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{{short description|Country in Southeast Asia}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{redirect|Philippine|the town in the Netherlands|Philippine, Netherlands}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Coord|13|N|122|E|display=title}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=February 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox country
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Republic of the Philippines
| conventional_long_name = Republic of the Philippines
|common_name = the Philippines
| common_name = the Philippines
|native_name = ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' {{no bold|([[Filipino language|Filipino]])}}{{efn|name=a|In the recognized regional [[languages of the Philippines]]:
| native_name = {{native name|fil|Republika ng Pilipinas}}
| image_flag = Flag of the Philippines.svg
:*[[Aklanon language|Aklanon]]: ''Republika it Pilipinas''
| flag_size = 130
:*[[Bikol languages|Bikol]]: ''Republika kan Filipinas''
| flag_type = [[Flag of the Philippines|Flag]]
:*{{lang-ceb|Republika sa Pilipinas}}
| image_coat = Coat of arms of the Philippines.svg
:*[[Chavacano]]: ''República de Filipinas''
| symbol_type = [[Coat of arms of the Philippines|Coat of arms]]{{efn|Although the Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines (Republic Act 8491) passed in 1998 defined modifications to the coat of arms that removed the colonial charges, a referendum legally required to ratify the changes has not yet been called.}}
:*[[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]]: ''Republika sang Filipinas''
| national_motto = <br />{{lang|fil|[[Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa]]}}<ref>{{cite PH act |chamber=RA |number=8491 |title=Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines |date=February 12, 1998 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1998/02/12/republic-act-no-8491/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525084350/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1998/02/12/republic-act-no-8491/ |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |access-date=March 8, 2014 |publisher=[[Official Gazette (Philippines)|Official Gazette of the Philippines]] |location=Metro Manila, Philippines}}</ref><br />"For God, People, Nature, and Country"
:*[[Ibanag language|Ibanag]]: ''Republika nat Filipinas''
| national_anthem = "{{lang|fil|[[Lupang Hinirang]]}}"<br />"Chosen Land"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Philippine National Anthem, the Lupang Hinirang Tenor Solo.ogg]]}}
:*[[Ilocano language|Ilocano]]: ''Republika ti Filipinas''
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:PHL orthographic.svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Philippines ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of ASEAN|default=1}}
:*[[Ivatan language|Ivatan]]: ''Republika nu Filipinas''
| map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=green |region=[[ASEAN]] |region_color=dark grey |legend=Location Philippines ASEAN.svg}}
:*[[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]]: ''Republika ning Filipinas''
| capital = [[Manila]] (''de jure'')<br />[[Metro Manila]]{{efn|name=a|While [[Manila]] is designated as [[Capital of the Philippines|the nation's capital]], the [[seat of government]] is the ''National Capital Region'', commonly known as "[[Metro Manila]]", of which the city of Manila is a part.<ref>{{Cite PH act |title=Establishing Manila as the Capital of the Philippines and as the Permanent Seat of the National Government |chamber=PD |number=940, s. 1976 |date=May 29, 1976 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1976/05/29/presidential-decree-no-940-s-1976/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525084430/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1976/05/29/presidential-decree-no-940-s-1976/ |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |access-date=April 4, 2015 |publisher=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |location=Manila, Philippines}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Quezon City Local Government – Background |url=https://quezoncity.gov.ph/index.php/about-the-city-government/background |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820074250/https://quezoncity.gov.ph/index.php/about-the-city-government/background |archive-date=August 20, 2020 |access-date=August 25, 2020 |publisher=Quezon City Local Government}}</ref> Many national government institutions are located on various parts of Metro Manila, aside from [[Malacañang Palace]] and other institutions/agencies that are located within the Manila capital city.}} (''de facto'')
:*[[Kinaray-a language|Kinaray-a]]: ''Republika kang Pilipinas''
| largest_city = [[Quezon City]]<!--Although [[Davao City]] has the largest land area, the article on [[largest city]] says we should refer to the most populous city, which, {{As of|2006|lc=y}}, is [[Quezon City]]. See the discussion page for more information. Changing this information without citation would be reverted.-->
:*[[Maranao language|Maranao]]: ''Republika san Pilipinas''
| official_languages = {{hlist|[[Filipino language|Filipino]]|[[Philippine English|English]]}}
:*[[Pangasinan language|Pangansinan]]: ''Republika na Filipinas''
| recognized_regional_languages = [[Languages of the Philippines|19 languages]]<ref name="GMA-DepEd-7-Languages" />
:*[[Sambal language|Sambal]]: ''Republika nin Pilipinas''
| languages_type = National [[sign language]]
:*[[Surigaonon language|Surigaonon]]: ''Republika nan Pilipinas''
| languages = [[Filipino Sign Language]]
:*[[Waray language|Waray]]: ''Republika han Pilipinas''
| languages_sub = yes

| languages2_type = Other recognized languages{{efn|name=b|As per the 1987 Constitution: "Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis."<ref name="GovPH-OfficialLanguage" />}}
In the recognized optional languages of the Philippines:
| languages2 = [[Philippine Spanish|Spanish]] and [[Arabic]]
:*{{lang-es|República de Filipinas}}
<!--Do not remove Spanish and Arabic from the languages list as it is recognized as an optional language in the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines-->| languages2_sub = yes
:*{{lang-ar|جمهورية الفلبين|Jumhuriat Alfalabin}}
| ethnic_groups = {{#invoke:list|unbulleted
| 26.0% [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]]
| 14.3% [[Visayans|Bisaya]]
| 8.0% [[Ilocano people|Ilocano]]
| 8.0% [[Cebuano people|Cebuano]]
| 7.9% [[Hiligaynon people|Ilonggo]]
| 6.5% [[Bicolano people|Bicolano]]
| 20.3% [[Ethnic groups in the Philippines|other]]
}}
}}
| ethnic_groups_year = 2020<ref name="PSAGovPH-Ethnicity-2020Census">{{Cite press release |title=Ethnicity in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing) |url=https://www.psa.gov.ph/statistics/population-and-housing/node/1684059978 |access-date=May 11, 2024 |website=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906202953/https://www.psa.gov.ph/statistics/population-and-housing/node/1684059978 |archive-date=September 6, 2023}}</ref><!-- using figures for 2010 given in the cited source--><!--parameter ethnic_groups_ref not supported by the infobox-->
|image_flag = Flag of the Philippines.svg
| demonym = [[Filipinos|Filipino]]<br />(''neutral'')<br />Filipina<br />(''feminine'')<br />
|image_coat = Coat of Arms of the Philippines.svg
[[Pinoy]]<br />(''colloquial neutral'')<br />Pinay<br />(''colloquial feminine'')<br />
|other_symbol = <div style="padding:0.3em;">[[File:Seal of the Philippines.svg|80px|link=Great Seal of the Philippines]]</div>{{native phrase|fil|[[Coat of arms of the Philippines#Great Seal|Dakilang Sagisag ng Pilipinas]]|nolink=on}}<br/>{{small|Great Seal of the Philippines}}
Philippine<br />(''adjective for certain common nouns'') <!-- "Philippine" is a demonym as it is used to identify natives or residents of a certain or specific place that are derived from the place name Philippines, i.e. Philippine-American War -- refer to Oxford definition of demonym(s). -->
|other_symbol_type = [[Coat of arms of the Philippines#Great Seal|Great Seal]]
| government_type = Unitary [[presidential republic]]
|national_motto = <br/>"[[Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa]]"<ref name=ra8491>{{cite web|title=Republic act no. 8491 |url=http://www.gov.ph/1998/02/12/republic-act-no-8491/ |publisher=Republic of the Philippines |accessdate=March 8, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308050740/http://www.gov.ph/1998/02/12/republic-act-no-8491/ |archivedate=March 8, 2014 |df= }}</ref><br/>{{small|"For God, People, Nature, and Country"}}
| leader_title1 = [[President of the Philippines|President]]
|national_anthem = ''[[Lupang Hinirang]]''{{brk}}{{small|''Chosen Land''}}<br/><center>[[File:Lupang Hinirang instrumental.ogg]]</center>
| leader_name1 = [[Bongbong Marcos]]<!-- Article is at Bongbong Marcos, do NOT use Ferdinand Marcos Jr. unless the article itself is renamed. -->
|image_map = PHL orthographic.svg
| leader_title2 = [[Vice President of the Philippines|Vice President]]
|image_map2 =
| leader_name2 = [[Sara Duterte]]<!-- Article is at Sara Duterte, do NOT use Sara Duterte-Carpio unless the article itself is renamed. -->
|capital = [[Manila]]{{ref|a|a}}
| leader_title3 = [[President of the Senate of the Philippines|Senate President]]
|coordinates = {{Coord|14|35|N|120|58|E|type:city}}
| leader_name3 = [[Francis Escudero]]<!-- Article is at Francis Escudero, do NOT use Chiz Escudero unless the article itself is renamed. -->
|largest_city = [[Quezon City]]<br/>{{small|{{coord|14|38|N|121|02|E|display=inline}}}} <!--Although [[Davao City]] has the largest land area, the article on [[largest city]] says we should refer to the most populous city, which, {{As of|2006|lc=y}}, is [[Quezon City]]. See the discussion page for more information. Changing this information without citation would be reverted.-->
| leader_title4 = [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines|House Speaker]]
|official_languages = {{hlist |[[Filipino language|Filipino]] |[[Philippine English|English]]}}
| leader_name4 = [[Martin Romualdez]]<!-- Article is at Martin Romualdez, do NOT use Ferdinand Martin Romualdez unless the article itself is renamed. -->
|recognized_regional_languages = {{collapsible list
|title = [[Languages of the Philippines|19 languages]]<ref name="7 mother languages"/>
| leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice of the Philippines|Chief Justice]]
| leader_name5 = [[Alexander Gesmundo]]
|[[Aklanon language|Aklanon]]
| legislature = [[Congress of the Philippines|Congress]]
|[[Bikol languages|Bikol]]
| upper_house = [[Senate of the Philippines|Senate]]
|[[Cebuano language|Cebuano]]
| lower_house = [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]]
|[[Chavacano]]
| sovereignty_type = [[Sovereignty of the Philippines|Independence]]
|[[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]]
| sovereignty_note = from [[Spain]] and the [[United States]]
|[[Ibanag language|Ibanag]]
| established_event1 = [[Philippine Declaration of Independence|Declaration]]
|[[Ilocano language|Ilocano]]
| established_date1 = June 12, 1898
|[[Ivatan language|Ivatan]]
| established_event2 = [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Cession]]
|[[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]]
| established_date2 = April 11, 1899
|[[Kinaray-a language|Kinaray-a]]
| established_event3 = [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Self-government]]
|[[Maguindanao language|Maguindanao]]
| established_date3 = November 15, 1935
|[[Maranao language|Maranao]]
| established_event4 = [[Treaty of Manila (1946)|Recognized]]
|[[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]]
| established_date4 = July 4, 1946
|[[Sambal language|Sambal]]
| established_event5 = [[Constitution of the Philippines|Constitution]]
|[[Surigaonon language|Surigaonon]]
| established_date5 = February 2, 1987
|[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]
| area_km2 = 300000<ref name="Philippines country profile">{{cite news|title=Philippines country profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-67765684|website=[[BBC News]]|date=December 19, 2023 |access-date=January 10, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219164940/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-67765684|archive-date=December 19, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/philippines/#geography|title=Philippines|date=February 27, 2023|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov|access-date=February 24, 2023|archive-date=January 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072816/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/philippines#geography|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|name=land-area}}
|[[Taūsug language|Taūsug]]
| area_footnote =
|[[Waray language|Waray]]
| area_link = Geography of the Philippines
|[[Yakan language|Yakan]]
| area_label = Total
}}
| area_rank = 72nd
|languages_type = Optional languages{{ref|b|b}}
| percent_water = 0.61<ref name="CIAWorldFactBook">{{#invoke:cite web||date=June 7, 2023 |title=Philippines |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/philippines/ |access-date=June 19, 2023 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> (inland waters)
|languages = {{hlist |[[Philippine Spanish|Spanish]] |[[Arabic language|Arabic]]}}
<!--
|ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list
| area_label2 = [[List of countries and dependencies by area|Total land area]]
<!-- per page 27 of the supporting source cited (Cebuanos, Ilongos, and Waray are covered by the Visayan grouping -- page 34 of the PDF) -->
| area_data2 = {{convert|319954|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{#expr:100 * (10539816+9125637+7773655+3660645) / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Visayans|Visayan]]
--> <!-- hidden since no reliable source is provided -->| population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 114,163,719<ref>{{cite web |url = https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/census/projected-population |title = Population Projection Statistics |date = March 28, 2021 |website = psa.gov.ph |access-date = November 15, 2023 |archive-date = December 26, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231226235925/https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/census/projected-population |url-status = live }}</ref>
|{{#expr:100 * 25512089 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]]
| population_estimate_year = 2024
|{{#expr:100 * 8987941 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Ilocano people|Ilocano]]
| population_estimate_rank = 12th
|{{#expr:100 * 6299283 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Bicolano people|Bicolano]]
| population_census_year = 2020
|{{#expr:100 * 4737123 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Moro people|Moro]]
| population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 109,035,343<ref name="PSAGovPH-2020Census">{{Cite press release|last=Mapa|first=Dennis S.|author-link1=Dennis Mapa|date=July 7, 2021|title=2020 Census of Population and Housing (2020 CPH) Population Counts Declared Official by the President|url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/2020-census-population-and-housing-2020-cph-population-counts-declared-official-president|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707104119/https://psa.gov.ph/content/2020-census-population-and-housing-2020-cph-population-counts-declared-official-president|archive-date=July 7, 2021 |publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]]}}</ref>
|{{#expr:100 * 2897239 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangan]]
| population_density_km2 = 363.45
|{{#expr:100 * 1586349 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Igorot people|Igorot]]
| population_density_sq_mi = {{Data/popdens|Philippines|comma|areaunit=sqmi}}<!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|{{#expr:100 * 1274895 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Pangasinense people|Pangasinense]]
| population_density_rank = 36th
|{{#expr:100 * 1146250 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Chinese Filipino|Chinese]]
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.392 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.PH">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=566,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Philippines) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=April 16, 2024 |access-date=April 17, 2024 |archive-date=April 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416221054/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=566,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{#expr:100 * 1054859 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Zamboangueño people|Zamboangueño]]
| GDP_PPP_year = 2024
|{{#expr:100 * (92097978-(10539816+9125637+7773655+3660645+213150)−25512089-8987941-6299283-4737123−2897239-1274895-1146250−1586349−1054859−1000000)/ 92097978 round 1}}% [[Ethnic groups in the Philippines|others]]
| GDP_PPP_rank = 28th
}}
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $12,192<ref name="IMFWEO.PH" />
|ethnic_groups_year = 2010{{Sfn|Philippine Statistics Authority|2014|pp=29–34}}
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 116th
|demonym = [[Filipinos|Filipino (''masculine'')<br/>Filipina (''feminine'')]]<br/>
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $471.516 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.PH" />
[[Pinoy|Pinoy (''colloquial masculine'')<br/>Pinay (''colloquial feminine'')]]<br/>
| GDP_nominal_year = 2024
[[Filipinos|Philippine (''English'')]] <!-- "Philippine" is a demonym as it is used to identify natives or residents of a certain or specific place that are derived from the place name Philippines, i.e. Philippine-American War -- refer to Oxford definition of demonym(s). -->
| GDP_nominal_rank = 32nd
|government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,130<ref name="IMFWEO.PH" />
|leader_title1 = [[President of the Philippines|President]]
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 124th
|leader_name1 = [[Rodrigo Duterte]]
|leader_title2 = [[Vice President of the Philippines|Vice President]]
| Gini = 41.2 <!--number only-->
|leader_name2 = [[Leni Robredo]]
| Gini_year = 2021
| Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
|leader_title3 = [[President of the Senate of the Philippines|Senate President]]
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite press release |title=Highlights of the Preliminary Results of the 2021 Annual Family Income and Expenditure Survey |publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority|PSA]] |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-preliminary-results-2021-annual-family-income-and-expenditure-survey |access-date=August 15, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516030556/https://psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-preliminary-results-2021-annual-family-income-and-expenditure-survey |archive-date=May 16, 2023}}</ref>
|leader_name3 = [[Aquilino Pimentel III]]
|leader_title4 = [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines|House Speaker]]
| HDI = 0.710 <!--number only-->
| HDI_year = 2022 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->
|leader_name4 = [[Pantaleon Alvarez]]
| HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
|leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines|Chief Justice]]
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=March 13, 2024|page=289|access-date=March 13, 2024|archive-date=March 13, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|leader_name5 = [[Maria Lourdes Sereno]]
|legislature = [[Congress of the Philippines|Congress]]
| HDI_rank = 113th
|upper_house = [[Senate of the Philippines|Senate]]
| currency = [[Philippine peso]] ([[Philippine peso sign|]])
| currency_code = PHP
|lower_house = [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]]
|sovereignty_type = [[Sovereignty of the Philippines|Formation of the republic]]
| time_zone = [[Philippine Standard Time|PhST]]
|sovereignty_note = {{ref|e|e}}
| utc_offset = +8
| date_format = MM/DD/YYYY<br />DD/MM/YYYY{{efn|See [[Date and time notation in the Philippines]].}}
|established_event1 = [[Philippine Declaration of Independence|Independence from Spain declared]]
| drives_on = right<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gX6aAAAAIAAJ |title=Philippine Yearbook |date=1978 |publisher=[[National Economic and Development Authority]], [[Philippine Statistics Authority|National Census and Statistics Office]] |edition=1978 |location=Manila, Philippines |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gX6aAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA716 716] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306102626/https://books.google.com/books?id=gX6aAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|established_date1 = June 12, 1898
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in the Philippines|+63]]
|established_event2 = [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris (1898) / Spanish Cession]]{{ref|c|c}}
|established_date2 = December 10, 1898
| cctld = [[.ph]]
| religion = {{#invoke:list|unbulleted|item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|established_event3 = [[Malolos Constitution]] / [[First Philippine Republic]] {{ref|e|e}}
|
|established_date3 = January 21, 1899
{{Tree list}}
|established_event4 = [[Tydings–McDuffie Act]]
* 85.3% [[Christianity in the Philippines|Christianity]] <!--note that the release by the PSA sums up all statistics to 99.9%-->
|established_date4 = March 24, 1934
** 78.8% [[Catholic Church in the Philippines|Catholicism]]{{efn|name=Catholic-2020Census|Excludes [[Catholic Charismatic Renewal|Catholic Charismatic]]s numbering 74,096 persons (0.07% of the Philippine household population in 2020)<ref name="PSAGovPH-Religion-2020Census" />}}
|established_event5 = [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]]
** 6.5% other [[Religion in the Philippines#Christianity|Christian]]
|established_date5 = May 14, 1935
{{Tree list/end}}
|established_event6 = [[Treaty of Manila (1946)|Treaty of Manila / Independence from
|6.4% [[Islam in the Philippines|Islam]]
United States]] {{ref|d|d}}
|8.2% [[Religion in the Philippines#Other religions|other]] / [[Irreligion in the Philippines|none]]
|established_date6 = July 4, 1946
}}
|established_event7 = [[Constitution of the Philippines|Current constitution]]
|established_date7 = February 2, 1987
| religion_year = 2020
| religion_ref = <ref name="PSAGovPH-Religion-2020Census">{{Cite press release |last=Mapa |first=Dennis |author-link1=Dennis Mapa |date=February 21, 2023 |title=Religious Affiliation in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing) |url=https://www.psa.gov.ph/system/files/phcd/1_Press%20Release%20on%20Religious%20Affiliation_RML_01272023_FJRA_PMMJ_CRD-signed_0.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=May 11, 2024 |work=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] |page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812114943/https://www.psa.gov.ph/system/files/phcd/1_Press%20Release%20on%20Religious%20Affiliation_RML_01272023_FJRA_PMMJ_CRD-signed_0.pdf |archive-date=August 12, 2023}}</ref>
|area_km2 = {{formatnum:{{data Philippines|pst2|total area}}}}
|area_label = Total
|area_rank = 72nd
<!--|area_magnitude = 1 E11-->
|area_sq_mi = {{convert|{{data Philippines|pst2|total area}}|km2|sqmi|0|disp=output number only}} <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|percent_water = 0.61<ref name=CIAfactbook>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |title=East & Southeast Asia :: Philippines |work=The World Factbook |location=Washington, D.C.: Author |date=October 28, 2009 |accessdate=November 7, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719222229/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html |archivedate=July 19, 2015 |df= }}</ref>&nbsp;{{small|(inland waters)}}
|area_label2 = [[Land area|Land]]
|area_data2 = {{formatnum:{{data Philippines|pst2|land area}}}} km{{sup|2}}<br/>{{convert|{{data Philippines|pst2|land area}}|km2|sqmi|disp=output number only}} sq mi
|population_estimate =
|population_census = 100,981,437<ref>{{cite web|url=http://psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-philippine-population-2015-census-population|title=Highlights of the Philippine Population 2015 Census of Population – Philippine Statistics Authority|publisher=|accessdate=October 5, 2016}}</ref>
|population_estimate_year =
|population_census_year = {{Data Philippines|pst2|popbaseyear}}
|population_census_rank = 13th
|population_density_km2 = 336.60
|population_density_sq_mi = {{Data/popdens|Philippines|comma|areaunit=sqmi}}<!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|population_density_rank = 37th
|GDP_PPP = $878.980 billion<ref name = "imf2">{{cite web | url =http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=59&pr.y=10&sy=2014&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=566&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= | title = Philippines | work = World Economic Outlook | publisher = International Monetary Fund | date = October 2016}}</ref>
|GDP_PPP_year = 2017
|GDP_PPP_rank = 29th
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $8,223<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 118th
|GDP_nominal = $348.593 billion<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_nominal_year = 2017
|GDP_nominal_rank = 36th
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,280<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 124th
|Gini = 43.0 <!--number only-->
|Gini_year = 2012
|Gini_change = 42decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
|Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=March 2, 2011}}</ref>
|Gini_rank = 44th
|HDI = 0.682 <!--number only-->
|HDI_year = 2015 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->
|HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
|HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=March 21, 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref>
|HDI_rank = 116th
|currency = {{nowrap|[[Philippine peso|Peso]] (Filipino:&nbsp;{{lang|fil|''piso''}}) (₱)}}
|currency_code = PHP
|time_zone = [[Philippine Standard Time|PST]]
|utc_offset = +8
|utc_offset_DST = +8
|time_zone_DST = not observed
|date_format = {{unbulleted list |mm-dd-yyyy|dd-mm-yyyy ([[Anno Domini|AD]])}}
|drives_on = right<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brianlucas.ca/roadside/ |title=Which side of the road do they drive on? |author=Lucas, Brian |date=August 2005 |accessdate=February 22, 2009 |publisher=}}</ref>
|calling_code = [[+63]]
|cctld = [[.ph]]
|footnote_a = {{note|a}} While Manila proper is designated as the nation's capital, the whole of [[Metro Manila|National Capital Region]] is designated as [[seat of government]], hence the name of a region. This is because it has many government agencies, corporations or companies, and institutions aside from Malacanang Palace in the said capital city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Presidential Decree No. 940, s. 1976 |url=http://www.gov.ph/1976/05/29/presidential-decree-no-940-s-1976/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19760529010101/http://www.gov.ph/1976/05/29/presidential-decree-no-940-s-1976/ |publisher=Malacanang |accessdate=April 4, 2015 |archivedate=May 29, 1976 |dead-url=yes |location=Manila |df= }}</ref>
|footnote_b = {{note|b}} The 1987 Philippine constitution specifies "Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis."<ref name=OfficialLang/>
|footnote_c = {{note|c}} Philippine revolutionaries [[Philippine Declaration of Independence|declared independence]] from Spain on June 12, 1898, but Spain ceded the islands to the United States for $20&nbsp;million in the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]] on December 10, 1898 which eventually led to the [[Philippine–American War]].
|footnote_d = {{note|d}} The United States of America recognized the independence of the Philippines on July 4, 1946, through the [[Treaty of Manila (1946)|Treaty of Manila]].<ref>{{Citation|url=http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/1/6/00000254.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723021900/http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/1/6/00000254.pdf|archivedate=July 23, 2011|format=PDF|title=Treaty of General Relations Between the United States of America and the Republic of the Philippines. Signed at Manila, on 4 July 1946|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=December 10, 2007}}</ref> This date was chosen because it corresponds to the U.S. [[Independence Day (United States)|Independence Day]], which was observed in the Philippines as '''''[[Independence Day (Philippines)|Independence Day]]''''' until May 12, 1962, when [[President of the Philippines|President]] [[Diosdado Macapagal]] issued Presidential Proclamation No. 28, shifting it to June 12, the date of [[Emilio Aguinaldo]]'s proclamation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Republic of the Philippines Independence Day|url=http://m.state.gov/md243684.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612010101/http://m.state.gov/md243684.htm|publisher=[[United States State Department]]|accessdate=July 30, 2015|archivedate=June 12, 2015|dead-url=yes|location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref>
|footnote_e = {{note|e}} In accordance with article 11 of the Revolutionary Government Decree of June 23, 1898, the [[Malolos Congress]] selected a commission to draw up a draft [[constitution]] on September 17, 1898. The commission was composed of Hipólito Magsalin, Basilio Teodoro, José Albert, [[Joaquin Gonzalez (politician)|Joaquín González]], [[Gregorio S. Araneta|Gregorio Araneta]], Pablo Ocampo, Aguedo Velarde, Higinio Benitez, [[Tomas del Rosario|Tomás del Rosario]], [[Jose Alejandrino|José Alejandrino]], Alberto Barretto, José Ma. de la Viña, José Luna, [[Antonio Luna]], Mariano Abella, Juan Manday, [[Felipe Calderón y Roca|Felipe Calderón]], [[Arsenio Cruz-Herrera|Arsenio Cruz]] and Felipe Buencamino.<ref>{{cite book|last=Calderón|first=Felipe|title=Mis memorias sobre la revolución filipina: Segunda etapa, (1898 á 1901). |year=1907|publisher=Imp. de El Renacimiento|location=Manila|pages=234, 235; appendix, pp. 5–10.}}</ref> They were all wealthy and well educated.<ref name=LOCPhil>{{cite book|author=Dolan, Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|editor=Ronald E.|title=Philippines, a country study|date=1983|publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=0844407488|edition=4th}}</ref>
|religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |92% [[Christianity in the Philippines|Christianity]] |5.57% [[Islam in the Philippines|Islam]] |2.43% others<ref name="PSA-2015PSY" /> }}
}}
}}


