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{{short description|Province of Iran}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2009}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = North Khorasan Province
| native_name = استان خراسان شمالی
| native_name_lang = fa<!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fa" for Persian -->
| settlement_type = [[Provinces of Iran|Province]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
|image_map = North Khorasan.svg
|image_map1 = IranNorthKhorasan-SVG.svg
|map_caption = North Khorasan counties
|map_caption1 = Location of North Khorasan Province in Iran
| coordinates = {{coord|37.4761|57.3317|region:IR|display=inline}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Iran}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Iran|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Regions of Iran|Region 5]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Capital (political)|Capital]]
| seat = [[Bojnord]]
| parts_type = [[Counties of Iran|Counties]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 8
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 28434
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
<!--
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2006">[http://www.sci.org.ir/content/userfiles/_sci_en/sci_en/sel/year85/f2/CS_02_6.HTM] National Census 2006</ref>
| population_total = 811572
| population_as_of = 2006
-->
| population_total = 867727
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011">[http://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/1/Iran/90.pdf/ Selected Findings of National Population and Housing Census 2011]</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| timezone1 = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]]
| utc_offset1 = +03:30
| timezone1_DST = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]]
| utc_offset1_DST = +04:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code =
| area_code_type =
| iso_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Languages of Iran|Main languages]]
| blank_info_sec1 = '''[[Persian language|Persian]]'''<br />[[Kurdish language|Kurdish]]<br />[[Turkmen language|Turkmen]]<br />[[Khorasani Turkic language|Khorasani Turkic]]
| website =
}}


{{Distinguish|Razavi Khorasan province|South Khorasan province|Greater Khorasan|Khorasan province}}{{for|other places with a similar name|Khorasan (disambiguation){{!}}Khorasan}}
'''North Khorasan Province''' ({{lang-fa|استان خراسان شمالی}}, ''Ostān-e Khorāsān-e Shomālī'') is a province located in northeastern [[Iran]]. [[Bojnord]] is the capital of the province. In 2014 it was placed in [[Regions of Iran|Region 5]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 June 2014 (1 Tir 1393, Jalaali)|title= همشهری آنلاین-استان‌های کشور به ۵ منطقه تقسیم شدند (Provinces were divided into 5 regions)|language=Persian|newspaper=Hamshahri Online|url=http://www.hamshahrionline.ir/details/263382/Iran/-provinces|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623191332/http://www.hamshahrionline.ir/details/263382/Iran/-provinces|archivedate=23 June 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>


Other counties are [[Shirvan, Iran|Shirvan]], [[Esfarayen]], [[Maneh and Samalqan County|Maneh and Samalqan]], [[Raz and Jargalan county]] [[Jajrom County|Jajarm]], [[Faroj County|Faroj]] and [[Garmeh County|Garmeh]].


{{more citations needed|date=January 2009}}
North Khorasan is one of the three provinces that were created after the division of [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]] in 2004.


{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
== History ==
[[Greater Khorasan]] has witnessed the rise and fall of many dynasties and governments in its territory throughout history. Various tribes of Persians, Arabs, Turks, Kurds,<ref>[http://cskk.org/en/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=7]</ref> Mongols, Turkmen, and Afghans have brought change to the region time and time again.


{{Infobox settlement
Ancient geographers of Iran divided Iran ("Iran-Shahr") into eight segments of which the most flourishing and largest was the territory of [[Greater Khorasan]]. [[Esfarayen]], among other cities of the province, was one of the focal points for settlement by Aryan tribes entering Iran.
| name = North Khorasan Province
| native_name = {{langx|fa|استان خراسان شمالی}}
| native_name_lang = fa<!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fa" for Persian -->
| settlement_type = [[Provinces of Iran|Province]]
| image_skyline = Sardar Mofakham Hiuse by Hadi Karimi.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| image_map1 = IranNorthKhorasan-SVG.svg
| map_caption =
| map_caption1 = Location of North Khorasan province within Iran
| coordinates = {{coord|37|22|N|57|16|E|dim:120km|display=inline, title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite map |author=((OpenStreetMap contributors)) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=37.366667&mlon=57.266667&zoom=9#map=9/37.367/57.267|website=[[OpenStreetMap]] |title=North Khorasan Province|date=25 October 2024|access-date=25 October 2024|lang=fa}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Iran}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Iran|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Regions of Iran|Region 5]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = Capital
| seat = [[Bojnord]]
| parts_type = [[Counties of Iran|Counties]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 10
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[List of current Iran governors-general|Governor-general]]
| leader_name = Bahman Nouri
| leader_title1 =
| leader_title2 =
| unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 28434
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 863092
| population_as_of = 2016
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2016 North Khorasan Province"/>
| timezone1 = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]]
| utc_offset1 = +03:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code =
| area_code_type =
| iso_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Languages of Iran|Main languages]]
| blank_info_sec1 = '''[[Persian language|Persian]]'''<br />[[Kurdish language|Kurdish]]<br />[[Turkmen language|Turkmen]]<br />[[Khorasani Turkic language|Khorasani Turkic]]
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2017)
| blank_info_sec2 = 0.745<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><br />{{color|#0c0|high}} · [[List of Iranian provinces by Human Development Index|29th]]
| website =
}}


