vonk'',<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Grünewald |first1=Guido |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B8yOAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Henriette+Roland+Holst%22+%22dutch+resistance%22 |title=Twentieth-century Peace Movements: Successes and Failures |last2=Dungen |first2=Peter Van den |date=1995 |publisher=E. Mellen Press |isbn=978-0-7734-9065-9 |pages=178 |language=en}}</ref> then ''De Vlam''. Though of a well to do background, she was certainly not a "salon socialist".{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
⚫
Her first poems were passionately for [[socialism]]. She wrote among other things, the Dutch text for the anthem [[The Internationale]]. Later, her work took a more religious character. Among her writings were plays, biographies (of Rousseau, Gandhi and Tolstoy), journalism and radio plays.


⚫
At the end of her life she wrote the autobiography ''Het vuur brandde voort''. She died in [[Amsterdam]] on 21 November 1952 at the age of 82. A bust was placed in her memory in her birthplace of Noordwijk in 1969.
During World War II she was active in [[Dutch Resistance|the resistance]], as editor of the Resistance magazine ''De Vonk'', then ''De Vlam''. Though of a well to do background, she was certainly not a "salon socialist".

⚫
At the end of her life she wrote the autobiography ''Het vuur brandde voort''. She died at the age of 82. A bust was placed in her memory in her birthplace of Noordwijk in 1969.


==Works==
==Works==

Poetry collections:
=== Poetry collections ===
* het ''Jeugdwerk (1884–1892)'' (was published in 1969 by [[Garmt Stuiveling]]).
* het ''Jeugdwerk (1884–1892)'' (was published in 1969 by {{Ill|Garmt Stuiveling|nl}}).
* ''Sonnetten en Verzen in Terzinen geschreven''; original edition (graphical treatment by Richard Roland Holst) and Scheltema Holkema's Bookshop, Amsterdam, 1896.
* ''Sonnetten en Verzen in Terzinen geschreven''; original edition (graphical treatment by Richard Roland Holst) and Scheltema Holkema's Bookshop, Amsterdam, 1896.
Reprinted in simpler form of being. WL and J. Brusse, Rotterdam in 1913 and 1922 and out. BZZTôH, The Hague 1983.
Reprinted in simpler form of being. WL and J. Brusse, Rotterdam in 1913 and 1922 and out. BZZTôH, The Hague 1983.


Political work:
=== Political work ===
[[File:1936 Frateco en la Vivpraktiko.jpeg|thumb|''Frateco en la Vivpraktiko'', translation of work of Henriette Roland Holst in [[Esperanto]].]]
[[File:1936 Frateco en la Vivpraktiko.jpeg|thumb|''Frateco en la Vivpraktiko'', translation of work of Henriette Roland Holst in [[Esperanto]].]]
⚫
* ''{{Ill|Kapitaal en Arbeid in Nederland|nl}}'', Amsterdam 1902.
* ''De groote spoorwegstaking, de vakbeweging en de SDAP'', Den Haag 1903.
* ''De groote spoorwegstaking, de vakbeweging en de SDAP'', Den Haag 1903.
: the [[Dutch railroad strikes of 1903]], and the role of unions and of the SDAP therein.
: the [[Dutch railroad strikes of 1903]], and the role of unions and of the SDAP therein.
* ''Algemeene werkstaking en sociaaldemocratie'', Rotterdam 1906.
* ''Algemeene werkstaking en sociaaldemocratie'', Rotterdam 1906.
: this work appeared in German in 1905, with a preface by [[Karl Kautsky]].
: this work appeared in German in 1905, with a preface by [[Karl Kautsky]].
* ''Geschiedenis van den Proletarischen Klassenstrijd'', H. A. Wakker, Rotterdam, 1909 (Sociale Bibliotheek).
* ''De opstandelingen, Een lyrisch treurspel in drie bedrijven'', Amsterdam 1910.
* ''De opstandelingen, Een lyrisch treurspel in drie bedrijven'', Amsterdam 1910.
: a lyrical work on the [[1905 Russian Revolution]].
: a lyrical work on the [[1905 Russian Revolution]].
Line 60: Line 83:
: description of her trip to the Third International
: description of her trip to the Third International
* ''Communisme en moraal'', Arnhem 1925.
* ''Communisme en moraal'', Arnhem 1925.
⚫
* ''[[Kapitaal en Arbeid in Nederland]]'', Rotterdam 1932.
* ''Herman Gorter'', Amsterdam 1933.
* ''Herman Gorter'', Amsterdam 1933.
: biography of [[Tachtigers|Tachtiger]] Herman Gorter.
: biography of [[Tachtigers|Tachtiger]] Herman Gorter.
Line 66: Line 88:
: biography of [[Rosa Luxemburg]].
: biography of [[Rosa Luxemburg]].