The '''Philippines''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Philippines.ogg|ˈ|f|i|l|ᵻ|p|iː|n|z}}; {{langx|fil|Pilipinas}}, {{IPA|tl|pɪ.lɪˈpiː.nɐs}}}} officially the '''Republic of the Philippines''',{{efn|{{langx|fil|Republika ng Pilipinas|links=no}}.<br />In the recognized regional [[languages of the Philippines]]:
The '''Philippines''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Philippines.ogg|ˈ|f|ɪ|l|ᵻ|p|iː|n|z}}; {{lang-fil|Pilipinas}} {{IPA-tl|ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs|}} or ''Filipinas'' {{IPA-tl|ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs|}}), officially the '''Republic of the Philippines''' (Filipino: ''Republika ng Pilipinas''), is a [[sovereign state|sovereign]] [[island country]] in [[Southeast Asia]] situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands<ref>{{cite news|url=http://cnnphilippines.com/videos/2016/02/20/More-islands-more-fun-in-PH.html|title=More islands, more fun in PH|publisher=''[[CNN Philippines]]''|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016}}</ref> that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south: [[Luzon]], [[Visayas]], and [[Mindanao]]. The capital city of the Philippines is [[Manila]] and the most populous city is [[Quezon City]], both part of [[Metro Manila]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmda.gov.ph/|title=Metro Manila Official Website|work=Metro Manila Development Authority|accessdate=December 17, 2015}}</ref> Bounded by the [[South China Sea]] on the west, the [[Philippine Sea]] on the east and the [[Celebes Sea]] on the southwest, the Philippines shares maritime borders with [[Taiwan]] to the north, [[Vietnam]] to the west, [[Palau]] to the east and [[Malaysia]] and [[Indonesia]] to the south.
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* {{langx|akl|Republika it Pilipinas}}
* {{langx|bik|Republika kan Filipinas}}
* {{langx|ceb|Republika sa Pilipinas}}
* {{langx|cbk|República de Filipinas}}
* {{langx|hil|Republika sang Filipinas}}
* {{langx|ibg|Republika nat Filipinas}}
* {{langx|ilo|Republika ti Filipinas}}
* {{langx|ivv|Republika nu Filipinas}}
* {{langx|pam|Republika ning Filipinas}}
* {{langx|krj|Republika kang Pilipinas}}
* {{langx|mdh|Republika nu Pilipinas}}
* {{langx|mrw|Republika a Pilipinas}}
* {{langx|pag|Republika na Filipinas}}
* {{langx|xsb|Republika nin Pilipinas}}
* {{langx|sgd|Republika nan Pilipinas}}
* {{langx|tl|Republika ng Pilipinas}}
* {{langx|tsg|Republika sin Pilipinas}}
* {{langx|war|Republika han Pilipinas}}
* {{langx|yka|Republika si Pilipinas}}
{{div col end}}
In the recognized optional languages of the Philippines:
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* {{langx|es|República de las Filipinas}}
* {{langx|ar|جمهورية الفلبين|Jumhūriyyat al-Filibbīn}}
{{div col end}}}} is an [[Archipelagic state|archipelagic country]] in [[Southeast Asia]]. In the western [[Pacific Ocean]], it consists of [[List of islands of the Philippines|7,641 islands]], with a total area of roughly 300,000 square kilometers, which are broadly categorized in [[Island groups of the Philippines|three main geographical divisions]] from north to south: [[Luzon]], [[Visayas]], and [[Mindanao]]. The Philippines is bounded by the [[South China Sea]] to the west, the [[Philippine Sea]] to the east, and the [[Celebes Sea]] to the south. It shares [[maritime border]]s with [[Taiwan]] to the north, [[Japan]] to the northeast, [[Palau]] to the east and southeast, [[Indonesia]] to the south, [[Malaysia]] to the southwest, [[Vietnam]] to the west, and [[China]] to the northwest. It is the world's [[List of countries and dependencies by population|twelfth-most-populous country]], with diverse [[Ethnic groups in the Philippines|ethnicities]] and [[Culture of the Philippines|cultures]]. [[Manila]] is [[Capital of the Philippines|the country's capital]], and [[Cities of the Philippines#Largest cities|its most populated city]] is [[Quezon City]]. Both are within [[Metro Manila]].


[[Negrito]]s, the archipelago's earliest inhabitants, were followed by [[Models of migration to the Philippines|waves]] of [[Austronesian peoples]]. The adoption of [[animism]], [[Hinduism]] with [[Buddhist]] influence, and [[Islam]] established [[History of the Philippines (900–1565)|island-kingdoms]] ruled by [[datu]]s, [[raja]]s, and [[List of Muslim states and dynasties|sultans]]. Extensive overseas trade with neighbors such as the late [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] or [[Southern Song|Song]] empire brought [[Sangley|Chinese]] people to the archipelago as well, which would also gradually settle in and [[Interethnic marriage|intermix]] over the centuries.
The Philippines' location on the Pacific [[Ring of Fire]] and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons, but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world's greatest [[megadiverse countries|biodiversity]]. The Philippines has an area of {{convert|300000|km2|sp=us|0}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geoba.se/population.php?aw=world|title=Geoba.se: Gazetteer – The World – Top 100+ Countries by Area – Top 100+ By Country ()|work=geoba.se|accessdate=December 17, 2015}}</ref> and a population of approximately 100 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/27/philippines-chonalyn-baby-100m-population|title=Philippines joyous as baby Chonalyn's arrival means population hits 100m|work=the Guardian}}</ref><ref name="rappler.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/64465-100-millionth-filipino-born|title=Philippine population officially hits 100 million|work=Rappler}}</ref> It is the [[List of Asian countries by population|eighth-most populated country in Asia]] and the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|12th most populated country]] in the world. {{as of|2013}}, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos [[Overseas Filipino|lived overseas]],<ref name="CFO2013">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfo.gov.ph/images/stories/pdf/StockEstimate2013.pdf|title=Stock Estimate of Filipinos Overseas As of December 2013|publisher=Philippine Overseas Employment Administration|accessdate=September 19, 2015}}</ref> comprising one of the world's largest [[diaspora]]s. Multiple [[Ethnic groups in the Philippines|ethnicities]] and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, [[Negrito]]s were some of the archipelago's earliest inhabitants. They were followed by [[Models of migration to the Philippines|successive waves]] of [[Austronesian peoples]].<ref name="Dyen1965">{{cite journal |author=Isidore Dyen|authorlink=Isidore Dyen|title=A Lexicostatistical Classification of the Austronesian Languages|journal=Internationald Journal of American Linguistics, Memoir|year=1965|volume=19|pages=38–46}}</ref> Exchanges with Chinese, [[Ethnic Malay|Malay]], [[Outline of ancient India|Indian]], and [[Islam]]ic nations occurred. Then, various competing maritime [[History of the Philippines (900–1521)|states]] were established under the rule of [[Datu]]s, [[Raja]]hs, [[Sultan]]s or [[Lakan]]s.


The arrival of [[Ferdinand Magellan]] in [[Homonhon]], [[Eastern Samar]] in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization. In 1543, Spanish explorer [[Ruy López de Villalobos]] named the archipelago [[:es:Filipinas|''Las Islas Filipinas'']] in honor of [[Philip II of Spain]]. With the arrival of [[Miguel López de Legazpi]] from Mexico City, in 1565, the first Hispanic settlement in the archipelago was established.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cebucitytour.com/about-cebu/history/ |title= History of Cebu |publisher= Cebu City Tour |accessdate=February 22, 2013}}</ref> The Philippines became part of the [[Spanish Empire]] for more than 300 years. This resulted in [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]] becoming the dominant religion. During this time, [[Manila]] became the western hub of the trans-Pacific [[Spanish treasure fleet|trade]] connecting [[Asia]] with [[Acapulco]] in the [[Americas]] using [[Manila galleon]]s.<ref name=Kane>{{cite book|last = Kane|first = Herb Kawainui|authorlink = Herb Kawainui Kane|editor = Bob Dye|chapter = The Manila Galleons|title = Hawaiʻ Chronicles: Island History from the Pages of Honolulu Magazine|volume = I|publisher = [[University of Hawaii Press]]|year = 1996|location = Honolulu|pages = 25–32|isbn = 0-8248-1829-6}}</ref>
The arrival of [[Ferdinand Magellan]], a [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] explorer leading a fleet for [[Crown of Castile|Castile]], marked the beginning of [[Spanish Colonization in the Philippines|Spanish colonization]]. In 1543, Spanish explorer {{Lang|es|[[Ruy López de Villalobos]]|italic=no}} named the archipelago {{lang|es|Las Islas Filipinas}} in honor of [[King Philip II of Castile]]. Spanish colonization via [[New Spain]], beginning in 1565, led to the Philippines becoming ruled by the Crown of Castile, as part of the [[Spanish Empire]], for more than 300 years. [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[Christianity]] became the dominant religion, and Manila became the western hub of [[Spanish treasure fleet|trans-Pacific trade]]. [[Spaniard|Hispanic]] immigrants from [[Latin American Asian|Latin America]] and [[Iberia]] would also selectively colonize. The [[Philippine Revolution]] began in 1896, and became entwined with the 1898 [[Spanish–American War]]. Spain ceded the territory to the United States, and [[Hong Kong Junta|Filipino revolutionaries]] declared the [[First Philippine Republic]]. The ensuing [[Philippine–American War]] ended with the United States controlling the territory until the [[Philippines campaign (1941–1942)|Japanese invasion]] of the islands during [[World War II]]. After [[Philippines campaign (1944–1945)|the United States retook the Philippines from the Japanese]], the Philippines became independent in 1946. The country has had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of [[Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos|a decades-long dictatorship]] in [[People Power Revolution|a nonviolent revolution]].


The Philippines is an [[emerging market]] and a [[developing country|developing]] and [[newly industrialized country]], whose economy is transitioning from being agricultural to service- and manufacturing-centered. It is a founding member of the [[United Nations]], the [[World Trade Organization]], [[ASEAN]], the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] forum, and the [[East Asia Summit]]; it is a member of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] and a [[major non-NATO ally]] of the United States. Its location as an island country on the Pacific [[Ring of Fire]] and close to the equator makes it prone to [[List of earthquakes in the Philippines|earthquakes]] and [[Typhoons in the Philippines|typhoons]]. The Philippines has a variety of natural resources and a globally-significant [[Megadiverse countries|level of biodiversity]].
As the 19th&nbsp;century gave way to the 20th, there followed in quick succession the [[Philippine Revolution]], which spawned the short-lived [[First Philippine Republic]], followed by the bloody [[Philippine–American War]] of conquest by US military force.<ref name=Constantino1975/> Aside from the period of [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines|Japanese occupation]], the [[United States]] retained sovereignty over the islands until after [[World War II]], when the Philippines was recognized as an independent nation. Since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by [[People Power Revolution|a non-violent revolution]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.stuartxchange.org/DayFour.html|title = The Original People Power Revolution|accessdate = February 28, 2008|publisher = QUARTET p. 77}}</ref>


== Etymology ==
It is a founding member of the [[United Nations]], [[World Trade Organization]], [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]], the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] forum, and the [[East Asia Summit]]. It also hosts the headquarters of the [[Asian Development Bank]].<ref>{{cite web|title = Departments and Offices|url = http://www.adb.org/about/departments-offices#tabs-0-1|website = Asian Development Bank|publisher = Asian Development Bank|accessdate = November 26, 2015|last = admin}}</ref> The Philippines is considered to be an [[emerging market]] and a [[newly industrialized country]],<ref name=goldmann11>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagobooth.edu/alumni/clubs/pakistan/docs/next11dream-march%20'07-goldmansachs.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810095039/http://www.chicagobooth.edu/alumni/clubs/pakistan/docs/next11dream-march%20%2707-goldmansachs.pdf|title=The N-11: More Than an Acronym – Goldman Sachs|publisher=[[The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc.]]|archivedate=August 10, 2011|date=March 28, 2007}}</ref> which has an economy transitioning from being one based on agriculture to one based more on services and manufacturing.<ref name=CIAfactbookPhilEcon>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html#Econ CIA World Factbook, Philippines] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719222229/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html |date=July 19, 2015 }}, Retrieved May 15, 2009.</ref> It is one of the only two predominantly [[Christianity in Asia|Christian]] nations in [[Southeast Asia]], the other being [[East Timor]].
{{main|Names of the Philippines}}
During his 1542 expedition, Spanish explorer [[Ruy López de Villalobos]] named the islands of [[Leyte]] and [[Samar]] "{{lang|es|Felipinas}}" after the [[Prince of Asturias]], later [[Philip&nbsp;II of Castile]]. Eventually, the name "{{lang|es|Las Islas Filipinas}}" would be used for the archipelago's Spanish possessions.<ref name="Scott-1994" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=15KZU-yMuisC&pg=PA6|name=6}}}} Other names, such as "{{lang|es|Islas del Poniente}}" (Western Islands), "{{lang|pt|Islas del Oriente}}" (Eastern Islands), Ferdinand Magellan's name, and "{{lang|es|San Lázaro}}" (Islands of St. Lazarus), were used by the Spanish to refer to islands in the region before Spanish rule was established.<ref>{{cite book |last=Malcolm |first=George A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tpEz7_tzzJoC |title=The Government of the Philippine Islands: Its Development and Fundamentals |series=Philippine Law Collection |date=1916 |publisher=[[Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company]] |isbn=<!-- ISBN unspecified --> |location=Rochester, N.Y. |page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924051298937/page/2/mode/2up 3] |language=en |author-link=George A. Malcolm |oclc=578245510 |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144209/https://books.google.com/books?id=tpEz7_tzzJoC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Spate |first=Oskar H.K. |title=The Spanish Lake |date=November 2004 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-0-7099-0049-8 |series=The Pacific since Magellan |volume=I |location=London, England |page=97 |chapter=Chapter 4. Magellan's Successors: Loaysa to Urdaneta. Two failures: Grijalva and Villalobos |doi=10.22459/SL.11.2004 |author-link=Oskar Spate |access-date=July 6, 2020 |orig-date=1979 |chapter-url=http://epress.anu.edu.au/spanish_lake/mobile_devices/ch04s05.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080805022835/http://epress.anu.edu.au/spanish_lake/mobile_devices/ch04s05.html |archive-date=August 5, 2008 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIz4CDTCOwcC |title=The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia |date=1999 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-66370-0 |editor-last=Tarling |editor-first=Nicholas |volume=2: From c. 1500 to c. 1800 |location=Cambridge, England |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GIz4CDTCOwcC&pg=PA12 12] |language=en |author-link=Nicholas Tarling |access-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402114137/https://books.google.com/books?id=GIz4CDTCOwcC |url-status=live }}</ref>


During the [[Philippine Revolution]], the [[Malolos Congress]] proclaimed it the {{lang|es|República Filipina}} (the [[First Philippine Republic|Philippine Republic]]).<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=The 1899 Malolos Constitution |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1899-malolos-constitution/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605215334/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1899-malolos-constitution/ |archive-date=June 5, 2017 |access-date=February 11, 2023 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |at=Título I – De la República; Articulo 1 |language=es, en}}</ref> American colonial authorities referred to the country as the Philippine Islands (a translation of the Spanish name).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Constantino |first=Renato |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1ZxAAAAMAAJ |title=The Philippines: A Past Revisited |date=1975 |publisher=Tala Pub. Services |isbn=978-971-8958-00-1 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |author-link=Renato Constantino |access-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072918/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1ZxAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[United States]] began changing its nomenclature from "the Philippine Islands" to "the Philippines" in the Philippine Autonomy Act and the [[Jones Law (Philippines)|Jones Law]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=August 29, 1916 |title=The Jones Law of 1916 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-jones-law-of-1916/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808093938/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-jones-law-of-1916/ |archive-date=August 8, 2017 |access-date=March 12, 2021 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |at=Section 1.―The Philippines}}</ref> The official title "Republic of the Philippines" was included in the 1935 constitution as the name of the future independent state,<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=The 1935 Constitution |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1935-constitution/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625234400/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1935-constitution/ |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |access-date=February 11, 2023 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |at=Article XVII, Section 1}}</ref> and in all succeeding constitutional revisions.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=January 17, 1973 |title=1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625191553/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2/ |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |access-date=March 14, 2021 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=February 11, 1987 |title=The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607182503/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/ |archive-date=June 7, 2017 |access-date=March 14, 2021 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]}}</ref>
==Etymology==
{{Main article|Name of the Philippines}}
[[File:Pantoja de la Cruz Copia de Antonio Moro.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Philip II of Spain]].]]


