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{{Short description|Bhutanese ruler; Founder of the Wangchuck dynasty}}
{{About|the historical figure Jigme Namgyal of Bhutan|the 21st-century [[Tibet]]an politician Jigme Namgyal|Jigme Namgyal|for the heir apparent|Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck}}
{{About|the historical figure Jigme Namgyal of Bhutan|the 21st-century [[Tibet]]an politician Jigme Namgyal|Jigme Namgyal|the heir apparent|Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck}}
{{Infobox nobility
{{Infobox nobility
|name= Jigme Namgyal
|name= Jigme Namgyal
|title= 48th [[List of rulers of Bhutan|Druk Desi of Bhutan]]<br>10th [[Penlop of Trongsa]]
|title= 51st [[List of rulers of Bhutan|Druk Desi of Bhutan]]<br>10th [[Penlop of Trongsa]]
|spouse=''Ashi'' Pema Choki
|spouse=''Ashi'' Pema Choki
|issue=''Dasho'' Thinley Tobgye<br>''Dasho'' [[Ugyen Wangchuck]]<br>''Ashi'' Yeshay Choden
|issue=''Dasho'' Thinley Tobgay<br>''Dasho'' [[Ugyen Wangchuck]]<br>''Ashi'' Yeshay Choden
|birth_date=1825
|birth_date=1825
|birth_place=[[Lhuntse Dzong]]
|birth_place=[[Lhuntse Dzong]]
Line 14: Line 15:
|image=Royal Genealogy.jpg
|image=Royal Genealogy.jpg
|caption=Genealogy of the Wangchuck Dynasty of Bhutan.
|caption=Genealogy of the Wangchuck Dynasty of Bhutan.
|size=150px
|image_size=150px
|full name = ''Desi'' Jigme Namgyal
|full name = ''Desi'' Jigme Namgyal
}}
}}
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{{Royal house
{{Royal house
|surname =Wangchuck
|surname =Wangchuck
|estate
|estate=
|coat of arms =[[Image:Bhutan emblem.svg|150px]]
|coat of arms =[[Image:Emblem of Bhutan.svg|150px]]
|country =[[Bhutan]]
|country =[[Bhutan]]
|parent house =—
|parent house =—
|titles =[[Dragon King of Bhutan]]
|titles =[[List of rulers of Bhutan|Dragon King of Bhutan]]
|founder =[[Ugyen Wangchuck]]
|founder =[[Ugyen Wangchuck]]
|current head =[[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]]
|current head =[[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]]
|founding year = 17 December 1907 AD
|founding year = 17 December 1907 AD
|nationality =[[Bhutanese]]
|cadet branches =
|cadet branches =
}}
}}


'''''Desi'' Jigme Namgyal''' of [[Bhutan]] ([[Dzongkha]]: འཇིགས་མེད་རྣམ་རྒྱལ་; {{bo|w=jigs med rnam rgyal}}, 1825–1881) is a forefather of the [[House of Wangchuck|Wangchuck Dynasty]]. He served as 48th [[List of rulers of Bhutan|Druk Desi]] ([[Druk Desi|Deb Raja]], the secular executive) of [[Bhutan]] (1870–1873), and held the hereditary post of 10th [[Penlop of Trongsa]].<ref name=HBB>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yA9uAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Bhutan based on Buddhism |first=C. T. |last=Dorji |publisher=Sangay Xam, Prominent Publishers |chapter=Appendix III |year=1994 |isbn=81-86239-01-4 |page=200 |accessdate=2011-08-12}}</ref><ref name=Royal>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalark.net/Bhutan/bhutan2.htm |title=BHUTAN – The Wangchuck dynasty |date=2010-03-20 |first=Christopher |last=Buyers |work=The Royal Ark – Royal and Ruling Houses of Africa, Asia, Oceania and the Americas |accessdate=2011-08-10}}</ref><ref name=Wangdi>{{cite web|url=http://www.thlib.org/enwiki/static/reprints/jbs/JBS_10_02.pdf |year=2004 |title=A Historical Background of the Chhoetse Penlop |author=Dorji Wangdi |format=PDF |accessdate=2011-02-20 |publisher=Cabinet Secretariat |location=[[Thimphu]] |work= The Tibetan and Himalayan Library online}}</ref> He was called the «Black Ruler».<ref>[http://bhutan.ims.tuwien.ac.at/ahtcde00/c-viex/j-03-01/start.html Bhutan]</ref>
'''''Desi'' Jigme Namgyal''' of [[Bhutan]] ([[Dzongkha]]: [[:dz:མངའ་བདག་འཇིགས་མེད་རྣམ་རྒྱལ།Jigme_Namgyal|འཇིགས་མེད་རྣམ་རྒྱལ]]་; {{bo|w=jigs med rnam rgyal}}, 1825–1881) is a forefather of the [[House of Wangchuck|Wangchuck Dynasty]]. He served as 51st [[List of rulers of Bhutan|Druk Desi]] ([[Druk Desi|Deb Raja]], the secular executive) of [[Bhutan]] (1870–1873), and held the hereditary post of 10th [[Penlop of Trongsa]].<ref name=HBB>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yA9uAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Bhutan based on Buddhism |first=C. T. |last=Dorji |publisher=Sangay Xam, Prominent Publishers |chapter=Appendix III |year=1994 |isbn=81-86239-01-4 |page=200 |access-date=2011-08-12}}</ref><ref name=Wangdi>{{cite web |url=http://www.thlib.org/enwiki/static/reprints/jbs/JBS_10_02.pdf |year=2004 |title=A Historical Background of the Chhoetse Penlop |author=Dorji Wangdi |access-date=2011-02-20 |publisher=Cabinet Secretariat |location=[[Thimphu]] |work=The Tibetan and Himalayan Library online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110214150739/http://www.thlib.org/enwiki/static/reprints/jbs/JBS_10_02.pdf |archive-date=2011-02-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was called the Black Ruler.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bhutan.ims.tuwien.ac.at/ahtcde00/c-viex/j-03-01/start.html |title=Bhutan |access-date=2017-06-01 |archive-date=2020-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518052739/http://bhutan.ims.tuwien.ac.at/ahtcde00/c-viex/j-03-01/start.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>