'''North Khorasan province''' ({{langx|fa|استان خراسان شمالی}}){{efn|Also [[romanize]]d as '''Ostān-e Xorāsān-e Šomāli'''}} is one of the 31 [[Provinces of Iran|provinces]] of [[Iran]], located in the northeast of the country. Its capital is the city of [[Bojnord]].<ref name="Khorasan Province Structure">{{cite report|title=Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the divisions of Khorasan province, centered in Mashhad|language=fa|website=rc.majlis.ir|via=Islamic Parliament Research Center|url=https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113047|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024415/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113047|publisher=Ministry of the Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Council|last=Habibi|first=Hassan|archive-date=17 November 2015|date=c. 2015|orig-date=Approved 21 June 1369|id=Proposal 3223.1.5.53; Approval Letter 3808-907; Notification 84902/T125K|access-date=6 January 2024}}</ref>
The [[Parthia]]n empire was based near [[Merv]] in Khorasan for many years. In Parthian times, [[Esfarayen]] was one of the important villages of [[Nishapur]].

North Khorasan is one of the three provinces that were created after the division of [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]] in 2004. Khorasan was the largest province of Iran until it was divided into three provinces on September 29, 2004. The provinces approved by the [[Majlis of Iran|parliament of Iran]] (on May 18, 2004) and the [[Council of Guardians]] (on May 29, 2004) were [[Razavi Khorasan]], North Khorasan, and [[South Khorasan]]. In 2014 it was placed in [[Regions of Iran|Region 5]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 June 2014 |origyear=1 Tir 1393, Jalaali|title= همشهری آنلاین-استان‌های کشور به ۵ منطقه تقسیم شدند (Provinces were divided into 5 regions)|language=Persian|newspaper=Hamshahri Online|url=http://www.hamshahrionline.ir/details/263382/Iran/-provinces|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623191332/http://www.hamshahrionline.ir/details/263382/Iran/-provinces|archive-date=23 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
[[Greater Khorasan]] has witnessed the rise and fall of many dynasties and governments in its territory throughout history. Various tribes of [[Persian people|Persians]], [[Arabs]], [[Turkic people|Turks]], [[Kurds]] and [[Turkmens]] have brought change to the region time and time again.
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cskk.org/en/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=7 |title=Kurds in Khorasan|publisher=Cultural and civil society of Khorasani Kurds|access-date=22 May 2007 |archive-date=1 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001054225/http://cskk.org/en/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=7 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Ancient geographers of Iran divided Iran into eight segments, of which the largest{{citation needed|date=September 2011}} was the territory of [[Greater Khorasan]]. [[Esfarayen]], among other cities of the province, was one of the focal points for settlement by [[Aryan]] tribes entering Iran.


The [[Parthia]]n empire was based near [[Merv]] in Khorasan for many years. In Parthian times, Esfarayen was one of the important villages of [[Nishapur]].{{cn|date=January 2023}}
During the [[Sassanid]] dynasty the province was governed by a ''Spahbod'' (Lieutenant General) called "Padgoosban" and four margraves, each commander of one of the four parts of the province.


During the [[Sassanid]] dynasty, the province was governed by a ''Spahbod'' (Lieutenant General) called "Padgoosban" and four margraves, each commander of one of the four parts of the province.
Khorasan was divided into four parts during the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]], each section being named after the four largest cities, Nishapur, [[Merv]], [[Herat]], and [[Balkh]].


In the year 651, the army of Islamic Arabs invaded Khorasan. The territory remained in the hands of the [[Abbasid]] clan until 820, followed by the rule of the Iranian Taherid clan in the year 896 and the [[Samanid]] dynasty in 900.
In the year 651, the army of Islamic Arabs invaded Khorasan. The territory remained in the hands of the [[Abbasid]] clan until 820, followed by the rule of the Iranian Taherid clan in the year 896 and the [[Samanid]] dynasty in 900. Khorasan was divided into four parts during the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]], each section being named after the four largest cities; Nishapur, Merv, [[Herat]], and [[Balkh]].


[[Mahmud of Ghazni]] conquered Khorasan in 994 and in the year 1037 [[Tuğrul Beg]], the first of the [[Seljuk Turks|Seljuq empire rulers]] conquered Nishapur.
[[Mahmud of Ghazni]] conquered Khorasan in 994 and in the year 1037 [[Tuğrul Beg]], the first of the [[Seljuk Turks|Seljuq empire rulers]], conquered Nishapur.


