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{{About|the city in Panama|the province|Colón Province}} |
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{{Infobox settlement |
{{Infobox settlement |
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| name = Colón |
| name = Colón |
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| settlement_type = City |
| settlement_type = [[City]] |
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| official_name = ''Ciudad de Colón'' |
| official_name = ''Ciudad de Colón'' |
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| image_skyline={{Photomontage |border=0 |size=250 |spacing=5 |color=none |photo1a=CO-colon-2000-02.jpg |photo2a=Ciudad de Colón, Panamá.jpg|photo2b=Vista aerea de la Zona Libre de Colón.jpg|photo3a=Estatua de Cristobal Colón - Flickr - jacf18.jpg|photo3b=Catedral Inmaculada Concepción.JPG}} |
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| image_skyline = File:Colon Panama.jpg |
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| image_caption = Top to bottom, left to right: Aerial view of Colón, November 5 Park located at the Historic District of Colón, [[Colón Free Trade Zone]], Statue of [[Christopher Columbus]], and the [[Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Colón|Inmaculate Conception Cathedral]]. |
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| imagesize = 300px |
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| imagesize = 275px |
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| image_flag = Bandera de la Provincia de Colón.svg |
| image_flag = Bandera de la Provincia de Colón.svg |
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| image_shield = Escudo de la Provincia de Colón.svg |
| image_shield = Escudo de la Provincia de Colón.svg |
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| pushpin_map = Panama |
| pushpin_map = Panama |
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| pushpin_mapsize = |
| pushpin_mapsize = 275 |
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| coordinates |
| coordinates = {{coord|9|21|26|N|79|53|55|W|region:PA|display=it}} |
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| subdivision_type = Country |
| subdivision_type = Country |
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| subdivision_name = {{flag|Panama}} |
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Panama}} |
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| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces |
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Panama|Province]] |
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| subdivision_name1 = [[Colón Province]] |
| subdivision_name1 = [[Colón Province]] |
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| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Panama|District]] |
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| subdivision_name2 = [[Colón District, Panama|Colón District]] |
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| established_title = |
| established_title = |
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| established_date = |
| established_date = |
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| leader_title = President |
| leader_title = President |
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| leader_name = [[ |
| leader_name = [[Laurentino Cortizo]] |
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| leader_title1 = Mayor |
| leader_title1 = [[Mayor]] |
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| leader_name1 = [[Federico Policani]] |
| leader_name1 = [[Federico Policani]] |
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| area_footnotes = |
| area_footnotes = |
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| Line 25: | Line 28: | ||
| elevation_m = 9 |
| elevation_m = 9 |
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| population_total = 78000 |
| population_total = 78000 |
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| population_as_of = |
| population_as_of = 2016 |
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| population_density_km2 = auto |
| population_density_km2 = auto |
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| population_metro = |
| population_metro = 241,817 |
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| timezone = |
| timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]] |
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| utc_offset |
| utc_offset = −5 |
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| timezone_DST = |
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| utc_offset_DST = |
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| area_code = +507 |
| area_code = +507 |
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|blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] |
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| website = |
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|blank_info = [[Tropical monsoon climate|Am]] |
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*http://municipiocolon.gob.pa |
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| website = |
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*[http://www.miviot.gob.pa/?s=renovacion+colon Renovation Colón] |
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* [https://municipiocolon.gob.pa/ MunicipioColón.gob.pa] |
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* [http://www.miviot.gob.pa/?s=renovacion+colon Renovation Colón] |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Colón''' ({{IPA |
'''Colón''' ({{IPA|es|koˈlon}}) is a [[city]] and [[Port#Seaport|seaport]] in [[Panama]], beside the [[Caribbean Sea]], lying near the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] entrance to the [[Panama Canal]]. It is the capital of Panama's [[Colón Province]] and has traditionally been known as Panama's second city. Originally it was located entirely on Manzanillo Island, surrounded by [[Limon Bay, Panama|Limon Bay]], Manzanillo Bay, and the [[Folks River, Panama|Folks River]]; however, since the disestablishment of the [[Panama Canal Zone]], the city's limits have been redefined to include [[Fort Gulick]], a former [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] base, as well as the former [[Panama Canal Zone]] towns of [[Cristóbal, Colón|Cristobal]], [[Margarita, Panama|Margarita]], and [[Coco Solo]]. |
