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speech capabilities in CC refers to "speech recognition" and vision is "object recognition"
 
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{{Short description|Concept of "brainlike" computing}}
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'''Cognitive computing''' ('''CC''') describes [[Computing platform|technology platforms]] that, broadly speaking, are based on the scientific disciplines of [[artificial intelligence]] and [[signal processing]]. These platforms encompass [[machine learning]], [[Automated reasoning|reasoning]], [[natural language processing]], [[Speech recognition|speech]] recognition and [[Computer vision|vision]] (object recognition), [[human–computer interaction]], [[Dialog system|dialog]] and narrative generation, among other technologies.<ref name=":02"/><ref>Augmented intelligence, helping humans make smarter decisions. Hewlett Packard Enterprise. http://h20195.www2.hpe.com/V2/GetPDF.aspx/4AA6-4478ENW.pdf</ref>
{{Multiple issues|
{{Buzzword|date=January 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2019}}
}}
{{Use American English|date = January 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = January 2019}}

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'''Cognitive computing''' refers to [[Computing platform|technology platforms]] that, broadly speaking, are based on the scientific disciplines of [[artificial intelligence]] and [[signal processing]]. These platforms encompass [[machine learning]], [[Automated reasoning|reasoning]], [[natural language processing]], [[speech recognition]] and [[Computer vision|vision]] ([[object recognition]]), [[human–computer interaction]], [[Dialog system|dialog]] and [[story generator|narrative generation]], among other technologies.<ref name=":02"/><ref>Augmented intelligence, helping humans make smarter decisions. Hewlett Packard Enterprise. http://h20195.www2.hpe.com/V2/GetPDF.aspx/4AA6-4478ENW.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427065042/http://h20195.www2.hpe.com/V2/GetPDF.aspx/4AA6-4478ENW.pdf |date=April 27, 2016 }}</ref>


== Definition ==
== Definition ==
At present, there is no widely agreed upon definition for cognitive computing in either [[academia]] or industry.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.research.ibm.com/cognitive-computing/|title=IBM Research: Cognitive Computing}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://synthexis.com/cognitive-computing/|title=Cognitive Computing}}</ref>
At present, there is no widely agreed upon definition for cognitive computing in either [[academia]] or industry.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=http://www.research.ibm.com/software/IBMResearch/multimedia/Computing_Cognition_WhitePaper.pdf|title=Computing, cognition and the future of knowing|last=Kelly III|first=Dr. John|date=2015|website=IBM Research: Cognitive Computing|publisher=IBM Corporation|access-date=February 9, 2016}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://synthexis.com/cognitive-computing/|title=Cognitive Computing|date=April 27, 2014|access-date=April 18, 2016|archive-date=July 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711035549/https://synthexis.com/cognitive-computing/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gutierrez-Garcia |first1=J. Octavio |last2=López-Neri |first2=Emmanuel |title=2015 3rd International Conference on Applied Computing and Information Technology/2nd International Conference on Computational Science and Intelligence |chapter=Cognitive Computing: A Brief Survey and Open Research Challenges |s2cid=15229045 |pages=328–333 |date=30 November 2015 |doi=10.1109/ACIT-CSI.2015.64 |isbn=978-1-4673-9642-4 }}</ref>