Mahmud Qaznavi retaliated against the invaders several times, and finally the Qaznavi Turks defeated [[Ahmed Sanjar|Sultan Sanjar]]. But there was more to come, as in 1157 Khorasan was conquered by [[Khwarezmid Empire|the Khwarazmids]]. In 1220 was annexed by the Mongols of Chiggis Qa'an. When in 1226 the great conqueror finally died, the Khorasan was inheriter by his son Tolui and then by the son of this, who's named Hulegu, the first emperor of the mongolic [[Ilkhanate]] of Persia.
Mahmud Qaznavi retaliated against the invaders several times, and finally, the Qaznavi Turks defeated [[Ahmed Sanjar|Sultan Sanjar]]. But there was more to come, as in 1157 Khorasan was conquered by [[Khwarezmid Empire|the Khwarazmids]]. In 1220 was annexed by the Mongols of [[Genghis Khan]]. When in 1226 the great conqueror finally died, Khorasan was inherited by his son Tolui and then by Tolui's son Hulegu, the first emperor of the Mongolic [[Ilkhanate]] of Persia.{{cn|date=January 2023}}


In the 14th century, a flag of independence was hoisted by the [[Sarbadars|Sarbedaran movement]] in [[Sabzevar]], and in 1368, Khorasan came into the hands of [[Tamerlane]].
In the 14th century, a flag of independence was hoisted by the [[Sarbadars|Sarbedaran movement]] in [[Sabzevar]], and in 1368, Khorasan came into the hands of [[Tamerlane]].
Line 89: Line 89:
In 1507, Khorasan was occupied by [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] tribes. After the death of [[Nader Shah]] in 1747, it was occupied by the Afghans.
In 1507, Khorasan was occupied by [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] tribes. After the death of [[Nader Shah]] in 1747, it was occupied by the Afghans.


In 1824, Herat became independent for several years when the Afghan Empire was split between the Durranis and [[Barakzai dynasty|Barakzais]]. The Persians [[Siege of Herat (1838)|sieged the city in 1837]], but the British assisted the Afghans in repelling them. In 1856, the Persians launched another invasion, and briefly managed to recapture the city; it led directly to the [[Anglo-Persian War]]. In 1857 hostilities between the Persians and the British ended after the [[Treaty of Paris (1857)|Treaty of Paris]] was signed, and the Persian troops withdrew from Herat.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Avery|editor1-first=Peter|editor2-last=Hambly|editor2-first=Gavin|editor3-last=Melville|editor3-first=Charles|title=The Cambridge History of Iran (Vol. 7): From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic|date=1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521200950|pages=183, 394–395}}</ref> Afghanistan reconquered Herat in 1863 under [[Dost Muhammad Khan]], two weeks before his death.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ewans|title=Afghanistan: A short History of its People and Politics|date=2002|publisher=Perennial|isbn=006-050508-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/afghanistanshort00ewan/page/77 77]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/afghanistanshort00ewan/page/77}}</ref>
During the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] period, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]] supported the Afghans to protect their [[British East India Company|East India Company]]. [[Herat]] was thus separated from Persia, and [[Nasser-al-Din Shah]] was unable to defeat the British to take back Herat. Finally, the ''Paris Treaty'' was concluded in 1903 and Iran was compelled not to challenge the British for Herat and other parts of what is today [[Afghanistan]].


==Demographics==
Finally Khorasan was divided into two parts: the eastern part, which was the most densely populated region came under British occupation, and the other western section remained part of Iran.
===Language and ethnicity===
North Khorasan province is one of the most diverse territories in Iran today, largely reflecting the ethnic make-up of Iran. Most people in North Khorasan are [[Shia]] Muslims, who are often [[Kurds of Khorasan|Khorasani Kurds]], Persians, Khorasani Turks and so on, although there is also a small minority of [[Sunni]]s who generally are Turkmen.<ref>Surveying and measurement plan of indicators of public culture of the country: North Khorasan Province, publication 2012 (National Bibliography Number: 2879739) Retrieved 10 December 2017</ref><ref>[http://qudsonline.ir/news/502461/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85-%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%D9%87-%D9%88-%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C-%D9%87%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D9%87%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86 Shia and Sunni people of North Khorasan Province showed their empathy and sympathy to the world] Retrieved 10 December 2017</ref> There used to be a sizeable population of [[Lurs]] inhabiting this province, however, most returned to their native area in western Iran as there are no signs of them in the province today.<ref>
The ethnic groups in Northern Khorasan, "[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/khorasan-1-ethnic-groups]", accessed in March 2014.</ref>


Previously, there was a sizable community of Arabs who settled in the area during the Arab invasion of Iran. However, by 1875 they had intermarried so extensively with Persians and Turks that they were indistinguishable, having largely abandoned the Arab language and culture in favour of the local one.<ref>
Khorasan was the largest province of Iran until it was divided into three provinces on September 29, 2004. The provinces approved by the [[Majlis of Iran|parliament of Iran]] (on May 18, 2004) and the [[Council of Guardians]] (on May 29, 2004) were [[Razavi Khorasan]], [[North Khorasan]], and [[South Khorasan]].
"C. M. MacGregor, Narrative of a Journey through the Province of Khorassan, London, 1879, p. 141 [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arab-iv]", accessed in March 2014.</ref>