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== History == |
== History == |
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{{Further|Old Quarter of Colon}} |
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The city was founded by Americans in 1850 as the Atlantic terminal of the [[Panama Canal Railway|Panama Railroad]], then under construction to meet the gold rush demand for a fast route to [[California]]. For a number of years early in its history, the sizable [[United States]] émigré community called the town '''Aspinwall''' after Panama Railroad promoter [[William Henry Aspinwall]], while the city's [[Hispanic]] community called it Colón in honor of [[Christopher Columbus]]. The city was founded on the western end of a treacherously marshy islet known as Manzanillo Island. As part of the construction of the Panama Railroad, the island was connected to the Panamanian mainland by a causeway and part of the island was drained to allow the erection of permanent buildings. |
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The city was founded in 1850 as the Atlantic terminal of the [[Panama Canal Railway|Panama Railroad]], then underwent construction to meet the demand during the [[California Gold Rush]] for a fast route to [[California]]. For a number of years early in its history, the sizable [[United States]] émigré community called the town Aspinwall after Panama Railroad promoter [[William Henry Aspinwall]], while the city's [[Hispanic]] community called it Colón in honor of [[Christopher Columbus]]. The city was founded on the western end of a treacherously marshy islet known as Manzanillo Island. As part of the construction of the Panama Railroad, the island was connected to the Panamanian mainland by a causeway and part of the island was drained to allow the erection of permanent buildings. |
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Much of the city was destroyed in the [[Burning of Colón]] during the [[Colombian Civil War of 1885]] and again during a massive fire in 1915. The Great Colón Fire of April 13–14, 1940 destroyed one-third of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iZV4T9ighjI|title = Colon City on Fire – 1940| website=[[YouTube]] | date=26 March 2012 }}</ref> |
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{{Annotated image |image=Map of the Panama Canal Zone and Vicinity Showing Judicial Districts - NARA - 6861831.jpg |image-width=1600 |image-left=-500 |image-top=-250 |width=200 |height=200 |float=right |annotations=|caption=<!--div width wrapper for caption is a HACK for mobile; see [[Template talk:Annotated image#Unreadable caption on mobile]] --><div style="width:202px;">Detail from [[:File:Map of the Panama Canal Zone and Vicinity Showing Judicial Districts - NARA - 6861831.jpg|a 1932 map of the Canal Zone]] showing the Colón exclave west of the main Zone–Republic boundary</div> }} |
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The 1914 boundary treaty made Colón an [[exclave]] of the Republic of Panama entirely surrounded by the [[Panama Canal Zone]]. Under the 1936 [[Hull–Alfaro Treaty]], the United States ceded the "Colón Corridor" from the Canal Zone; this was a strip under Panamanian jurisdiction just wide enough to build a road {{convert|4|miles}} long connecting the city to the main eastern portion of the republic.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/treatiesotherint10unit/page/748 US Treaty Series 945, Article VIII]; {{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Leonard |editor1-first=Thomas |title=Hull-Alfaro Treaty, 1936 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of U.S.-Latin American Relations |date=2012 |doi=10.4135/9781608717613 |publisher=CQ Press|isbn=9780872897625 }}</ref> During Panamanian nationalist unrest from the 1950s onwards, the U. S. military sometimes established checkpoints along the Colón Corridor, feeding the resentment that had led to the unrest.<ref>{{cite book |series=Records and Briefs of the United States Supreme Court |date=October 1968 |number=517 |title=National Board of the Young Men's Christian Associations v. United States ; On Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Claims |chapter=Appendix ; Exhibit A : United States Presentation : Background and Chronology of the Events in Panama and the Canal Zone on the Ninth, Tenth, and Subsequent Days in January 1964 for the Committee Established Under the Resolution of the OAS/OC, February 6, 1964 |pages=70a–75a |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vtvvZD3koCEC&pg=RA1-PA70 |language=en}}</ref> |
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===Fort De Lesseps=== |
===Fort De Lesseps=== |
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[[Fort De Lesseps]] was a small [[U.S. Army Coast Artillery Corps]] fort located at the northern tip of the city. It was named after the canal developer [[Ferdinand de Lesseps]]. |
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{{Main article|Fort De Lesseps}} |
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Fort De Lesseps was a small [[U.S. Army Coast Artillery Corps]] fort located at the northern tip of the city. It was named after the canal developer [[Ferdinand de Lesseps]]. |
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===From 1948 to 1989=== |
===From 1948 to 1989=== |
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[[File:Street scene, Colón, Panama, ca. 1910-1920.png|thumb|Colón between 1910 and 1920]] |
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In 1948, the southeastern corner of Manzanillo Island was designated as the [[Colón Free Trade Zone]]. The [[Free Trade Zone]] has since been expanded through land reclamation on the [[Folks River, Panama|Folks River]] and annexation of parts of France Field (now [[Enrique Adolfo Jiménez Airport]]) and [[Coco Solo]]. |
In 1948, the southeastern corner of Manzanillo Island was designated as the [[Colón Free Trade Zone]]. The [[Free Trade Zone]] has since been expanded through land reclamation on the [[Folks River, Panama|Folks River]] and annexation of parts of France Field (now [[Enrique Adolfo Jiménez Airport]]) and [[Coco Solo]]. |
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Politically instigated riots in the 1960s destroyed the city's municipal palace and signaled the start of the city's decline, which was further accelerated by the military dictatorships of [[Omar Torrijos]] and [[Manuel Noriega]] from 1968 to 1987. |