In general, the term cognitive computing has been used to refer to new hardware and/or software that mimics the functioning of the [[human brain]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://labs.hpe.com/research/next-next/brain/|title=Hewlett Packard Labs|publisher=}}</ref><ref>Terdiman, Daniel (2014) .IBM's TrueNorth processor mimics the human brain.http://www.cnet.com/news/ibms-truenorth-processor-mimics-the-human-brain/</ref><ref>Knight, Shawn (2011). ''[http://www.techspot.com/news/45138-ibm-unveils-cognitive-computing-chips-that-mimic-human-brain.html IBM unveils cognitive computing chips that mimic human brain]'' TechSpot: August 18, 2011, 12:00 PM</ref><ref>Hamill, Jasper (2013). ''[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/08/ibm_unveils_computer_architecture_based_upon_your_brain/ Cognitive computing: IBM unveils software for its brain-like SyNAPSE chips]'' The Register: August 8, 2013</ref><ref name="Denning">{{cite journal|year=2014|title=Surfing Toward the Future|journal=Communications of the ACM|volume=57|issue=3|pages=26–29|doi=10.1145/2566967|author=Denning. P.J.}}</ref><ref>{{cite paper
In general, the term cognitive computing has been used to refer to new hardware and/or software that [[Neuromorphic computing|mimics the functioning]] of the [[human brain]]<ref>Terdiman, Daniel (2014) .IBM's TrueNorth processor mimics the human brain.http://www.cnet.com/news/ibms-truenorth-processor-mimics-the-human-brain/</ref><ref>Knight, Shawn (2011). ''[http://www.techspot.com/news/45138-ibm-unveils-cognitive-computing-chips-that-mimic-human-brain.html IBM unveils cognitive computing chips that mimic human brain]'' TechSpot: August 18, 2011, 12:00 PM</ref><ref>Hamill, Jasper (2013). ''[https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/08/ibm_unveils_computer_architecture_based_upon_your_brain/ Cognitive computing: IBM unveils software for its brain-like SyNAPSE chips]'' The Register: August 8, 2013</ref><ref name="Denning">{{cite journal|year=2014|title=Surfing Toward the Future|journal=Communications of the ACM|volume=57|issue=3|pages=26–29|doi=10.1145/2566967|author=Denning. P.J.|s2cid=20681733}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis
| author = Dr. Lars Ludwig
| author = Dr. Lars Ludwig
| title = Extended Artificial Memory. Toward an integral cognitive theory of memory and technology.
| title = Extended Artificial Memory. Toward an integral cognitive theory of memory and technology.
Line 11: Line 19:
| url = https://kluedo.ub.uni-kl.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/3662
| url = https://kluedo.ub.uni-kl.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/3662
| format = pdf
| format = pdf
| accessdate = 2017-02-07}}</ref> (2004) and helps to improve human decision-making.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hpl.hp.com/research/|title=Research at HP Labs|publisher=}}</ref> In this sense, CC is a new type of computing with the goal of more accurate models of how the human brain/[[mind]] senses, [[Reasoning|reasons]], and responds to stimulus. CC applications link [[data analysis]] and adaptive page displays ([[Adaptive user interface|AUI]]) to adjust content for a particular type of audience. As such, CC hardware and applications strive to be more [[Affect (psychology)|affective]] and more influential by design.
| access-date = 2017-02-07}}</ref> (2004). In this sense, cognitive computing is a new type of computing with the goal of more accurate models of how the human brain/[[mind]] senses, [[Reasoning|reasons]], and responds to stimulus. Cognitive computing applications link [[data analysis]] and adaptive page displays ([[Adaptive user interface|AUI]]) to adjust content for a particular type of audience. As such, cognitive computing hardware and applications strive to be more [[Affect (psychology)|affective]] and more influential by design.

[[File:Cognitive.System.Scheme.png|thumb|right|Basic scheme of a cognitive system. With sensors, such as [[Keyboard technology|keyboards]], [[touchscreen]]s, [[camera]]s, [[microphone]]s or [[Thermometer|temperature sensors]], signals from the real world environment can be detected. For [[perception]], these signals are recognised by the [[cognition]] of the cognitive system and converted into digital information. This information can be [[Documentation|documented]] and is processed. The result of [[deliberation]] can also be documented and is used to control and execute an action in the real world environment with the help of [[actuator]]s, such as [[engine]]s, [[loudspeaker]]s, [[Electronic visual display|displays]] or [[Air conditioning|air conditioners]] for example.]]

The term "cognitive system" also applies to any artificial construct able to perform a cognitive process where a cognitive process is the transformation of data, information, knowledge, or wisdom to a new level in the [[DIKW Pyramid]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fulbright |first1=Ron |title=Democratization of Expertise: How Cognitive Systems Will Revolutionize Your Life |date=2020 |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton, FL |isbn=978-0367859459 |edition=1st}}</ref> While many cognitive systems employ techniques having their origination in [[artificial intelligence]] research, cognitive systems, themselves, may not be artificially intelligent. For example, a [[neural network]] trained to recognize cancer on an [[MRI]] scan may achieve a higher success rate than a human doctor. This system is certainly a cognitive system but is not artificially intelligent.