== History ==
The Philippines was named in honor of [[Philip II of Spain|King Philip&nbsp;II of Spain]]. Spanish explorer [[Ruy López de Villalobos]], during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of [[Leyte]] and [[Samar]] ''Felipinas'' after the then-[[Prince of Asturias]]. Eventually the name ''Las Islas Filipinas'' would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other names such as ''Islas del Poniente'' (Islands of the West) and Magellan's name for the islands ''San Lázaro'' were also used by the Spanish to refer to the islands.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=15KZU-yMuisC|title=Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society|author=Scott, William Henry|authorlink=William Henry Scott (historian)|publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press|year=1994|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=15KZU-yMuisC&pg=PA6 6]|isbn=971-550-135-4}}</ref><ref name=Spate>{{Cite book|url=http://epress.anu.edu.au/spanish_lake/mobile_devices/|chapterurl=http://epress.anu.edu.au/spanish_lake/mobile_devices/ch04s05.html|title=The Spanish Lake – The Pacific since Magellan, Volume I|chapter=Chapter 4. Magellan's Successors: Loaysa to Urdaneta. Two failures: Grijalva and Villalobos|author=Spate, Oskar H. K.|authorlink=Oskar Spate|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1979|page=97|isbn=0-7099-0049-X|accessdate=January 7, 2010}}</ref><ref name=Friis>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=veuwAAAAIAAJ&cd=5&dq=islas+del+poniente+san+lazaro&q=islas+del+poniente#search_anchor|title=The Pacific Basin: A History of Its Geographical Exploration|editor=Friis, Herman Ralph|publisher=American Geographical Society|year=1967|page=369}}</ref><ref name=Galang>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=lt5uAAAAMAAJ&cd=2&dq=islas+del+poniente+san+lazaro&q=islas+del+poniente+#search_anchor|title=Encyclopedia of the Philippines, Volume 15|author=[[Zoilo Galang|Galang, Zoilo M.]] (Ed.).|publisher=E. Floro|edition=3rd|year=1957|page=46}}</ref><ref name=Cambridge1>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jtsMLNmMzbkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q|title=The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia – Volume One, Part Two – From c. 1500 to c. 1800|author=Tarling, Nicholas|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|year=1999|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jtsMLNmMzbkC&pg=PA12&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false 12]|isbn=0-521-66370-9}}</ref>
{{Main|History of the Philippines}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of Philippine history}}


=== Prehistory (pre–900) ===
The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history. During the [[Philippine Revolution]], the [[Malolos Congress]] proclaimed the establishment of the ''República Filipina'' or the ''[[First Philippine Republic|Philippine Republic]]''. From the period of the [[Spanish–American War]] (1898) and the [[Philippine–American War]] (1899–1902) until the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Commonwealth]] period (1935–46), American colonial authorities referred to the country as the ''Philippine Islands'', a translation of the Spanish name.<ref name=Constantino1975>{{cite book|last1=Constantino|first1=R|title=The Philippines: a Past Revisited|date=1975|publisher=Tala Pub. Services|location=Quezon City|accessdate=July 12, 2010}}</ref> From the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|1898 Treaty of Paris]], the name ''Philippines'' began to appear and it has since become the country's common name. Since the end of [[World War II]], the official name of the country has been the ''Republic of the Philippines''.<ref name =PhilIs>[[Manuel Quezon III|Quezon, Manuel, III]]. (March 28, 2005). [http://www.quezon.ph/2005/03/28/323/ "The Philippines ''are'' or ''is''?"]. ''Manuel L. Quezon III: The Daily Dose''. Retrieved December 20, 2009.</ref>
{{Main|Prehistory of the Philippines}}
[[File:Manunggul Jar.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Manunggul Jar|Manunggul burial jar]], one of the numerous [[burial jar]]s found on the cave system|alt=A burial jar with its lid decorated with two people on a boat]]
There is [[Archaeology of the Philippines|evidence]] of early [[hominins]] living in what is now the Philippines as early as 709,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ingicco |first1=T. |last2=van den Bergh |first2=G. D. |last3=Jago-on |first3=C. |last4=Bahain |first4=J. |last5=Chacón |first5=M. G. |last6=Amano |first6=N. |last7=Forestier |first7=H. |last8=King |first8=C. |last9=Manalo |first9=K. |last10=Nomade |first10=S. |last11=Pereira |first11=A. |last12=Reyes |first12=M. C. |last13=Sémah |first13=A. |last14=Shao |first14=Q. |last15=Voinchet |first15=P. |date=May 1, 2018 |title=Earliest known hominin activity in the Philippines by 709&nbsp;thousand years ago |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6441&context=smhpapers |journal=Nature |publisher=[[University of Wollongong]] |volume=557 |issue=7704 |pages=233–237 |bibcode=2018Natur.557..233I |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0072-8 |pmid=29720661 |s2cid=256771231 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429133325/https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6441&context=smhpapers |archive-date=April 29, 2019 |first16=C. |last16=Falguères |first17=P.C.H. |last17=Albers |first18=M. |last18=Lising |first19=G. |last19=Lyras |first20=D. |last20=Yurnaldi |first21=P. |last21=Rochette |first22=A. |last22=Bautista |first23=J. |last23=de Vos| issn = 0028-0836 }}</ref> A small number of bones from [[Callao Cave]] potentially represent an otherwise unknown species, ''[[Homo luzonensis]]'', who lived 50,000 to 67,000 years ago.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Greshko |first1=Michael |last2=Wei-Haas |first2=Maya |date=April 10, 2019 |title=New species of ancient human discovered in the Philippines |work=[[National Geographic]] |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/04/new-species-ancient-human-discovered-luzon-philippines-homo-luzonensis/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410173110/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/04/new-species-ancient-human-discovered-luzon-philippines-homo-luzonensis/ |archive-date=April 10, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Rincon |first1=Paul |date=April 10, 2019 |title=New human species found in Philippines |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-47873072 |access-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410192730/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-47873072 |archive-date=April 10, 2019 |author-link1=Paul Rincon}}</ref> The oldest [[modern human]] remains on the islands are from the [[Tabon Caves]] of [[Palawan]], [[U/Th-dated]] to 47,000 ± 11–10,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Détroit |first1=Florent |last2=Dizon |first2=Eusebio |last3=Falguères |first3=Christophe |last4=Hameau |first4=Sébastien |last5=Ronquillo |first5=Wilfredo |last6=Sémah |first6=François |date=2004 |title=Upper Pleistocene ''Homo sapiens'' from the Tabon cave (Palawan, The Philippines): description and dating of new discoveries |url=http://fdetroit.free.fr/IMG/pdf/Detroit_etal_04_Tabon2.pdf |journal=Human Palaeontology and Prehistory |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=3 |issue=2004 |pages=705–712 |bibcode=2004CRPal...3..705D |doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2004.06.004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218164554/http://fdetroit.free.fr/IMG/pdf/Detroit_etal_04_Tabon2.pdf |archive-date=February 18, 2015 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Tabon Man]] is presumably a [[Negrito]], among the archipelago's earliest inhabitants descended from the first human migrations out of Africa via the coastal route along [[South Asia|southern Asia]] to the now-sunken landmasses of [[Sundaland]] and [[Sahul]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jett |first=Stephen C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgOUDgAAQBAJ |title=Ancient Ocean Crossings: Reconsidering the Case for Contacts with the Pre-Columbian Americas |date=2017 |publisher=[[University of Alabama Press]] |isbn=978-0-8173-1939-7 |location=Tuscaloosa, Ala. |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EgOUDgAAQBAJ&pg=168 168–171] |access-date=May 23, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072920/https://books.google.com/books?id=EgOUDgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>


The first Austronesians reached the Philippines from Taiwan around 2200 BC, settling the [[Batanes]] Islands (where they built stone fortresses known as ''[[ijang]]s'')<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2005-006.pdf |title=The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community |date=2005 |publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] |isbn=978-2-8317-0797-6 |editor-last=Brown |editor-first=Jessica |location=Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, England |pages=101–102 |language=en |access-date=March 19, 2023 |editor-last2=Mitchell |editor-first2=Nora J. |editor-last3=Beresford |editor-first3=Michael |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408232535/https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2005-006.pdf |archive-date=April 8, 2018}}</ref> and northern [[Luzon]]. [[Philippine jade culture|Jade artifacts]] have been dated to 2000 BC,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSlwAAAAMAAJ |title=Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History |publisher=New Day Publishers |year=1984 |isbn=978-971-10-0227-5 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |page=17 |author-link=William Henry Scott (historian) |access-date=April 20, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072920/https://books.google.com/books?id=FSlwAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ness |first=Immanuel |editor-last1=Bellwood |editor-first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ |title=The Global Prehistory of Human Migration |date=2014 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=978-1-118-97059-1 |location=Chichester, West Sussex, England |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA289 289] |author-link1=Immanuel Ness |editor-link1=Peter Bellwood |access-date=September 2, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072922/https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> with [[lingling-o]] jade items made in Luzon with raw materials from Taiwan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hung |first1=Hsiao-Chun |last2=Iizuka |first2=Yoshiyuki |last3=Bellwood |first3=Peter |last4=Nguyen |first4=Kim Dung |last5=Bellina |first5=Bérénice |last6=Silapanth |first6=Praon |last7=Dizon |first7=Eusebio |last8=Santiago |first8=Rey |last9=Datan |first9=Ipoi |last10=Manton |first10=Jonathan H. |date=December 11, 2007 |title=Ancient jades map 3,000 years of prehistoric exchange in Southeast Asia |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=104 |issue=50 |pages=19745–19750 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0707304104 |pmc=2148369 |pmid=18048347 |doi-access=free}}</ref> By 1000 BC, the inhabitants of the archipelago had developed into four societies: [[hunter-gatherer]] tribes, warrior societies, highland [[plutocracies]], and port principalities.<ref name="Legarda-2001">{{Cite journal |last=Legarda |first=Benito Jr. |author-link=Benito J. Legarda |year=2001 |title=Cultural Landmarks and their Interactions with Economic Factors in the Second Millennium in the Philippines |journal=Kinaadman (Wisdom): A Journal of the Southern Philippines |publisher=[[Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan]] |volume=23 |page=40}}</ref>
==History==
{{Main article|History of the Philippines}}


=== Early states (900–1565) ===
===Prehistory===
{{further information|Prehistory of the Philippines}}
{{main|History of the Philippines (900–1565)}}
[[File:Tabon Cave 2014 04.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Tabon Caves]] are the site of one of the oldest human remains known in the Philippines, the [[Tabon Man]]]]
[[File:Naturales 4.png|thumb|A couple portrayed in 1590's Early Spanish colonial period of the Philippines draped in gold]]
The earliest known surviving written record in the Philippines is the 900 AD [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]], which was written in [[Old Malay]] using the early [[Kawi alphabet|Kawi]] script with a number of technical [[Sanskrit]] words and [[Old Javanese]] or [[Old Tagalog]] [[Filipino styles and honorifics|honorifics]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Postma |first=Antoon |author-link=Antoon Postma |date=1992 |title=The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary |url=http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/1033/1018 |journal=[[Philippine Studies (journal)|Philippine Studies]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]] |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=182–203 |issn=0031-7837 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208053836/http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/1033/1018 |archive-date=December 8, 2015}}</ref> By the 14th century, several large coastal settlements emerged as trading centers and became the focus of [[Cultural achievements of pre-colonial Philippines|societal changes]].<ref name="deGraaf-1977">{{Cite book |last1=de Graaf |first1=Hermanus Johannes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RYQeAAAAIAAJ |title=Geschichte: Lieferung 2 |last2=Kennedy |first2=Joseph |last3=Scott |first3=William Henry |date=1977 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-90-04-04859-1 |location=Leiden, Switzerland |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RYQeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA198 198] |language=en |author-link3=William Henry Scott (historian) |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306102637/https://books.google.com/books?id=RYQeAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Some [[polities]] had exchanges with other states throughout Asia.<ref name="Junker-1999">{{Cite book |last=Junker |first=Laura Lee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yO2yG0nxTtsC |title=Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms |date=1999 |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |isbn=978-0-8248-2035-0 |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072919/https://books.google.com/books?id=yO2yG0nxTtsC |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|page=3}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadeau |first=Kathleen M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAINJWo4IJ4C |title=Liberation Theology in the Philippines: Faith in a Revolution |date=2002 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-275-97198-4 |location=Westport, Conn. |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kAINJWo4IJ4C&pg=PA8 8] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317084801/https://books.google.com/books?id=kAINJWo4IJ4C |url-status=live }}</ref> Trade with China began during the late [[Tang dynasty]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/2022/09/20/the-9th-to-10th-century-archaeological-evidence-of-maritime-relations-between-the-philippines-and-the-islands-of-southeast-asia/|title=The 9th to 10th century archaeological evidence of maritime relations between the Philippines and the islands of Southeast Asia|publisher=[[National Museum of the Philippines]]|access-date=December 4, 2023|date=n.d.}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Fox |first=Robert B. |author-link=Robert Bradford Fox |title=More Tsinoy Than We Admit: Chinese-Filipino Interactions Over the Centuries |publisher=Vibal Foundation, Inc. |year=2015 |isbn=9789719706823 |editor-last=Chu |editor-first=Richard T. |location=Quezon City |pages=10–13 |chapter=The Archaeological Record of Chinese Influences in the Philippines}}</ref> and expanded during the [[Song dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6kDm5d3cMIYC |title=Southeast Asia: From Prehistory to History |date=2004 |publisher=[[RoutledgeCurzon]] |isbn=978-0-415-29777-6 |editor-last=Glover |editor-first=Ian |location=London, England |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6kDm5d3cMIYC&pg=PA267 267] |author-link2=Peter Bellwood |editor-last2=Bellwood |editor-first2=Peter}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Pre-colonial Manila|url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724010336/http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/|archive-date=July 24, 2015|access-date=December 26, 2020|website=Malacañan Palace: Presidential Museum And Library}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Throughout the second millennium AD, some polities were also part of the [[tributary system of China]].<ref name="Scott-1994">{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=15KZU-yMuisC |title=Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University Press]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-971-550-135-4 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |author-link=William Henry Scott (historian) |access-date=October 18, 2015 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072920/https://books.google.com/books?id=15KZU-yMuisC |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|pages=177–178}}<ref name="Junker-1999" />{{rp|page=3}} With extensive trade and diplomacy, this brought [[Northern and southern China|Southern]] [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] merchants and migrants from [[Southern Fujian]], known as ''"Langlang"''<ref>{{Cite book |last=San Buena Ventura |first=Fr. Pedro de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8QxAQAAMAAJ |title=Vocabulario de lengua tagala: El romance castellano puesto primero |publisher=La Noble Villa de Pila |year=1613 |editor-last=de Silva |editor-first=Juan (Don.) |page=545 |language=[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] & [[Early Modern Spanish]] |quote=Sangley) Langlang (pc) anſi llamauan los viejos deſtos [a los] ſangleyes cuando venian [a tratar] con ellos |trans-quote=Sangley) Langlang (pc) this is what the elderlies called [the] Sangleyes when they came [to deal] with them}}</ref> and ''"Sangley"'' in later years,<ref>{{Cite book |last=San Buena Ventura |first=Fr. Pedro de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8QxAQAAMAAJ |title=Vocabulario de lengua tagala: El romance castellano puesto primero |publisher=La Noble Villa de Pila |year=1613 |editor-last=de Silva |editor-first=Juan (Don.) |page=170 |language=[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] & [[Early Modern Spanish]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/metsnav/common/navigate.do?pn=1&size=large&oid=VAB8326 |title=Boxer Codex (Manila Manuscript) |others=[[Boxer Codex]], once kept by Sir [[C. R. Boxer]] |year=1590s |location=Manila |pages=415 [PDF] / 204 [As Written] |language=[[Early Modern Spanish]] & [[Philippine Hokkien|Early Manila Hokkien]] |via=[[Indiana University]] Digital Library, as digitized from the [[Lilly Library]] |access-date=March 24, 2024 |archive-date=March 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324113344/https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/metsnav/common/navigate.do?pn=1&size=large&oid=VAB8326 |url-status=live }}</ref> who would gradually settle and intermix in the Philippines. Indian cultural traits such as linguistic terms and religious practices [[Indian influences in early Philippine polities|began to spread]] in the Philippines during the 14th century, via the Indianized Hindu [[Majapahit|Majapahit Empire]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Philippines |encyclopedia=Concise Encyclopedia of World History |publisher=[[Atlantic Books|Atlantic Publishers & Distributors]] |location=New Delhi, India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC |last=Ramirez-Faria |first=Carlos |date=2007 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC&pg=PA560 560] |isbn=978-81-269-0775-5 |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117131629/https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Evangelista |first=Alfredo E. |date=1965 |title=Identifying Some Intrusive Archaeological Materials Found in Philippine Proto-historic Sites |url=https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-03-01-1965/Evangelista.pdf |journal=Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives on Asia |publisher=[[University of the Philippines Asian Center|Asian Center]], [[University of the Philippines]] |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=87–88 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429072742/https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-03-01-1965/Evangelista.pdf |archive-date=April 29, 2023 |access-date=April 29, 2023}}</ref> By the 15th century, Islam was established in the [[Sulu Archipelago]] and spread from there.<ref name="deGraaf-1977" />
The [[metatarsal]] of the [[Callao Man]], reliably dated by [[Uranium-thorium dating|uranium-series dating]] to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/philippines/7924538/Archaeologists-unearth-67000-year-old-human-bone-in-Philippines.html |title=Archaeologists unearth 67000-year-old human bone in Philippines |date=August 4, 2010 |accessdate=August 4, 2010 |location=London |work=The Daily Telegraph |first=Barney |last=Henderson}}</ref> This distinction previously belonged to the [[Tabon Man]] of [[Palawan]], carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=pd6AAAAAMAAJ&q=tabon+man |title=The Tabon Caves: Archaeological Explorations and Excavations on Palawan |author=Fox, Robert B. |authorlink= Robert Bradford Fox |year=1970 |page=44 |accessdate=December 16, 2009 |publisher=National Museum |asin=B001O7GGNI}}</ref><ref name=Scott1984>{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/?id=FSlwAAAAMAAJ&q=pre-mongoloid |title = Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History |author = Scott, William Henry |authorlink = William Henry Scott (historian) |publisher = New Day Publishers |year = 1984 |location = Quezon City |isbn = 971-10-0227-2 |page = 15}}</ref> [[Negrito]]s were also among the archipelago's earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated.<ref name=Scott1A>{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/?id=FSlwAAAAMAAJ&q=pygmy+Negrito |title = Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History |author = Scott, William Henry |authorlink = William Henry Scott (historian) |publisher = New Day Publishers |year = 1984 |location = Quezon City |isbn = 971-10-0227-2 |quote = Not one roof beam, not one grain of rice, not one pygmy Negrito bone has been recovered. Any theory which describes such details is therefore pure hypothesis and should be honestly presented as such. |page = 138}}</ref>