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=== Since late 2014 === |
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[[File:Street scene, Colón, Panama, ca. 1910-1920.png|thumb|Colón between 1910 and 1920|centre|400x400px]] |
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[[File:Colón Renovación Urbana.jpg|thumb|left]] |
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A massive restoration and reconstruction project, involving parks, avenues and historic buildings and monuments, began in late 2014<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.contraloria.gob.pa/archivos_noticias/2015/095.html |title=Nota de Prensa CGR |access-date=2015-08-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827001346/http://www.contraloria.gob.pa/archivos_noticias/2015/095.html |archive-date=2015-08-27 }}</ref> and uses the [[hashtag]]s "#RenovaciónColón", "#CiudadDeColón", "#RenovationColon (Renovation of Colón)" and "#CityOfColon". The First Baptist Church of Colón, Panama, is one of the buildings whose renovation has been completed.{{cn|date=January 2022}} |
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== Since late 2014 == |
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[[File:Colón Renovación Urbana.jpg|thumb]] |
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A massive restoration and reconstruction project, involving parks, avenues and historic buildings and monuments, began in late 2014<ref>http://www.contraloria.gob.pa/archivos_noticias/2015/095.html</ref> and uses the [[hashtag]]s ''#RenovaciónColón'', ''#CiudadDeColón'', ''#RenovationColon (Renovation of Colón)'' and ''#CityOfColon''. The First Baptist Church of Colón, Panama, is one of the buildings whose renovation has been completed. |
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== Climate == |
== Climate == |
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Like most of the Caribbean coast of Central America, Colón possesses an extremely wet tropical climate owing to the powerful, wet [[trade winds]] flowing onto high mountains throughout the year. Unlike most parts of this coast, however, February and March are sufficiently dry that Colón fits into the [[tropical monsoon climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Am'') category rather than a [[tropical rainforest climate]] (''Af'') as found in most Caribbean coastal areas. Nonetheless, the June-to-December period, with an average monthly rainfall of around {{convert|415|mm|in|1|disp=or|abbr=on}}, is so wet that Colón rivals [[La Ceiba]], Honduras as the wettest sizable city in Central America. |
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Colón has a [[tropical monsoon climate]] with heavy rainfall from May to December. |
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{{Weather box |
{{Weather box |
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|width = auto |
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| location = Colón | single line = Yes | metric first = Yes |
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| location = Colón | single line = Yes | metric first = Yes | temperature colour = |
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| Jan high F = 84 | Feb high F = 84 | Mar high F = 85 | Apr high F = 86 | May high F = 87 | Jun high F = 86 | Jul high F = 85 | Aug high F = 85 | Sep high F = 87 | Oct high F = 86 | Nov high F = 84 | Dec high F = 84 |
| Jan high F = 84 | Feb high F = 84 | Mar high F = 85 | Apr high F = 86 | May high F = 87 | Jun high F = 86 | Jul high F = 85 | Aug high F = 85 | Sep high F = 87 | Oct high F = 86 | Nov high F = 84 | Dec high F = 84 |
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| year high F = 85 |
| year high F = 85 |
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| Jan low F = 76 | Feb low F = 76 | Mar low F = 76 | Apr low F = 77 | May low F = 76 | Jun low F = 75 | Jul low F = 75 | Aug low F = 75 | Sep low F = 75 | Oct low F = 74 | Nov low F = 74 | Dec low F = 75 |
| Jan low F = 76 | Feb low F = 76 | Mar low F = 76 | Apr low F = 77 | May low F = 76 | Jun low F = 75 | Jul low F = 75 | Aug low F = 75 | Sep low F = 75 | Oct low F = 74 | Nov low F = 74 | Dec low F = 75 |
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| year low F = 75 |
| year low F = 75 |
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| Jan |
| Jan rain inch = 4.3 | Feb rain inch = 2.0 | Mar rain inch = 1.4 | Apr rain inch = 3.7 | May rain inch = 10.8 | Jun rain inch = 14.5 | Jul rain inch = 16.5 | Aug rain inch = 16.4 | Sep rain inch = 11.5 | Oct rain inch = 18.4 | Nov rain inch = 24.4 | Dec rain inch = 12.6 |
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| rain colour = green |
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| year precipitation inch = 136.5 |
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| source 1 = Weatherbase<ref name="Weatherbase">{{cite web | url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=38787&refer=wikipedia | title=Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Colon, Panama | publisher=Weatherbase | year=2011}} |
| source 1 = Weatherbase<ref name="Weatherbase">{{cite web | url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=38787&refer=wikipedia | title=Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Colon, Panama | publisher=Weatherbase | year=2011}} |
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Retrieved on November 24, 2011.</ref> |
Retrieved on November 24, 2011.</ref> |
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Colón's population in 1900 was 3,001. It grew significantly with the building of the Panama Canal, becoming 31,203 by 1920. In 2000, the population was around 204,000. |
Colón's population in 1900 was 3,001. It grew significantly with the building of the Panama Canal, becoming 31,203 by 1920. In 2000, the population was around 204,000. |
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With the city's economic decline, many of its upper and middle-class residents left, reducing its ethnic diversity. European and American [[expatriate]] communities, as well as Panamanians of Greek, Italian, Jewish, Chinese and South Asian heritage, started moving to [[Panama City]], to former Canal Zone towns, and overseas. |