Cognitive systems may be engineered to feed on dynamic data in real-time, or near real-time,<ref name="Ferrucci">{{cite journal |last1=Ferrucci |first1=David |last2=Brown |first2=Eric |last3=Chu-Carroll |first3=Jennifer |last4=Fan |first4=James |last5=Gondek |first5=David |last6=Kalyanpur |first6=Aditya A. |last7=Lally |first7=Adam |last8=Murdock |first8=J. William |last9=Nyberg |first9=Eric |last10=Prager |first10=John |last11=Schlaefer |first11=Nico |last12=Welty |first12=Chris |s2cid=1831060 |title=Building Watson: An Overview of the DeepQA Project |journal=AI Magazine |date=28 July 2010 |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=59–79 |doi=10.1609/aimag.v31i3.2303 |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ee73/acc524082819c0fcdae11c1bf12234d87fec.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228154008/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ee73/acc524082819c0fcdae11c1bf12234d87fec.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 February 2020 }}</ref> and may draw on multiple sources of information, including both structured and [[Unstructured information|unstructured]] digital information, as well as sensory inputs (visual, gestural, auditory, or sensor-provided).<ref>Deanfelis, Stephen (2014). ''[https://www.wired.com/insights/2014/04/will-2014-year-fall-love-cognitive-computing/ Will 2014 Be the Year You Fall in Love With cognitive computing?]'' Wired: 2014-04-21</ref>


== Cognitive analytics ==
[[IBM]] describes the components used to develop, and behaviors resulting from, "systems that learn at scale, reason with purpose and interact with humans naturally". According to them, while sharing many attributes with the field of [[artificial intelligence]], it differentiates itself via the complex interplay of disparate components, each of which comprise their own individual mature disciplines.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=http://www.research.ibm.com/software/IBMResearch/multimedia/Computing_Cognition_WhitePaper.pdf|title=Computing, cognition and the future of knowing|last=Kelly III|first=Dr. John|date=2015|website=IBM Research: Cognitive Computing|publisher=IBM Corporation|access-date=February 9, 2016}}</ref><ref name=":1"/><ref name="Kelly">Kelly, J.E. and Hamm, S. ( 2013). Smart Machines: IBM's Watson and the Era of Cognitive Computing. Columbia Business School Publishing</ref><ref name="Ferrucci">Ferrucci, D. et al. (2010) Building Watson: an overview of the DeepQA Project. Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, Fall 2010, 59–79.</ref>
Cognitive computing-branded technology platforms typically specialize in the processing and analysis of large, [[unstructured data]]sets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://public.deloitte.com/media/analytics/pdfs/us_da_3min_guide_cognitive_analytics.pdf|title=Cognitive analytics - The three-minute guide|date=2014|access-date=2017-08-18}}</ref>


