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{{Short description|American businessman (born 1942)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = Mike Markkula
| name = Mike Markkula
| image =
| image =
| birth_name = Armas Clifford Markkula Jr.<ref name=FTLegends>California Births, 1905 - 1995, [http://www.familytreelegends.com/records/39461?c=search&first=&last=Markkula Armas Clifford Markkula] (Birth Date: 02/11/1942, County of Birth: Los Angeles)</ref>
| birth_name = Armas Clifford Markkula Jr.<ref name=FTLegends>{{cite web |title=California Births, 1905–1995 |url=http://www.familytreelegends.com/records/39461?c=search&first=&last=Markkula |publisher=FamilyTreeLegends.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821081012/http://www.familytreelegends.com/records/39461?c=search&first=&last=Markkula |archive-date=August 21, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1942|2|11}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1942|2|11}}
| birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], United States<ref name=FTLegends/>
| birth_place = [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]], U.S.<ref name=FTLegends/>
| death_date =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[University of Southern California]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Southern California]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]], [[Master of Science|MS]])
| known_for = CEO of [[Apple Inc.|Apple Computer, Inc.]]
| known_for = [[CEO]] of [[Apple Inc.|Apple Computer, Inc.]]
| occupation =
| spouse =
| children =
}}
}}


'''Armas Clifford''' "'''Mike'''" '''Markkula Jr.''' (born February 11, 1942)<ref name=FTLegends/> is an American entrepreneur who was an [[angel investor]] and second CEO of [[Apple Inc.|Apple Computer, Inc.]], providing early critical funding and managerial support.
'''Armas Clifford''' "'''Mike'''" '''Markkula Jr.''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ɑr|ˈ|k|uː|l|ə}}; born February 11, 1942)<ref name=FTLegends/> is an American electrical engineer, businessman and investor. He was the original [[angel investor]], first chairman, and second CEO for [[Apple Inc.|Apple Computer, Inc.]], providing critical early funding and managerial support. At the company's incorporation, Markkula owned 26% of Apple, equivalent to each of the shares owned by cofounders [[Steve Jobs]] and [[Steve Wozniak]].<ref name="Berlin-233">{{Cite book |last=Berlin |first=Leslie |author-link=Leslie Berlin |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1008569018 |title=Troublemakers : Silicon Valley's Coming of Age |publisher=Simon & Schuster |date=2017 |isbn=978-1-4516-5150-8 |edition=1st |location=New York |oclc=1008569018 |page=233}}</ref>


==Early life==
Markkula was introduced to [[Steve Jobs]] and [[Steve Wozniak]] when they were looking for funding to manufacture the [[Apple II]] personal computer they had developed, after having sold some units of the first version of this computer, the [[Apple I]]. With his guidance and funding, Apple ceased to be a partnership and was incorporated as a company.
Markkula's great-grandfather, Isak Ferdinand Markkula, was born in [[Sievi]], Finland. He and his wife moved to the United States in either 1865<ref name=Kaleva>{{cite web |url=http://www.kaleva.fi/uutiset/pohjois-suomi/applen-perustajan-sukujuuret-sievissa/23729/ |title=Applen perustajan sukujuuret Sievissä |first=Liisa |last=Lehto-Peippo |publisher=kaleva.fi |date=April 7, 2007 |language=fi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504230741/https://www.kaleva.fi/applen-perustajan-sukujuuret-sievissa/2295108 |archive-date=May 4, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> or 1883, depending on the source. Mike Markkula's first name ''Armas'' and last name ''Markkula'' are traditional Finnish names. His first name ''Armas'' means "dear" or "beloved" in the Finnish language.<ref>Kielitoimiston sanakirja (2012). Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen julkaisuja 166. Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten keskus ja Kielikone. Internetpalvelu. {{ISBN|978-952-5446-68-5}}. {{ISSN|2242-461X}}; ISSN-L 2242-461X.</ref>


⚫
Markkula earned bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from the [[University of Southern California]].<ref name=scu>{{cite web|title=A.C. "Mike" Markkula Jr.|url=http://www.scu.edu/ethics/about/people/advisory/markkula.html|publisher=Santa Clara University|access-date=February 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228115617/http://www.scu.edu/ethics/about/people/advisory/markkula.html |archive-date=December 28, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
⚫
[[Dermot Mulroney]] portrayed him in the 2013 film ''[[Jobs (film)|Jobs]]'' and [[Jeffrey Nordling]] portrayed him in the 1999 TNT film, ''[[Pirates of Silicon Valley]].''