===Population===
== North Khorasan today ==
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the province's population was 791,930 in 198,626 households.<ref name="2006 North Khorasan Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): North Khorasan Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=amar.org.ir|url=http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/28.xls|access-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084106/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/28.xls|format=Excel|archive-date=20 September 2011}}</ref> The following census in 2011 counted 867,727 people in 240,885 households.<ref name="2011 North Khorasan Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): North Khorasan Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=irandataportal.syr.edu|via=Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University|url=https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/North-Khorasan.xls|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119210728/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/North-Khorasan.xls|archive-date=19 January 2023|access-date=19 December 2022|format=Excel}}</ref> The 2016 census measured the population of the province as 863,092 in 254,747 households.<ref name="2016 North Khorasan Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): North Khorasan Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=amar.org.ir|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_28.xlsx|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027174651/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_28.xlsx|format=Excel|archive-date=27 October 2020}}</ref>


=== Administrative divisions ===
{{bar box
| title = Ethnic groups in North Khorasan province
[[File:North Khorasan.svg|320px]]
| titlebar = #ddd
| left1 = Ethnicity
| right1 = Percent
| float = right
| bars =
{{bar percent|[[Kurdish language|Kurdish speakers]]|blue|46.1}}
{{bar percent|[[Persian language|Persian speakers]]|gold|27.8}}
{{bar percent|[[Turkic languages|Turkic speakers]]|red|20.6}}
{{bar percent|[[Mazandaranis]]|purple|3.3}}
{{bar percent|Others|grey|2.2}}
}}


The population history and structural changes of North Khorasan province's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table.
North Khorasan province is one of the most diverse territories in Iran today, largely reflecting the ethnic make-up of Iran. Kurdish speakers make up 46.1%, forming the relative majority (plurality) of the population. The next largest group is Persian speakers which make up 27.8% of the population, Khorasani Turks make up 20.6% and Mazandaranis make up about 3.3% and other Iranians make up 2.2% of the population. There used to be a sizeable population of [[Lurs]] inhabiting this province, however most returned to their native area in western Iran as there are no signs of them in the province today<ref>
The ethnic groups in Northern Khorasan, "[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/khorasan-1-ethnic-groups]", accessed in March 2014.</ref>


{| class="wikitable"
Previously there used to be a sizeable community of Arabs who settled in the area during the Arab invasion of Iran, however by 1875 they had intermarried so extensively with Persians and Turks that they were indistinguishable, having largely abandoned the Arab language and culture in favour of the local one.<ref>
|+ North Khorasan Province
"C. M. MacGregor, Narrative of a Journey through the Province of Khorassan, London, 1879, p. 141 [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arab-iv]", accessed in March 2014.</ref>
|-
! Counties !! 2006<ref name="2006 North Khorasan Province"/> !! 2011<ref name="2011 North Khorasan Province"/> !! 2016<ref name="2016 North Khorasan Province"/>
|-
| [[Bam and Safiabad County|Bam and Safiabad]]{{efn|Separated from [[Esfarayen County]] after the 2016 census<ref name="Bam and Safiabad County Establishment">{{Cite news|title=Explaining the details of changes in national divisions in North Khorasan|url=https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5708010/تشریح-جزئیات-تغییرات-تقسیمات-کشوری-در-خراسان-شمالی|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322194530/https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5708010/تشریح-جزئیات-تغییرات-تقسیمات-کشوری-در-خراسان-شمالی|archive-date=22 March 2023|website=mehrnews.com|via=Mehr News Agency|language=fa|publisher=Ministry of the Interior, Board of Ministers|last=Hosseinnejad|first=Mohammad Reza|orig-date=Approved 27 July 1400|date=12 February 2023|access-date=12 January 2024}}</ref>}} || style="text-align: right;" | — || style="text-align: right;" | — || style="text-align: right;" | —
|-
| [[Bojnord County|Bojnord]] || style="text-align: right;" | 322,309 || style="text-align: right;" | 365,896 || style="text-align: right;" | 324,083
|-
| [[Esfarayen County|Esfarayen]] || style="text-align: right;" | 119,152 || style="text-align: right;" | 127,012 || style="text-align: right;" | 120,513
|-
| [[Faruj County|Faruj]] || style="text-align: right;" | 48,743 || style="text-align: right;" | 52,364 || style="text-align: right;" | 49,271
|-
| [[Garmeh County|Garmeh]]{{efn|Separated from [[Jajarm County]] after the 2006 census<ref name="Garmeh County Establishment">{{cite report|title=Divisional changes and reforms in North Khorasan province|language=fa|website=qavanin.ir|via=Laws and Regulations Portal of the Islamic Republic of Iran|url=https://qavanin.ir/Law/TreeText/121745|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107004055/https://qavanin.ir/Law/TreeText/121745|publisher=Ministry of the Interior, Cabinet of Ministers|archive-date=7 January 2021|orig-date=Approved 28 July 1387|date=c. 2021|id=Proposal 1/4/42/91526|last=Davodi|first=Parviz|access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref>}} || style="text-align: right;" | — || style="text-align: right;" | 24,599 || style="text-align: right;" | 25,475
|-
| [[Jajarm County|Jajarm]] || style="text-align: right;" | 57,349 || style="text-align: right;" | 36,898 || style="text-align: right;" | 36,673
|-
| [[Maneh County|Maneh]]{{efn|Separated from [[Samalqan County|Maneh and Samalqan County]] after the 2016 census<ref name="Maneh County Establishment">{{cite report|title=Approval letter regarding country divisions in North Khorasan and Golestan provinces|language=fa|website=rrk.ir|url=https://rrk.ir/Laws/ShowLaw.aspx?Code=27419|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230809011041/https://rrk.ir/Laws/ShowLaw.aspx?Code=27419|publisher=Ministry of the Interior, Board of Ministers|last=Mokhbar|first=Mohammad|archive-date=9 August 2023|date=7 August 2023|access-date=27 October 2023}}</ref>}} || style="text-align: right;" | — || style="text-align: right;" | — || style="text-align: right;" | —
|-
| [[Raz and Jargalan County|Raz and Jargalan]]{{efn|Separated from [[Bojnord County]] after the 2011 census<ref name="Raz and Jargalan County Establishment">{{cite report|title=Distributional changes in North Khorasan province|language=fa|website=qavanin.ir|via=Laws and Regulations Portal of the Islamic Republic of Iran|url=https://qavanin.ir/Law/TreeText/197909|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108123301/https://qavanin.ir/Law/TreeText/197909|publisher=Ministry of the Interior, Cabinet of Ministers|archive-date=8 January 2021|orig-date=Approved 29 September 2013|date=c. 2021|id=Proposal 185757/42/4/1|last=Rahimi|first=Mohammad Reza|access-date=19 May 2023}}</ref>}} || style="text-align: right;" | — || style="text-align: right;" | — || style="text-align: right;" | 59,210
|-
| [[Samalqan County|Samalqan]]{{efn|Formerly [[Samalqan County|Maneh and Samalqan County]]<ref name="Maneh County Establishment"/>}}|| style="text-align: right;" | 91,884 || style="text-align: right;" | 103,944 || style="text-align: right;" | 101,727
|-
| [[Shirvan County|Shirvan]] || style="text-align: right;" | 152,493 || style="text-align: right;" | 157,014 || style="text-align: right;" | 146,140
|-
| '''Total''' || style="text-align: right;"| '''791,930''' || style="text-align: right;"| '''867,727''' || style="text-align: right;"| '''863,092'''
|}