With the city's economic decline, many of its upper and middle-class residents left, reducing its ethnic diversity. European and American [[expatriate]] communities, as well as Panamanians of Greek, [[Italians in Panama|Italian]], Jewish, [[Ethnic Chinese in Panama|Chinese]] and [[Indians in Panama|Indian]]/South Asian heritage, started moving to [[Panama City]], to former Canal Zone towns, and overseas. |
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Today, sizable South Asian and Arab communities live in the remaining prosperous areas of the city, as well as in [[Gated community|gated communities]] outside it. The majority of the city's population is of West Indian or mixed [[mestizo |
Today, sizable [[South Asian]] and [[Arab]] communities live in the remaining prosperous areas of the city, as well as in [[Gated community|gated communities]] outside it. The majority of the city's population is of West Indian or mixed [[mestizo]] ancestry. |
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==In popular culture== |
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Colón was home to some of the best-educated and most well-heeled Panamanians families of West Indian heritage, such as the Drews, the Fords, the Moodys, the Robinsons, the Beebys, the Archibolds, the Edwards, the Crowns, the Hoys, the Warehams, the Abrahams, and the Mckintoshs.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} From these families sprang the teachers, professors, doctors, lawyers, engineers, businessmen, and politicians that contributed to the city's prosperity.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} Most of them eventually left the city for the United States or the United Kingdom. Their influence may still be seen, however, in their descendants that remain in the province. |
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{{expand section|date=February 2023}} |
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{{Further|topic=the 2002 documentary film|One Dollar, The Price of Life}} |
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===Literature=== |
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Colón was also home to ''Las Amigas de la Caridad'' ("Women of Charity"), a charitable organization of women of Caribbean descent. The organization met largely in the home of Gladys Booth Ford and her stepdaughter Ruby Ford Drew at Calle 7 and Avenida Sta. Isabel. Ruby Drew was a long-standing member of Christ Church by the Sea. |
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The main setting of the novella "''Latarnik''" ("The Lighthouse Keeper", 1881) by Polish author [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]] is the lighthouse in Aspinwall. |
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Colón is also the setting of Argentine writer [[César Aira]]’s short 2002 novel ''Varamo''. |
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[[Juan Gabriel Vásquez]]'s ''The Secret History of Costaguana'' has many scenes set in late 19C and early 20C Colón. |
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[[Georges Simenon]]'s ''L'Aîné des Ferchaux'' has Colon as a location in the second part of the novel. |
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== Sports == |
== Sports == |
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Colón is home to [[Correcaminos Colon]], 2016 [[Basketball Champion of Panama]] and member of the [[FIBA Americas League]]. The team plays its home games at the [[Arena Panamá Al Brown]]. |
Colón is home to [[Correcaminos Colon]], 2016 [[Basketball Champion of Panama]] and member of the [[FIBA Americas League]]. The team plays its home games at the [[Arena Teófilo "Panamá" Al Brown]]. |
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== |
== Transport == |
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The city is served by the [[Panama Canal Railway]] and [[Enrique Adolfo Jiménez Airport]]. |
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== People from Colón == |
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===Arts, sciences, and politics=== |
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===Arts, sciences, politics, and military=== |
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* [[Kenneth B. Clark]], psychologist, educator, testified in [[Brown v. Board of Education]] |
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* [[Kenneth B. Clark]], psychologist, educator, testified in ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'' |
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* [[Billy Cobham]], musician, songwriter, bandleader, educator. |
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* [[Pedro Heilbron]], [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] of [[Copa Holdings]] |
* [[Pedro Heilbron]], [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] of [[Copa Holdings]] |
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* [[Eric Jackson (journalist)|Eric Jackson]], publisher, journalist and talk show host |
* [[Eric Jackson (journalist)|Eric Jackson]], publisher, journalist and talk show host |
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* [[Delia de Leon]] (1901–1993), British actress, born in Colón<ref>{{cite news|last1=Horder|first1=John|title=Obituary: Delia de Leon|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-delia-de-leon-1495780.html|work=The Independent|date=5 March 1993}}</ref> |
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* [[John McCain]], American politician, [[U.S. Senator|Senator]] from [[Arizona]] since 1986, and [[U.S. presidential election, 2008|2008]] Republican presidential nominee, born in the [[U.S. Navy]] hospital at the [[Coco Solo]] submarine base; the site is now in Colón.<ref name="wapo-fc-hosp">{{cite news | url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/fact-checker/2008/05/john_mccains_birthplace.html | title=The Fact Checker: John McCain's Birthplace | author=Dobbs, Michael | publisher=''[[The Washington Post]]'' | date=2008-05-20 | accessdate=2010-02-11 | authorlink=Michael Dobbs (US author)}}</ref> |
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* [[Jack de Leon (theatre manager)|Jack de Leon]] (1902–1956), British theatre manager, impresario and playwright<ref>{{Cite ODNB|first=C. M. P.|last=Taylor |title=Leon, Jack de|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/74652}}</ref> |
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*[[Juan Williams]], political commentator on Fox News |