==Early life==
==Career==
⚫
Markkula made millions from [[stock option]]s he earned as a marketing manager for [[Fairchild Semiconductor]] and [[Intel]], reaching [[financial independence]] and early retirement at 33.<ref name=markoff19970901>{{cite news|last=Markoff|first=John|title=An 'Unknown' Co-Founder Leaves After 20 Years of Glory and Turmoil|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/01/business/an-unknown-co-founder-leaves-after-20-years-of-glory-and-turmoil.html |access-date=February 4, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 1, 1997}}</ref> After that, he became a startup consultant and mentored dozens of entrepreneurs, working only every Monday.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Berlin |first=Leslie |author-link=Leslie Berlin |title=Troublemakers: Silicon Valley's Coming of Age |date=2017 |isbn=978-1-4516-5150-8 |edition=1st |location=New York |oclc=1008569018 |page=146-154}}</ref>


⚫
===Apple===
Mike Markkula's great-grandfather Isak Ferdinand Markkula was born in [[Sievi]], Finland. He and his wife moved to the United States in 1865<ref name=Kaleva>[http://www.kaleva.fi/uutiset/pohjois-suomi/applen-perustajan-sukujuuret-sievissa/23729/ Kaleva-article 4.7.2007 in Finnish]</ref> or 1883, depending on the source.
Markkula was introduced by [[Regis McKenna]] and venture capitalist [[Don Valentine]]{{r|markoff19970901}} to [[Steve Jobs]] and [[Steve Wozniak]] while they were looking for funding to manufacture the [[Apple II]] personal computer they had developed after having sold some units of their first computer, the [[Apple I]]. Jobs and Wozniak had previously gone to McKenna and then Valentine, but neither was originally interested in the Apple pair; after meeting with the young and unkempt Jobs, Valentine asked McKenna, ''"Why did you send me this renegade from the human race?"'' However, Valentine forwarded their information to Markkula,<ref name="time19820215">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,925280,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124090232/https://time.com/3462424/the-seeds-of-success/|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 24, 2022|title=The Seeds of Success|access-date=February 23, 2011|date=February 15, 1982|magazine=Time}}</ref> who proved interested, and came out of retirement to personally work on the opportunity.


With his guidance and funding, Apple ceased to be a partnership between Jobs and Wozniak, and was incorporated as a company on January 3, 1977. Markkula provided Apple with funding of $80,000 - $92,000 personally in addition to securing a $170,000 - $250,000 [[line of credit]] from [[Bank of America]].<ref name="Berlin-233"/>{{r|time19820215}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Livingston |first=Jessica |author-link=Jessica Livingston |title=Founders at Work: Stories of Startups' Early Days |date=2007 |publisher=Apress |isbn=978-1-4302-0327-8 |location=Berkeley, CA |oclc=191452063 |page=56}}</ref> He brought in his friend and former coworker [[Michael Scott (Apple)|Michael Scott]] as the first president and CEO, then replaced Scott with himself from 1981 to 1983 despite having originally promised his wife that he would only stay at Apple for four years,{{r|markoff19970901}} and then later planning to retire again by 1984;{{r|time19820215}} during the board meeting to confirm him as the CEO, Markkula received a phone call that his father-in-law and best friend had died.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Berlin |first=Leslie |author-link=Leslie Berlin |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1008569018 |title=Troublemakers: Silicon Valley's Coming of Age |publisher=Simon & Schuster |date=2017 |isbn=978-1-4516-5150-8 |edition=1st |location=New York |oclc=1008569018 |page=300}}</ref>
Markkula's first name Armas and last name Markkula are traditional Finnish names. His first name Armas means "dear" or "beloved" in the Finnish language.<ref>Kielitoimiston sanakirja (2012). Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen julkaisuja 166. Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten keskus ja Kielikone. Internetpalvelu. {{ISBN|978-952-5446-68-5}}. ISSN 2242-461X. ISSN-L 2242-461X.</ref>