Polities founded in the Philippines between the 10th and 16th centuries include [[Maynila (historical polity)|Maynila]],<ref name="Ring-1996">{{Cite book |last1=Ring |first1=Trudy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania |last2=Salkin |first2=Robert M. |last3=La Boda |first3=Sharon |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-884964-04-6 |location=Chicago, Ill. |pages=565–569 |name-list-style=amp |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072922/https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tondo (historical polity)|Tondo]], [[Namayan]], [[Caboloan|Pangasinan]], [[Caboloan]], [[Cebu (historical state)|Cebu]], [[Butuan (historical polity)|Butuan]], [[Sultanate of Maguindanao|Maguindanao]], [[Confederate States of Lanao|Lanao]], [[Sultanate of Sulu|Sulu]], and [[Ma-i]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/historical-atlas-of-the-republic/page/n65/mode/2up |title=Historical Atlas of the Republic |date=2016 |publisher=[[Presidential Communications Group|Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office]] |isbn=978-971-95551-6-2 |editor-last=Quezon |editor-first=Manuel L. III |editor-link=Manolo Quezon |location=Manila, Philippines |page=64 |editor-last2=Goitia |editor-first2=Pocholo}}</ref> The early polities typically had a three-tier social structure: nobility, freemen, and dependent debtor-bondsmen.<ref name="Junker-1999" />{{rp|page=3}}<ref name="Wernstedt-1967">{{cite book |last1=Wernstedt |first1=Frederick L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C |title=The Philippine Island World: A Physical, Cultural, and Regional Geography |last2=Spencer |first2=Joseph Earle |date=January 1967 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |location=Berkeley, Calif. |isbn=978-0-520-03513-3 |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072939/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C&pg=PA672|name=672}}}} Among the nobility were leaders known as [[datu]]s, who were responsible for ruling autonomous groups ([[Barangay state|barangays]] or dulohan).<ref>{{cite book|last=Arcilla |first=José S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uxEYobbU-D8C |title=An Introduction to Philippine History |date=1998 |edition=Fourth enlarged |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-550-261-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uxEYobbU-D8C&pg=PA15 15]}}</ref> When the barangays banded together to form a larger settlement or a geographically looser alliance,<ref name="Junker-1999" />{{rp|page=3}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Decasa |first=George C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYNqz-1ayssC |title=The Qur'anic Concept of Umma and Its Function in Philippine Muslim Society |series=Interreligious and Intercultural Investigations |volume=1 |date=1999 |publisher=[[Pontificia Università Gregoriana]] |location=Rome, Italy |isbn=978-88-7652-812-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hYNqz-1ayssC&pg=PA328 328] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074637/https://books.google.com/books?id=hYNqz-1ayssC |url-status=live }}</ref> their more-esteemed members would be recognized as a "[[Paramount rulers in early Philippine history|paramount datu]]",<ref name="Newson">{{cite book |last=Newson |first=Linda A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ |title=Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines |date=April 16, 2009 |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |isbn=978-0-8248-6197-1 |access-date=February 5, 2021 |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308195926/https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA58|name=58}}}}<ref name="Legarda-2001" /> [[rajah]] or [[sultan]],<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Carley |editor-first1=Michael |editor-last2=Jenkins |editor-first2=Paul |editor-last3=Smith |editor-first3=Harry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ycT9AQAAQBAJ |title=Urban Development and Civil Society: The Role of Communities in Sustainable Cities |year=2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Sterling, Va. |isbn=978-1-134-20050-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ycT9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA108 108] |chapter=Chapter 7 |orig-date=2001 |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317140423/https://books.google.com/books?id=ycT9AQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> and would rule the community.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tan |first=Samuel K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pw5FWmdNmj8C |title=A History of the Philippines |date=2008 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-542-568-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pw5FWmdNmj8C&pg=PA37 37] |author-link1=Samuel K. Tan}}</ref> Population density is thought to have been low during the 14th to 16th centuries<ref name="Newson" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18|name=18}}}} due to the [[Typhoon#Frequency|frequency of typhoons]] and the Philippines' location on the Pacific [[Ring of Fire]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bankoff |first1=Greg |editor-last1=Boomgaard |editor-first1=Peter |title=A World of Water: Rain, Rivers and Seas in Southeast Asian Histories |series=Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=240 |publisher=[[KITLV Press]] |location=Leiden, Netherlands |isbn=978-90-04-25401-5 |date=January 1, 2007 |pages=153–184 |chapter=Storms of history: Water, hazard and society in the Philippines: 1565-1930 |jstor=10.1163/j.ctt1w76vd0.9 |jstor-access=free}}</ref> Portuguese explorer [[Ferdinand Magellan]] arrived in 1521, claimed the islands for Spain, and was killed by [[Lapulapu]]'s men in the [[Battle of Mactan]].<ref name="Woods-2006">{{cite book |last=Woods |first=Damon L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C |title=The Philippines: A Global Studies Handbook |date=2006 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-85109-675-6 |language=en |author-link1=Damon Woods |access-date=December 6, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073501/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C&pg=PT46|name=21}}}}<ref name="Guillermo-2012">{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Guillermo |first=Artemio R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC |title=Historical Dictionary of the Philippines |edition=Third |series=Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East |date=2012 |publisher=[[The Scarecrow Press]] |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=978-0-8108-7246-2 |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073356/https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&pg=PA261|name=261}}}}
There are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos. [[F. Landa Jocano]] theorizes that the ancestors of the Filipinos [[Prehistory of the Philippines#Jocano's Local Origins Theory|evolved locally]]. [[Wilhelm Solheim]]'s [[Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network|Island Origin Theory]]<ref>Solheim, Wilhelm G., II. (2006). ''Archeology and Culture in Southeast Asia''. University of the Philippines Press. pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SiOgq0OPT_MC&pg=PA57&lpg= 57–139]. {{ISBN|978-971-542-508-7}}.</ref> postulates that the peopling of the archipelago transpired via trade networks originating in the [[Sundaland]] area around 48,000 to 5000&nbsp;BC rather than by wide-scale migration. The [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian Expansion Theory]] explains that [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesians]] coming from [[Taiwan]] began migrating to the Philippines around 4000&nbsp;BC, displacing earlier arrivals.<ref name=mijares2006>Mijares, Armand Salvador B. (2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140707050814/http://ejournal.anu.edu.au/index.php/bippa/article/viewFile/10/9 The Early Austronesian Migration To Luzon: Perspectives From The Peñablanca Cave Sites]. ''Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association'' '''26''': 72–78. (archived from [http://ejournal.anu.edu.au/index.php/bippa/article/viewFile/10/9 the original] on July 7, 2014)</ref>


=== Spanish and American colonial rule (1565–1934) ===
The most widely accepted theory, based on linguistic and archeological evidence, is the [[Out-of-Taiwan hypothesis|"Out-of-Taiwan" model]], which hypothesizes that [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesians]] from [[Taiwan]], who were themselves descended from the neolithic civilizations of the Yangtze river such as the [[Liangzhu culture]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bellwood|first1=Peter|title=The Global Prehistory of Human Migration|date=2014|page=213}}</ref> began migrating to the Philippines around 4000&nbsp;BC, displacing earlier arrivals.<ref name=mijares2006/><ref name="solheim">{{cite book |url=http://web.kssp.upd.edu.ph/linguistics/plc2006/papers/FullPapers/I-2_Solheim.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080803020434/http://web.kssp.upd.edu.ph/linguistics/plc2006/papers/FullPapers/I-2_Solheim.pdf |archivedate=August 3, 2008 |title=Origins of the Filipinos and Their Languages |last=Solheim |first=Wilhelm G., II. |authorlink=Wilhelm Solheim |date=January 2006 |accessdate=August 27, 2009}}</ref> During the neolithic period, a "jade culture" is said to have existed as evidenced by tens of thousands of exquisitely crafted jade artifacts found in the Philippines dated to 2000&nbsp;BC.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Scott|first1=William|title=Prehispanic Source Material|date=1984|page=17}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bellwood|first1=Peter|title=Pathos of Origin|date=2011|pages=31–41}}</ref>
{{main|History of the Philippines (1565–1898)|History of the Philippines (1898–1946)}}


[[File:Vista del Puente de Manila (1847).png|alt=See caption|thumb|[[Manila]], 1847]]
The jade is said to have originated nearby in Taiwan and is also found in many other areas in insular and mainland Southeast Asia. These artifacts are said to be evidence of long range communication between prehistoric Southeast Asian societies.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hsiao-Chun|first1=Hung|title=Ancient jades map 3,000 years of prehistoric exchange in Southeast Asia|date=2007}}</ref> By 1000&nbsp;BC, the inhabitants of the archipelago had developed into four kinds of social groups: hunter-gatherer tribes, warrior societies, highland [[Plutocracy|plutocracies]], and port principalities.<ref>{{cite journal|author = Legarda, Benito, Jr. |journal = Kinaadman (Wisdom) A Journal of the Southern Philippines |title = Cultural Landmarks and their Interactions with Economic Factors in the Second Millennium in the Philippines |volume = 23 |year = 2001 |page = 40}}</ref>
Unification and colonization by the [[Crown of Castile]] began when Spanish explorer [[Miguel López de Legazpi]] arrived from [[New Spain]] ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Nueva España'') in 1565.<ref>{{cite book | last=Wing | first=J.T. | title=Roots of Empire: Forests and State Power in Early Modern Spain, c.1500–1750 | publisher=Brill | series=Brill's Series in the History of the Environment | year=2015 | isbn=978-90-04-26137-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7dQuBgAAQBAJ | page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7dQuBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA109 109] | quote=At the time of Miguel López de Legazpi's voyage in 1564-5, the Philippines were not a unified polity or nation. | access-date=February 3, 2024 | archive-date=January 28, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128213911/https://books.google.com/books?id=7dQuBgAAQBAJ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Carson |first1=Arthur L. |title=Higher Education in the Philippines |series=Bulletin |date=1961 |issue=29 |url=http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED544128.pdf |publisher=[[Office of Education]], [[United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare]] |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=<!-- ISBN unspecified --> |oclc=755650 |page=7 |access-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413085104/http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED544128.pdf |archive-date=April 13, 2015}}</ref><ref name="deBorja-2005">{{cite book|last=de Borja |first=Marciano R. |url=https://b-ok.cc/book/2577458/ffb6ff |title=Basques In The Philippines |series=The Basque Series |date=2005 |publisher=[[University of Nevada Press]] |location=Reno, Nev. |isbn=978-0-87417-590-5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326224340/https://b-ok.cc/book/2577458/ffb6ff |archive-date=March 26, 2022 |access-date=April 25, 2023}}</ref>{{rp|pages=20–23}} Many [[Filipinos]] were brought to New Spain [[History of Spanish slavery in the Philippines|as slaves]] and forced crew,<ref>{{cite book |last=Seijas |first=Tatiana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCWjAwAAQBAJ |title=Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico: From Chinos to Indians |series=Cambridge Latin American Studies |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2014 |location=New York, N.Y. |isbn=978-1-107-06312-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YCWjAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 36] |chapter=The Diversity and Reach of the Manila Slave Market |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCWjAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 |access-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-date=February 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213113750/https://books.google.com/books?id=YCWjAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>whereas many [[Latin American Asian|Latin Americans]] were brought to the Philippines as soldiers and colonists.<ref>[https://pares.mcu.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/description/431623 "Orden de enviar hombres a Filipinas desde México" (Consejo de Indias España)](English Translation from Spanish original: "Royal Decree to the Count of Coruña, Viceroy of New Spain, informing him that, according to information from Captain Gabriel de Rivera who came from the Philippines, on a journey made by Governor Gonzalo Ronquillo to the Cagayan River some Spaniards were lost, and that to make up for this lack and populate these islands it was necessary to take up to two hundred men to them. The viceroy is ordered to attend to this request and send them from New Spain, in addition to another two hundred that were entrusted to him from Lisbon."</ref> [[Intramuros|Spanish Manila]] became the capital of the [[Captaincy General of the Philippines]] and the [[Spanish East Indies]] in 1571,<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Beaule |editor-first1=Christine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1cfcDwAAQBAJ |title=The Global Spanish Empire: Five Hundred Years of Place Making and Pluralism |editor-last2=Douglass |editor-first2=John G. |date=April 21, 2020 |publisher=[[University of Arizona Press]] |location=Tucson, Ariz. |isbn=978-0-8165-4084-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1cfcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA204 204] |language=en |access-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321081230/https://books.google.com/books?id=1cfcDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Santiago |first=Fernando A. Jr. |year=2006 |title=Isang Maikling Kasaysayan ng Pandacan, Maynila 1589–1898 |trans-title=A Short History of Pandacan, Manila 1589–1898 |url=https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=7887 |url-status=live |journal=Malay |language=fil |publisher=[[De La Salle University]] |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=70–87 |issn=2243-7851 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821002744/https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=7887 |archive-date=August 21, 2020 |access-date=July 18, 2008 |via=Philippine E-Journals}}</ref> Spanish territories in Asia and the Pacific.<ref>{{cite book|last=Andrade |first=Tonio |url=http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/ |title=How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish and Han colonialization in the Seventeenth Century |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-12855-1 |year=2005 |chapter=Chapter 4: La Isla Hermosa: The Rise of the Spanish Colony in Northern Taiwan |author-link=Tonio Andrade |chapter-url=http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade04.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121160327/http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade04.html |archive-date=November 21, 2007 |via=Gutenberg-e}}</ref> The Spanish invaded local states using the principle of [[divide and rule|divide and conquer]],<ref name="Guillermo-2012" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&pg=PA374|name=374}}}} bringing most of what is the present-day Philippines under one unified administration.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Giráldez |first1=Arturo |title=The Age of Trade: The Manila Galleons and the Dawn of the Global Economy |date=March 19, 2015 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=978-1-4422-4352-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6mCGBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 2] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mCGBwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402112011/https://books.google.com/books?id=6mCGBwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Acabado |first=Stephen |date=March 1, 2017 |title=The Archaeology of Pericolonialism: Responses of the "Unconquered" to Spanish Conquest and Colonialism in Ifugao, Philippines |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt3tp1p8m3/qt3tp1p8m3.pdf?t=qa7wdn |journal=[[International Journal of Historical Archaeology]] |publisher=[[Springer New York]] |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1007/s10761-016-0342-9 |s2cid=254541436 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106150313/https://escholarship.org/content/qt3tp1p8m3/qt3tp1p8m3.pdf?t=qa7wdn |archive-date=November 6, 2020 |via=Springer Link}}</ref> Disparate barangays were deliberately [[Reductions|consolidated into towns]], where [[Friars in Spanish Philippines|Catholic missionaries]] could more easily convert their inhabitants to [[Christianity]],<ref name="Abinales-2005">{{cite book |last1=Abinales |first1=Patricio N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC |title=State and Society in the Philippines |last2=Amoroso |first2=Donna J. |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Md. |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7425-1024-1 |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073346/https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC&pg=PA53|name=53}}, {{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC&pg=PA68|name=68}}}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Constantino |first1=Renato |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kdhWCgAAQBAJ |title=A History of the Philippines: From the Spanish Colonization to the Second World War |last2=Constantino |first2=Letizia R. |publisher=[[Monthly Review Press]] |location=New York, N.Y. |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-85345-394-9 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kdhWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 58–59] |author-link1=Renato Constantino |access-date=January 19, 2021 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073504/https://books.google.com/books?id=kdhWCgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> which was initially [[Religious Syncretism|Syncretist]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schumacher |first1=John N. |title=Syncretism in Philippine Catholicism: Its Historical Causes |journal=[[Philippine Studies (journal)|Philippine Studies]] |volume=32 |issue=3 |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |date=1984 |page=254 |url=http://philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/view/3833/4054 |issn=2244-1093 |oclc=6015358201 |jstor=42632710 |author-link1=John N. Schumacher |access-date=October 5, 2023 |archive-date=October 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006144446/http://philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/view/3833/4054 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Christianization]] by the [[Friars in Spanish Philippines|Spanish friars]] occurred mostly across the settled lowlands over the course of time. From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governed as a territory of the [[Mexico City]]-based Viceroyalty of New Spain; it was then administered from [[Madrid]] after the [[Mexican War of Independence]].<ref name="Halili-2004">{{cite book |last=Halili |first=Maria Christine N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC |title=Philippine History |publisher=[[REX Book Store, Inc.]] |location=Manila, Philippines |year=2004 |edition=First |isbn=978-971-23-3934-9 |access-date=May 23, 2020 |archive-date=December 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230123021/https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA81|name=81}}}} Manila became the western hub of [[Spanish treasure fleet|trans-Pacific trade]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Kane |first=Herb Kawainui |title=Hawaiʻ Chronicles: Island History from the Pages of Honolulu Magazine |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8248-1829-6 |editor-last=Bob Dye |volume=I |pages=25–32 |chapter=The Manila Galleons |author-link=Herb Kawainui Kane}}</ref> by [[Manila galleon]]s built in [[Bicol Region|Bicol]] and [[Cavite]].<ref>{{cite report|type=Conference proceeding |last=Bolunia |first=Mary Jane Louise A. |chapter=Astilleros: the Spanish shipyards of Sorsogon |chapter-url=http://www.themua.org/collections/files/original/34a74c76efdb951655b9bde1213812dc.pdf |title=Proceedings of the 2014 Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Conference; Session 5: Early Modern Colonialism in the Asia-Pacific Region |url=http://www.themua.org/collections/collections/show/13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413233643/http://www.themua.org/collections/files/original/34a74c76efdb951655b9bde1213812dc.pdf |archive-date=April 13, 2015 |access-date=October 26, 2015 |publisher=Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Planning Committee |page=1 |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |oclc=892536655 |via=The Museum of Underwater Archaeology}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=McCarthy |first=William J. |date=December 1, 1995 |title=The Yards at Cavite: Shipbuilding in the Early Colonial Philippines |journal=[[International Journal of Maritime History]] |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=149–162 |doi=10.1177/084387149500700208 |s2cid=163709949}}</ref>