== Marriage ==
== Early life ==
Son of ''Dasho'' Pila Gonpo Wangyal and his second wife, ''[[Ashi (title)|Ashi]]'' Sonam Pedzom, ''Desi'' Jigme Namgyal was born in 1825 at [[Lhuntse Dzong]]<ref name= "karchung">{{cite journal |last=Karchung |first=Gengop |title= Wangdü Chöling Dzong: The Masterpiece of Gongsar Jigme Namgyel |url= http://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/publicationFiles/JBS/JBS_Vol28/JBS28-4.pdf |journal=Journal of Bhutan Studies |publisher=The Centre for Bhutan Studies |volume=28 |pages=73–89 |access-date=12 June 2015}}</ref> and died in 1881 at Semtokha Dzong. He was an outstanding military commander. The qualities of loyalty, bravery, integrity and risk-taking were crucial factors in the rise of Jigme Namgyal.
Son of ''[[Dasho]]'' Pila Gonpo Wangyal and his second wife, ''[[Ashi (title)|Ashi]]'' Sonam Pelzom, ''Desi'' Jigme Namgyal was born in 1825 at [[Pila Nagtshang]]<ref name= "karchung">{{cite journal |last=Karchung |first=Gengop |title=Wangdü Chöling Dzong: The Masterpiece of Gongsar Jigme Namgyel |url=http://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/publicationFiles/JBS/JBS_Vol28/JBS28-4.pdf |journal=Journal of Bhutan Studies |publisher=The Centre for Bhutan Studies |volume=28 |pages=73–89 |access-date=12 June 2015 |archive-date=21 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721020920/http://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/publicationFiles/JBS/JBS_Vol28/JBS28-4.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and died in 1881 at Semtokha Dzong. He was an outstanding military commander. The qualities of loyalty, bravery, integrity and risk-taking were crucial factors in the rise of Jigme Namgyal.
Desi Jigme Namgyal was from Kurtoe Dungkar, from where the ancestry of [[Wangchuck dynasty]] originates.<ref name="leadership of the wise">{{cite book |last=Ura |first=Karma |title=Leadership of the Wise, Kings of Bhutan |publisher=Dasho Karma Ura |year=2010 |location=Thimphu |isbn=978-99936-633-2-4}}</ref> He was a descendent of Kheydrup Kuenga Wangpo, the son of [[Pema Lingpa]] (1450-1521) and Kheydrup’s consort, who was a descendant of terton Guru Choewang (1212-1270).<ref>{{cite book |title=Gu ru chos dwang gi rang rnam dang zhal gams |author=Chos kyi dbang phyub |year=1979 |place=Paro |publisher=Ugyen Tempai Gyeltshen}}</ref>
''Desi'' Jigme Namgyal was from Kurtoe Dungkar, from where the ancestry of [[House of Wangchuck|Wangchuck Dynasty]] originates.<ref name="leadership of the wise">{{cite book |last=Ura |first=Karma |title=Leadership of the Wise, Kings of Bhutan |publisher=Dasho Karma Ura |year=2010 |location=Thimphu |isbn=978-99936-633-2-4}}</ref> He was a descendant of Khedrup Kuenga Wangpo (b. 1505), the son of [[Tertön]] [[Pema Lingpa]] (1450-1521) and his second wife, ''Yum'' Bumdren,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Royal-Family-Tree-20.6.17.pdf |title=Bhutan studies |access-date=2017-11-12 |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113003507/http://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Royal-Family-Tree-20.6.17.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130604195024/http://www.bhutan2008.bt/en/node/354 Archive]</ref> and Khedrup's consort, Wangmo, from Khadro Chodung clan,<ref>[http://carchu.webs.com/apps/blog/show/5958897-bhutan-founding-of-kheri-gonpa-in-dungsam Carchu]</ref> who was a descendant of [[Tertön]] Guru Choewang (1212-1270).<ref>{{cite book |title=Gu ru chos dwang gi rang rnam dang zhal gams |author=Chos kyi dbang phyub |year=1979 |place=Paro |publisher=Ugyen Tempai Gyeltshen}}</ref>