Markkula served as chairman from 1985 to 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mancini |first=Jeannine |title=Apple's Lesser-Known Co-Founder Owned ⅓ Of The Company But Missed Out On A Potential $900 Billion Fortune |url=https://www.benzinga.com/news/23/06/32693662/apples-lesser-known-co-founder-owned-of-the-company-but-missed-out-on-a-potential-900-billion-fortun |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Benzinga |language=English}}</ref><ref name=ctribune1993>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1993-10-15-9310160132-story.html|title=Apple's John Sculley Resigns Chairmanship for 'New Challenges'|website=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=October 15, 1993 }}</ref> As chairman he approved [[Jef Raskin]]'s 1979 plan to start designing what would become the [[Mac (computer)|Macintosh]], then prevented Jobs from killing the project in favor of his own [[Apple Lisa|Lisa]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Markoff |first=John |date=September 1, 1997 |title=An 'Unknown' Co-Founder Leaves After 20 Years of Glory and Turmoil |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/01/business/an-unknown-co-founder-leaves-after-20-years-of-glory-and-turmoil.html |url-access=limited |access-date=21 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.folklore.org/StoryView.py?project=Macintosh&story=And_Another_Thing....txt|title=And Another Thing...|author=Andy Hertzfeld|publisher=Folklore.org |date=March 1982 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927120311/http://folklore.org/StoryView.py?project=Macintosh&story=And_Another_Thing....txt|archive-date=September 27, 2011}}</ref> In 1985, Markkula took [[John Sculley]]'s side in a dispute with Jobs, causing the latter to leave the company; he would later help to force Sculley out in 1993.{{r|markoff19970901}}
⚫
Markkula received [[Bachelor of Science]] and [[Master of Science]] degrees in [[electrical engineering]] from the [[University of Southern California]].<ref name=scu>{{cite web|title=A.C. "Mike" Markkula Jr.|url=http://www.scu.edu/ethics/about/people/advisory/markkula.html|publisher=Santa Clara University|accessdate=2011-02-04}}</ref>


⚫
In addition to providing what ''[[The New York Times]]'' later described as "adult supervision" to the younger Jobs and Wozniak, as a trained engineer Markkula also possessed technical skills.{{r|markoff19970901}} [[Michael Tomczyk]] recalled being surprised by the technical sophistication of a software question Markkula asked Wozniak.<ref name="santens20211019">{{Cite interview |last=Tomczyk |first=Michael |interviewer=Tim Santens |title=Michael Tomczyk: Commodore VIC-20 Developer, Computer Pioneer |url=https://talesfromthecollection.com/2021/10/19/michael-tomczyk-commodore/ |date=October 19, 2021}}</ref> He wrote several early Apple II programs, served as a [[beta tester]] for Apple hardware and software, and wrote one of the first three programs available for the unsuccessful [[Apple III]]. Wozniak was motivated to design the [[Disk II]] floppy disk drive system after Markkula found that a checkbook-balancing program he had written loaded too slowly from a [[Cassette tape#data|data cassette]].{{r|markoff19970901}}<ref name="coventry20131006">{{cite web|url=http://lowendmac.com/2013/apple-iii-chaos-apples-first-failure|title=Apple III Chaos: Apple's First Failure|publisher=Low End Mac|date=October 6, 2013|access-date=July 1, 2014|author=Coventry, Joshua}}</ref> Markkula retired from Apple after Jobs returned as interim CEO in 1996. He supported Jobs' 1997 return and agreed to step down from Apple's board.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Isaacson |first=Walter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8U2oAAAAQBAJ |title=Steve Jobs |date=2011 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4516-4854-6 |language=en}}</ref>
==Career==
⚫
He made millions on [[stock option]]s he acquired as a marketing manager for [[Fairchild Semiconductor]] and [[Intel]], and retired at 32.<ref name=markoff19970901>{{cite news|last=Markoff|first=John|title=An 'Unknown' Co-Founder Leaves After 20 Years of Glory and Turmoil|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/01/business/an-unknown-co-founder-leaves-after-20-years-of-glory-and-turmoil.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|accessdate=2011-02-04|newspaper=The New York Times|date=1997-09-01}}</ref>