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* [[John McCain]], American politician, born in the [[U.S. Navy]] hospital at the [[Coco Solo]] submarine base; the site is now in Colón.<ref name="wapo-fc-hosp">{{cite news | url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/fact-checker/2008/05/john_mccains_birthplace.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111221044/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/fact-checker/2008/05/john_mccains_birthplace.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=January 11, 2012 | title=The Fact Checker: John McCain's Birthplace | author=Dobbs, Michael | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=2008-05-20 | access-date=2010-02-11 | author-link=Michael Dobbs (US author)}}</ref> |
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* [[George E. Pierce]], U.S. Navy Rear Admiral and double Navy Cross recipient.<ref>{{cite web |title=George Ellis Pierce |url=https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/20782 |website=Military Times |access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref> |
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* [[Juan Williams]], political commentator on Fox News |
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===Athletes=== |
===Athletes=== |
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* [[Panama Al Brown|Alfonso "Panama" Al Brown]], boxer, first Hispanic World Champion |
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* [[Rod Carew]], [[Major League Baseball]] player, inducted in 1991 to the [[Baseball Hall of Fame]], selected to the [[Major League Baseball]] [[Major League Baseball All-Century Team|All-Century Team]]<ref>{{cite web|title=mlb.com: MLB All-Century Team|url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/history/mlb_history_moreinfo.jsp|accessdate=26 March 2011}}</ref> |
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* [[ |
* [[Celestino Caballero]], boxer, [[WBA Super Bantamweight Champion]], [[IBF Super Bantamweight Champion]] |
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* [[Rod Carew]], [[Major League Baseball]] player, inducted in 1991 to the [[Baseball Hall of Fame]]<ref>{{cite web|title=mlb.com: MLB All-Century Team|url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/history/mlb_history_moreinfo.jsp|access-date=26 March 2011}}</ref> |
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* [[Panama Al Brown|Alfonso "Panama" Al Brown]], boxer, first Hispanic World Champion, [[World Bantamweight Champion]] between 1929 and 1934, induced in 1992 to [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]] |
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* [[Gary Forbes]], [[National Basketball Association]] player |
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* [[George Headley]] (1909-1983), [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] cricketer born in Colón and the only person from Panama to play [[Test cricket]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/52050.html |title=George Headley |work=espncricinfo |accessdate=26 August 2012}}</ref> |
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* [[Ruben Garces]], College and Professional basketball player, Power Forward and center. |
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* [[Ismael Laguna]], boxer, [[World Featherweight Champion]] in 1965 and 1970, inducted in 1999 to [[World Boxing Hall of Fame]] and in 2001 to [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]] |
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* [[George Headley]] (1909-1983), [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] cricketer born in Colón.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/52050.html |title=George Headley |work=espncricinfo |access-date=26 August 2012}}</ref> |
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* [[Jorge Luján (boxer)|Jorge Lujan]], boxer, [[World Boxing Association|WBA]] and [[Ring Magazine]] world Bantamweight champion |
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* [[Miguel Iriarte]], boxer, fought for the WBA world Bantamweight title in 1982 |
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* [[Irving Saladino]], athlete, [[long jump]], [[2007 World Championships in Athletics – Men's long jump|2007 World Champion]] and [[Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's long jump|2008 Olympic gold medalist]], First Gold medalist of the nation |
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* [[Ismael Laguna]], boxer, [[World Featherweight Champion]] in 1965 and 1970 |
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* [[Jorge Luján (boxer)|Jorge Lujan]], boxer |
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* [[Ben Oglivie]], Major League Baseball player |
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* [[Irving Saladino]], athlete, [[long jump]] |
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* [[Manny Sanguillén]], catcher for the [[Pittsburgh Pirates]] |
* [[Manny Sanguillén]], catcher for the [[Pittsburgh Pirates]] |
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* [[Rennie Stennett]], [[Major League Baseball]] for the [[Pittsburgh Pirates]]. |
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* [[Armando Dely Valdés]], football player |
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* [[Jorge Dely Valdés]], football player |
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* [[Julio Dely Valdés]], football player |
* [[Julio Dely Valdés]], football player |
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* [[Celestino Caballero]], boxer, [[WBA Super Bantamweight Champion]] 2005–present [[IBF Super Bantamweight Champion]] 2008–present |
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* [[Ben Oglivie]], Major League Baseball player for the [[Boston Red Sox]], [[Detroit Tigers]], and the [[Milwaukee Brewers]] |
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* [[Gary Forbes]], [[National Basketball Association]] player, Small Forward for the [[Houston Rockets]]. |
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* [[Ruben Garces]], [[College and Professional basketball ]] player, Power Forward and center. |
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==Gallery== |
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<gallery widths="160" heights="120" class="center"> |
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File:View_from_the_park.jpg |alt=View from the park |View from the park <!--|The renovated First Baptist Church of Colón, Panama--> |