Around 1846, he joined the [[Trongsa District|Trongsa]] administration that governed eastern [[Bhutan]], which consisted then of the [[Assam Duars]]. He rose rapidly through the ranks to become the ''[[Penlop of Trongsa|Trongsa Penlop]]'' in 1853.
Around 1846, he joined the [[Trongsa District|Trongsa]] administration that governed eastern [[Bhutan]], which consisted then of the [[Dooars|Assam Duars]]. He rose rapidly through the ranks to become the ''[[Penlop of Trongsa|Trongsa Penlop]]'' in 1853.


While he was a high official of Trongsa, Jigme Namgyal married ''Ashi'' Pema Choki, the daughter of the 8th [[Penlop of Trongsa|Trongsa Penlop]] (Tamzhing Choji family), ''Dasho'' Ugyen Phuntsho, by his wife, ''Aum'' Rinchen Pelmo (a daughter of Sonam Drugyel, 31st [[Druk Desi]]). His marriage to Pema Choki further enhanced Jigme Namgyal’s noble lineage. The ancestry of Jigme Namgyal’s wife also went back to [[Pema Lingpa]] as she was the daughter of Tamzhing Choji.<ref name = "leadership of the wise" />
While he was a high official of Trongsa, Jigme Namgyal married ''Ashi'' Pema Choki, the daughter of the 8th [[Penlop of Trongsa|Trongsa Penlop]] (Tamzhing Choji family), ''Dasho'' Ugyen Phuntsho, by his wife, ''Aum'' Rinchen Pelmo (a daughter of Sonam Drugyel, 31st [[Druk Desi]]). His marriage to Pema Choki further enhanced Jigme Namgyal's noble lineage. The ancestry of Jigme Namgyal's wife also went back to [[Pema Lingpa]] as she was the daughter of Tamzhing Choji.<ref name = "leadership of the wise" />


Jigme Namgyal and Pema Choki had three children:
Jigme Namgyal and Pema Choki had three children:


* ''Dasho'' Thinley Tobgye (b. 1857), 22th [[Penlop#Penlops of Paro|Penlop]] of [[Paro District|Paro]].
* ''Dasho'' Thinley Tobgay (b. 1857), 22nd [[Penlop#Penlops of Paro|Penlop]] of [[Paro District|Paro]].
* ''Dasho'' [[Ugyen Wangchuck]], [[List of rulers of Bhutan|King of Bhutan]].
* ''Dasho'' [[Ugyen Wangchuck]], [[List of rulers of Bhutan|King of Bhutan]]. Ancestor of King [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]].
* ''Ashi'' Yeshay Choden, wife of ''Dasho'' Chimi Dorji, [[Dzongpen|Dzongpon]] of [[Thimphu]].
* ''Ashi'' Yeshay Choden, wife of ''Dasho'' Chimi Dorji, [[Dzongpen|Dzongpon]] of [[Thimphu]]. Ancestor of the following [[Druk Gyaltsuen|Queens consorts of Bhutan]]:
** [[Phuntsho Choden|Phuntsho Choden Wangchuck]].
** [[Pema Dechen|Pema Dechen Wangchuck]] (Phuntsho Choden's younger sister).
** [[Jetsun Pema (born 1990)|Jetsun Pema Wangchuck]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Royal-Family-Tree-20.6.17.pdf |title=Royal Family Tree |access-date=2017-11-12 |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113003507/http://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Royal-Family-Tree-20.6.17.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>


== The Raven Crown ==
== The Raven Crown ==
While Jigme Namgyal was the [[Zimpon]] (Chamberlain) of Trongsa, he met his root Lama, Jangchub Tsundru (1817-1856).<ref>{{cite book |author= |title=blama byang chub brtsun ‘grus kyi rnam thar |year=2008 |publisher=KMT Printing Press |place=Thimphu}}</ref> Lama Jangchub Tsundru had a significant influence on him as a spiritual companion. The Lama designed the sacred [[Raven Crown]] for Jigme Namgyal. The [[Raven Crown]] has symbolized the [[List of rulers of Bhutan|Kings of Bhutan]] since then.<ref name= "Raven Crown">{{cite book |last=Michael |first=Aris |title=The Raven Crown: The Origins of Buddhist Monarchy in Bhutan |publisher=Serindia Publications |place=London |isbn = 978-193247-621-7}}</ref>
While Jigme Namgyal was the [[Zimpon]] (Chamberlain) of Trongsa, he met his root Lama, Jangchub Tsundru (1817-1856).<ref>{{cite book |title=blama byang chub brtsun 'grus kyi rnam thar |year=2008 |publisher=KMT Printing Press |place=Thimphu}}</ref> Lama Jangchub Tsundru had a significant influence on him as a spiritual companion. The Lama designed the sacred [[Raven Crown]] for Jigme Namgyal. The Raven Crown has symbolized the [[List of rulers of Bhutan|Kings of Bhutan]] since then.<ref name= "Raven Crown">{{cite book |last=Michael |first=Aris |title=The Raven Crown: The Origins of Buddhist Monarchy in Bhutan |year=2005 |publisher=Serindia Publications |place=London |isbn = 978-193247-621-7}}</ref>