Wozniak, who designed the first two Apple computers, credits Markkula for the success of Apple more than himself.<ref>Jason Zasky, [http://failuremag.com/article/steve-wozniak-interview "The Failure Interview: Apple Computer Co-Founder Steve Wozniak"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215110532/http://failuremag.com/article/steve-wozniak-interview|date=December 15, 2013}}, ''Failure Magazine'', July 2000.</ref>
⚫
===Involvement in Apple===
He was lured out of retirement by Steve Jobs, who was referred to him by [[Regis McKenna]] and venture capitalist [[Don Valentine]].{{r|markoff19970901}} Valentine&mdash;who after meeting the young, unkempt Jobs asked McKenna, ''"Why did you send me this renegade from the human race?"''&mdash;was not interested in funding Apple, but mentioned Jobs' new company to Markkula.<ref name="time19820215">{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,925280,00.html | title=The Seeds of Success | accessdate=2011-02-23 | date=1982-02-15 | publisher=Time}}</ref> Jobs visited him and convinced Markkula of the market for the Apple II and personal computers in general.{{r|markoff19970901}} In 1977, Markkula brought his business expertise along with [[United States dollar|US$]]250,000 ($80,000 as an [[equity investment]] in the company and $170,000 as a loan) and became a one-third owner of Apple and employee number 3.<ref>Jessica Livingston, Founders at Work - Stories of Startups' Early Days, Interview with Steve Wozniak, p. 56</ref>


⚫
[[Jeffrey Nordling]] portrayed him in the 1999 TNT film ''[[Pirates of Silicon Valley]]''. [[Dermot Mulroney]] later portrayed him in the 2013 film ''[[Jobs (film)|Jobs]]''.
[[Steve Wozniak]], who designed the first two Apple computers, credits Markkula for the success of Apple more than himself.<ref>Jason Zasky, [http://failuremag.com/feature/article/steve_wozniak_interview/P2/ "The Failure Interview: Apple Computer Co-Founder Steve Wozniak"], ''Failure Magazine'', July 2000.</ref> He helped the new company obtain [[line of credit|credit]] and venture capital,{{r|time19820215}} brought in [[Michael Scott (Apple Computer)|Michael Scott]] as the first president and CEO, then took the job himself from 1981 to 1983 despite having promised his wife that he would only stay at Apple for four years,{{r|markoff19970901}} and that he would retire by 1984.{{r|time19820215}} Markkula served as chairman from 1985 until 1997, when a new board was formed after Jobs returned to the company. As chairman he approved [[Jef Raskin]]'s 1979 plan to start designing what became the [[Macintosh]], then prevented Jobs from killing the project in favor of his own [[Apple Lisa|Lisa]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://folklore.org/StoryView.py?project=Macintosh&story=And_Another_Thing....txt |title=And Another Thing... |author=Andy Hertzfeld |publisher=Folklore.org |date=March 1982}}</ref> In 1985 Markkula took [[John Sculley]]'s side in a dispute with Jobs, causing the latter to leave the company, and in 1993 he helped to force Sculley out.{{r|markoff19970901}}


⚫
=== Post Apple ===
⚫
In addition to providing what ''[[The New York Times]]'' later described as "adult supervision" to the younger Jobs and Wozniak, as a trained engineer Markkula also possessed technical skills. He wrote several early Apple II programs, served as a [[beta tester]] for Apple hardware and software, and wrote one of the first three programs available for the unsuccessful [[Apple III]]. Wozniak was motivated to design the [[Disk II]] floppy disk drive system after Markkula found that a checkbook-balancing program he had written loaded too slowly from a [[data cassette]].{{r|markoff19970901}}<ref name="coventry20131006">{{cite web | url=http://lowendmac.com/2013/apple-iii-chaos-apples-first-failure/ | title=Apple III Chaos: Apple’s First Failurec | publisher=Low End Mac | date=2013-10-06 | accessdate=1 July 2014 | author=Coventry, Joshua}}</ref>
After he retired from Apple, he went on to work at [[Echelon Corporation]], ACM Aviation, San Jose Jet Center and Rana Creek Habitat Restoration and to endow the [[Markkula Center for Applied Ethics]] at [[Santa Clara University]], where he chaired the board. Markkula was also on the board of trustees of Santa Clara University from 2003 to 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scu.edu/ethics/about-the-center/people/advisory-board/ac-mike-markkula-jr.html|title=A.C. 'Mike' Markkula Jr.|publisher=Markula Center for Applied Ethics at Santa Clara University|access-date=June 29, 2020}}</ref>