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File:The_northern_point.jpg |alt=View from the northern tip |Statue of Jesus Christ at the northern point of town |
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File:Colon_statue_001.jpg |alt=Statue |Statue of [[Christopher Columbus]] |
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File:Megan_star_RS.jpg |alt=The Megan Star |Panama's own ''Megan Star'' |
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File:Iglesia Episcopal Cristo a orillas del mar.jpg|thumb|Episcopal church |
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File:Vista casa wilcox colon.jpg|Wilcox house |
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</gallery> |
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{{Panorama |
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| image = File:Panama_panarama_colon.jpg |
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| height = 200 |
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| alt = Panorama of Colón entrance of the canal. |
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| caption = <center>Colón entrance to the Panama Canal</center> |
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}} |
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==Hotels== |
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* [http://www.starwoodhotels.com/fourpoints/property/overview/index.html?propertyID=1769&language=en_US Four Points by Sheraton] |
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* [http://www.radisson.com/cuidad-de-colon-hotel-pa-0301-01074/papaco Radisson Hotel City of Colon] |
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* [http://newwashingtonhotel.com/index.php/reservacionesbooking/ Hotel Washington, Colón, Panamá] |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Fort Sherman]] |
* [[Fort Sherman]] |
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* [[List of United States |
* [[List of former United States military installations in Panama]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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| Line 143: | Line 149: | ||
==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
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*{{ |
* {{cite book |last=Small |first=Charles S.|date=1982 |title=Military Railroads on the Panama Canal Zone |location=Cos Cob, CT |publisher=Railroad Monographs|oclc=9325326}} |
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*{{Cite book|last=Mellander |first=Gustavo A. |year=1971 |title=The United States in Panamanian Politics: The Intriguing Formative Years |location=Danville, Ill. |publisher=Interstate Publishers |oclc=138568}} |
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* Military Railroads on the Panama Canal Zone by Charles S. Small, Railroad monographs 1982 |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{ |
{{Commons category}} |
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* {{Official website}} |
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* [http://www.coloncity.com/ Colón City Panama] extensive site about Colón, Panama |
* [http://www.coloncity.com/ Colón City Panama] extensive site about Colón, Panama |
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* [http://wikimapia.org/9881625/Fort-De-Lesseps Map of Fort De Lesseps] |
* [http://wikimapia.org/9881625/Fort-De-Lesseps Map of Fort De Lesseps] |
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{{Panama Canal}} |
{{Panama Canal}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Colon, Panama}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Colon, Panama}} |
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[[Category:Colón, Panama| ]] |
[[Category:Colón, Panama| ]] |
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[[Category:1850 establishments in the Republic of New Granada]] |
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[[Category:Colón Province]] |
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[[Category:Panama Canal]] |
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[[Category:Populated coastal places in Panama]] |
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Panama]] |
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[[Category:Populated places established in 1850]] |
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[[Category:Populated places in Colón Province]] |
[[Category:Populated places in Colón Province]] |
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[[Category:Port settlements in Central America]] |
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[[Category:Port cities in the Caribbean]] |
[[Category:Port cities in the Caribbean]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Port settlements in Central America]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Transcontinental cities]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Former exclaves]] |
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Latest revision as of 00:49, 25 December 2024
Colón | |
|---|---|
| Ciudad de Colón | |
     Top to bottom, left to right: Aerial view of Colón, November 5 Park located at the Historic District of Colón, Colón Free Trade Zone, Statue of Christopher Columbus, and the Inmaculate Conception Cathedral. | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
  Colón | |
| Coordinates: 9°21′26″N 79°53′55″W / 9.35722°N 79.89861°W | |
| Country |  Panama |
| Province | Colón Province |
| District | Colón District |
| Government | |
| • President | Laurentino Cortizo |
| • Mayor | Federico Policani |
| Elevation | 9 m (30 ft) |
| Population (2016) | |
• City | 78,000 |
| • Metro | 241,817 |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (Eastern) |
| Area code | +507 |
| Climate | Am |
| Website | |
Colón (Spanish pronunciation: [koˈlon]) is a city and seaport in Panama, beside the Caribbean Sea, lying near the Atlantic entrance to the Panama Canal. It is the capital of Panama's Colón Province and has traditionally been known as Panama's second city. Originally it was located entirely on Manzanillo Island, surrounded by Limon Bay, Manzanillo Bay, and the Folks River; however, since the disestablishment of the Panama Canal Zone, the city's limits have been redefined to include Fort Gulick, a former U.S. Army base, as well as the former Panama Canal Zone towns of Cristobal, Margarita, and Coco Solo.