== The Duar Wars 1864-65 ==
== The Duar Wars 1864–65 ==


As the [[Penlop of Trongsa|Trongsa Penlop]], from 1853 to 1870, Jigme Namgyal was concerned about the festering tension between [[British India]] and [[Bhutan]] over the [[Dooars|Assam Duars]] and [[Dooars|Bengal Duars]], which were the most fertile part of Bhutan in those days. For economic reason, and to secure the borders of their empire, the [[United Kingdom|British]] attempted to extend their boundaries up to the foothills of Bhutan.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bhutan and the Story of the Dooar War |last=Rennie |first=D.E. |year=1866 |publisher=John Murray |place=London}}</ref> The Assam Duars were annexed in 1841 although a formal treaty ceding it did not take place until 1865. In 1864, the British unilaterally declared that, in addition to the Assam Duars that were already annexed, the Bengal Duars would be annexed permanently. Following this, the British sent forces to occupy vital passes into Bhutan such as [[Deothang]], [[Sidli]] and [[Buxa]]. Jigme Namgyal launched a counter offensive with about 5000 men and succeeded in dislodging the British Imperial Force at [[Deothang]].<ref name="Perceptions of Security">{{cite journal |last=Ura |first=Karma |title=Perceptions of Security |url=http://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/publicationFiles/JBS/JBS_Vol5/v5-9.pdf |journal=Journal of Bhutan Studies |publisher=The Centre for Bhutan Studies |volume=5 |pages=113–139 |access-date=12 June 2015}}</ref>
As the [[Penlop of Trongsa|Trongsa Penlop]], from 1853 to 1870, Jigme Namgyal was concerned about the festering tension between [[British Raj|British India]] and [[Bhutan]] over the [[Dooars|Assam Duars]] and [[Dooars|Bengal Duars]], which were the most fertile part of Bhutan in those days. For economic reason, and to secure the borders of their empire, the [[United Kingdom|British]] attempted to extend their boundaries up to the foothills of Bhutan.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bhutan and the Story of the Dooar War |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31990 |last=Rennie |first=D.E. |year=1866 |publisher=John Murray |place=London}}</ref> The Assam Duars were annexed in 1841 although a formal treaty ceding it did not take place until 1865. In 1864, the British unilaterally declared that, in addition to the Assam Duars that were already annexed, the Bengal Duars would be annexed permanently. Following this, the British sent forces to occupy vital passes into Bhutan such as [[Deothang]], [[Sidli]] and [[Buxa]]. Jigme Namgyal launched a counter offensive with about 5000 men and succeeded in dislodging the British Imperial Force at Deothang.<ref name="Perceptions of Security">{{cite journal |last=Ura |first=Karma |title=Perceptions of Security |url=http://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/publicationFiles/JBS/JBS_Vol5/v5-9.pdf |journal=Journal of Bhutan Studies |publisher=The Centre for Bhutan Studies |volume=5 |pages=113–139 |access-date=12 June 2015}}</ref>


He was successful in the January and February 1865 attacks on the [[United Kingdom|British]] outpost in [[Deothang]]. However, later that year [[Bhutan]] was forced to sign the [[Treaty of Sinchula]], 1865. The treaty brought stability to the relationship between the two countries. The [[Dooars|Duars]] were incorporated permanently into the [[British Empire]] and an annual subsidy of Rs 50,000 to Bhutan was instituted from that year.<ref name="Perceptions of Security" />
He was successful in the January and February 1865 attacks on the [[United Kingdom|British]] outpost in [[Deothang]]. However, later that year [[Bhutan]] was forced to sign the [[Treaty of Sinchula]], 1865. The treaty brought stability to the relationship between the two countries. The [[Dooars|Duars]] were incorporated permanently into the [[British Empire]] and an annual subsidy of Rs 50,000 to Bhutan was instituted from that year.<ref name="Perceptions of Security" />