=== Cities ===

According to the 2016 census, 484,346 people (over 56% of the population of North Khorasan province) live in the following cities:<ref name="2016 North Khorasan Province"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! City !! Population
|-
| [[Ashkhaneh]] || style="text-align: right;" | 25,104
|-
| [[Shahrabad-e Khavar|Ava]] || style="text-align: right;" | 3,993
|-
| '''[[Bojnord]]''' || style="text-align: right;" | '''228,931'''
|-
| [[Chenaranshahr]] || style="text-align: right;" | 3,380
|-
| [[Daraq]] || style="text-align: right;" | 4,926
|-
| [[Eivar, North Khorasan|Eivar]] || style="text-align: right;" | 3,994
|-
| [[Esfarayen]] || style="text-align: right;" | 59,490
|-
| [[Faruj]] || style="text-align: right;" | 12,061
|-
| [[Garmeh]] || style="text-align: right;" | 10,933
|-
| [[Hesar-e Garmkhan]] || style="text-align: right;" | 1,499
|-
| [[Jajarm]] || style="text-align: right;" | 19,580
|-
| [[Lujali]] || style="text-align: right;" | 1,481
|-
| [[Pish Qaleh]] || style="text-align: right;" | 2,001
|-
| [[Qazi, Iran|Qazi]] || style="text-align: right;" | 2,428
|-
| [[Qushkhaneh, Shirvan|Qushkhaneh]] || style="text-align: right;" | 996
|-
| [[Raz, Iran|Raz]] || style="text-align: right;" | 5,029
|-
| [[Safiabad, North Khorasan|Safiabad]] || style="text-align: right;" | 3,427
|-
| [[Sankhvast]] || style="text-align: right;" | 2,077
|-
| [[Shirvan, Iran|Shirvan]] || style="text-align: right;" | 82,689
|-
| [[Shoqan]] || style="text-align: right;" | 2,313
|-
| [[Titkanlu]] || style="text-align: right;" | 3,835
|-
| [[Ziarat, North Khorasan|Ziarat]] || style="text-align: right;" | 4,179
|}

== Attractions ==
[[File:Jalaleddin.jpg|thumb|[[Jalalal-din castle]] in [[Jajarm]]]]


This province contains many historical and natural attractions, such as mineral water springs, small lakes, recreational areas, caves, and protected regions, and various hiking areas. Most of the historical relics are from the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] era, as earthquakes continue to ravage older relics.{{cn|date=January 2023}}
== Main sights==
This province contains many historical and natural attractions, such as mineral water springs, small lakes, recreational areas, caves and protected regions, and various hiking areas. Most of the historical relics are from the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] era, as earthquakes continue to ravage older relics.