During its rule, Spain nearly bankrupted its treasury quelling [[Philippine revolts against Spain|indigenous revolts]]<ref name="Halili-2004" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA111|name=111–122}}}} and defending against external military attacks,<ref name="Ooi-2004">{{cite book |editor-last1=Ooi |editor-first1=Keat Gin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC |title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor |date=2004 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-57607-770-2 |access-date=January 29, 2021 |archive-date=January 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116094029/https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1077|name=1077}}}}<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Closmann |editor-first=Charles Edwin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=alK4QtqHpyAC&pg=PA36 |title=War and the Environment: Military Destruction in the Modern Age |date=2009 |publisher=[[Texas A&M University Press]] |location=College Station, Tex. |isbn=978-1-60344-380-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=alK4QtqHpyAC&pg=PA36 36] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306102727/https://books.google.com/books?id=alK4QtqHpyAC&pg=PA36 |url-status=live }}</ref> including [[Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas|Moro piracy]],<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Klein |editor-first1=Bernhard |editor-last2=Mackenthun |editor-first2=Gesa |title=Sea Changes: Historicizing the Ocean |date=August 21, 2012 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=New York, N.Y. |isbn=978-1-135-94046-1 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kbntzV53vZAC&pg=PA63 63–66] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbntzV53vZAC |access-date=August 11, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=August 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811080240/https://books.google.com/books?id=kbntzV53vZAC |url-status=live }}</ref> a 17th-century [[Battles of La Naval de Manila|war against the Dutch]], 18th-century [[British occupation of Manila]], and conflict with Muslims in the south.<ref name="Dolan-1991">{{cite book|date=1991 |editor-last=Dolan |editor-first=Ronald E. |title=Philippines |series=Country Studies/Area Handbook Series |url=https://countrystudies.us/philippines/41.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051109092341/http://countrystudies.us/philippines/ |archive-date=November 9, 2005 |access-date=February 13, 2023 |via=Country Studies |publisher=[[U.S. Government Publishing Office|GPO]] for the [[Library of Congress]] |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref>{{rp|loc={{plain link|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927161256/http://countrystudies.us/philippines/4.htm|name=4}}}}{{undue weight inline|date=August 2023|reason=Article assertions here may be [[WP:UNDUE]] in not considering impact of the [[Seven Year War]] on the Spanish treasury – I'm not enough of a historian to judge.}}
===Precolonial epoch===
{{Further information|History of the Philippines (900–1521)|Religion in pre-colonial Philippines|Cultural achievements of pre-colonial Philippines}}
[[File:Golden Belt usually worn by the Hindu, Brahmi Caste, found in Butuan Archeological Digs.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|A pure gold ceremonial belt worn by [[Greater India|Indianized]] royalty, found in archaeological digs at [[Rajahnate of Butuan|Butuan]].]]
[[File:LagunaCopperplateLucbanHHCS.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]], c. 900 AD. The oldest historical record found in the Philippines, discovered at [[Lumban, Laguna]].]]
[[File:2places1 2426656k.jpg|thumb|The [[Banaue Rice Terraces]] where [[Igorot|Ifugao/Igorot]] utilized terrace farming in the steep mountainous regions of northern Philippines over 2000 years ago.]]
[[File:Naturales 4.png|left|thumb|upright=0.75|A [[Boxer Codex]] image illustrating the ancient ''kadatuan'' or ''[[Maginoo|tumao]]''' (noble class).]]
Some of the societies scattered in the islands of what would later become the Philippines remained isolated but many evolved into states that developed substantial trade and contacts with the peoples of eastern, southern and southeastern Asia; including those from [[Brunei]], [[China]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Japan]] as well as other Austronesian islands.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Junker|first1=L|title=Raiding, Trading, and Feasting the Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms|date=1999|publisher=University of Hawaiì Press|location=Honolulu|accessdate=July 12, 2010}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|title=Timeline of history|url=http://valoable1.webs.com/timelineofhistory.htm|accessdate=October 9, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123061819/http://valoable1.webs.com/timelineofhistory.htm|archivedate=November 23, 2009}}</ref>


Administration of the Philippines was considered a drain on the economy of New Spain,<ref name="Ooi-2004" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1077|name=1077}}}} and abandoning it or trading it for other territory was debated. This course of action was opposed because of the islands' economic potential, security, and the desire to continue religious conversion in the region.<ref name="Newson" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|name=7–8}}}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Crossley |first=John Newsome |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jQmiAgAAQBAJ |title=Hernando de los Ríos Coronel and the Spanish Philippines in the Golden Age |date=July 28, 2013 |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing|Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-4094-8242-0 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jQmiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 168–169] |access-date=January 13, 2021 |archive-date=February 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211124615/https://books.google.com/books?id=jQmiAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The colony survived on an annual subsidy from the Spanish crown<ref name="Ooi-2004" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1077|name=1077}}}} averaging 250,000 pesos,<ref name="Newson" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8|name=8}}}} usually paid as 75 tons of silver bullion from the Americas.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cole |first=Jeffrey A. |title=The Potosí Mita, 1573–1700: Compulsory Indian Labor in the Andes |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |location=Stanford, Calif. |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-8047-1256-9 |page=20}}</ref> [[British occupation of Manila|British forces occupied Manila]] from 1762 to 1764 during the [[Seven Years' War]], and Spanish rule was restored with the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|1763 Treaty of Paris]].<ref name="deBorja-2005" />{{rp|pages=81–83}} The Spanish considered their war with the Muslims in Southeast Asia an extension of the ''[[Reconquista]]''.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Hoadley |editor-first1=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5P9bgGxfYKUC |title=Asian Security Reassessed |editor-last2=Ruland |editor-first2=Jurgen |date=2006 |publisher=[[Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-230-400-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5P9bgGxfYKUC&pg=PA215 215] |language=en |access-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319192304/https://books.google.com/books?id=5P9bgGxfYKUC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Hefner |editor-first1=Robert W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kQ4yo-GIWUC |title=Islam in an Era of Nation-States: Politics and Religious Renewal in Muslim Southeast Asia |editor-last2=Horvatich |editor-first2=Patricia |date=September 1, 1997 |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |isbn=978-0-8248-1957-6 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_kQ4yo-GIWUC&pg=PA43 43–44] |language=en |access-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319192304/https://books.google.com/books?id=_kQ4yo-GIWUC |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Spanish–Moro conflict]] lasted for several hundred years; Spain conquered portions of [[Mindanao]] and [[Jolo]] during the last quarter of the 19th century,<ref>{{cite report|last=United States War Department |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g8FMAAAAYAAJ |title=Annual Report of the Secretary of War |volume=III |date=1903 |publisher=[[U.S. Government Printing Office]] |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=g8FMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA379 379–398] |author-link=United States Department of War}}</ref> and the Muslim [[Moro people|Moro]] in the [[Sultanate of Sulu]] acknowledged Spanish sovereignty.<ref>{{cite book |last=Warren |first=James Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUZq93ydrrwC |title=The Sulu Zone, 1768–1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State |date=2007 |edition=Second |publisher=[[NUS Press]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-9971-69-386-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VUZq93ydrrwC&pg=PA124 124] |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073403/https://books.google.com/books?id=VUZq93ydrrwC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ramón de Dalmau y de Olivart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l0gMAQAAMAAJ |title=Colección de los Tratados, Convenios y Documentos Internacionales Celebrados por Nuestros Gobiernos Con los Estados Extranjeros Desde el Reinado de Doña Isabel II Hasta Nuestros Días, Vol. 4: Acompañados de Notas Historico-Criticas Sobre Su Negociación y Complimiento y Cotejados Con los Textos Originales, Publicada de Real Orden |year=1893 |publisher=El Progreso Editorial |location=Madrid, Spain |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=l0gMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA120 120–123] |language=es |access-date=June 27, 2020 |archive-date=February 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211124613/https://books.google.com/books?id=l0gMAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
The first millennium saw the rise of the port principalities and their growth into [[Maritime nation|maritime states]] composed of autonomous [[Barangay (pre-colonial)|barangays]] independent of or allied with larger nations which were either [[Malay race|Malay]] [[Kedatuan]]s led by [[Datu]]s, tributary states to China ruled by Wangs or [[Greater India|Indianized kingdoms]] governed by Rajahs.<ref name="Legarda, Benito, Jr. 2001 40">{{Cite journal|author = Legarda, Benito, Jr. |journal = Kinaadman (Wisdom) A Journal of the Southern Philippines |title = Cultural Landmarks and their Interactions with Economic Factors in the Second Millennium in the Philippines |volume = 23 |year = 2001 |page = 40 |ref = harv}}</ref>
[[File:Ilustrados 1890.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|alt=Photo of a large group of men on steps. Some are seated, and others are standing; several are wearing top hats.|''[[Ilustrado]]s'' in [[Madrid]] around 1890]]


Philippine ports opened to world trade during the 19th century, and Filipino society began to change.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Castro |first=Amado A. |date=1982 |title=Foreign Trade and Economic Welfare in the Last Half-Century of Spanish Rule |url=https://econ.upd.edu.ph/pre/index.php/pre/article/download/361/274 |journal=Philippine Review of Economics |publisher=[[University of the Philippines School of Economics]] |volume=19 |issue=1 & 2 |pages=97–98 |issn=1655-1516 |access-date=February 11, 2023 |author-link1=Amado Castro |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211184927/https://econ.upd.edu.ph/pre/index.php/pre/article/download/361/274 |archive-date=February 11, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Romero |first1=Ma. Corona S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ngonYm_SDSIC |title=Rizal & the Development of National Consciousness |last2=Sta. Romana |first2=Julita R. |last3=Santos |first3=Lourdes Y. |date=2006 |edition=Second |publisher=Katha Publishing Co. |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-574-103-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ngonYm_SDSIC&pg=PA25 25] |language=en |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144209/https://books.google.com/books?id=ngonYm_SDSIC |url-status=live }}</ref> Social identity changed, with the term ''Filipino'' encompassing all residents of the archipelago instead of solely referring to [[Spanish Filipino|Spaniards born in the Philippines]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hedman |first1=Eva-Lotta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X_lDpY3vj60C |title=Philippine Politics and Society in the Twentieth Century: Colonial Legacies, Post-Colonial Trajectories |series=Politics in Asia |last2=Sidel |first2=John |editor-last1=Leifer |editor-first1=Michael |date=2005 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-134-75421-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=X_lDpY3vj60C&pg=PA71 71] |author-link2=John Sidel}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Steinberg |first=David Joel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6NFMDwAAQBAJ |title=The Philippines: A Singular and a Plural Place |date=2018 |series=Nations of the Modern World: Asia |publisher=[[Westview Press]] |location=Boulder, Colo. |isbn=978-0-8133-3755-5 |edition=Fourth |at=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6NFMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74 The New Filipinos] |chapter=Chapter 3: A Singular and a Plural Folk |doi=10.4324/9780429494383 |access-date=September 30, 2020 |archive-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218075805/https://books.google.com/books?id=6NFMDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
The [[Kedatuan of Madja-as]] was founded following a civil war in collapsing [[Srivijaya]], wherein loyalists of the Malay [[datu]]s of Srivijaya defied the invading [[Chola Dynasty]] and its puppet-Rajah, called Makatunao, and set up a guerrilla-state in the islands of the [[Visayas]]. Its founding datu, Puti, had purchased land for his new realms from the aboriginal [[Ati people|Ati]] hero, Marikudo.<ref name="ReferenceC">Prehispanic Source Materials Page 74 by William Henry Scott (NEW DAY PUBLISHERS INC.)</ref>


Revolutionary sentiment grew in 1872 after 200 locally recruited [[colonial troops]] and laborers alongside [[Gomburza|three activist Catholic priests]] were executed on [[1872 Cavite mutiny|questionable grounds]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Schumacher |first=John N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6GU_Tzxu5qoC |title=The Propaganda Movement, 1880–1895: The Creation of a Filipino Consciousness, the Making of the Revolution |date=1997 |edition=Revised |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University Press]] |location=Manila, Philippines |isbn=978-971-550-209-2 |pages=8–9 |author-link1=John N. Schumacher |access-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073519/https://books.google.com/books?id=6GU_Tzxu5qoC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Schumacher |first=John N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aaLh8W6_84cC |title=Revolutionary Clergy: The Filipino Clergy and the Nationalist Movement, 1850–1903 |date=1998 |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-550-121-7 |pages=23–30 |author-link1=John N. Schumacher |access-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073446/https://books.google.com/books?id=aaLh8W6_84cC |url-status=live }}</ref> This inspired the [[Propaganda Movement]], organized by [[Marcelo H. del Pilar]], [[José Rizal]], [[Graciano López Jaena]], and [[Mariano Ponce]], which advocated political reform in the Philippines.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Acibo |first1=Libert Amorganda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r8PCT9AB_REC |title=Jose P. Rizal: His Life, Works, and Role in the Philippine Revolution |last2=Galicano-Adanza |first2=Estela |date=1995 |publisher=[[REX Book Store, Inc.]] |location=Manila, Philippines |isbn=978-971-23-1837-5 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=r8PCT9AB_REC&pg=PA46 46–47] |language=en |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144211/https://books.google.com/books?id=r8PCT9AB_REC |url-status=live }}</ref> Rizal was executed on December 30, 1896, for rebellion, and his death radicalized many who had been loyal to Spain.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Owen |editor-first1=Norman G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hVGMjBzBz9cC |title=The Emergence of Modern Southeast Asia: A New History |date=January 1, 2005 |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |isbn=978-0-8248-2841-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hVGMjBzBz9cC&pg=PA156 156] |language=en}}</ref> Attempts at reform met with resistance; [[Andrés Bonifacio]] founded the [[Katipunan]] secret society, which sought independence from Spain through armed revolt, in 1892.<ref name="Halili-2004" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA137|name=137}}}}
Madja-as was founded on [[Panay]] island (named after the destroyed state of [[Pannai]] allied under Srivijaya which was located in [[Sumatra]]). Afterwards, the people of Madja-as often raided the port cities of southern China and warred with the Chinese navy.<ref>[http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/421631/raiding-china Jobers Bersales, ''Raiding China'' at Inquirer.net]</ref>


The Katipunan [[Cry of Pugad Lawin]] began the [[Philippine Revolution]] in 1896.<ref>{{cite book |last=Borromeo-Buehler |first=Soledad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C |title=The Cry of Balintawak: A Contrived Controversy: A Textual Analysis with Appended Documents |date=1998 |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-550-278-8 |page=7 |access-date=January 16, 2021 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073342/https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C |url-status=live }}</ref> Internal disputes led to the [[Tejeros Convention]], at which Bonifacio lost his position and [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] was elected the new leader of the revolution.<ref name="Duka-2008">{{cite book |last=Duka |first=Cecilio D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC |title=Struggle for Freedom: A Textbook on Philippine History |date=2008 |publisher=[[REX Book Store, Inc.]] |location=Manila, Philippines |isbn=978-971-23-5045-0 |access-date=January 16, 2021 |archive-date=September 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923144103/https://books.google.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC&pg=PA147|name=145–147}}}} The 1897 [[Pact of Biak-na-Bato]] resulted in the [[Hong Kong Junta]] government in exile. The [[Spanish–American War]] began the following year, and reached the Philippines; Aguinaldo returned, resumed the revolution, and [[Philippine Declaration of Independence|declared independence]] from Spain on June 12, 1898.<ref name="Abinales-2022">{{cite book |last=Abinales |first=Patricio N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Hd3EAAAQBAJ |title=Modern Philippines |series=Understanding Modern Nations |date=July 8, 2022 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-4408-6005-8 |language=en |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144210/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Hd3EAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Hd3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA26|name=26}}}} In December 1898, the islands were [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|ceded by Spain]] to the United States with [[Puerto Rico]] and [[Guam]] after the Spanish–American War.<ref>{{cite book |last=Draper |first=Andrew Sloan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MD8OAAAAIAAJ |title=The Rescue of Cuba: An Episode in the Growth of Free Government |date=1899 |publisher=[[Silver Burdett]] |location=New York |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MD8OAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA170 170–172] |isbn=<!-- ISBN unspecified --> |oclc=9764656 |author-link1=Andrew S. Draper |access-date=February 10, 2021 |archive-date=February 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211172545/https://books.google.com/books?id=MD8OAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Fantina |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AD0B560nGVIC |title=Desertion and the American Soldier, 1776–2006 |date=2006 |publisher=Algora Publishing |location=New York |isbn=978-0-87586-454-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AD0B560nGVIC&pg=PA83 83]}}</ref>
The [[Rajahnate of Cebu]]<ref>Zhang Xie. (1618) (in Chinese). ''Dong Xi Yang Kao'' [''A Study of the Eastern and Western Oceans''] ''[http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/directory/sumita/5A-161/volume05.html Volume 5]'' ({{zh|[http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/directory/sumita/5A-161/ 東西洋考]}}). {{ISBN|7532515931}}. MID 00024687. Retrieved December 18, 2009.</ref> was a neighbor of Madja-as in the Visayas led by Rajamuda [[Sri]] Lumay, a monarch with partial [[Tamil people|Tamil]] descent. This state grew wealthy by making use of the inter-island shipping within the archipelago.<ref>[http://cebu-online.com/swum/html/exhibits.html Cebu, a Port City in Prehistoric and in Present Times]. Accessed September 05, 2008.</ref>


The [[First Philippine Republic]] was promulgated on January 21, 1899.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Starr |editor-first1=J. Barton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NTPxAQAAQBAJ |title=The United States Constitution: Its Birth, Growth, and Influence in Asia |date=September 1988 |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |location=Hong Kong, China |isbn=978-962-209-201-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NTPxAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA260 260] |access-date=January 19, 2021 |archive-date=February 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211124609/https://books.google.com/books?id=NTPxAQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Lack of recognition by the United States led to an [[Battle of Manila (1899)|outbreak of hostilities]] that, after refusal by the U.S. on-scene military commander of a cease-fire proposal and a declaration of war by the nascent Republic,{{efn|This is a summary, omitting significant detail. For more detail, see {{section link|Schurman Commission|Survey visit to the Philippines}}.}} escalated into the [[Philippine–American War]].<ref name=Nation18990504>{{cite magazine|title=The week|magazine=The Nation|volume=68|issue=1766|page=323|date=May 4, 1899|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8QUDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA323}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Linn |first=Brian McAllister |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PSJGPgAACAAJ |title=The Philippine War, 1899–1902 |publisher=[[University Press of Kansas]] |year=2000 |location=Lawrence, Kans. |isbn=978-0-7006-1225-3 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PSJGPgAACAAJ&pg=PA75 75–76] |author-link=Brian McAllister Linn |access-date=December 25, 2018 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073827/https://books.google.com/books?id=PSJGPgAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kalaw|first=Maximo Manguiat|title=The Development of Philippine politics (1872–1920)|publisher=Oriental Commercial Company, Inc.|location=Manila|year=1927|url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/afj2233.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext|pages=199–200|access-date=December 3, 2023|archive-date=December 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214233312/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AFJ2233.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Paterno|first=Pedro Alejandro|author-link=Pedro Paterno|title=Pedro Paterno's Proclamation of War|work=The Philippine-American War Documents|publisher=MSC Institute of Technology, Inc.|location=San Pablo City, Philippines|date=June 2, 1899|url=http://www.msc.edu.ph/centennial/pa990602.html|access-date=December 25, 2016}}</ref>
Meanwhile, the [[Rajahnate of Butuan]] in northeastern Mindanao attained prominence under the rule of Rajah Sri Bata Shaja,<ref name="autogenerated3"/> who was from a Buddhist ruling-class governing a Hindu nation. This state became powerful due to the local goldsmith industry and it also had commercial ties and a diplomatic rivalry with the [[Champa]] civilization. Both the Rajahnates of Butuan and Cebu also maintained contact and had trade routes with [[Kutai]], a Hindu country<ref name=Coedes>{{cite book|last= Coedès|first= George|authorlink= George Coedès|editor= Walter F. Vella|others= trans.Susan Brown Cowing|title= The Indianized States of Southeast Asia|year= 1968|publisher= University of Hawaii Press|isbn= 978-0-8248-0368-1}}</ref> in south [[Borneo]] established by Indian traders.<ref>[http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php?rop3=106159&rog3=ID The Tenggarong Kutai] in the Joshua Project</ref>


[[File:General Gregorio del Pilar and troops in Pampanga c1898.jpg|thumb|Filipino General [[Gregorio del Pilar]] and his troops in Pampanga around 1898, during the [[Philippine-American War]]]]
The nation of [[Ma-i]], believed to be located either in [[Bay, Laguna]]<ref name="Go2005">{{cite journal | last = Go | first = Bon Juan | title = Ma'I in Chinese Records - Mindoro or Bai? An Examination of a Historical Puzzle | journal = Philippine Studies | volume = 53 | issue= 1 | pages = 119–138 | publisher = Ateneo de Manila Press | date = 2005 | url = http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/216/223 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130615000000/http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/216/223| archivedate = {{date|21 oct 2013}} | deadurl = no }}</ref> or on the island of [[Mindoro]],<ref name="Scott1984"/> was noted for its honesty and trust-worthiness in trade.<ref name="KansaiICIS">{{cite journal |author=Wang Zhenping|title=Reading Song-Ming Records on the Pre-colonial History of the Philippines|journal=Journal of East Asian Cultural Interaction Studies| year=2008 |volume=1 |pages=249–260 |issn=1882-7756 |url=http://www.icis.kansai-u.ac.jp/data/journal01-v1/journal01-19-wang.pdf}}</ref> In northern [[Luzon]], the [[Huangdom of Pangasinan|Wangdom of Pangasinan]] under Wang Taymey, exported horses and silver to China, the [[Kingdom of Ryukyu]] and [[Japan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-21-1983/scott.pdf|title=Filipinos in China in 1500|last=Scott|first=William Henry|work=China Studies Program|publisher=De la Salle University|year=1989}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=William Henry Scott |title=A History of the Philippines |quote=The fact that Chief Kamayin's name is transliterated by the Chinese characters for 'excellent,' 'horse,' and' 'silver' led Berthold Laufer in his 1907 '''The relations of the Chinese to the Philippine'''" to list horses and silver among the Pangasinan gifts (Historical Bulletin 1967 reprint, Vol. 11, p. 10); this error was carelessly copied by Wu Ching-hong in his 1962 "The rise and decline of Chuanchou's international trade" (Proceedings of the Second Conference of the International Association of Historians of Asia, p. 477), whence it passed into more than one Philippine text, but was not repeated by Wu himself in his later works. Laufer also refers to a Philippine embassy led by a "high official called Ko-ch'a-lao" whom no other scholar has been able to locate and whom Beyer identifies as a "Chinese governor appointed for the island of Luzon (op. cit., loc. cit.). |journal=Guttenburg Free Online E-books |publisher= |year=1983 |volume=1 |page=8 |url=http://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-21-1983/scotpolo}}{{Dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>