== Three Legacies of Desi Jigme Namgyal ==
== Three legacies of Desi Jigme Namgyal ==
The most important contribution of [[Desi]] Jigme Namgyal made was the ushering of peace, through a reduction of local feuds among the top leadership by gradually unifying the state over three decades, from 1850s to 1870s. The reduction of internal conflicts, especially after 1878, allowed for laying the foundation of the monarchy that in turn brought a peaceful era in [[Bhutan]].<ref name = "leadership of the wise" />
The most important contribution of [[Druk Desi|Desi]] Jigme Namgyal made was the ushering in of peace, through a reduction of local feuds among the top leadership by gradually unifying the state over three decades, from the 1850s to 1870s. The reduction of internal conflicts, especially after 1878, allowed for laying the foundation of the monarchy that in turn brought a peaceful era in [[Bhutan]].<ref name = "leadership of the wise" />


In terms of external relationship, especially with British India, Desi Jigme Namgyal left an identifiable centre of power that made it possible for treaties to be revised constructively and foreign relationships to be improved over the course of time. His son, the first King of Bhutan, [[Ugyen Wangchuck]] amply fulfilled that role later on.
In terms of external relationship, especially with British India, Desi Jigme Namgyal left an identifiable centre of power that made it possible for treaties to be revised constructively and foreign relationships to be improved over the course of time. His son, the first king of Bhutan, [[Ugyen Wangchuck]] amply fulfilled that role later on.
After Jigme Namgyal’s reign, foreign relations could be conducted in a systematic and co-ordinated way, because the fragmentation of power among the top leadership could be avoided.<ref>{{cite book |title=Political Missions to Bootan, Comprising the Reports of The Hon’ble Ashley Eden, 1864; Captain R.B. Pemberton, 1837, 1838, with Dr. W. Griffithss’ Journal; and the Account by Kishen Kant Bose |author=Bengal Secretariat Office |place=Calcutta |origyear=1865 |year=1970}}</ref> The [[Treaty of Sinchula]], 1865, which went back to Jigme Namgyal’s time, became the crucial, guiding bilateral legal instrument between [[Bhutan]] and [[British India]] and later, Independent [[India]]. It was updated and revised in 1910, 1949, and 2007.<ref>[http://2008.bhutan-360.com/bhutan-through-100-years/ 1907 to 2007 – Bhutan Through 100 Years]</ref>
After Jigme Namgyal's reign, foreign relations could be conducted in a systematic and co-ordinated way, because the fragmentation of power among the top leadership could be avoided.<ref>{{cite book |title=Political Missions to Bootan, Comprising the Reports of The Hon'ble Ashley Eden, 1864; Captain R.B. Pemberton, 1837, 1838, with Dr. W. Griffithss' Journal; and the Account by Kishen Kant Bose |author=Bengal Secretariat Office |place=Calcutta |orig-year=1865 |year=1970}}</ref> The [[Bhutan War|Treaty of Sinchula]], 1865, which went back to Jigme Namgyal's time, became the crucial, guiding bilateral legal instrument between [[Bhutan]] and [[British India]] and later, Independent [[India]]. It was updated and revised in 1910, 1949, and 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://2008.bhutan-360.com/bhutan-through-100-years/ |title=1907 to 2007 – Bhutan Through 100 Years |access-date=2015-07-17 |archive-date=2015-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721222055/http://2008.bhutan-360.com/bhutan-through-100-years/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>


Jigme Namgyel made not only political but architectural impacts. He restored the Tongsa Dzong, and built Sangwa Duepa temple in it. He founded the [[Wangdicholing Palace]] in Choekhor valley in 1856. Wangdicholing palace was the main residence of the Royal Family from [[Desi]] Jigme Namgyal’s time to that of the Crown Prince [[Jigme Dorji Wangchuck]] (1929-1972). It was the political epicentre of the country for over a century, from the late 1850s to the early 1950s.<ref name= "karchung"/>
Jigme Namgyel made not only political but architectural impacts. He restored the Tongsa Dzong, and built Sangwa Duepa temple in it. He founded the [[Wangducholing Palace]] in Choekhor valley in 1856. Wangducholing Palace was the main residence of the Royal Family from [[Druk Desi|Desi]] Jigme Namgyal's time to that of the crown prince [[Jigme Dorji Wangchuck]] (1929-1972). It was the political epicentre of the country for over a century, from the late 1850s to the early 1950s.<ref name= "karchung"/>


==Death==
==Death==
In 1881, [[Desi]] Jigme Namgyal died, aged 55–56, at [[Semtokha Dzong]] in the [[Thimphu valley]] (first built in 1629) from a fall from a [[Domestic yak|yak]]. His 21-year-old son, then the Paro Penlop, [[Ugyen Wangchuck]] (1862-1926), conducted the grandest funeral [[Bhutan]] had ever seen for his father.<ref>{{cite book |title= Gong sa ‘jigs med nam rgyel gyi rtogs brjod dpà bo gé rgyangs bzhugs so |author= dpel ‘brug zhib ‘jug lté ba |publisher=The Centre for Bhutan Studies |place=Thimphu, Bhutan |year=2008}}</ref>
In 1881, [[List of rulers of Bhutan|Desi]] Jigme Namgyal died, aged 55–56, at [[Semtokha Dzong]] in the [[Thimphu valley]] (first built in 1629) from a fall from a [[Domestic yak|yak]]. His 21-year-old son, then the Paro Penlop, [[Ugyen Wangchuck]] (1862-1926), conducted the grandest funeral [[Bhutan]] had ever seen for his father.<ref>{{cite book |title= Gong sa 'jigs med nam rgyel gyi rtogs brjod dpà bo gé rgyangs bzhugs so |author= dpel ‘brug zhib ‘jug lté ba |publisher=The Centre for Bhutan Studies |place=Thimphu, Bhutan |year=2008}}</ref>