Markkula was an investor in Crowd Technologies, a startup developing a web application called Piqqem that applies the [[wisdom of crowds]] to stock market predictions. He is an investor in Scotland-based [[LiveCode (company)|LiveCode]] Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranscombe |first=Peter |date=April 10, 2013 |title=LiveCode goes open source as RunRev raises £500,000 |url=https://www.scotsman.com/business/companies/tech/livecode-goes-open-source-as-runrev-raises-500-000-1-2885696 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122034338/https://www.scotsman.com/business/companies/tech/livecode-goes-open-source-as-runrev-raises-500-000-1-2885696 |archive-date=January 22, 2020 |access-date=January 21, 2020 |website=The Scotsman |language=en}}</ref>
⚫
==After Apple==
Markkula retired from Apple after Jobs returned as interim CEO in 1996, though he supported Jobs' return. Afterwards, he went on to work at [[Echelon Corporation]], ACM Aviation, San Jose Jet Center and Rana Creek Habitat Restoration and to endow the [[Markkula Center for Applied Ethics]] at [[Santa Clara University]], where he now chairs the Board.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}


Markkula owned the [[Rana Creek Ranch]] from 1982 to 2023. In July 2023, he sold his 14,000-acre Rana Creek Ranch in Carmel Valley ([[Monterey County, California|Monterey County]]) to [[The Wildlands Conservancy]] for $35 million.<ref>[https://www.sfgate.com/centralcoast/article/former-apple-ceo-sells-central-coast-ranch-18163597.php Former Apple CEO sells Central Coast ranch to conservation group]sfgate.com 21. Juni 2023</ref><ref>[https://wildlandsconservancy.org/ranacreek RANA CREEK RANCH ACQUISITION]Homepage The Wildlands Conservancy</ref>
Markkula is an investor in Crowd Technologies, a startup developing a web application called [http://www.piqqem.com Piqqem] that applies the [[wisdom of crowds]] to stock market predictions. He is also an investor in Scotland based [[LiveCode (company)|LiveCode]], Ltd.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}


==Photographs==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
⚫
*Edwards, Jim. ''[http://www.businessinsider.com/pictures-of-apples-first-employees-2013-12 These Pictures Of Apple's First Employees Are Absolutely Wonderful]'' - ''[[Business Insider]]'', December 26, 2013.


==Notes==
==Further reading==
⚫
* Jeffrey Young, ''The Journey Is the Reward'', 1987 (Jeffrey Young's biography covering Steve Jobs' life until shortly after he founded [[NeXT]] computer company)
{{reflist}}


==Bibliography==
==External links==
⚫
* Edwards, Jim (December 26, 2013). "[http://www.businessinsider.com/pictures-of-apples-first-employees-2013-12 These Pictures Of Apple's First Employees Are Absolutely Wonderful]". ''[[Business Insider]]''.
⚫
* ''The Journey is the Reward'', Jeffrey Young's biography covering Steve Jobs' life until shortly after he founded NeXT computer company
* [https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102746383 Markkula, Mike (Armas Clifford, Jr.) oral history]


{{s-start}}
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{{succession box | before=[[Michael Scott (Apple)|Michael Scott]] | title=[[Apple Inc.|Apple CEO]] | years=1981–1983 | after=[[John Sculley]] }}
{{succession box | before=[[Michael Scott (Apple)|Michael Scott]] | title=[[Apple Inc.|Apple CEO]] | years=1981–1983 | after=[[John Sculley]] }}
{{succession box |before=New title | title=[[Apple Inc.|Apple Chairman]] | years=1977–1981 |after=[[Steve Jobs]]}}
{{succession box |before=[[Steve Jobs]] | title=[[Apple Inc.|Apple Chairman]] | years=1985–1993 |after=[[John Sculley]]}}
{{succession box |before=[[John Sculley]] | title=[[Apple Inc.|Apple Chairman]] | years=1993–1997 |after=[[Steve Jobs]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{s-end}}
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{{Apple celeb}}
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[[Category:American technology chief executives]]
[[Category:Apple Inc. executives]]
[[Category:Apple Inc. executives]]
[[Category:Directors of Apple Inc.]]
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[[Category:USC Viterbi School of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:USC Viterbi School of Engineering alumni]]
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[[Category:American technology chief executives]]

Latest revision as of 05:36, 21 December 2024

Mike Markkula
Born
Armas Clifford Markkula Jr.[1]

(1942-02-11) February 11, 1942 (age 82)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.[1]
Alma materUniversity of Southern California (BS, MS)
Known forCEO of Apple Computer, Inc.