The [[Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran]] lists 1,179 sites of historical and cultural significance in all three provinces of Khorasan.
The [[Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran]] lists 1,179 sites of historical and cultural significance in all three provinces of Khorasan.


Some of the popular attractions of North Khorasan are:
Some of the popular attractions of North Khorasan are:
* Tepe Pahlavan, near Jajarm, A prehistoric archeological site
* Jalalal-din castle, Jajarm
* Miandasht wildlife refuge, living place of Asiatic Cheetah
* petroglyphic site from Bronze Age in Jorbat (10&nbsp;km north of Jajarm)
* Sari Gol protected area,
* Hasanabad, Ghaisar and Solak old castles,
* Noshirvan and Ebadatgah caves,
* Faghatdezh castle,
* Tomb of Sheikh Ali Esfarayeni
* Saloog Protected Area,
* [[Besh Qardash]] (five brothers) and Baba-Aman springs,
* Bidag, Konegarm, Konjekooh, Armadloo and Seyed Sadegh caves,
* Mofakham mirror house (image), built during the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] era
* Baba Tavakol mausoleum,
* Imamzadeh Sultan Seyed Abbas
* Salook Protected Area
* Bazkhaneh valley
* Ayyub mineral water spring
* Ruwin village


*[[Besh Qardash]] (five brothers) and Baba-Aman springs
== Colleges and universities ==
*[[Jameh Mosque of Jajarm]]
* [http://www.ub.ac.ir/ University of Bojnurd]

== Colleges and universities ==

* [http://www.ub.ac.ir/ University of Bojnurd] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119050734/http://ub.ac.ir/ |date=19 November 2016 }}
* [http://www.bojnourdiau.ac.ir/ Islamic Azad University of Bojnurd]
* [http://www.bojnourdiau.ac.ir/ Islamic Azad University of Bojnurd]
* [http://www.eshragh.ac.ir/ Eshragh Institute of Higher Education (Bojnurd, North Khorasan)]
* [http://www.eshragh.ac.ir/ Eshragh Institute of Higher Education (Bojnurd, North Khorasan)]
* [http://www.iau-shirvan.ac.ir/ Islamic Azad University of Shiravan]
* [http://www.iau-shirvan.ac.ir/ Islamic Azad University of Shiravan]
* [http://www.hakiman.ac.ir/ Hakiman Institute of Higher Education (Bojnurd, North Khorasan)]
* [http://www.hakiman.ac.ir/ Hakiman Institute of Higher Education (Bojnurd, North Khorasan)]
* [http://nkums.ac.ir/North Khorasan University of Medical Science (Bojnurd, North Khorasan)]
* [http://nkums.ac.ir/North Khorasan University of Medical Science (Bojnurd, North Khorasan)]{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:نمای غربی شهر تاریخی بلقیس.jpg|[[Esfarayen]]
File:نمای بیرونی مسجد جامع جاجرم.jpg|[[Jajarm]]
File:Besh Ghardash 2018-07-29 01.jpg|[[Bojnord]]
File:Aspakhu Stone Fire Temple.jpg|[[Bojnord]]
File:آینه‌خانه مفخم.jpg|[[Bojnord]]
File:Hamed.moosavinezhad 131.jpg|[[Bojnord]]
File:خراسان شمالی فاروج تیتکانلو آجیل.jpg|[[Faruj]]
</gallery>


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 157: Line 225:
* [[South Khorasan]]
* [[South Khorasan]]
* [[History of Iran]]
* [[History of Iran]]

{{Portal-inline|Iran}}
{{clear}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
* [http://www.moi.gov.ir/news.aspx?id=4999 The text of the law for division of Khorasan into three provinces (in Persian)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050407214848/http://www.moi.gov.ir/news.aspx?id=4999 The text of the law for division of Khorasan into three provinces (in Persian)]
* [http://www.khorasanmiras.ir/ Cultural Heritage Foundation of Khorasan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050403172431/http://www.khorasanmiras.ir/ Cultural Heritage Foundation of Khorasan]
{{Authority control}}

{{Geographic location
{{Geographic location
| Centre = North Khorasan Province
| Centre = North Khorasan Province
| North =
| North =
| Northeast = [[Ahal Province]], {{flag|Turkmenistan}}
| Northeast = [[Ahal Province]], {{flag|Turkmenistan}}<br />'''[[Ashgabat]]''', {{flag|Turkmenistan}}
| East =
| East =
| Southeast = [[Razavi Khorasan Province]]
| Southeast = [[Razavi Khorasan Province]]
Line 177: Line 251:
}}
}}


{{North Khorasan Province}}
{{Provinces of Iran}}
{{Provinces of Iran}}
{{North Khorasan Province}}


[[Category:North Khorasan Province| ]]
[[Category:North Khorasan province| ]]
[[Category:Provinces of Iran]]
[[Category:Provinces of Iran]]

Latest revision as of 15:14, 29 November 2024

Not to be confused with Razavi Khorasan province, South Khorasan province, Greater Khorasan, or Khorasan province.
For other places with a similar name, see Khorasan.