== Applications ==
Some features that cognitive systems may express are:
;Education: Even if cognitive computing can not take the place of teachers, it can still be a heavy driving force in the education of students. Cognitive computing being used in the classroom is applied by essentially having an assistant that is personalized for each individual student. This cognitive assistant can relieve the stress that teachers face while teaching students, while also enhancing the student's learning experience over all.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elearningindustry.com/artificial-intelligence-in-the-classroom-role|title=The Role Of Artificial Intelligence In The Classroom|last=Sears|first=Alec|date=April 14, 2018|website=ElearningIndustry|access-date=April 11, 2019}}</ref> Teachers may not be able to pay each and every student individual attention, this being the place that cognitive computers fill the gap. Some students may need a little more help with a particular subject. For many students, Human interaction between student and teacher can cause [[anxiety]] and can be uncomfortable. With the help of Cognitive Computer [[tutor]]s, students will not have to face their uneasiness and can gain the confidence to learn and do well in the classroom.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Coccoli |first1=Mauro |last2=Maresca |first2=Paolo |last3=Stanganelli |first3=Lidia |title=Cognitive computing in education |journal=Journal of e-Learning and Knowledge Society |date=21 May 2016 |volume=12 |issue=2 |url=https://www.learntechlib.org/p/173468/ }}</ref> While a student is in class with their personalized assistant, this assistant can develop various techniques, like creating lesson plans, to tailor and aid the student and their needs.
* '''[[Adaptive system|Adaptive]]''': They may learn as information changes, and as goals and requirements evolve. They may resolve ambiguity and tolerate unpredictability. They may be engineered to feed on dynamic data in real time, or near real time.<ref name="Ferrucci"/>
;Healthcare: Numerous tech companies are in the process of developing technology that involves cognitive computing that can be used in the medical field. The ability to classify and identify is one of the main goals of these cognitive devices.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dobrescu |first1=Edith Mihaela |last2=Dobrescu |first2=Emilian M. |title=Artificial Intelligence (Ai) - The Technology That Shapes The World |journal=Global Economic Observer |volume=6 |issue=2 |year=2018 |pages=71–81 |id={{ProQuest|2176184267}} |url=http://www.globeco.ro/wp-content/uploads/vol/split/vol_6_no_2/geo_2018_vol6_no2_art_006.pdf }}</ref> This trait can be very helpful in the study of identifying [[carcinogen]]s. This cognitive system that can detect would be able to assist the examiner in interpreting countless numbers of documents in a lesser amount of time than if they did not use Cognitive Computer technology. This technology can also evaluate information about the patient, looking through every medical record in depth, searching for indications that can be the source of their problems.
* '''[[Interactive]]''': They may interact easily with users so that those users can define their needs comfortably. They may also interact with other processors, devices, and Cloud services, as well as with people.
;Commerce: Together with Artificial Intelligence, it has been used in warehouse management systems  to collect, store, organize and analyze all related supplier data. All these aims at improving efficiency, enabling faster decision-making, monitoring inventory and fraud detection<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart Procurement Technologies for the Construction Sector |url=https://publication.sipmm.edu.sg/smart-procurement-technologies-construction-sector/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=publication.sipmm.edu.sg |date=October 25, 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''Iterative and [[stateful]]''': They may aid in defining a problem by asking questions or finding additional source input if a problem statement is ambiguous or incomplete. They may "remember" previous interactions in a process and return information that is suitable for the specific application at that point in time.
;Human Cognitive Augmentation: In situations where humans are using or working collaboratively with cognitive systems, called a human/cog ensemble, results achieved by the ensemble are superior to results obtainable by the human working alone. Therefore, the human is cognitively augmented.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fulbright |first1=Ron |title=Democratization of Expertise: How Cognitive Systems Will Revolutionize Your Life |date=2020 |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton, FL |isbn=978-0367859459}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fulbright |first1=Ron |title=Augmented Cognition |chapter=Calculating Cognitive Augmentation – A Case Study |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |date=2019 |volume=11580 |pages=533–545 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-22419-6_38 |arxiv=2211.06479 |isbn=978-3-030-22418-9 |s2cid=195891648 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22419-6_38}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fulbright |first1=Ron |title=Human Interface and the Management of Information. Information in Applications and Services |chapter=On Measuring Cognition and Cognitive Augmentation |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |date=2018 |volume=10905 |pages=494–507 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-92046-7_41 |arxiv=2211.06477 |isbn=978-3-319-92045-0 |s2cid=51603737 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92046-7_41}}</ref> In cases where the human/cog ensemble achieves results at, or superior to, the level of a human expert then the ensemble has achieved synthetic expertise.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fulbright |first1=Ron |title=Augmented Cognition. Human Cognition and Behavior |chapter=Synthetic Expertise |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |date=2020 |volume=12197 |pages=27–48 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-50439-7_3 |arxiv=2212.03244 |isbn=978-3-030-50438-0 |s2cid=220519330 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-50439-7_3}}</ref> In a human/cog ensemble, the "cog" is a cognitive system employing virtually any kind of cognitive computing technology.
* '''[[Context awareness|Contextual]]''': They may understand, identify, and extract contextual elements such as [[Meaning (linguistics)|meaning]], [[syntax]], time, location, appropriate domain, regulations, user’s profile, process, task and goal. They may draw on multiple sources of information, including both structured and [[Unstructured information|unstructured]] digital information, as well as sensory inputs (visual, gestural, auditory, or sensor-provided).<ref>Deanfelis, Stephen (2014). ''[https://www.wired.com/insights/2014/04/will-2014-year-fall-love-cognitive-computing/ Will 2014 Be the Year You Fall in Love With Cognitive Computing?]'' Wired: 2014-04-21</ref>