Armas Clifford "Mike" Markkula Jr. (/mɑːrˈkuːlə/; born February 11, 1942)[1] is an American electrical engineer, businessman and investor. He was the original angel investor, first chairman, and second CEO for Apple Computer, Inc., providing critical early funding and managerial support. At the company's incorporation, Markkula owned 26% of Apple, equivalent to each of the shares owned by cofounders Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak.[2]

Early life

[edit]

Markkula's great-grandfather, Isak Ferdinand Markkula, was born in Sievi, Finland. He and his wife moved to the United States in either 1865[3] or 1883, depending on the source. Mike Markkula's first name Armas and last name Markkula are traditional Finnish names. His first name Armas means "dear" or "beloved" in the Finnish language.[4]

Markkula earned bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Southern California.[5]

Career

[edit]

Markkula made millions from stock options he earned as a marketing manager for Fairchild Semiconductor and Intel, reaching financial independence and early retirement at 33.[6] After that, he became a startup consultant and mentored dozens of entrepreneurs, working only every Monday.[7]

Apple

[edit]

Markkula was introduced by Regis McKenna and venture capitalist Don Valentine[6] to Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak while they were looking for funding to manufacture the Apple II personal computer they had developed after having sold some units of their first computer, the Apple I. Jobs and Wozniak had previously gone to McKenna and then Valentine, but neither was originally interested in the Apple pair; after meeting with the young and unkempt Jobs, Valentine asked McKenna, "Why did you send me this renegade from the human race?" However, Valentine forwarded their information to Markkula,[8] who proved interested, and came out of retirement to personally work on the opportunity.

With his guidance and funding, Apple ceased to be a partnership between Jobs and Wozniak, and was incorporated as a company on January 3, 1977. Markkula provided Apple with funding of $80,000 - $92,000 personally in addition to securing a $170,000 - $250,000 line of credit from Bank of America.[2][8][9] He brought in his friend and former coworker Michael Scott as the first president and CEO, then replaced Scott with himself from 1981 to 1983 despite having originally promised his wife that he would only stay at Apple for four years,[6] and then later planning to retire again by 1984;[8] during the board meeting to confirm him as the CEO, Markkula received a phone call that his father-in-law and best friend had died.[10]

Markkula served as chairman from 1985 to 1997.[11][12] As chairman he approved Jef Raskin's 1979 plan to start designing what would become the Macintosh, then prevented Jobs from killing the project in favor of his own Lisa.[13][14] In 1985, Markkula took John Sculley's side in a dispute with Jobs, causing the latter to leave the company; he would later help to force Sculley out in 1993.[6]

In addition to providing what The New York Times later described as "adult supervision" to the younger Jobs and Wozniak, as a trained engineer Markkula also possessed technical skills.[6] Michael Tomczyk recalled being surprised by the technical sophistication of a software question Markkula asked Wozniak.[15] He wrote several early Apple II programs, served as a beta tester for Apple hardware and software, and wrote one of the first three programs available for the unsuccessful Apple III. Wozniak was motivated to design the Disk II floppy disk drive system after Markkula found that a checkbook-balancing program he had written loaded too slowly from a data cassette.[6][16] Markkula retired from Apple after Jobs returned as interim CEO in 1996. He supported Jobs' 1997 return and agreed to step down from Apple's board.[17]

Wozniak, who designed the first two Apple computers, credits Markkula for the success of Apple more than himself.[18]

Jeffrey Nordling portrayed him in the 1999 TNT film Pirates of Silicon Valley. Dermot Mulroney later portrayed him in the 2013 film Jobs.