==Notable descendants==
==Notable descendants==
Jigme Namgyal is the father of the first [[Druk Gyalpo]] King [[Ugyen Wangchuck]], who founded the [[House of Wangchuck|Bhutanese monarchy]] in 1907 after besting his rivals, the [[Penlop]] of [[Paro Province|Paro]] and allies, ending protracted civil war. Jigme Namgyal is thus the forefather of all subsequent Kings of Bhutan: [[Jigme Wangchuck]], [[Jigme Dorji Wangchuck]], [[Jigme Singye Wangchuck]], and [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]].<ref name=Royal/> Several monarchs of the [[House of Wangchuck]] have borne Jigme Namgyal's names.
Jigme Namgyal is the father of the first [[Druk Gyalpo]] King [[Ugyen Wangchuck]], who founded the [[House of Wangchuck|Bhutanese monarchy]] in 1907 after besting his rivals, the [[Penlop]] of [[Paro District|Paro]] and allies, ending protracted civil war. Jigme Namgyal is thus the forefather of all subsequent Kings of Bhutan: [[Jigme Wangchuck]], [[Jigme Dorji Wangchuck]], [[Jigme Singye Wangchuck]], and [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]].{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} Several monarchs of the [[House of Wangchuck]] have borne Jigme Namgyal's names.


Crown Princes of Bhutan traditionally take the title [[Penlop of Trongsa]] (also called "Chhoetse" Penlop), reflecting the hereditary position and historical significance of the office of Jigme Namgyal.<ref name=Royal/><ref name=BWK>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHAnAtNrUQoC |title=Bhutan: Ways of Knowing |first1=Frank |last1=Rennie |first2=Robin |last2=Mason |publisher=IAP |page=176 |year=2008 |isbn=1-59311-734-5 |accessdate=2011-08-10}}</ref>
Crown Princes of Bhutan traditionally take the title [[Penlop of Trongsa]] (also called "Chhoetse" Penlop), reflecting the hereditary position and historical significance of the office of Jigme Namgyal.<ref name=BWK>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHAnAtNrUQoC |title=Bhutan: Ways of Knowing |first1=Frank |last1=Rennie |first2=Robin |last2=Mason |publisher=IAP |page=176 |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-59311-734-4 |access-date=2011-08-10}}</ref>

[[Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck]], the current crown prince of Bhutan, is named after him.

==Ancestry==
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|1= 1. '''Jigme Namgyal'''
|2= 2. Pila Gonpo Wangyal
|3= 3. Sonam Pedzom
|4= 4. Padma
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==See also==
==See also==
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*[[History of Bhutan]]
*[[History of Bhutan]]


===References===
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


===External links===
==External links==
*{{cite web |url=http://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/publicationFiles/DzongkhaPublications/Kungawangchuck.pdf|title=rig ‘zin pad ma gling pa’ kun dga’ dbang phyug gis ka rtsom thor bu dang sbas yul mkhan pa ljongs kyi bzhugs khri mthong ba don ldan gyi skor |last=Gyeltshen |first=Dorji }}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/publicationFiles/DzongkhaPublications/Kungawangchuck.pdf|title=rig 'zin pad ma gling pa' kun dga' dbang phyug gis ka rtsom thor bu dang sbas yul mkhan pa ljongs kyi bzhugs khri mthong ba don ldan gyi skor |last=Gyeltshen |first=Dorji }}
* {{cite book |title=Bhutan: The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom |last=Aris |first=Michael |year=1979 |publisher=Aris and Phillips Ltd. |place=Warminster, England |isbn= 978-0856681998}}
* {{cite book |title=Bhutan: The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom |last=Aris |first=Michael |year=1979 |publisher=Aris and Phillips Ltd. |place=Warminster, England |isbn= 978-0856681998}}


{{Rulers of Bhutan}}
{{History of Bhutan}}
{{History of Bhutan}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Namgyal, Jigme}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Namgyal, Jigme}}
[[Category:House of Wangchuck]]
[[Category:Wangchuck dynasty]]
[[Category:Bhutanese politicians]]
[[Category:Bhutanese politicians]]
[[Category:Bhutanese monarchs]]
[[Category:Bhutanese monarchs]]