North Khorasan Province
Persian: استان خراسان شمالی
Province
Location of North Khorasan province within Iran
Location of North Khorasan province within Iran
Coordinates: 37°22′N 57°16′E / 37.367°N 57.267°E / 37.367; 57.267[1]
Country Iran
RegionRegion 5
CapitalBojnord
Counties10
Government
 • Governor-generalBahman Nouri
Area
 • Total
28,434 km2 (10,978 sq mi)
Population
 (2016)[2]
 • Total
863,092
 • Density30/km2 (79/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+03:30 (IRST)
Main languagesPersian
Kurdish
Turkmen
Khorasani Turkic
HDI (2017)0.745[3]
high · 29th

North Khorasan province (Persian: استان خراسان شمالی)[a] is one of the 31 provinces of Iran, located in the northeast of the country. Its capital is the city of Bojnord.[4]

North Khorasan is one of the three provinces that were created after the division of Khorasan in 2004. Khorasan was the largest province of Iran until it was divided into three provinces on September 29, 2004. The provinces approved by the parliament of Iran (on May 18, 2004) and the Council of Guardians (on May 29, 2004) were Razavi Khorasan, North Khorasan, and South Khorasan. In 2014 it was placed in Region 5.[5]

History

[edit]

Greater Khorasan has witnessed the rise and fall of many dynasties and governments in its territory throughout history. Various tribes of Persians, Arabs, Turks, Kurds and Turkmens have brought change to the region time and time again. [6] Ancient geographers of Iran divided Iran into eight segments, of which the largest[citation needed] was the territory of Greater Khorasan. Esfarayen, among other cities of the province, was one of the focal points for settlement by Aryan tribes entering Iran.

The Parthian empire was based near Merv in Khorasan for many years. In Parthian times, Esfarayen was one of the important villages of Nishapur.[citation needed]

During the Sassanid dynasty, the province was governed by a Spahbod (Lieutenant General) called "Padgoosban" and four margraves, each commander of one of the four parts of the province.

In the year 651, the army of Islamic Arabs invaded Khorasan. The territory remained in the hands of the Abbasid clan until 820, followed by the rule of the Iranian Taherid clan in the year 896 and the Samanid dynasty in 900. Khorasan was divided into four parts during the Muslim conquest of Persia, each section being named after the four largest cities; Nishapur, Merv, Herat, and Balkh.

Mahmud of Ghazni conquered Khorasan in 994 and in the year 1037 Tuğrul Beg, the first of the Seljuq empire rulers, conquered Nishapur.

Mahmud Qaznavi retaliated against the invaders several times, and finally, the Qaznavi Turks defeated Sultan Sanjar. But there was more to come, as in 1157 Khorasan was conquered by the Khwarazmids. In 1220 was annexed by the Mongols of Genghis Khan. When in 1226 the great conqueror finally died, Khorasan was inherited by his son Tolui and then by Tolui's son Hulegu, the first emperor of the Mongolic Ilkhanate of Persia.[citation needed]

In the 14th century, a flag of independence was hoisted by the Sarbedaran movement in Sabzevar, and in 1368, Khorasan came into the hands of Tamerlane.

In 1507, Khorasan was occupied by Uzbek tribes. After the death of Nader Shah in 1747, it was occupied by the Afghans.

In 1824, Herat became independent for several years when the Afghan Empire was split between the Durranis and Barakzais. The Persians sieged the city in 1837, but the British assisted the Afghans in repelling them. In 1856, the Persians launched another invasion, and briefly managed to recapture the city; it led directly to the Anglo-Persian War. In 1857 hostilities between the Persians and the British ended after the Treaty of Paris was signed, and the Persian troops withdrew from Herat.[7] Afghanistan reconquered Herat in 1863 under Dost Muhammad Khan, two weeks before his death.[8]

Demographics

[edit]

Language and ethnicity

[edit]

North Khorasan province is one of the most diverse territories in Iran today, largely reflecting the ethnic make-up of Iran. Most people in North Khorasan are Shia Muslims, who are often Khorasani Kurds, Persians, Khorasani Turks and so on, although there is also a small minority of Sunnis who generally are Turkmen.[9][10] There used to be a sizeable population of Lurs inhabiting this province, however, most returned to their native area in western Iran as there are no signs of them in the province today.[11]

Previously, there was a sizable community of Arabs who settled in the area during the Arab invasion of Iran. However, by 1875 they had intermarried so extensively with Persians and Turks that they were indistinguishable, having largely abandoned the Arab language and culture in favour of the local one.[12]

Population

[edit]

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the province's population was 791,930 in 198,626 households.[13] The following census in 2011 counted 867,727 people in 240,885 households.[14] The 2016 census measured the population of the province as 863,092 in 254,747 households.[2]

Administrative divisions

[edit]

The population history and structural changes of North Khorasan province's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table.