Post Apple

[edit]

After he retired from Apple, he went on to work at Echelon Corporation, ACM Aviation, San Jose Jet Center and Rana Creek Habitat Restoration and to endow the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics at Santa Clara University, where he chaired the board. Markkula was also on the board of trustees of Santa Clara University from 2003 to 2009.[19]

Markkula was an investor in Crowd Technologies, a startup developing a web application called Piqqem that applies the wisdom of crowds to stock market predictions. He is an investor in Scotland-based LiveCode Ltd.[20]

Markkula owned the Rana Creek Ranch from 1982 to 2023. In July 2023, he sold his 14,000-acre Rana Creek Ranch in Carmel Valley (Monterey County) to The Wildlands Conservancy for $35 million.[21][22]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "California Births, 1905–1995". FamilyTreeLegends.com. Archived from the original on August 21, 2012.
  2. ^ a b Berlin, Leslie (2017). Troublemakers : Silicon Valley's Coming of Age (1st ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 233. ISBN 978-1-4516-5150-8. OCLC 1008569018.
  3. ^ Lehto-Peippo, Liisa (April 7, 2007). "Applen perustajan sukujuuret Sievissä" (in Finnish). kaleva.fi. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022.
  4. ^ Kielitoimiston sanakirja (2012). Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen julkaisuja 166. Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten keskus ja Kielikone. Internetpalvelu. ISBN 978-952-5446-68-5. ISSN 2242-461X; ISSN-L 2242-461X.
  5. ^ "A.C. "Mike" Markkula Jr". Santa Clara University. Archived from the original on December 28, 2015. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Markoff, John (September 1, 1997). "An 'Unknown' Co-Founder Leaves After 20 Years of Glory and Turmoil". The New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
  7. ^ Berlin, Leslie (2017). Troublemakers: Silicon Valley's Coming of Age (1st ed.). New York. p. 146-154. ISBN 978-1-4516-5150-8. OCLC 1008569018.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^ a b c "The Seeds of Success". Time. February 15, 1982. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
  9. ^ Livingston, Jessica (2007). Founders at Work: Stories of Startups' Early Days. Berkeley, CA: Apress. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-4302-0327-8. OCLC 191452063.
  10. ^ Berlin, Leslie (2017). Troublemakers: Silicon Valley's Coming of Age (1st ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-4516-5150-8. OCLC 1008569018.
  11. ^ Mancini, Jeannine. "Apple's Lesser-Known Co-Founder Owned ⅓ Of The Company But Missed Out On A Potential $900 Billion Fortune". Benzinga. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
  12. ^ "Apple's John Sculley Resigns Chairmanship for 'New Challenges'". Chicago Tribune. October 15, 1993.
  13. ^ Markoff, John (September 1, 1997). "An 'Unknown' Co-Founder Leaves After 20 Years of Glory and Turmoil". The New York Times. Retrieved December 21, 2023.
  14. ^ Andy Hertzfeld (March 1982). "And Another Thing..." Folklore.org. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011.
  15. ^ Tomczyk, Michael (October 19, 2021). "Michael Tomczyk: Commodore VIC-20 Developer, Computer Pioneer" (Interview). Interviewed by Tim Santens.
  16. ^ Coventry, Joshua (October 6, 2013). "Apple III Chaos: Apple's First Failure". Low End Mac. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
  17. ^ Isaacson, Walter (2011). Steve Jobs. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-4854-6.
  18. ^ Jason Zasky, "The Failure Interview: Apple Computer Co-Founder Steve Wozniak" Archived December 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Failure Magazine, July 2000.
  19. ^ "A.C. 'Mike' Markkula Jr". Markula Center for Applied Ethics at Santa Clara University. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  20. ^ Ranscombe, Peter (April 10, 2013). "LiveCode goes open source as RunRev raises £500,000". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on January 22, 2020. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
  21. ^ Former Apple CEO sells Central Coast ranch to conservation groupsfgate.com 21. Juni 2023
  22. ^ RANA CREEK RANCH ACQUISITIONHomepage The Wildlands Conservancy

Further reading

[edit]
  • Jeffrey Young, The Journey Is the Reward, 1987 (Jeffrey Young's biography covering Steve Jobs' life until shortly after he founded NeXT computer company)
[edit]
Preceded by Apple CEO
1981–1983 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
New title
 Apple Chairman
1977–1981 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Apple Chairman
1985–1993 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Apple Chairman
1993–1997 		Succeeded by
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