The war resulted in the deaths of 250,000 to 1&nbsp;million civilians, primarily due to famine and disease.<ref name="Tucker-2009">{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Tucker |editor-first1=Spencer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History |title=Philippine-American War |date=May 20, 2009 |edition=Illustrated |volume=I: A–L |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-85109-951-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC&pg=PA478 478] |language=en |editor-link1=Spencer C. Tucker |access-date=July 25, 2021 |archive-date=September 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923151624/https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC |url-status=live }}</ref> Many Filipinos were transported by the Americans to [[List of concentration and internment camps#Philippines|concentration camps]], where thousands died.<ref>{{cite book |last=Briley |first=Ron |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TbvDwAAQBAJ |title=Talking American History: An Informal Narrative History of the United States |publisher=Sunstone Press |year=2020 |location=Santa Fe, N.M. |isbn=978-1-63293-288-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7TbvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA247 247] |access-date=December 27, 2022 |archive-date=February 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211172542/https://books.google.com/books?id=7TbvDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last1=Cocks |first1=Catherine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pvxD_LjXVRMC |encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of the Progressive Era |series=Historical Dictionaries of U.S. Historical Eras |volume=12 |title=Philippine-American War (1899–1902) |last2=Holloran |first2=Peter C. |last3=Lessoff |first3=Alan |date=March 13, 2009 |publisher=[[The Scarecrow Press]] |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=978-0-8108-6293-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pvxD_LjXVRMC&pg=PA332 332] |access-date=December 27, 2022 |archive-date=February 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211172543/https://books.google.com/books?id=pvxD_LjXVRMC |url-status=live }}</ref> After the fall of the First Philippine Republic in 1902, an [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|American civilian government]] was established with the [[Philippine Organic Act (1902)|Philippine Organic Act]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Gates |first=John M. |title=The U.S. Army and Irregular Warfare |date=November 2002 |chapter=Chapter 3: The Pacification of the Philippines |access-date=February 20, 2010 |chapter-url=http://www3.wooster.edu/history/jgates/book-ch3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805061319/http://www3.wooster.edu/history/jgates/book-ch3.html |archive-date=August 5, 2010 |via=[[College of Wooster]] |oclc=49327571}}</ref> American forces continued to secure and extend their control of the islands, suppressing an attempted [[Tagalog Republic#Sakay|extension of the Philippine Republic]],<ref name="Duka-2008" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC&pg=PA200|name=200–202}}}}<ref name="Tucker-2009" /> [[Kiram–Bates Treaty|securing the Sultanate of Sulu]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Abanes |first=Menandro Sarion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ir8vBQAAQBAJ |title=Ethno-religious Identification and Intergroup Contact Avoidance: An Empirical Study on Christian-Muslim Relations in the Philippines |series=Nijmegen Studies in Development and Cultural Change |date=2014 |publisher=[[LIT Verlag|LIT Verlag Münster]] |location=Zürich, Switzerland |isbn=978-3-643-90580-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ir8vBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 36] |language=en |access-date=February 11, 2023 |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144209/https://books.google.com/books?id=ir8vBQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Federspiel |first=Howard M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Qf39DpguysC |title=Sultans, Shamans, and Saints: Islam and Muslims in Southeast Asia |date=January 31, 2007 |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |isbn=978-0-8248-3052-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5Qf39DpguysC&pg=PA120 120] |language=en |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073948/https://books.google.com/books?id=5Qf39DpguysC |url-status=live }}</ref> establishing control of interior mountainous areas which had resisted Spanish conquest,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aguilar-Cariño |first1=Ma. Luisa |year=1994 |title=The Igorot as Other: Four Discourses from the Colonial Period |journal=[[Philippine Studies (journal)|Philippine Studies]] |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]] |volume=42 |issue=2 |issn=0031-7837 |pages=194–209 |jstor=42633435}}</ref> and encouraging large-scale resettlement of Christians in once-predominantly-Muslim Mindanao.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Wolff |editor-first1=Stefan |editor-last2=Özkanca |editor-first2=Oya Dursun- |title=External Interventions in Civil Wars: The Role and Impact of Regional and International Organisations |date=March 16, 2016 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-134-91142-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=WNu_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103 103] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNu_CwAAQBAJ |language=en |editor-link1=Stefan Wolff |access-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323163243/https://books.google.com/books?id=WNu_CwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Rogers |editor-first1=Mark M. |editor-last2=Bamat |editor-first2=Tom |editor-last3=Ideh |editor-first3=Julie |title=Pursuing Just Peace: An Overview and Case Studies for Faith-Based Peacebuilders |date=March 24, 2008 |publisher=[[Catholic Relief Services]] |location=Baltimore, Md. |isbn=978-1-61492-030-4 |page=119 |url=https://www.crs.org/publications/showpdf.cfm?pdf_id=56 |access-date=April 25, 2023 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208080127/https://www.crs.org/publications/showpdf.cfm?pdf_id=56 |archive-date=February 8, 2009}}</ref>
In Luzon, the [[Kingdom of Tondo]] was ruled over by the [[Lakandula]] dynasty and the kingdom grew wealthy via the exclusive distribution-rights of Chinese goods which they marketed in southeast Asia. This was granted to them by the Ming Dynasty.<ref name=Ring>{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA565 |title = International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania |author = Ring, Trudy |author2 = Robert M. Salkin |author3 = Sharon La Boda |last-author-amp = yes |publisher = Taylor & Francis |year = 1996 |pages = 565–569 |isbn = 1-884964-04-4 |accessdate = January 7, 2010}}</ref><ref name=Zaide2>{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/?id=pJYVAQAAIAAJ&q=Kingdom+of+tondo&dq=Kingdom+of+tondo |title = Philippine Political and Cultural History |author = Zaide, Gregorio F. |authorlink = Gregorio Zaide |publisher = Philippine Education Co |year = 1957 |page = 42|accessdate = January 7, 2010}}</ref> The [[Yongle Emperor]] also instituted a Chinese governor on Luzon during [[Zheng He]]'s [[Treasure voyages|voyages]] and appointed Ko Ch'a-lao to that position.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=EwnzBiM0LmAC&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33&dq=governor+chinese+luzon&source=bl&ots=f_OKEDJzJx&sig=AOflx3b7gvuXAVi9FwpwEkagXGg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=h653UM3JOqWD0QGhsoCIAg&ved=0CFsQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=governor%20chinese%20luzon&f=false Ho 2009], p. 33.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VbwogbQ3l8UC&pg=PT84&lpg=PT84&dq=Yung+lo+governor+luzon&source=bl&ots=k1pPMnaJ00&sig=yqYSGbkmGywHL2lqLEoCJlszqRE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Q7Z3UPe1H-yx0AGNpoFQ&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Yung%20lo%20governor%20luzon&f=false|title=In Our Image|work=google.com|accessdate=August 24, 2015}}</ref>


===Commonwealth and World War II (1935–1946)===
The 1300s saw the arrival and eventual spread of [[Islam]] in the Philippine archipelago. In 1380, [[Makhdum Karim|Karim ul' Makdum]] and Shari'ful Hashem Syed Abu Bakr, an [[Arab]] trader born in Johore, arrived in [[Sulu Island|Sulu]] from [[Malacca]] and established the [[Sultanate of Sulu]] by converting Sulu's rajah, [[Rajah Baguinda]] Ali and marrying his daughter.<ref>100 Events That Shaped The Philippines (Adarna Book Services Inc. 1999 Published by National Centennial Commission) Page 72 "The Founding of the Sulu Sultanate"</ref><ref>Bascar, C.M. (n.d.). [http://www.royalsulu.com/history.html Sultanate of Sulu, "The Unconquered Kingdom"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201232156/http://www.royalsulu.com/history.html |date=December 1, 2008 }}. Retrieved December 19, 2009 from [http://www.royalsulu.com/ The Royal Hashemite Sultanate of Sulu & Sabah Official Website].{{unreliable source?|date=November 2014}}</ref> At the end of the 15th century, [[Mohammed Kabungsuwan|Shariff Mohammed Kabungsuwan]] of [[Johor]] introduced Islam in the island of Mindanao and established the [[Sultanate of Maguindanao]]. The sultanate form of government extended further [[Confederation of sultanates in Lanao|into Lanao]].<ref>[http://www.mnlf.net/History/The%20Maguindanao%20Sultanate.htm "The Maguindanao Sultanate"], Moro National Liberation Front web site. "The Political and Religious History of the Bangsamoro People, condensed from the book ''Muslims in the Philippines'' by Dr. C. A. Majul." Retrieved January 9, 2008.</ref>
Cultural developments in the Philippines strengthened a national identity,<ref name="Armes-1987">{{cite book |last=Armes |first=Roy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFDnqIwdr8EC |title=Third World Film Making and the West |date=July 29, 1987 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |location=Berkeley, Calif. |isbn=978-0-520-90801-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qFDnqIwdr8EC&pg=PA152 152] |language=en |access-date=October 18, 2015 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073829/https://books.google.com/books?id=qFDnqIwdr8EC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Tofighian-2006">{{Cite thesis |last=Tofighian |first=Nadi |date=2006 |title=The role of Jose Nepomuceno in the Philippine society: What language did his silent films speak? |url=http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:200615/FULLTEXT01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309052902/http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:200615/FULLTEXT01 |archive-date=March 9, 2012 |access-date=February 9, 2023 |website=[[DiVA (open archive)|DiVA portal]] |publisher=[[Stockholm University]] |oclc=1235074310}}</ref>{{rp|page=12}} and [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] began to take precedence over other local languages.<ref name="Abinales-2005" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC&pg=PA121|name=121}}}} Governmental functions were gradually given to Filipinos by the [[Taft Commission]];<ref name="Ooi-2004" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1081|name=1081}}, {{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1117|name=1117}}}} the 1934 [[Tydings–McDuffie Act]] granted a ten-year transition to independence through the creation of the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]] the following year,<ref name="Nadeau-2020">{{cite book |last1=Nadeau |first1=Kathleen |title=The History of the Philippines |series=The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations |date=April 3, 2020 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-4408-7359-1 |page=76 |edition=Second |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ErEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA76 |access-date=October 12, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=October 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019084900/https://books.google.com/books?id=_ErEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA76 |url-status=live }}</ref> with [[Manuel L. Quezon|Manuel Quezon]] president and [[Sergio Osmeña]] vice president.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Lai To |editor-first1=Lee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WCwlDwAAQBAJ |title=Regional Community Building in East Asia: Countries in Focus |series=Politics in Asia |editor-last2=Othman |editor-first2=Zarina |date=September 1, 2016 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=New York, N.Y. |isbn=978-1-317-26556-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=WCwlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA145 145] |access-date=January 29, 2021 |archive-date=February 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211172544/https://books.google.com/books?id=WCwlDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Quezon's priorities were defence, social justice, inequality, economic diversification, and national character.<ref name="Ooi-2004" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1081|name=1081}}, {{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1117|name=1117}}}} [[Filipino language|Filipino]] (a standardized variety of Tagalog) became the national language,<ref name="Thompson-2003">{{cite book |last=Thompson |first=Roger M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1VI9AAAAQBAJ |title=Filipino English and Taglish: Language Switching From Multiple Perspectives |series=Varieties of English Around the World |date=October 16, 2003 |publisher=[[John Benjamins Publishing Company]] |location=Amsterdam, Netherlands |isbn=978-90-272-9607-8 |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=November 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118092514/https://books.google.com/books?id=1VI9AAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1h9oF9rj-MC&pg=PA27|name=27–29}}}} [[1937 Philippine women's suffrage plebiscite|women's suffrage was introduced]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Gonzales |first=Cathrine |date=April 30, 2020 |title=Celebrating 83 years of women's suffrage in the Philippines |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1267381/celebrating-83-years-of-womens-suffrage-in-the-philippines |access-date=January 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506193300/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1267381/celebrating-83-years-of-womens-suffrage-in-the-philippines |archive-date=May 6, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Guillermo-2012" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&pg=PA416|name=416}}}} and [[Land reform in the Philippines|land reform]] was considered.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kwiatkowski |first=Lynn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I__EDwAAQBAJ |title=Struggling With Development: The Politics of Hunger and Gender in the Philippines |date=May 20, 2019 |publisher=[[Westview Press]] |location=Boulder, Colo. |isbn=978-0-429-96562-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=I__EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41 41] |access-date=January 29, 2021 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073947/https://books.google.com/books?id=I__EDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Holden |first1=William N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kcA1DgAAQBAJ |title=Mining and Natural Hazard Vulnerability in the Philippines: Digging to Development or Digging to Disaster? |series=Anthem Environmental Studies |last2=Jacobson |first2=R. Daniel |date=February 15, 2012 |publisher=Anthem Press |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-84331-396-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kcA1DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA229 229] |language=en |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144208/https://books.google.com/books?id=kcA1DgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Riedinger |first=Jeffrey M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlasRfravpEC |title=Agrarian Reform in the Philippines: Democratic Transitions and Redistributive Reform |date=1995 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |location=Stanford, Calif. |isbn=978-0-8047-2530-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FlasRfravpEC&pg=PA87 87] |language=en |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=April 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422235850/https://books.google.com/books?id=FlasRfravpEC |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Douglas MacArthur lands Leyte1.jpg|thumb|alt=Douglas MacArthur, Sergio Osmeña, and Osmeña's staff wading ashore in knee-deep water|[[General Douglas MacArthur]] and [[Sergio Osmeña]] ''(left)'' coming ashore during the [[Battle of Leyte]] on October 20, 1944|left]]The [[Empire of Japan]] invaded the Philippines in December 1941 [[Military history of the Philippines during World War II|during World War II]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Chamberlain |first=Sharon W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JByIDwAAQBAJ |title=A Reckoning: Philippine Trials of Japanese War Criminals |series=New Perspectives in Southeast Asian Studies |date=March 5, 2019 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]] |location=Madison, Wis. |isbn=978-0-299-31860-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JByIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 11] |access-date=February 16, 2021 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073830/https://books.google.com/books?id=JByIDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Second Philippine Republic]] was established as a [[puppet state]] governed by [[Jose P. Laurel]].<ref>{{cite report|last1=Rankin |first1=Karl L. |author-link=Karl L. Rankin |date=November 25, 1943 |title=Document 984 |series=Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1943, The British Commonwealth, Eastern Europe, the Far East |volume=III |chapter=Introduction |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1943v03/d984 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629000417/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1943v03/d984 |archive-date=June 29, 2017 |access-date=February 16, 2021 |publisher=[[Office of the Historian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Abinales |first1=Patricio N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TwglDwAAQBAJ |title=State and Society in the Philippines |last2=Amoroso |first2=Donna J. |date=July 6, 2017 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=978-1-5381-0395-1 |edition=Second |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TwglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA160 160] |access-date=February 16, 2021 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073954/https://books.google.com/books?id=TwglDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Beginning in 1942, the [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines]] was [[Philippine resistance against Japan|opposed]] by large-scale [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines#Resistance|underground guerrilla activity]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=The Guerrilla War |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/sfeature/bataan_guerrilla.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128153210/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/sfeature/bataan_guerrilla.html |archive-date=January 28, 2017 |access-date=February 24, 2011 |website=[[American Experience]] |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Minor |first=Colin |date=March 4, 2019 |title=Filipino Guerilla Resistance to Japanese Invasion in World War II |url=https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1044&context=legacy |journal=Legacy |volume=15 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320025106/https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1044&context=legacy |archive-date=March 20, 2020 |access-date=February 11, 2023 |via=[[Southern Illinois University Carbondale]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Sandler |editor-first1=Stanley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-027Yrx12UC |encyclopedia=World War II in the Pacific: An Encyclopedia |title=Philippines, Anti-Japanese Guerrillas in |date=2001 |publisher=[[Garland Publishing]] |location=New York, N.Y. |isbn=978-0-8153-1883-5 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=K-027Yrx12UC&pg=PA819 819–825] |access-date=February 18, 2021 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073835/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-027Yrx12UC |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Japanese war crimes|Atrocities and war crimes]] were committed during the war, including the [[Bataan Death March]] and the [[Manila massacre]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Jones |first=Jeffrey Frank |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/Japanese-War-Crimes-Guide.pdf |title=Japanese War Crimes and Related Topics: A Guide to Records at the National Archives |publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]] |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Gx9JDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1031 1031–1037] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414092157/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/Japanese-War-Crimes-Guide.pdf |archive-date=April 14, 2010 |via=[[ibiblio]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Li |editor-first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2J0ZqRZw-QQC |title=Japanese War Crimes: The Search for Justice |publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]] |location=New Brunswick, N.J. |isbn=978-1-4128-2683-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2J0ZqRZw-QQC&pg=PA250 250] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002122006/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Japanese_War_Crimes/2J0ZqRZw-QQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22japanese+atrocities&pg=PA250 |archive-date=October 2, 2020}}</ref> The Philippine resistance and Allied troops [[Philippines campaign (1944–1945)|defeated the Japanese]] in 1944 and 1945. Over one&nbsp;million Filipinos were estimated to have died by the end of the war.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rottman |first=Gordon L. |title=World War II Pacific Island Guide: A Geo-Military Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChyilRml0hcC |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |location=Westport, Conn. |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-313-31395-0 |author-link=Gordon L. Rottman |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ChyilRml0hcC&pg=PA318 318] |access-date=October 18, 2015 |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012205757/https://books.google.com/books?id=ChyilRml0hcC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Del Gallego |first=John A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=983xDwAAQBAJ |title=The Liberation of Manila: 28 Days of Carnage, February–March 1945 |date=July 17, 2020 |publisher=[[McFarland & Company|McFarland]] |location=Jefferson, N.C. |isbn=978-1-4766-3597-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=983xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA84 84] |language=en |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144212/https://books.google.com/books?id=983xDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> On October 11, 1945, the Philippines became a [[member states of the United Nations|founding member]] of the [[United Nations]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Founding Member States |url=https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unms/founders.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091121135646/https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unms/founders.shtml |archive-date=November 21, 2009 |publisher=[[United Nations]]}}</ref><ref name="Buhler-2001">{{cite book |last=Bühler |first=Konrad G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C |title=State Succession and Membership in International Organizations: Legal Theories versus Political Pragmatism |series=Legal Aspects of International Organization |date=February 8, 2001 |publisher=[[Kluwer Law International]] |location=The Hague, Netherlands |isbn=978-90-411-1553-9 |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405131023/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C&pg=PA38|name=38–41}}}} On July 4, 1946, during the presidency of [[Manuel Roxas]], the country's independence was recognized by the United States with the [[Treaty of Manila (1946)|Treaty of Manila]].<ref name="Buhler-2001" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C&pg=PA38|name=38–41}}}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America; 1776–1949 |url=https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/lltreaties//lltreaties-ustbv011/lltreaties-ustbv011.pdf |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |location=United States |volume=II |year= 1974 |pages=3–6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824161243/https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/lltreaties//lltreaties-ustbv011/lltreaties-ustbv011.pdf |archive-date=August 24, 2021}}</ref>