North Khorasan Province
Counties 2006[13] 2011[14] 2016[2]
Bam and Safiabad[b] — — —
Bojnord 322,309 365,896 324,083
Esfarayen 119,152 127,012 120,513
Faruj 48,743 52,364 49,271
Garmeh[c] — 24,599 25,475
Jajarm 57,349 36,898 36,673
Maneh[d] — — —
Raz and Jargalan[e] — — 59,210
Samalqan[f] 91,884 103,944 101,727
Shirvan 152,493 157,014 146,140
Total 791,930 867,727 863,092

Cities

[edit]

According to the 2016 census, 484,346 people (over 56% of the population of North Khorasan province) live in the following cities:[2]

City Population
Ashkhaneh 25,104
Ava 3,993
Bojnord 228,931
Chenaranshahr 3,380
Daraq 4,926
Eivar 3,994
Esfarayen 59,490
Faruj 12,061
Garmeh 10,933
Hesar-e Garmkhan 1,499
Jajarm 19,580
Lujali 1,481
Pish Qaleh 2,001
Qazi 2,428
Qushkhaneh 996
Raz 5,029
Safiabad 3,427
Sankhvast 2,077
Shirvan 82,689
Shoqan 2,313
Titkanlu 3,835
Ziarat 4,179

Attractions

[edit]
Jalalal-din castle in Jajarm

This province contains many historical and natural attractions, such as mineral water springs, small lakes, recreational areas, caves, and protected regions, and various hiking areas. Most of the historical relics are from the Qajar era, as earthquakes continue to ravage older relics.[citation needed]

The Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran lists 1,179 sites of historical and cultural significance in all three provinces of Khorasan.

Some of the popular attractions of North Khorasan are:

Colleges and universities

[edit]
[edit]

See also

[edit]

flag Iran portal

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Also romanized as Ostān-e Xorāsān-e Šomāli
  2. ^ Separated from Esfarayen County after the 2016 census[15]
  3. ^ Separated from Jajarm County after the 2006 census[16]
  4. ^ Separated from Maneh and Samalqan County after the 2016 census[17]
  5. ^ Separated from Bojnord County after the 2011 census[18]
  6. ^ Formerly Maneh and Samalqan County[17]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (25 October 2024). "North Khorasan Province" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 25 October 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): North Khorasan Province. amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  3. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  4. ^ Habibi, Hassan (c. 2015) [Approved 21 June 1369]. Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the divisions of Khorasan province, centered in Mashhad. rc.majlis.ir (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Council. Proposal 3223.1.5.53; Approval Letter 3808-907; Notification 84902/T125K. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2024 – via Islamic Parliament Research Center.
  5. ^ "همشهری آنلاین-استان‌های کشور به ۵ منطقه تقسیم شدند (Provinces were divided into 5 regions)". Hamshahri Online (in Persian). 22 June 2014 [1 Tir 1393, Jalaali]. Archived from the original on 23 June 2014.
  6. ^ "Kurds in Khorasan". Cultural and civil society of Khorasani Kurds. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2007.
  7. ^ Avery, Peter; Hambly, Gavin; Melville, Charles, eds. (1991). The Cambridge History of Iran (Vol. 7): From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic. Cambridge University Press. pp. 183, 394–395. ISBN 978-0521200950.
  8. ^ Ewans (2002). Afghanistan: A short History of its People and Politics. Perennial. pp. 77. ISBN 006-050508-7.
  9. ^ Surveying and measurement plan of indicators of public culture of the country: North Khorasan Province, publication 2012 (National Bibliography Number: 2879739) Retrieved 10 December 2017
  10. ^ Shia and Sunni people of North Khorasan Province showed their empathy and sympathy to the world Retrieved 10 December 2017
  11. ^ The ethnic groups in Northern Khorasan, "[1]", accessed in March 2014.
  12. ^ "C. M. MacGregor, Narrative of a Journey through the Province of Khorassan, London, 1879, p. 141 [2]", accessed in March 2014.
  13. ^ a b Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): North Khorasan Province. amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  14. ^ a b Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): North Khorasan Province. irandataportal.syr.edu (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022 – via Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University.
  15. ^ Hosseinnejad, Mohammad Reza (12 February 2023) [Approved 27 July 1400]. "Explaining the details of changes in national divisions in North Khorasan". mehrnews.com (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Board of Ministers. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2024 – via Mehr News Agency.
  16. ^ Davodi, Parviz (c. 2021) [Approved 28 July 1387]. Divisional changes and reforms in North Khorasan province. qavanin.ir (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Cabinet of Ministers. Proposal 1/4/42/91526. Archived from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2023 – via Laws and Regulations Portal of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
  17. ^ a b Mokhbar, Mohammad (7 August 2023). Approval letter regarding country divisions in North Khorasan and Golestan provinces. rrk.ir (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Board of Ministers. Archived from the original on 9 August 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  18. ^ Rahimi, Mohammad Reza (c. 2021) [Approved 29 September 2013]. Distributional changes in North Khorasan province. qavanin.ir (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Cabinet of Ministers. Proposal 185757/42/4/1. Archived from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2023 – via Laws and Regulations Portal of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
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