History
[edit]The city was founded in 1850 as the Atlantic terminal of the Panama Railroad, then underwent construction to meet the demand during the California Gold Rush for a fast route to California. For a number of years early in its history, the sizable United States émigré community called the town Aspinwall after Panama Railroad promoter William Henry Aspinwall, while the city's Hispanic community called it Colón in honor of Christopher Columbus. The city was founded on the western end of a treacherously marshy islet known as Manzanillo Island. As part of the construction of the Panama Railroad, the island was connected to the Panamanian mainland by a causeway and part of the island was drained to allow the erection of permanent buildings.
Much of the city was destroyed in the Burning of Colón during the Colombian Civil War of 1885 and again during a massive fire in 1915. The Great Colón Fire of April 13–14, 1940 destroyed one-third of the city.[1]
The 1914 boundary treaty made Colón an exclave of the Republic of Panama entirely surrounded by the Panama Canal Zone. Under the 1936 Hull–Alfaro Treaty, the United States ceded the "Colón Corridor" from the Canal Zone; this was a strip under Panamanian jurisdiction just wide enough to build a road 4 miles (6.4 km) long connecting the city to the main eastern portion of the republic.[2] During Panamanian nationalist unrest from the 1950s onwards, the U. S. military sometimes established checkpoints along the Colón Corridor, feeding the resentment that had led to the unrest.[3]
Fort De Lesseps
[edit]Fort De Lesseps was a small U.S. Army Coast Artillery Corps fort located at the northern tip of the city. It was named after the canal developer Ferdinand de Lesseps.
From 1948 to 1989
[edit]
In 1948, the southeastern corner of Manzanillo Island was designated as the Colón Free Trade Zone. The Free Trade Zone has since been expanded through land reclamation on the Folks River and annexation of parts of France Field (now Enrique Adolfo Jiménez Airport) and Coco Solo.
Politically instigated riots in the 1960s destroyed the city's municipal palace and signaled the start of the city's decline, which was further accelerated by the military dictatorships of Omar Torrijos and Manuel Noriega from 1968 to 1987.
Since late 2014
[edit]
A massive restoration and reconstruction project, involving parks, avenues and historic buildings and monuments, began in late 2014[4] and uses the hashtags "#RenovaciónColón", "#CiudadDeColón", "#RenovationColon (Renovation of Colón)" and "#CityOfColon". The First Baptist Church of Colón, Panama, is one of the buildings whose renovation has been completed.[citation needed]
Climate
[edit]Like most of the Caribbean coast of Central America, Colón possesses an extremely wet tropical climate owing to the powerful, wet trade winds flowing onto high mountains throughout the year. Unlike most parts of this coast, however, February and March are sufficiently dry that Colón fits into the tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am) category rather than a tropical rainforest climate (Af) as found in most Caribbean coastal areas. Nonetheless, the June-to-December period, with an average monthly rainfall of around 415 mm or 16.3 in, is so wet that Colón rivals La Ceiba, Honduras as the wettest sizable city in Central America.
| Climate data for Colón | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29 (84) |
29 (84) |
29 (85) |
30 (86) |
31 (87) |
30 (86) |
29 (85) |
29 (85) |
31 (87) |
30 (86) |
29 (84) |
29 (84) |
29 (85) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 24 (76) |
24 (76) |
24 (76) |
25 (77) |
24 (76) |
24 (75) |
24 (75) |
24 (75) |
24 (75) |
23 (74) |
23 (74) |
24 (75) |
24 (75) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 110 (4.3) |
51 (2.0) |
36 (1.4) |
94 (3.7) |
270 (10.8) |
370 (14.5) |
420 (16.5) |
420 (16.4) |
290 (11.5) |
470 (18.4) |
620 (24.4) |
320 (12.6) |
3,471 (136.5) |
| Source: Weatherbase[5] | |||||||||||||
Population
[edit]Colón's population in 1900 was 3,001. It grew significantly with the building of the Panama Canal, becoming 31,203 by 1920. In 2000, the population was around 204,000.