=== Independence (1946–present) ===
Around this time, the people of Luzon were collectively called [[Lucoes]] and they rose to prominence by participating in trading ventures and military campaigns in [[Taungoo Dynasty|Myanmar]], [[Sultanate of Malacca|Malacca]] and [[East Timor]]<ref>Lucoes warriors aided the Burmese king in his invasion of Siam in 1547&nbsp;AD. At the same time, Lusung warriors fought alongside the Siamese king and faced the same elephant army of the Burmese king in the defence of the Siamese capital at Ayuthaya. SOURCE: Ibidem, page 195.</ref><ref>The former sultan of Malacca decided to retake his city from the Portuguese with a fleet of ships from Lusung in 1525 AD. SOURCE: Barros, Joao de, Decada terciera de Asia de Ioano de Barros dos feitos que os Portugueses fezarao no descubrimiento dos mares e terras de Oriente [1628], Lisbon, 1777, courtesy of William Henry Scott, Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1994, page 194.</ref><ref name="Pigafetta">{{Cite journal |last = Pigafetta |first = Antonio |author-link = Antonio Pigafetta |title = First voyage round the world |language = English |translator = J.A. Robertson |year = 1969 |place = Manila |publisher = Filipiniana Book Guild |orig-year = 1524}}</ref> where they were employed as traders and mercenaries.<ref name="Pires">{{Cite book |last = Pires |first = Tomé |author-link = Tomé Pires |title = A suma oriental de Tomé Pires e o livro de Francisco Rodriguez: Leitura e notas de Armando Cortesão [1512 – 1515] |translator = Armando Cortesao |language = Portuguese |place = Cambridge |publisher = Hakluyt Society |year = 1944 |postscript = <!--None-->}}</ref><ref name="Lach">{{cite book |last = Lach |first = Donald Frederick |title = Asia in the Making of Europe |year = 1994 |publisher = University of Chicago Press |location = Chicago |chapter = Chapter 8: The Philippine Islands |isbn = 0-226-46732-5}}</ref><ref name="Reid">{{cite book |last = Reid |first = Anthony |authorlink = Anthony Reid (academic) |editor = Peter Bellwood |editor2 = James J. Fox |editor3 = Darrell Tryon |editor3-link = Darrell Tryon |title = The Austronesians: Historical and comparative perspectives |year = 1995 |publisher = Department of Anthropology, The Australian National University |location = Canberra |chapter = Continuity and Change in the Austronesian Transition to Islam and Christianity |chapterurl = http://epress.anu.edu.au/austronesians/austronesians/mobile_devices/ch16.html}}</ref>
{{Main|History of the Philippines (1946–1965)|History of the Philippines (1965–1986)|History of the Philippines (1986–present)}}[[File:Philippine Independence, July 4 1946.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|The raising of the [[Flag of the Philippines]] during the declaration of Philippine Independence on July 4, 1946]]


Efforts at post-war reconstruction and ending the [[Hukbalahap Rebellion]] succeeded during [[Ramon Magsaysay]]'s presidency,<ref>{{cite book|last=Goodwin |first=Jeff |url=https://archive.org/details/nootherwayout00jeff |title=No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945–1991 |series=Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics |date=2001 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=978-0-521-62069-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nootherwayout00jeff/page/118 118] |author1-link=Jeff Goodwin}}</ref> but sporadic communist insurgency continued to flare up long afterward.<ref name="Tucker-2013">{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Tucker |editor-first=Spencer C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXCjAQAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency: A New Era of Modern Warfare |title=Hukbalahap Rebellion |date=October 29, 2013 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-61069-280-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LXCjAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA244 244] |language=en |editor-link1=Spencer C. Tucker}}</ref> Under Magsaysay's successor, [[Carlos P. Garcia]], the government initiated a [[Filipino First policy]] which promoted Filipino-owned businesses.<ref name="Abinales-2005" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC&pg=PA182|name=182}}}} Succeeding Garcia, [[Diosdado Macapagal]] moved Independence Day from July 4 to June 12—the date of Emilio Aguinaldo's declaration—<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Republic Day |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/republic-day/about/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225103921/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/republic-day/about/ |archive-date=February 25, 2018 |access-date=February 12, 2023 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |at=II. Independence Day moved from July 4 to June 12}}</ref> and pursued [[North Borneo dispute|a claim]] on eastern [[North Borneo]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Dobbs |first=Charles M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wkMaBwAAQBAJ |title=Trade and Security: The United States and East Asia, 1961–1969 |date=February 19, 2010 |publisher=[[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]] |location=Newcastle upon Tyne, England |isbn=978-1-4438-1995-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wkMaBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA222 222] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103527/https://books.google.com/books?id=wkMaBwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Weatherbee |first1=Donald E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4wqEC4jHl9wC |title=International Relations in Southeast Asia: The Struggle for Autonomy |last2=Emmers |first2=Ralf |last3=Pangestu |first3=Mari |last4=Sebastian |first4=Leonard C. |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Md. |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7425-2842-0 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4wqEC4jHl9wC&pg=PA68 68–69] |access-date=October 18, 2015 |archive-date=June 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604143037/https://books.google.com/books?id=4wqEC4jHl9wC |url-status=live }}</ref>
Islam then started to spread out of [[Mindanao]] in the south and went into [[Luzon]] in the north. [[Manila]] in Luzon was Islamized during the reign of Sultan [[Bolkiah]] in 1485 to 1521. This was accomplished because the [[Bruneian Empire|Sultanate of Brunei]] subjugated the Kingdom of Tondo by defeating [[Rajah Gambang]] and thereafter installing the Muslim rajah, [[Rajah Sulaiman I]] to the throne and by establishing the Bruneian puppet-state of the [[Kingdom of Maynila]].<ref>[http://www.history-centre.gov.bn/sultanbrunei.htm Pusat Sejarah Brunei] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415152209/http://www.history-centre.gov.bn/sultanbrunei.htm |date=April 15, 2015 }}. Retrieved February 7, 2009.</ref><ref name=McAmis>{{harvnb|McAmis|2002|pp=18–24, 53–61}}</ref><ref name="end">{{cite book |last=Munoz |first=Paul Michel |title=Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula |publisher=Editions Didier Millet |year=2006 |location=Singapore|page=171 |isbn= 981-4155-67-5}}</ref><ref>U.S. Department of State. Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs. (June 2009). [https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2700.htm Background Note: Brunei]. Retrieved December 18, 2009.</ref> Sultan Bolkiah also married Laila Mecana, the daughter of Sulu Sultan Amir Ul-Ombra to expand [[Brunei]]'s influence in both [[Luzon]] and [[Mindanao]].<ref name="Sidhu">{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Sidhu, Jatswan S. |year=2009 |title=Bolkiah, Sultan (r. 1485–1524) |encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Brunei Darussalam |edition=second |location=Lanham, Maryland |publisher=Scarecrow Press |page=37 |isbn=978-0-8108-7078-9}}</ref> The Muslims then proceeded to wage wars and conduct slave-raids against the Visayans.<ref name="macachor">{{cite journal|author=Celestino C. Macachor |year=2011 |title=Searching for Kali in the Indigenous Chronicles of Jovito Abellana |journal=Rapid Journal |volume=10 |issue=2 |url=http://cebueskrima.s5.com/custom3.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703210211/http://cebueskrima.s5.com/custom3.html |archivedate=July 3, 2012 |df= }}</ref> Participating in the Muslim raids, the [[Sultanate of Ternate]] consequently destroyed the [[Kedatuan of Dapitan]] in Bohol.<ref>[http://www.discoverbohol.com/Features/Dauis-History-Part-1.htm History of the Kingdom of Dapitan]. Retrieved February 3, 2017.</ref>
[[File:Marcos Declares Martial Law.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos|The Declaration of Martial Law]] in the headlines of the Sunday Express]]
In 1965, Macapagal [[1965 Philippine presidential election|lost]] the presidential election to [[Ferdinand Marcos]]. [[First term of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos|Early in his presidency]], Marcos began infrastructure projects funded mostly by foreign loans; this improved the economy, and contributed to his [[1969 Philippine presidential election|reelection in 1969]].<ref name="Timberman-1991">{{cite book |last=Timberman |first=David G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NkBO2RhI4NUC |title=A Changeless Land: Continuity and Change in Philippine Politics |publisher=[[M.E. Sharpe]] |location=Armonk, N.Y. |year=1991 |isbn=978-981-3035-86-7 |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218094758/https://books.google.com/books?id=NkBO2RhI4NUC |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NkBO2RhI4NUC&pg=PA58|name=58}}}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Fernandes |first=Clinton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mrU4FBGqCAC |title=Hot Spot: Asia and Oceania |date=June 30, 2008 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Westport, Conn. |isbn=978-0-313-35413-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6mrU4FBGqCAC&pg=PA188 188] |author-link1=Clinton Fernandes |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073832/https://books.google.com/books?id=6mrU4FBGqCAC |url-status=live }}</ref> Near the end of his last constitutionally-permitted term, Marcos [[Proclamation No. 1081|declared martial law]] on September 21, 1972<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Declaration of Martial Law |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/declaration-of-martial-law/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708065018/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/declaration-of-martial-law/ |archive-date=July 8, 2017 |access-date=September 1, 2020 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]}}</ref> using the specter of communism<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Hastedt |first=Glenn P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9HpR1b5zZxwC |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy |title=Philippines |date=January 1, 2004 |publisher=[[Facts On File]] |location=New York, N.Y. |isbn=978-1-4381-0989-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9HpR1b5zZxwC&pg=392 392] |access-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-date=May 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510063237/https://books.google.com/books?id=9HpR1b5zZxwC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Martin |editor-first1=Gus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ClN2AwAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Terrorism |edition=Second |title=New People's Army |date=June 15, 2011 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |location=Thousand Oaks, Calif. |isbn=978-1-4522-6638-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ClN2AwAAQBAJ&pg=427 427] |language=en |author-link1=C. Augustus Martin |access-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-date=April 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420100924/https://books.google.com/books?id=ClN2AwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=van der Kroef |first1=Justus M. |title=Asian Communism in the Crucible |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XBafuPyHq8C |journal=Problems of Communism |date=1975 |publisher=Documentary Studies Section, [[International Information Administration]] |issue=March–April 1975 |volume=XXIV |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6XBafuPyHq8C&pg=PA59 59] |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212090208/https://books.google.com/books?id=6XBafuPyHq8C |url-status=live }}</ref> and began to [[rule by decree]];<ref name="TheEuropaWorldYear-2004">{{cite book |title=The Europa World Year: Kazakhstan – Zimbabwe |date=2004 |publisher=[[Europa Publications]] |location=London, England |edition=45th |volume=II |isbn=978-1-85743-255-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gP_-8rXzQs8C&pg=PA3408 3408] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gP_-8rXzQs8C |language=en |access-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-date=January 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114164345/https://books.google.com/books?id=gP_-8rXzQs8C |url-status=live }}</ref> the period was characterized by [[Political detainees under the Marcos dictatorship|political repression]], [[Journalism during the Marcos dictatorship|censorship]], and [[Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship|human rights violations]].<ref>{{cite report|last1=Leary |first1=Virginia A. |url=https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/1984/01/Philippines-human-rights-mission-report-1984-eng.pdf |title=The Philippines: Human Rights After Martial Law: Report of a Mission |last2=Ellis |first2=A. A. |last3=Madlener |first3=Kurt |date=1984 |publisher=[[International Commission of Jurists]] |isbn=978-92-9037-023-9 |location=Geneva, Switzerland |chapter=Chapter 1: An Overview of Human Rights |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329103100/https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/1984/01/Philippines-human-rights-mission-report-1984-eng.pdf |archive-date=March 29, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=van Erven |first=Eugène |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mWe8mLteIigC |title=The Playful Revolution: Theatre and Liberation in Asia |date=1992 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=Bloomington, Ind. |isbn=978-0-253-20729-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mWe8mLteIigC&pg=PA35 35] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103527/https://books.google.com/books?id=mWe8mLteIigC |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Monopolies in the Philippines (1965–1986)|Monopolies]] controlled by [[Cronies of Ferdinand Marcos|Marcos's cronies]] were established in key industries,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kang |first1=David C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=im465FAopWMC |title=Crony Capitalism: Corruption and Development in South Korea and the Philippines |date=January 24, 2002 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=978-0-521-00408-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=im465FAopWMC&pg=PA140 140] |language=en |author-link1=David C. Kang |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103527/https://books.google.com/books?id=im465FAopWMC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=White |first=Lynn T. III |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4mvfBQAAQBAJ |title=Philippine Politics: Possibilities and Problems in a Localist Democracy |series=Routledge Contemporary Southeast Asia Series |date=December 17, 2014 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-317-57422-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4mvfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 74] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074430/https://books.google.com/books?id=4mvfBQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Salazar |first=Lorraine Carlos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wA2P9HBcr2YC |title=Getting a Dial Tone: Telecommunications Liberalisation in Malaysia and the Philippines |date=2007 |publisher=[[ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute|Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-230-382-0 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wA2P9HBcr2YC&pg=PA12 12–13] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103527/https://books.google.com/books?id=wA2P9HBcr2YC |url-status=live }}</ref> including [[Deforestation in the Philippines#Deforestation during the martial law era|logging]]<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Inoue |editor-first1=M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nwTuCAAAQBAJ |title=People and Forest — Policy and Local Reality in Southeast Asia, the Russian Far East, and Japan |editor-last2=Isozaki |editor-first2=H. |date=November 11, 2013 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |location=Dordrecht, Netherlands |isbn=978-94-017-2554-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nwTuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA142 142] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103527/https://books.google.com/books?id=nwTuCAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> and broadcasting;<ref name="Guillermo-2012" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&pg=PA120|name=120}}}} a sugar monopoly led to [[Negros famine|a famine on the island of Negros]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=September 10, 1985 |title=UCAN Special Report: What's Behind the Negros Famine Crisis |language=en |work=[[Union of Catholic Asian News]] |url=https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1985/09/11/ucan-special-report-whats-behind-the-negros-famine-crisis&post_id=33345 |access-date=February 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322040705/https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1985/09/11/ucan-special-report-whats-behind-the-negros-famine-crisis&post_id=33345 |archive-date=March 22, 2016}}</ref> With his wife, [[Imelda Marcos|Imelda]], Marcos was accused of corruption and [[Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family|embezzling billions of dollars]] of public funds.<ref>{{cite book |last=SarDesai |first=D. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjNWDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT206 |title=Southeast Asia: Past and Present |date=December 4, 2012 |edition=7th |publisher=[[Westview Press]] |isbn=978-0-8133-4838-4 |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103527/https://books.google.com/books?id=yjNWDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT206 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Vogl |first=Frank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hBCMTGiVBYMC |title=Waging War on Corruption: Inside the Movement Fighting the Abuse of Power |date=September 2016 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Boulder, Colo. |isbn=978-1-4422-1853-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hBCMTGiVBYMC&pg=PA60 60] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103527/https://books.google.com/books?id=hBCMTGiVBYMC |url-status=live }}</ref> Marcos's heavy borrowing [[1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis|early in his presidency]] resulted in [[Economic history of the Philippines (1965–1986)|economic crashes]], exacerbated by an [[early 1980s recession]] where the economy contracted by 7.3 percent annually in 1984 and 1985.<ref name="Thompson-Batalla-2018">{{cite book |editor-last1=Thompson |editor-first1=Mark R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmkPEAAAQBAJ |title=Routledge Handbook of the Contemporary Philippines |series=Routledge Handbooks |editor-last2=Batalla |editor-first2=Eric Vincent C. |date=February 19, 2018 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-317-48526-1 |language=en |author-link1=Mark R. Thompson |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103526/https://books.google.com/books?id=DmkPEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmkPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA212|name=212}}}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Raquiza |first=Antoinette R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5bkhjFAzyMC |title=State Structure, Policy Formation, and Economic Development in Southeast Asia: The Political Economy of Thailand and the Philippines |series=Routledge Studies in the Growth Economies of Asia |date=June 17, 2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-136-50502-7 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=g5bkhjFAzyMC&pg=PA40 40–41] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074317/https://books.google.com/books?id=g5bkhjFAzyMC |url-status=live }}</ref>


On August 21, 1983, opposition leader [[Ninoy Aquino|Benigno Aquino Jr.]] (Marcos's chief rival) was [[Assassination of Ninoy Aquino|assassinated on the tarmac]] at [[Ninoy Aquino International Airport|Manila International Airport]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Quinn-Judge |first=Paul |date=September 7, 1983 |title=Assassination of Aquino linked to power struggle for successor to Marcos |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1983/0907/090742.html |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908131731/https://www.csmonitor.com/1983/0907/090742.html |archive-date=September 8, 2015}}</ref> Marcos called a snap [[1986 Philippine presidential election|presidential election in 1986]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Hermida |first=Ranilo Balaguer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VASXBQAAQBAJ |title=Imagining Modern Democracy: A Habermasian Assessment of the Philippine Experiment |date=November 19, 2014 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press|SUNY Press]] |location=Albany, N.Y. |isbn=978-1-4384-5387-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VASXBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 12] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103526/https://books.google.com/books?id=VASXBQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> which proclaimed him the winner, but the results were widely regarded as fraudulent.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABK494.pdf |title=A Path to Democratic Renewal |last1=Atwood |first1=J. Brian |last2=Schuette |first2=Keith E. |page=350 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512220659/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABK494.pdf |archive-date=May 12, 2014 |via=[[National Democratic Institute for International Affairs]] and [[International Republican Institute]] |author-link1=J. Brian Atwood}}</ref> The resulting protests led to the [[People Power Revolution]],<ref name="LATimes-3DayRevolution">{{#invoke:cite news||last=Fineman |first=Mark |date=February 27, 1986 |title=The 3-Day Revolution: How Marcos Was Toppled |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-02-27-mn-12085-story.html |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825042718/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-02-27-mn-12085-story.html |archive-date=August 25, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Burgess |first=John |date=April 21, 1986 |title=Not All Filipinos Glad Marcos Is Out |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/04/21/not-all-filipinos-glad-marcos-is-out/d90b949f-da34-410a-be2e-95056958bcb2/ |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230212085658/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/04/21/not-all-filipinos-glad-marcos-is-out/d90b949f-da34-410a-be2e-95056958bcb2/ |archive-date=February 12, 2023}}</ref> which forced Marcos and his allies to flee to [[Hawaii]]. Aquino's widow, [[Corazon Aquino|Corazon]], was installed as president<ref name="LATimes-3DayRevolution" /> and a new constitution was promulgated.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Atienza |editor1-first=Maria Ela L. |title=Chronology of the 1987 Philippine Constitution |date=2019 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines]] Center for Integrative and Development Studies |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-742-119-3 |pages=4–11 |series=Public Policy Monographs |url=https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/chronology-of-the-1987-philippine-constitution.pdf |access-date=October 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025141304/https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/chronology-of-the-1987-philippine-constitution.pdf |archive-date=October 25, 2020}}</ref>
Nevertheless, states like the [[Igorot Society|animist Igorot]], Malay [[Confederation of Madja-as|Madja-as]], Sinified [[Caboloan|Pangasinan]], and Indianized [[Kingdom of Butuan|Butuan]] still maintained their cultures. The rivalries between the [[datus]], [[raja]]hs, [[wikt:王|wangs]], [[sultans]], and [[lakan]]s eventually eased Spanish [[colonization]]. Furthermore, the islands were [[Demographics of the Philippines#Population history|sparsely populated]]<ref>{{cite journal|url = http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38269/38269-h/38269-h.htm#pb139 |title = A History of the Philippines |last = Barrows |first = David |journal = Guttenburg Free Online E-books |publisher = |year = 2014 |volume = 1 |page = 139 |quote = Fourth.—In considering this Spanish conquest, we must understand that the islands were far more sparsely inhabited than they are to-day. The Bisayan islands, the rich Camarines, the island of Luzon, had, in Legaspi's time, only a small fraction of their present great populations. This population was not only small, but it was also extremely disunited. Not only were the great tribes separated by the differences of language, but, as we have already seen, each tiny community was practically independent, and the power of a dato very limited. There were no great princes, with large forces of fighting retainers whom they could call to arms, such as the Portuguese had encountered among the Malays south in the Moluccas.}}</ref> due to consistent natural disasters<ref>{{cite news|last1=Locsin|first1=Joel|title=For improved response? PAGASA to adopt 'super typhoon' category in 2015|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/386166/weather/for-improved-response-pagasa-to-adopt-super-typhoon-category-in-2015|accessdate=November 2, 2014|publisher=GMA News Online|date=November 1, 2014}}</ref> and inter-kingdom conflicts. Therefore, colonization was made easy and the small states of the archipelago quickly became incorporated into the Spanish Empire and were [[Hispanization|Hispanicized]] and Christianized.<ref name=Agoncillo>{{cite book|author=Agoncillo, Teodoro A.|title=History of the Filipino People|edition=8th|publisher=Garotech Publishing|year=1990|isbn=971-8711-06-6|page=22}}</ref>