==Use cases==
;Other use cases
* [[Speech recognition]]
* [[Sentiment analysis]]
* [[Face detection]]
* [[Risk assessment]]
* [[Fraud detection]]
* Behavioral recommendations


== Industry work ==
Cognitive computing has been subject to a great deal of marketing [[hype]] over the years and there continues to be a struggle with finding a non-proprietary definition, but as cognitive computing platforms have emerged and become commercially available, evidence of real-world applications are starting to surface. Organizations that adopt and use these cognitive computing platforms, purpose-build applications to address specific use cases that are relevant to their internal and external users, with each application using some combination of available functionality necessary for the [[use case]].
Cognitive computing in conjunction with [[big data]] and [[algorithm]]s that comprehend [[customer needs]], can be a major advantage in economic [[decision making]].


The powers of cognitive computing and artificial intelligence hold the potential to affect almost every task that humans are capable of performing. This can negatively affect employment for humans, as there would be no such need for human labor anymore. It would also increase the [[inequality of wealth]]; the people at the head of the cognitive computing industry would grow significantly richer, while workers without ongoing, reliable employment would become less well off.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Makridakis |first1=Spyros |title=The forthcoming Artificial Intelligence (AI) revolution: Its impact on society and firms |journal=Futures |date=June 2017 |volume=90 |pages=46–60 |doi=10.1016/j.futures.2017.03.006 |s2cid=152199271 }}</ref>
Examples of such real-world use cases include the following:
* [[Speech recognition]] apps powered by [https://community.havenondemand.com/t5/Blog/Building-a-Speech-Recognition-app-with-Meteor-framework/ba-p/2372 HPE Haven OnDemand], [http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/cc-cognitive-computing-watson-speech-controlled-game/index.html IBM Watson]
* [[Sentiment analysis]] apps powered by [https://community.havenondemand.com/t5/Blog/Realtime-Sentiment-Analysis-and-it-s-Effects-on-Customer-Surveys/ba-p/2503 HPE Haven OnDemand], [https://github.com/watson-developer-cloud/sentiment-and-emotion IBM Watson]
* [[Face detection]] apps powered by [https://community.havenondemand.com/t5/Blog/IoT-Holiday-Camera-Ornament-using-Face-Detection-Raspberry-Pi/ba-p/2484 HPE Haven OnDemand], [http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/web/library/cc-face-detection-web-app-bluemix-trs/index.html IBM Watson], and [https://www.microsoft.com/cognitive-services/en-us/WindowsIoTFacialRecognitionDoor Microsoft Cognitive Services]
* [[Election]] insights apps powered by [https://community.havenondemand.com/t5/Blog/Our-Feelings-About-Politicians-An-analytics-dashboard-of-real/ba-p/2671 HPE Haven OnDemand], [http://jkaufman.io/election-insights/ IBM Watson]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LwgaraSB80M CogX Massively Parallel Open Source Cognitive Computing]