Latest revision as of 18:07, 17 October 2024

This article is about the historical figure Jigme Namgyal of Bhutan. For the 21st-century Tibetan politician Jigme Namgyal, see Jigme Namgyal. For the heir apparent, see Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck.
Jigme Namgyal
51st Druk Desi of Bhutan
10th Penlop of Trongsa
Genealogy of the Wangchuck Dynasty of Bhutan.
Full name
Desi Jigme Namgyal
Born1825
Lhuntse Dzong
Died1881 (aged 55–56)
Semtokha Dzong, Thimphu valley
Spouse(s)Ashi Pema Choki
IssueDasho Thinley Tobgay
Dasho Ugyen Wangchuck
Ashi Yeshay Choden
FatherDasho Pila Gonpo Wangyal
MotherAshi Sonam Pedzom
Wangchuck
Parent house—
CountryBhutan
Founded17 December 1907 AD
FounderUgyen Wangchuck
Current headJigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck
TitlesDragon King of Bhutan

Desi Jigme Namgyal of Bhutan (Dzongkha: འཇིགས་མེད་རྣམ་རྒྱལ་; Wylie: jigs med rnam rgyal, 1825–1881) is a forefather of the Wangchuck Dynasty. He served as 51st Druk Desi (Deb Raja, the secular executive) of Bhutan (1870–1873), and held the hereditary post of 10th Penlop of Trongsa.[1][2] He was called the Black Ruler.[3]

Early life

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Son of Dasho Pila Gonpo Wangyal and his second wife, Ashi Sonam Pelzom, Desi Jigme Namgyal was born in 1825 at Pila Nagtshang[4] and died in 1881 at Semtokha Dzong. He was an outstanding military commander. The qualities of loyalty, bravery, integrity and risk-taking were crucial factors in the rise of Jigme Namgyal. Desi Jigme Namgyal was from Kurtoe Dungkar, from where the ancestry of Wangchuck Dynasty originates.[5] He was a descendant of Khedrup Kuenga Wangpo (b. 1505), the son of Tertön Pema Lingpa (1450-1521) and his second wife, Yum Bumdren,[6][7] and Khedrup's consort, Wangmo, from Khadro Chodung clan,[8] who was a descendant of Tertön Guru Choewang (1212-1270).[9]

Around 1846, he joined the Trongsa administration that governed eastern Bhutan, which consisted then of the Assam Duars. He rose rapidly through the ranks to become the Trongsa Penlop in 1853.

While he was a high official of Trongsa, Jigme Namgyal married Ashi Pema Choki, the daughter of the 8th Trongsa Penlop (Tamzhing Choji family), Dasho Ugyen Phuntsho, by his wife, Aum Rinchen Pelmo (a daughter of Sonam Drugyel, 31st Druk Desi). His marriage to Pema Choki further enhanced Jigme Namgyal's noble lineage. The ancestry of Jigme Namgyal's wife also went back to Pema Lingpa as she was the daughter of Tamzhing Choji.[5]

Jigme Namgyal and Pema Choki had three children:

The Raven Crown

[edit]

While Jigme Namgyal was the Zimpon (Chamberlain) of Trongsa, he met his root Lama, Jangchub Tsundru (1817-1856).[11] Lama Jangchub Tsundru had a significant influence on him as a spiritual companion. The Lama designed the sacred Raven Crown for Jigme Namgyal. The Raven Crown has symbolized the Kings of Bhutan since then.[12]

The Duar Wars 1864–65

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As the Trongsa Penlop, from 1853 to 1870, Jigme Namgyal was concerned about the festering tension between British India and Bhutan over the Assam Duars and Bengal Duars, which were the most fertile part of Bhutan in those days. For economic reason, and to secure the borders of their empire, the British attempted to extend their boundaries up to the foothills of Bhutan.[13] The Assam Duars were annexed in 1841 although a formal treaty ceding it did not take place until 1865. In 1864, the British unilaterally declared that, in addition to the Assam Duars that were already annexed, the Bengal Duars would be annexed permanently. Following this, the British sent forces to occupy vital passes into Bhutan such as Deothang, Sidli and Buxa. Jigme Namgyal launched a counter offensive with about 5000 men and succeeded in dislodging the British Imperial Force at Deothang.[14]

He was successful in the January and February 1865 attacks on the British outpost in Deothang. However, later that year Bhutan was forced to sign the Treaty of Sinchula, 1865. The treaty brought stability to the relationship between the two countries. The Duars were incorporated permanently into the British Empire and an annual subsidy of Rs 50,000 to Bhutan was instituted from that year.[14]

Three legacies of Desi Jigme Namgyal

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The most important contribution of Desi Jigme Namgyal made was the ushering in of peace, through a reduction of local feuds among the top leadership by gradually unifying the state over three decades, from the 1850s to 1870s. The reduction of internal conflicts, especially after 1878, allowed for laying the foundation of the monarchy that in turn brought a peaceful era in Bhutan.[5]