== Further reading ==
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
⚫
* [[Jaap van Praag]] (1911–1981) wrote the first biography of Henriette Roland Holst.
⚫
* Het leed der mensheid laat mij vaak niet slapen (1984) is an anthology by [[Herman Schaap]] from the prose of Henriette Roland Holst, with introduction and notes.
⚫
* [[Elsbeth Etty]] - Liefde is heel het leven niet (1996). A biography of Roland Holst.


== Notes ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
⚫
* [[Jaap van Praag]] (1911–1981) wrote the first biography of Henriette Roland Holst.
⚫
* [[Herman Schaap]] - ''Het leed der mensheid laat mij vaak niet slapen'' (1984), an anthology from the prose of Henriette Roland Holst, with introduction and notes.
⚫
* [[Elsbeth Etty]] - ''Liefde is heel het leven niet'' (1996). A biography of Roland Holst.


== External links ==
== External links ==
*
⚫
* [http://libcom.org/history/communist-left-resolutions-second-congress-communist-international-henriette-roland-hols The Communist Left and the resolutions of the second congress of the Communist International - Henriette Roland-Holst], a left communist text by Roland Holst
{{commons category-inline|Henriette Roland Holst}}
⚫
* [http://www.inghist.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/BWN/lemmata/bwn3/schalk Schalk, Henriette Goverdine Anna van der (1869-1952)], [[Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland]]
* [https://www.marxists.org/archive/roland-holst/index.htm Henriette Roland Holst Archive] at [[marxists.org]]
⚫
* [http://libcom.org/history/communist-left-resolutions-second-congress-communist-international-henriette-roland-hols The Communist Left and the resolutions of the second congress of the Communist International], a left communist text by Roland Holst
⚫
* [http://www.inghist.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/BWN/lemmata/bwn3/schalk Schalk, Henriette Goverdine Anna van der (1869–1952)], [[Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland]]
* [http://www.dbnl.nl/auteurs/auteur.php?id=rola003 Biographies, works and texts] in the [[Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren]]
* [http://www.dbnl.nl/auteurs/auteur.php?id=rola003 Biographies, works and texts] in the [[Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren]]
* [http://www.iisg.nl/bwsa/bios/schalk.html Schalk, Henriette Goverdine Anna van der], ''Biografisch Woordenboek van het Socialisme en de Arbeidersbeweging in Nederland''
* [http://www.iisg.nl/bwsa/bios/schalk.html Schalk, Henriette Goverdine Anna van der], ''Biografisch Woordenboek van het Socialisme en de Arbeidersbeweging in Nederland''
* [https://search.socialhistory.org/Record/ARCH01198 Archief Henriëtte Roland Holst-van der Schalk] at the [[International Institute of Social History]]
* [http://dare.uva.nl/scriptie/365479 ''Tussen droom en werkelijkheid. De betekenis van het 'Russische communisme' voor het 'Utopia' van Henriette Roland Holst''], [[doctoral]] thesis of 1996 of Emma Binnendijk
* [http://dare.uva.nl/scriptie/365479 ''Tussen droom en werkelijkheid. De betekenis van het 'Russische communisme' voor het 'Utopia' van Henriette Roland Holst''], [[doctoral]] thesis of 1996 of Emma Binnendijk