The more industries start to use cognitive computing, the more difficult it will be for humans to compete.<ref name=":0" /> Increased use of the technology will also increase the amount of work that AI-driven [[robot]]s and machines can perform. Only extraordinarily talented, capable and motivated humans would be able to keep up with the machines. The influence of competitive individuals in conjunction with artificial intelligence/cognitive computing with has the potential to change the course of humankind.<ref>{{cite book |last1=West |first1=Darrell M. |title=The Future of Work: Robots, AI, and Automation |date=2018 |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |jstor=10.7864/j.ctt1vjqp2g |isbn=978-0-8157-3293-8 }}{{page needed|date=August 2020}}</ref>
These and many more examples are available on the respective cognitive computing platform provider blog websites, helping to demystify the possibilities into real world applications today. This is important, since even as recently as April 8, 2016 in a Fortune magazine article,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2016/04/08/hpe-whitman-disses-ibm-watson/|title=HPE Chief Meg Whitman Disses IBM Watson|publisher=}}</ref> [[Meg Whitman]] cast doubt on IBM Watson's present day capabilities; IBM's CEO [[Ginni Rometty|Virginia Rometty]] responded with "We are building an era, a platform, an industry, and making a market with it. We have competitors who don't disclose for a decade, [so] I'm going to protect it and nurture it—we will disclose eventually".


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Automation]]
* [http://www.cognub.com/index.php/cognitive-computing/ Cognitive computing]
* [[Affective computing]]
* [[Affective computing]]
* [[Analytics]]
* [[Analytics]]
* [[Artificial intelligence]]
* [[Artificial neural network]]
* [[Artificial neural network]]
* [[Brain computer interface]]
* [[Cognitive computer]]
* [[Cognitive computer]]
* [[Cognitive reasoning]]
* [[Cognitive reasoning]]
⚫
* [[Cognitive science]]
* [[Enterprise cognitive system]]
* [[Enterprise cognitive system]]
* [[Semantic Web]]
* [[Social neuroscience]]
* [[Social neuroscience]]
* [[Synthetic intelligence]]
* [[Synthetic intelligence]]
* [[Usability]]
* [[Usability]]
* [[Neuromorphic engineering]]
* [[AI accelerator]]


== References ==
== References ==
Line 50: Line 73:


==Further reading ==
==Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* [http://computocognitivo.com Examples of cognitive computing]
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.hpcwire.com/2016/02/25/25170/|title=Mapping Out a New Role for Cognitive Computing in Science|last=Russell|first=John|date=2016-02-15|website=HPCwire|access-date=2016-04-21}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.hpcwire.com/2016/02/25/25170/|title=Mapping Out a New Role for Cognitive Computing in Science|last=Russell|first=John|date=2016-02-15|website=HPCwire|access-date=2016-04-21}}
{{refend}}


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[[Category:Cognitive science]]
[[Category:Artificial intelligence]]
[[Category:Artificial intelligence]]
[[Category:Branches of cognitive science]]

Latest revision as of 15:35, 19 July 2024

Cognitive computing refers to technology platforms that, broadly speaking, are based on the scientific disciplines of artificial intelligence and signal processing. These platforms encompass machine learning, reasoning, natural language processing, speech recognition and vision (object recognition), human–computer interaction, dialog and narrative generation, among other technologies.[1][2]

Definition

[edit]

At present, there is no widely agreed upon definition for cognitive computing in either academia or industry.[1][3][4]

In general, the term cognitive computing has been used to refer to new hardware and/or software that mimics the functioning of the human brain[5][6][7][8][9] (2004). In this sense, cognitive computing is a new type of computing with the goal of more accurate models of how the human brain/mind senses, reasons, and responds to stimulus. Cognitive computing applications link data analysis and adaptive page displays (AUI) to adjust content for a particular type of audience. As such, cognitive computing hardware and applications strive to be more affective and more influential by design.

Basic scheme of a cognitive system. With sensors, such as keyboards, touchscreens, cameras, microphones or temperature sensors, signals from the real world environment can be detected. For perception, these signals are recognised by the cognition of the cognitive system and converted into digital information. This information can be documented and is processed. The result of deliberation can also be documented and is used to control and execute an action in the real world environment with the help of actuators, such as engines, loudspeakers, displays or air conditioners for example.

The term "cognitive system" also applies to any artificial construct able to perform a cognitive process where a cognitive process is the transformation of data, information, knowledge, or wisdom to a new level in the DIKW Pyramid.[10] While many cognitive systems employ techniques having their origination in artificial intelligence research, cognitive systems, themselves, may not be artificially intelligent. For example, a neural network trained to recognize cancer on an MRI scan may achieve a higher success rate than a human doctor. This system is certainly a cognitive system but is not artificially intelligent.