With the city's economic decline, many of its upper and middle-class residents left, reducing its ethnic diversity. European and American expatriate communities, as well as Panamanians of Greek, Italian, Jewish, Chinese and Indian/South Asian heritage, started moving to Panama City, to former Canal Zone towns, and overseas.
Today, sizable South Asian and Arab communities live in the remaining prosperous areas of the city, as well as in gated communities outside it. The majority of the city's population is of West Indian or mixed mestizo ancestry.
In popular culture
[edit]![[icon]](/enwiki/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2023) |
Literature
[edit]The main setting of the novella "Latarnik" ("The Lighthouse Keeper", 1881) by Polish author Henryk Sienkiewicz is the lighthouse in Aspinwall.
Colón is also the setting of Argentine writer César Aira’s short 2002 novel Varamo.
Juan Gabriel Vásquez's The Secret History of Costaguana has many scenes set in late 19C and early 20C Colón.
Georges Simenon's L'Aîné des Ferchaux has Colon as a location in the second part of the novel.
Sports
[edit]Colón is home to Correcaminos Colon, 2016 Basketball Champion of Panama and member of the FIBA Americas League. The team plays its home games at the Arena Teófilo "Panamá" Al Brown.
Transport
[edit]The city is served by the Panama Canal Railway and Enrique Adolfo Jiménez Airport.
People from Colón
[edit]Arts, sciences, politics, and military
[edit]- Kenneth B. Clark, psychologist, educator, testified in Brown v. Board of Education
- Billy Cobham, musician, songwriter, bandleader, educator.
- Pedro Heilbron, CEO of Copa Holdings
- Eric Jackson, publisher, journalist and talk show host
- Delia de Leon (1901–1993), British actress, born in Colón[6]
- Jack de Leon (1902–1956), British theatre manager, impresario and playwright[7]
- John McCain, American politician, born in the U.S. Navy hospital at the Coco Solo submarine base; the site is now in Colón.[8]
- George E. Pierce, U.S. Navy Rear Admiral and double Navy Cross recipient.[9]
- Juan Williams, political commentator on Fox News
Athletes
[edit]- Alfonso "Panama" Al Brown, boxer, first Hispanic World Champion
- Celestino Caballero, boxer, WBA Super Bantamweight Champion, IBF Super Bantamweight Champion
- Rod Carew, Major League Baseball player, inducted in 1991 to the Baseball Hall of Fame[10]
- Gary Forbes, National Basketball Association player
- Ruben Garces, College and Professional basketball player, Power Forward and center.
- George Headley (1909-1983), West Indies cricketer born in Colón.[11]
- Miguel Iriarte, boxer, fought for the WBA world Bantamweight title in 1982
- Ismael Laguna, boxer, World Featherweight Champion in 1965 and 1970
- Jorge Lujan, boxer
- Ben Oglivie, Major League Baseball player
- Irving Saladino, athlete, long jump
- Manny Sanguillén, catcher for the Pittsburgh Pirates
- Rennie Stennett, Major League Baseball for the Pittsburgh Pirates.
- Armando Dely Valdés, football player
- Jorge Dely Valdés, football player
- Julio Dely Valdés, football player
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Colon City on Fire – 1940". YouTube. 26 March 2012.
- ^ US Treaty Series 945, Article VIII; Leonard, Thomas, ed. (2012). "Hull-Alfaro Treaty, 1936". Encyclopedia of U.S.-Latin American Relations. CQ Press. doi:10.4135/9781608717613. ISBN 9780872897625.
- ^ "Appendix ; Exhibit A : United States Presentation : Background and Chronology of the Events in Panama and the Canal Zone on the Ninth, Tenth, and Subsequent Days in January 1964 for the Committee Established Under the Resolution of the OAS/OC, February 6, 1964". National Board of the Young Men's Christian Associations v. United States ; On Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Claims. Records and Briefs of the United States Supreme Court. October 1968. pp. 70a – 75a.
- ^ "Nota de Prensa CGR". Archived from the original on 2015-08-27. Retrieved 2015-08-25.
- ^ "Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Colon, Panama". Weatherbase. 2011. Retrieved on November 24, 2011.
- ^ Horder, John (5 March 1993). "Obituary: Delia de Leon". The Independent.
- ^ Taylor, C. M. P. "Leon, Jack de". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/74652. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Dobbs, Michael (2008-05-20). "The Fact Checker: John McCain's Birthplace". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012. Retrieved 2010-02-11.
- ^ "George Ellis Pierce". Military Times. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
- ^ "mlb.com: MLB All-Century Team". Retrieved 26 March 2011.
- ^ "George Headley". espncricinfo. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
Further reading
[edit]- Small, Charles S. (1982). Military Railroads on the Panama Canal Zone. Cos Cob, CT: Railroad Monographs. OCLC 9325326.
External links
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Colón, Panama.
- Official website
- Colón City Panama extensive site about Colón, Panama
- Map of Fort De Lesseps