In terms of external relationship, especially with British India, Desi Jigme Namgyal left an identifiable centre of power that made it possible for treaties to be revised constructively and foreign relationships to be improved over the course of time. His son, the first king of Bhutan, Ugyen Wangchuck amply fulfilled that role later on. After Jigme Namgyal's reign, foreign relations could be conducted in a systematic and co-ordinated way, because the fragmentation of power among the top leadership could be avoided.[15] The Treaty of Sinchula, 1865, which went back to Jigme Namgyal's time, became the crucial, guiding bilateral legal instrument between Bhutan and British India and later, Independent India. It was updated and revised in 1910, 1949, and 2007.[16]

Jigme Namgyel made not only political but architectural impacts. He restored the Tongsa Dzong, and built Sangwa Duepa temple in it. He founded the Wangducholing Palace in Choekhor valley in 1856. Wangducholing Palace was the main residence of the Royal Family from Desi Jigme Namgyal's time to that of the crown prince Jigme Dorji Wangchuck (1929-1972). It was the political epicentre of the country for over a century, from the late 1850s to the early 1950s.[4]

Death

[edit]

In 1881, Desi Jigme Namgyal died, aged 55–56, at Semtokha Dzong in the Thimphu valley (first built in 1629) from a fall from a yak. His 21-year-old son, then the Paro Penlop, Ugyen Wangchuck (1862-1926), conducted the grandest funeral Bhutan had ever seen for his father.[17]

Notable descendants

[edit]

Jigme Namgyal is the father of the first Druk Gyalpo King Ugyen Wangchuck, who founded the Bhutanese monarchy in 1907 after besting his rivals, the Penlop of Paro and allies, ending protracted civil war. Jigme Namgyal is thus the forefather of all subsequent Kings of Bhutan: Jigme Wangchuck, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, and Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck.[citation needed] Several monarchs of the House of Wangchuck have borne Jigme Namgyal's names.

Crown Princes of Bhutan traditionally take the title Penlop of Trongsa (also called "Chhoetse" Penlop), reflecting the hereditary position and historical significance of the office of Jigme Namgyal.[18]

Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck, the current crown prince of Bhutan, is named after him.

Ancestry

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Dorji, C. T. (1994). "Appendix III". History of Bhutan based on Buddhism. Sangay Xam, Prominent Publishers. p. 200. ISBN 81-86239-01-4. Retrieved 2011-08-12.
  2. ^ Dorji Wangdi (2004). "A Historical Background of the Chhoetse Penlop" (PDF). The Tibetan and Himalayan Library online. Thimphu: Cabinet Secretariat. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-02-14. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
  3. ^ "Bhutan". Archived from the original on 2020-05-18. Retrieved 2017-06-01.
  4. ^ a b Karchung, Gengop. "Wangdü Chöling Dzong: The Masterpiece of Gongsar Jigme Namgyel" (PDF). Journal of Bhutan Studies. 28. The Centre for Bhutan Studies: 73–89. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  5. ^ a b c Ura, Karma (2010). Leadership of the Wise, Kings of Bhutan. Thimphu: Dasho Karma Ura. ISBN 978-99936-633-2-4.
  6. ^ "Bhutan studies" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-11-13. Retrieved 2017-11-12.
  7. ^ Archive
  8. ^ Carchu
  9. ^ Chos kyi dbang phyub (1979). Gu ru chos dwang gi rang rnam dang zhal gams. Paro: Ugyen Tempai Gyeltshen.
  10. ^ "Royal Family Tree" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-11-13. Retrieved 2017-11-12.
  11. ^ blama byang chub brtsun 'grus kyi rnam thar. Thimphu: KMT Printing Press. 2008.
  12. ^ Michael, Aris (2005). The Raven Crown: The Origins of Buddhist Monarchy in Bhutan. London: Serindia Publications. ISBN 978-193247-621-7.
  13. ^ Rennie, D.E. (1866). Bhutan and the Story of the Dooar War. London: John Murray.
  14. ^ a b Ura, Karma. "Perceptions of Security" (PDF). Journal of Bhutan Studies. 5. The Centre for Bhutan Studies: 113–139. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  15. ^ Bengal Secretariat Office (1970) [1865]. Political Missions to Bootan, Comprising the Reports of The Hon'ble Ashley Eden, 1864; Captain R.B. Pemberton, 1837, 1838, with Dr. W. Griffithss' Journal; and the Account by Kishen Kant Bose. Calcutta.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  16. ^ "1907 to 2007 – Bhutan Through 100 Years". Archived from the original on 2015-07-21. Retrieved 2015-07-17.
  17. ^ dpel ‘brug zhib ‘jug lté ba (2008). Gong sa 'jigs med nam rgyel gyi rtogs brjod dpà bo gé rgyangs bzhugs so. Thimphu, Bhutan: The Centre for Bhutan Studies.
  18. ^ Rennie, Frank; Mason, Robin (2008). Bhutan: Ways of Knowing. IAP. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-59311-734-4. Retrieved 2011-08-10.
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