Cognitive systems may be engineered to feed on dynamic data in real-time, or near real-time,[11] and may draw on multiple sources of information, including both structured and unstructured digital information, as well as sensory inputs (visual, gestural, auditory, or sensor-provided).[12]

Cognitive analytics

[edit]

Cognitive computing-branded technology platforms typically specialize in the processing and analysis of large, unstructured datasets.[13]

Applications

[edit]
Education
Even if cognitive computing can not take the place of teachers, it can still be a heavy driving force in the education of students. Cognitive computing being used in the classroom is applied by essentially having an assistant that is personalized for each individual student. This cognitive assistant can relieve the stress that teachers face while teaching students, while also enhancing the student's learning experience over all.[14] Teachers may not be able to pay each and every student individual attention, this being the place that cognitive computers fill the gap. Some students may need a little more help with a particular subject. For many students, Human interaction between student and teacher can cause anxiety and can be uncomfortable. With the help of Cognitive Computer tutors, students will not have to face their uneasiness and can gain the confidence to learn and do well in the classroom.[15] While a student is in class with their personalized assistant, this assistant can develop various techniques, like creating lesson plans, to tailor and aid the student and their needs.
Healthcare
Numerous tech companies are in the process of developing technology that involves cognitive computing that can be used in the medical field. The ability to classify and identify is one of the main goals of these cognitive devices.[16] This trait can be very helpful in the study of identifying carcinogens. This cognitive system that can detect would be able to assist the examiner in interpreting countless numbers of documents in a lesser amount of time than if they did not use Cognitive Computer technology. This technology can also evaluate information about the patient, looking through every medical record in depth, searching for indications that can be the source of their problems.
Commerce
Together with Artificial Intelligence, it has been used in warehouse management systems  to collect, store, organize and analyze all related supplier data. All these aims at improving efficiency, enabling faster decision-making, monitoring inventory and fraud detection[17]
Human Cognitive Augmentation
In situations where humans are using or working collaboratively with cognitive systems, called a human/cog ensemble, results achieved by the ensemble are superior to results obtainable by the human working alone. Therefore, the human is cognitively augmented.[18][19][20] In cases where the human/cog ensemble achieves results at, or superior to, the level of a human expert then the ensemble has achieved synthetic expertise.[21] In a human/cog ensemble, the "cog" is a cognitive system employing virtually any kind of cognitive computing technology.
Other use cases

Industry work

[edit]

Cognitive computing in conjunction with big data and algorithms that comprehend customer needs, can be a major advantage in economic decision making.

The powers of cognitive computing and artificial intelligence hold the potential to affect almost every task that humans are capable of performing. This can negatively affect employment for humans, as there would be no such need for human labor anymore. It would also increase the inequality of wealth; the people at the head of the cognitive computing industry would grow significantly richer, while workers without ongoing, reliable employment would become less well off.[22]