=== Poems by Henriette Roland Holst Online ===
=== Poems by Henriette Roland Holst Online ===
* [http://klassiekegedichten.net/index.php?id=17 ''De zachte krachten zullen zeker winnen'' (met een uitvoerige bespreking door Pim Heuvel)], Klassiekegedichten.net
* [http://klassiekegedichten.net/index.php?id=17 ''De zachte krachten zullen zeker winnen'' (met een uitvoerige bespreking door Pim Heuvel)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227221019/http://klassiekegedichten.net/index.php?id=17 |date=27 February 2019 }}, Klassiekegedichten.net
* [http://klassiekegedichten.net/index.php?id=16 ''Ook ik ben omstreeks ’t midden mijner dagen'' (besproken door Elly Woltjes)], Klassiekegedichten.net
* [http://klassiekegedichten.net/index.php?id=16 ''Ook ik ben omstreeks ’t midden mijner dagen'' (besproken door Elly Woltjes)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227214558/http://klassiekegedichten.net/index.php?id=16 |date=27 February 2019 }}, Klassiekegedichten.net
* [http://www.spiritualiteit.net/dhtml.htm?page=henriette_roland_holst.htm Enkele gedichten], Spiritualiteit.net
* [http://www.spiritualiteit.net/dhtml.htm?page=henriette_roland_holst.htm Enkele gedichten] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828165857/http://www.spiritualiteit.net/dhtml.htm?page=henriette_roland_holst.htm |date=28 August 2016 }}, Spiritualiteit.net
* [http://liedgenootschap.net/frameset.php?dichter=116 ''Gedenk mij in uw gebeden!'' (ook te beluisteren in een gezongen versie) en ''Over het ontwaken mijner ziel''] Poëtisch Liedgenootschap
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120425072022/http://liedgenootschap.net/frameset.php?dichter=116 ''Gedenk mij in uw gebeden!'' (ook te beluisteren in een gezongen versie) en ''Over het ontwaken mijner ziel''] Poëtisch Liedgenootschap

{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Roland Holst,Henriette}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Roland Holst, Henriette}}
[[Category:1869 births]]
[[Category:1869 births]]
[[Category:1952 deaths]]
[[Category:1952 deaths]]
[[Category:Dutch women poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Dutch poets]]
[[Category:Dutch communists]]
[[Category:19th-century Dutch women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Dutch poets]]
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[[Category:Social Democratic Workers' Party (Netherlands) politicians]]
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[[Category:20th-century Dutch women writers]]
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[[Category:Christian communists]]
[[Category:Communist Party of the Netherlands politicians]]
[[Category:Communist Party of the Netherlands politicians]]
[[Category:Dutch pacifists]]
[[Category:Communist poets]]
[[Category:Communist women writers]]
[[Category:Council communists]]
[[Category:Dutch Christian pacifists]]
[[Category:Dutch Christian socialists]]
[[Category:Dutch Christian socialists]]
[[Category:Dutch Resistance members]]
[[Category:Dutch communists]]
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[[Category:19th-century Dutch dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Dutch journalists]]
[[Category:Dutch journalists]]
[[Category:Dutch dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Dutch resistance members]]
[[Category:Council communists]]
[[Category:Dutch women poets]]
[[Category:Communist Workers' Party of the Netherlands politicians]]
[[Category:Female Christian socialists]]
[[Category:People from Noordwijk]]
[[Category:People from Noordwijk]]
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[[Category:Women dramatists and playwrights]]
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[[Category:Communist women writers]]
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[[Category:Christian communists]]
[[Category:People with mood disorders]]
[[Category:People with mood disorders]]
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[[Category:Social Democratic Workers' Party (Netherlands) politicians]]
[[Category:Dutch women dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Female resistance members of World War II]]
[[Category:20th-century Dutch dramatists and playwrights]]

Latest revision as of 11:41, 14 July 2024

Henriette Roland Holst
Portrait of Roland Holst by Michel de Klerk (1921)
Born
Henriette Goverdine Anna van der Schalk

(1869-12-24)24 December 1869
Noordwijk, Netherlands
Died21 November 1952(1952-11-21) (aged 82)
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Other names
  • Henriette Goverdine Anna Roland Holst-van der Schalk
  • Jet
Occupations
  • Poet
  • activist
Political party
Movement
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1896; died 1938)​

Henriette Goverdine Anna "Jet" Roland Holst-van der Schalk[a] (24 December 1869 – 21 November 1952) was a Dutch poet and communist. She was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature.[1]

She had many noted relatives. Her husband was the artist Richard Roland Holst. The poet Adriaan Roland Holst (1888–1976), nicknamed "the Dutch Prince of Poets", was the nephew of her husband.

Early life

[edit]

Born in Noordwijk on 24 December 1869, Roland Holst was brought up in the affluent, liberal Christian family of the notary Theodore Willem van der Schalk and Anna Ida van der Schalk-van der Hoeven. Roland Holst attended four years of boarding school in Velp and studied French in Liege.[2]

Roland Holst soon came to develop a talent as a poet. She married the artist Richard Roland Holst in 1896[3] and befriended the poet Herman Gorter, who prompted her to read Das Kapital by Karl Marx. Around this time she became politically active and began her career as a writer on political, historical and philosophical fields.[4]

Poetry

[edit]

Around 1890, Henriette met Albert Verwey,[5] who with Willem Kloos was among the leaders of the Tachtigers and the founders of De Nieuwe Gids. In 1892 she met the painter Jan Toorop. She wrote about Toorop and Verwey in her first sonnets. In these poems she showcased her intense needs as an artist, more precisely: as a poet.

Socialism

[edit]
Bust of Henriette Roland Holst at the Lindenplein, Noordwijk

At the age of 27 Roland Holst joined the SDAP. She was then working night after night in smoky halls calling for workers' struggle to improve their miserable fate. She became part of the party leadership and, in 1900, was delegated to the Second International. At the conferences of the International, she came into contact with prominent Marxists such as Karl Liebknecht, Rosa Luxemburg, and Leon Trotsky.[6]

In 1911, Roland Holst had joined as an orthodox Marxist in the SDAP. Unlike most other orthodox Marxists, she did not immediately move over to the Social-Democratic Party (SDP, later known as the Communist Party of the Netherlands [CPN]). Against the advice of Rosa Luxemburg in some years she remained non-partisan. She founded in 1915, along with a number of SDAP and SDP members, the Revolutionair Socialistische Vereeniging. While in the CPN, she sided with Herman Gorter, Anton Pannekoek, and the left communist fraction of the party.

"Rode Jet" (meaning "Red Jet", a nickname of Roland Holst) also played a role during the revolutionary turmoil of November 1918. On 13 November she went with David Wijnkoop at the head of a procession on the Orange-Nassau barracks in Amsterdam, to celebrate the brotherhood with the hussars. Intervention by the security forces resulted in two dead, the only victims of the "revolution that did not happen".[citation needed]

1928–1952: Christian socialist

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Henriette had deep slumps. She suffered from depression, bouts of anorexia,[7] anemia and heart disease but when she was well she struggled with an unrelenting zeal to improve the position of workers, youth, and women.

Her first poems were passionately for socialism. She wrote among other things, the Dutch text for the anthem "The Internationale". Later, her work took a more religious character. Among her writings were plays, biographies (of Rousseau, Gandhi and Tolstoy), journalism, and radio plays.

During the Second World War she was active in the Dutch resistance,[8] as editor of the resistance magazine De Vonk,[9] then De Vlam. Though of a well to do background, she was certainly not a "salon socialist".[citation needed]

At the end of her life she wrote the autobiography Het vuur brandde voort. She died in Amsterdam on 21 November 1952 at the age of 82. A bust was placed in her memory in her birthplace of Noordwijk in 1969.

Works

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Poetry collections

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  • het Jeugdwerk (1884–1892) (was published in 1969 by Garmt Stuiveling [nl]).
  • Sonnetten en Verzen in Terzinen geschreven; original edition (graphical treatment by Richard Roland Holst) and Scheltema Holkema's Bookshop, Amsterdam, 1896.

Reprinted in simpler form of being. WL and J. Brusse, Rotterdam in 1913 and 1922 and out. BZZTôH, The Hague 1983.