The more industries start to use cognitive computing, the more difficult it will be for humans to compete.[22] Increased use of the technology will also increase the amount of work that AI-driven robots and machines can perform. Only extraordinarily talented, capable and motivated humans would be able to keep up with the machines. The influence of competitive individuals in conjunction with artificial intelligence/cognitive computing with has the potential to change the course of humankind.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Kelly III, Dr. John (2015). "Computing, cognition and the future of knowing" (PDF). IBM Research: Cognitive Computing. IBM Corporation. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
  2. ^ Augmented intelligence, helping humans make smarter decisions. Hewlett Packard Enterprise. http://h20195.www2.hpe.com/V2/GetPDF.aspx/4AA6-4478ENW.pdf Archived April 27, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ "Cognitive Computing". April 27, 2014. Archived from the original on July 11, 2019. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
  4. ^ Gutierrez-Garcia, J. Octavio; López-Neri, Emmanuel (November 30, 2015). "Cognitive Computing: A Brief Survey and Open Research Challenges". 2015 3rd International Conference on Applied Computing and Information Technology/2nd International Conference on Computational Science and Intelligence. pp. 328–333. doi:10.1109/ACIT-CSI.2015.64. ISBN 978-1-4673-9642-4. S2CID 15229045.
  5. ^ Terdiman, Daniel (2014) .IBM's TrueNorth processor mimics the human brain.http://www.cnet.com/news/ibms-truenorth-processor-mimics-the-human-brain/
  6. ^ Knight, Shawn (2011). IBM unveils cognitive computing chips that mimic human brain TechSpot: August 18, 2011, 12:00 PM
  7. ^ Hamill, Jasper (2013). Cognitive computing: IBM unveils software for its brain-like SyNAPSE chips The Register: August 8, 2013
  8. ^ Denning. P.J. (2014). "Surfing Toward the Future". Communications of the ACM. 57 (3): 26–29. doi:10.1145/2566967. S2CID 20681733.
  9. ^ Dr. Lars Ludwig (2013). Extended Artificial Memory. Toward an integral cognitive theory of memory and technology (pdf) (Thesis). Technical University of Kaiserslautern. Retrieved February 7, 2017.
  10. ^ Fulbright, Ron (2020). Democratization of Expertise: How Cognitive Systems Will Revolutionize Your Life (1st ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0367859459.
  11. ^ Ferrucci, David; Brown, Eric; Chu-Carroll, Jennifer; Fan, James; Gondek, David; Kalyanpur, Aditya A.; Lally, Adam; Murdock, J. William; Nyberg, Eric; Prager, John; Schlaefer, Nico; Welty, Chris (July 28, 2010). "Building Watson: An Overview of the DeepQA Project" (PDF). AI Magazine. 31 (3): 59–79. doi:10.1609/aimag.v31i3.2303. S2CID 1831060. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 28, 2020.
  12. ^ Deanfelis, Stephen (2014). Will 2014 Be the Year You Fall in Love With cognitive computing? Wired: 2014-04-21
  13. ^ "Cognitive analytics - The three-minute guide" (PDF). 2014. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  14. ^ Sears, Alec (April 14, 2018). "The Role Of Artificial Intelligence In The Classroom". ElearningIndustry. Retrieved April 11, 2019.
  15. ^ Coccoli, Mauro; Maresca, Paolo; Stanganelli, Lidia (May 21, 2016). "Cognitive computing in education". Journal of e-Learning and Knowledge Society. 12 (2).
  16. ^ Dobrescu, Edith Mihaela; Dobrescu, Emilian M. (2018). "Artificial Intelligence (Ai) - The Technology That Shapes The World" (PDF). Global Economic Observer. 6 (2): 71–81. ProQuest 2176184267.
  17. ^ "Smart Procurement Technologies for the Construction Sector". publication.sipmm.edu.sg. October 25, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
  18. ^ Fulbright, Ron (2020). Democratization of Expertise: How Cognitive Systems Will Revolutionize Your Life. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0367859459.
  19. ^ Fulbright, Ron (2019). "Calculating Cognitive Augmentation – A Case Study". Augmented Cognition. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 11580. pp. 533–545. arXiv:2211.06479. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22419-6_38. ISBN 978-3-030-22418-9. S2CID 195891648.
  20. ^ Fulbright, Ron (2018). "On Measuring Cognition and Cognitive Augmentation". Human Interface and the Management of Information. Information in Applications and Services. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 10905. pp. 494–507. arXiv:2211.06477. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92046-7_41. ISBN 978-3-319-92045-0. S2CID 51603737.
  21. ^ Fulbright, Ron (2020). "Synthetic Expertise". Augmented Cognition. Human Cognition and Behavior. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 12197. pp. 27–48. arXiv:2212.03244. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-50439-7_3. ISBN 978-3-030-50438-0. S2CID 220519330.
  22. ^ a b Makridakis, Spyros (June 2017). "The forthcoming Artificial Intelligence (AI) revolution: Its impact on society and firms". Futures. 90: 46–60. doi:10.1016/j.futures.2017.03.006. S2CID 152199271.
  23. ^ West, Darrell M. (2018). The Future of Work: Robots, AI, and Automation. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8157-3293-8. JSTOR 10.7864/j.ctt1vjqp2g.[page needed]

Further reading

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