Political work

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Frateco en la Vivpraktiko, translation of work of Henriette Roland Holst in Esperanto.
the Dutch railroad strikes of 1903, and the role of unions and of the SDAP therein.
  • Algemeene werkstaking en sociaaldemocratie, Rotterdam 1906.
this work appeared in German in 1905, with a preface by Karl Kautsky.
  • Geschiedenis van den Proletarischen Klassenstrijd, H. A. Wakker, Rotterdam, 1909 (Sociale Bibliotheek).
  • De opstandelingen, Een lyrisch treurspel in drie bedrijven, Amsterdam 1910.
a lyrical work on the 1905 Russian Revolution.
  • De philosophie van Dietzgen en hare beteekenis voor het proletariaat, Rotterdam 1910.
First published in German, translated by Sam de Wolff.
  • Revisionistische en Marxistische tactiek in de kiesrecht-beweging, Rotterdam 1910.
polemic against revisionist socialism of Troelstra with regard to voting rights.
  • De strijdmiddelen der sociale revolutie, Amsterdam 1918.
  • De revolutionaire massa-aktie. Een studie, Rotterdam 1918.
  • De daden der Bolschewiki, Amsterdam 1919.
written in defense of the Bolsheviks.
  • Verslag van het Derde Internationale Communistische Congres, 1921.
the third congress of the Comintern.
description of her trip to the Third International
  • Communisme en moraal, Arnhem 1925.
  • Herman Gorter, Amsterdam 1933.
biography of Tachtiger Herman Gorter.
  • Rosa Luxemburg. Haar leven en werk, Rotterdam 1935.
biography of Rosa Luxemburg.

Notes

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  1. ^ Some sources spell her name as Henriëtte, with a diaeresis, but her birth certificate gives her name without the diaeresis, as do most sources. Her nickname was Jet, and because of her relationship to the poet Adriaan Roland Holst she was often referred to as "Tante Jet" ("Aunt Jet").

References

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  1. ^ "Nomination Database". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
  2. ^ Amersfoort, Jaap van; Beek, Pieta van; Schutte, Gerrit (2014). Ora et labora: Twaalf opstellen over christelijke spiritualiteit in de praktijk (in Dutch). Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 132. ISBN 978-90-8704-429-9.
  3. ^ Muller, Sheila D. (4 July 2013). Dutch Art: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 332. ISBN 978-1-135-49574-9.
  4. ^ Bel, Jacqueline; Vaessens, Thomas (2010). Women's Writing from the Low Countries 1880-2010: An Anthology. Amsterdam University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-90-8964-193-9.
  5. ^ Meijer, Reinder (6 December 2012). Literature of the Low Countries: A Short History of Dutch Literature in the Netherlands and Belgium. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 263. ISBN 978-94-009-9734-9.
  6. ^ Grever, Maria; Waaldijk, Berteke (23 June 2004). Transforming the Public Sphere: The Dutch National Exhibition of Women's Labor in 1898. Duke University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-8223-3296-1.
  7. ^ Etty, Elsbeth (1997). Liefde is heel het leven niet: Henriette Roland Holst, 1869-1952 (in Dutch). Balans. p. 517. ISBN 978-90-5018-503-5.
  8. ^ Dewulf, Jeroen (2010). Spirit of Resistance: Dutch Clandestine Literature During the Nazi Occupation. Camden House. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-57113-493-6.
  9. ^ Grünewald, Guido; Dungen, Peter Van den (1995). Twentieth-century Peace Movements: Successes and Failures. E. Mellen Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-7734-9065-9.

Further reading

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  • Jaap van Praag (1911–1981) wrote the first biography of Henriette Roland Holst.
  • Herman Schaap - Het leed der mensheid laat mij vaak niet slapen (1984), an anthology from the prose of Henriette Roland Holst, with introduction and notes.
  • Elsbeth Etty - Liefde is heel het leven niet (1996). A biography of Roland Holst.
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Media related to Henriette Roland Holst at Wikimedia Commons

Poems by Henriette Roland Holst Online

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