[[File:Pinatubo91eruption plume.jpg|thumb|alt=A huge ash cloud, seen from a distance|The June [[1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo]] was the [[List of volcanic eruptions 1500–1999|second-largest terrestrial eruption]] of the 20th&nbsp;century.<ref name=usgs>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Newhall |first1=Chris |last2=Hendley |first2=James W. II |last3=Stauffer |first3=Peter H. |name-list-style=amp |date=February 28, 2005 |title=The Cataclysmic 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines (U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 113-97) |series=Reducing the Risk from Volcano Hazards |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs113-97/fs113-97.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060217063847/https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs113-97/fs113-97.pdf |archive-date=February 17, 2006 |access-date=April 22, 2023 |publisher=[[United States Department of the Interior|U.S. Department of the Interior]]; [[United States Geological Survey|U.S. Geological Survey]] |oclc=731752857}}</ref>]]
===Colonial era===
The return of democracy and government reforms which began in 1986 were hampered by [[National debt of the Philippines|national debt]], government corruption, and [[Coup attempts against Corazon Aquino|coup attempts]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Kingsbury |first=Damien |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CQlDwAAQBAJ |title=Politics in Contemporary Southeast Asia: Authority, Democracy and Political Change |date=September 13, 2016 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-317-49628-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8CQlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132 132] |author-link1=Damien Kingsbury |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212193225/https://books.google.com/books?id=8CQlDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Timberman-1991" />{{rp|pages=xii, xiii}} A [[Communist rebellion in the Philippines|communist insurgency]]<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Tan |editor-first1=Andrew T. H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzMmpCinBYoC |title=A Handbook of Terrorism and Insurgency in Southeast Asia |date=January 2009 |publisher=[[Edward Elgar Publishing]] |location=Cheltenham, England |isbn=978-1-84720-718-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzMmpCinBYoC&pg=PA405 405]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=February 14, 2011 |title=The Communist Insurgency in the Philippines: Tactics and Talks |url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4d5a310e2.pdf |journal=Asia Report |issue=202 |publisher=[[International Crisis Group]] |pages=5–7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806030349/https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4d5a310e2.pdf |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |access-date=September 2, 2020 |oclc=905388916 |via=Refworld}}</ref> and military conflict with [[Moro conflict|Moro separatists]] persisted;<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Mydans |first=Seth |date=September 14, 1986 |title=Philippine Communists Are Spread Widely, but Not Thinly |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/14/weekinreview/philippine-communists-are-spread-widely-but-not-thinly.html |access-date=September 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524190820/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/14/weekinreview/philippine-communists-are-spread-widely-but-not-thinly.html |archive-date=May 24, 2015}}</ref> the administration also faced a series of disasters, including the eruption of [[Mount Pinatubo]] in June 1991.<ref name=usgs/> Aquino was succeeded by [[Fidel V. Ramos]], who [[Economic liberalization|liberalized]] the national economy with [[privatization]] and [[deregulation]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Pecotich |editor-first1=Anthony |editor-last2=Shultz |editor-first2=Clifford J. |title=Handbook of Markets and Economies: East Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand: East Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand |date=July 22, 2016 |publisher=[[M. E. Sharpe]] |location=Armonk, N.Y. |isbn=978-1-315-49875-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ySe3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT546 |access-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322171259/https://books.google.com/books?id=ySe3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT546 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ortega |first1=Arnisson Andre |title=Neoliberalizing Spaces in the Philippines: Suburbanization, Transnational Migration, and Dispossession |date=September 9, 2016 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=978-1-4985-3052-1 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wDTVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 51–52] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wDTVDAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322171253/https://books.google.com/books?id=wDTVDAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ramos's economic gains were overshadowed by the onset of the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]].<ref name="NYTimes-Gargan-1997">{{#invoke:cite news||last=Gargan |first=Edward A. |date=December 11, 1997 |title=Last Laugh for the Philippines; Onetime Joke Economy Avoids Much of Asia's Turmoil |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/11/business/last-laugh-for-philippines-onetime-joke-economy-avoids-much-asia-s-turmoil.html |access-date=January 25, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228024452/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/11/business/last-laugh-for-philippines-onetime-joke-economy-avoids-much-asia-s-turmoil.html |archive-date=December 28, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Pempel |editor-first1=T. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTAuUXE_ANsC |title=The Politics of the Asian Economic Crisis |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |location=Ithaca, N.Y. |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8014-8634-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sTAuUXE_ANsC&pg=163 163] |author-link1=T. J. Pempel |access-date=March 28, 2016 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074317/https://books.google.com/books?id=sTAuUXE_ANsC |url-status=live }}</ref> His successor, [[Joseph Estrada]], prioritized public housing<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rebullida |first=Ma. Lourdes G. |date=December 2003 |title=The Politics of Urban Poor Housing: State and Civil Society Dynamics |url=https://www.pssc.org.ph/wp-content/pssc-archives/Philippine%20Political%20Science%20Journal/2003/06_The%20Political%20of%20Urban%20Poor%20Housing_%20State%20and%20Civil%20Society%20Dynamics.pdf |journal=Philippine Political Science Journal |publisher=Philippine Political Science Association |volume=24 |issue=47 |page=56 |doi=10.1080/01154451.2003.9754247 |s2cid=154441392 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511215251/https://www.pssc.org.ph/wp-content/pssc-archives/Philippine%20Political%20Science%20Journal/2003/06_The%20Political%20of%20Urban%20Poor%20Housing_%20State%20and%20Civil%20Society%20Dynamics.pdf |archive-date=May 11, 2021 |access-date=February 12, 2023}}</ref> but faced corruption allegations<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhargava |first1=Vinay Kumar |last2=Bolongaita |first2=Emil P. |title=Challenging Corruption in Asia: Case Studies and a Framework for Action |series=Directions in Development |date=2004 |publisher=[[World Bank Publications]] |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0-8213-5683-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gHS1bTsu2IUC&pg=PA78 78] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHS1bTsu2IUC |language=en |access-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322171257/https://books.google.com/books?id=gHS1bTsu2IUC |url-status=live }}</ref> which led to his overthrow by the [[Second EDSA Revolution|2001 EDSA Revolution]] and the succession of Vice President [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]] on January 20, 2001.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Landler |first=Mark |date=February 9, 2001 |title=In Philippines, The Economy As Casualty; The President Ousted, a Credibility Repair Job |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/09/business/philippines-economy-casualty-president-ousted-credibility-repair-job.html |access-date=February 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119090537/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/09/business/philippines-economy-casualty-president-ousted-credibility-repair-job.html |archive-date=January 19, 2010 |author-link1=Mark Landler}}</ref> Arroyo's [[Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo|nine-year administration]] was marked by economic growth,<ref name="CIAWorldFactBook" /> but was tainted by corruption and political scandals,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hutchcroft |first1=Paul D. (Paul David) |title=The Arroyo Imbroglio in the Philippines |journal=[[Journal of Democracy]] |date=2008 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=141–155 |doi=10.1353/jod.2008.0001 |issn=1086-3214 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/230460 |access-date=June 16, 2023 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |s2cid=144031968 |via=[[Project MUSE]] |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Dizon |first=David |date=August 4, 2010 |title=Corruption was Gloria's biggest mistake: survey |work=[[ABS-CBN News]] |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/08/04/10/corruption-was-glorias-biggest-mistake-survey |access-date=April 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806185404/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/08/04/10/corruption-was-glorias-biggest-mistake-survey |archive-date=August 6, 2010}}</ref> including [[Hello Garci scandal|electoral fraud allegations]] during the [[2004 Philippine presidential election|2004 presidential election]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=McCoy |first1=Alfred W. |author1-link=Alfred W. McCoy |title=Policing America's Empire: The United States, the Philippines, and the Rise of the Surveillance State |date=October 15, 2009 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]] |location=Madison, Wis. |isbn=978-0-299-23413-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QYj6WUGsRuEC&pg=PA498 498] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYj6WUGsRuEC |access-date=October 21, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Economic growth continued during [[Benigno Aquino III]]'s administration, which advocated good governance and transparency.<ref name="Lum-Dolven-2014">{{cite report|last1=Lum |first1=Thomas |last2=Dolven |first2=Ben |date=May 15, 2014 |title=The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests—2014 |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R43498/7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417070815/https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R43498/7 |archive-date=April 17, 2022 |access-date=September 14, 2020 |website=[[CRS Reports]] |publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]] |oclc=1121453557}}</ref>{{rp|pages=1, 3}}<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Lucas |first=Dax |date=June 8, 2012 |title=Aquino attributes growth to good governance |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/39227/aquino-attributes-growth-to-good-governance |access-date=September 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610044835/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/39227/aquino-attributes-growth-to-good-governance |archive-date=June 10, 2012}}</ref> Aquino III signed [[Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro|a peace agreement]] with the [[Moro Islamic Liberation Front]] (MILF) resulting in the [[Bangsamoro Organic Law]] establishing an autonomous [[Bangsamoro]] region, but a [[Mamasapano clash|shootout with MILF rebels in Mamasapano]] delayed passage of the law.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Buendia |first1=Rizal G. |title=The Politics of the Bangsamoro Basic Law |date=January 2015 |doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.3954.9205/1 |doi-access=free |access-date=May 10, 2024 |publisher=Yuchengco Center, [[De La Salle University]] |location=Manila, Philippines |pages=3–5 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294888285 |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Clapano |first=Jose Rodel |date=February 3, 2016 |title=Congress buries Bangsamoro bill |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/02/03/1549507/congress-buries-bangsamoro-bill |access-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920054536/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/02/03/1549507/congress-buries-bangsamoro-bill |archive-date=September 20, 2018}}</ref>
<!-- [[Philippine Colonial History]] redirects here -->
{{Further information|History of the Philippines (1521–1898)|History of the Philippines (1898–1946)}}
[[File:Spanish Galleon.jpg|upright=1.00|thumb|A sketch of a [[Manila galleon]] used during the [[Manila galleon|Manila-Acapulco Trade]].]]
In 1521, [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] explorer [[Ferdinand Magellan]]'s expedition arrived in the Philippines, claimed the islands for Spain and was then killed at the [[Battle of Mactan]].<ref name="etymology">{{cite book|author1=Zaide, Gregorio F. |author2=Sonia M. Zaide |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Philippine History and Government|edition=6th|publisher=All-Nations Publishing Company |year=2004}}</ref> Colonization began when Spanish explorer [[Miguel López de Legazpi]] arrived from Mexico in 1565 and formed the first Hispanic settlements in Cebu. After relocating to [[Panay]] island and consolidating a coalition of native [[Visayan]] allies, Hispanic soldiers and Latin-American mercenaries, the Spaniards then [[Miguel López de Legazpi#Luzon and the capture of Manila|invaded Islamic Manila]], therein they put down the [[Tondo Conspiracy]] and exiled the conspirators to [[Guam]] and [[Guerrero]].<ref>{{Citation|url=http://geocities.com/sinupan/magatsalamat.htm |title=Magat Salamat |author=Tomas L. |accessdate=July 14, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027123420/http://geocities.com/sinupan/magatsalamat.htm |archivedate=October 27, 2009 |deadurl=unfit}}</ref> Under Spanish rule, they established Manila as the capital of the [[Spanish East Indies]] (1571).<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://ejournals.ph/index.php?journal=malay&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=1006&path%5B%5D=1062 |title = Isang Maikling Kasaysayan ng Pandacan, Maynila 1589–1898 |author = Fernando A. Santiago Jr. |accessdate = July 18, 2008 |journal = Malay |volume = 19 |issue = [http://www.philjol.info/philjol/index.php/MALAY/article/view/80 2] |pages = 70–87 |year = 2006}}</ref>


Growing public frustration with post-[[People Power Revolution|EDSA]] governance led to the [[2016 Philippine presidential election|2016 election]]<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Alberto-Masakayan |first=Thea |date=May 27, 2016 |title=Duterte, Robredo win 2016 polls |work=[[ABS-CBN News]] |url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/halalan2016/nation/05/27/16/duterte-robredo-win-2016-polls/ |access-date=May 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528141509/http://news.abs-cbn.com/halalan2016/nation/05/27/16/duterte-robredo-win-2016-polls/ |archive-date=May 28, 2016}}</ref> of populist [[Rodrigo Duterte]],<ref name="CasipleEtAl-2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Casiple |first1=Ramon C. |last2=McCargo |first2=Duncan |last3=Aspinall |first3=Edward |last4=Davidson |first4=Michael W. |last5=Hicken |first5=Allen |last6=Weiss |first6=Meredith L. |last7=Villegas |first7=Bernardo M. |last8=Manzano |first8=George |last9=Baviera |first9=Aileen S. P. |date=August 31, 2016 |title=Roundtable: The 2016 Philippine Presidential Election |url=https://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg/component/get/18862 |journal=Contemporary Southeast Asia |publisher=[[ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute]] |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=180–181 |doi=10.1355/cs38-2a |s2cid=157111016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319034802/https://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg/component/get/18862 |archive-date=March 19, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Garrido |first=Marco |date=May 5, 2022 |title=Analysis; Filipinos don't long for the Marcos era. Why is his son in the lead? |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/05/05/bongbong-marcos-philippines-election-may9-democracy-duterte/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505174059/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/05/05/bongbong-marcos-philippines-election-may9-democracy-duterte/ |archive-date=May 5, 2022}}</ref> whose [[Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte|presidency]] saw the decline of [[liberalism in the Philippines|liberalism in the country]] albeit largely retaining liberal economic policies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Horner |first1=Lindsey K. |title=Oscillating between populism and liberalism in the Philippines: participatory education's role in addressing stubborn inequalities |journal=Globalisation, Societies and Education |date=March 14, 2024 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=337–339 |doi=10.1080/14767724.2022.2048799 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/14767724.2022.2048799?needAccess=true |access-date=October 19, 2024 |publisher=[[Routledge]]|hdl=20.500.11820/6014417b-a302-4966-ab51-5410e818c8e9 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Beauchamp-2022" /> Among Duterte's priorities was [[Build! Build! Build!|aggressively increasing infrastructure spending]] to spur economic growth;<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Nicolas |first=Fiona |date=November 4, 2016 |title=Big projects underway in 'golden age' of infrastructure |work=[[CNN Philippines]] |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/11/04/golden-age-infrastructure-Duterte-administration-Arthur-Tugade-Mark-Villar-Ernesto-Pernia-Vince-Dizon.html |access-date=September 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107131039/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/11/04/golden-age-infrastructure-Duterte-administration-Arthur-Tugade-Mark-Villar-Ernesto-Pernia-Vince-Dizon.html |archive-date=November 7, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=de Vera |first=Ben O. |date=August 6, 2020 |title=Build, Build, Build's 'new normal': 13 projects added, 8 removed |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://business.inquirer.net/304612/build-build-builds-new-normal-8-projects-added-13-removed |access-date=September 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817063018/https://business.inquirer.net/304612/build-build-builds-new-normal-8-projects-added-13-removed |archive-date=August 17, 2020}}</ref> the enactment of the Bangsamoro Organic Law;<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Maitem |first=Jeoffrey |date=January 25, 2019 |title=It's Official: Majority in So. Philippines Backs Muslim Autonomy Law |language=en |work=[[BenarNews]] |url=https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/philippine/BOL-plebiscite-01252019131530.html |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126214617/https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/philippine/BOL-plebiscite-01252019131530.html |archive-date=January 26, 2019}}</ref> an intensified crackdown on crime and communist insurgencies;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Nepomuceno |first=Priam |date=July 7, 2022 |title=Duterte admin made significant gains vs. NPA: AFP |language=en |work=[[Philippine News Agency]] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1178431 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707084355/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1178431 |archive-date=July 7, 2022}}</ref> and [[Philippine drug war|an anti-drug campaign]] that reduced drug proliferation<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Caliwan |first=Christopher Lloyd |date=March 30, 2022 |title=Over 24K villages 'drug-cleared' as of February: PDEA |language=en |work=[[Philippine News Agency]] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1171001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331184448/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1171001 |archive-date=March 31, 2022}}</ref> but that has also led to [[extrajudicial killing]]s.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Romero |first=Alexis |date=December 26, 2017 |title=Duterte gov't probing over 16,000 drug war-linked deaths as homicide, not EJK |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/12/26/1771944/duterte-govt-probing-over-16000-drug-war-linked-deaths-homicide-not-ejk |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226113810/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/12/26/1771944/duterte-govt-probing-over-16000-drug-war-linked-deaths-homicide-not-ejk |archive-date=December 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Kabiling |first=Genalyn |date=March 5, 2021 |title=Duterte unfazed by drug war criticisms: 'You want me to go prison? So be it' |work=[[Manila Bulletin]] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/03/05/duterte-unfazed-by-drug-war-criticisms-you-want-me-to-go-prison-so-be-it/ |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305123210/https://mb.com.ph/2021/03/05/duterte-unfazed-by-drug-war-criticisms-you-want-me-to-go-prison-so-be-it/ |archive-date=March 5, 2021}}</ref> In early 2020, the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines|COVID-19 pandemic]] reached the Philippines,<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=January 30, 2020 |title=Philippines confirms first case of new coronavirus |work=[[ABS-CBN News]] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/01/30/20/philippines-confirms-first-case-of-new-coronavirus |access-date=January 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130083057/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/01/30/20/philippines-confirms-first-case-of-new-coronavirus |archive-date=January 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Cordero |first=Ted |date=March 7, 2020 |title=DOH recommends declaration of public health emergency after COVID-19 local transmission |work=[[GMA News Online]] |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/728715/doh-recommends-declaration-of-public-health-emergency-after-covid-19-local-transmission/story/ |access-date=March 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308064057/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/728715/doh-recommends-declaration-of-public-health-emergency-after-covid-19-local-transmission/story/ |archive-date=March 8, 2020}}</ref> necessitating [[COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines|nationwide lockdowns]] that caused a brief but severe [[COVID-19 recession|economic recession]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Venzon |first=Cliff |date=January 28, 2021 |title=Philippines GDP shrinks 9.5% in 2020, worst since 1947 |work=[[Nikkei Asia]] |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Philippines-GDP-shrinks-9.5-in-2020-worst-since-1947 |access-date=January 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128061938/https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Philippines-GDP-shrinks-9.5-in-2020-worst-since-1947 |archive-date=January 28, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news| |last1=Morales |first1=Neil Jerome |last2=Lema |first2=Karen |title=Philippines economy on recovery path, but policy seen remaining loose |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/currencies/philippine-gdp-grows-77-yy-q4-beats-forecast-2022-01-27/ |access-date=October 19, 2024 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=January 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204094028/https://www.reuters.com/markets/currencies/philippine-gdp-grows-77-yy-q4-beats-forecast-2022-01-27/ |archive-date=February 4, 2022}}</ref> Under a promise of continuing Duterte's policies,<ref name="Beauchamp-2022">{{cite news |last1=Beauchamp |first1=Zack |title=The Philippine election is the latest example of illiberalism's popularity |url=https://www.vox.com/2022/5/17/23068682/marcos-duterte-philippine-election-2022-illiberalism |access-date=October 19, 2024 |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |date=May 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517160207/https://www.vox.com/2022/5/17/23068682/marcos-duterte-philippine-election-2022-illiberalism |archive-date=May 17, 2022}}</ref> Marcos's son, [[Bongbong Marcos]], ran with Duterte's daughter, [[Sara Duterte|Sara]], and won the [[2022 Philippine presidential election|2022 election]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=May 10, 2022 |title=Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos wins the Philippine presidency in a landslide |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/ferdinand-bongbong-marcos-wins-the-philippine-presidency-in-a-landslide/21809220 |access-date=June 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510114935/https://www.economist.com/asia/ferdinand-bongbong-marcos-wins-the-philippine-presidency-in-a-landslide/21809220 |archive-date=May 10, 2022}}</ref> Marcos's renewal of a pro-US foreign policy, however, has been viewed as a reversal of Duterte's cordiality with China, and [[territorial disputes in the South China Sea]] have since escalated.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Storey |first1=Henry |title=Marcos vs Duterte: Domestic politics meets grand strategy |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/marcos-vs-duterte-domestic-politics-meets-grand-strategy |website=[[Lowy Institute]] |date=August 5, 2024 |access-date=October 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914110341/https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/marcos-vs-duterte-domestic-politics-meets-grand-strategy |archive-date=September 14, 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
They also defeated the Chinese-warlord [[Limahong]].<ref>Kurlansky, Mark. (1999). ''The Basque History of the World''. New York: Walker & Company. p. 64. {{ISBN|0-8027-1349-1}}.</ref><ref name="JoaquinPhilBecoming">[[Nick Joaquin|Joaquin, Nick]]. (1988). ''Culture and History: Occasional Notes on the Process of Philippine Becoming''. Manila: Solar Publishing.</ref> To counter-act the Islamization of the Philippines, the Spanish then conducted the [[Castilian War]] which was aimed against the [[Sultanate of Brunei]]<ref>{{Harvnb|McAmis|2002|p=33}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=de Sande|first1=Francisco|title=Letter from Francisco de Sande to Felipe II|url=http://www.filipiniana.net/publication/letter-from-francisco-de-sande-to-felipe-ii/12791881675822|website=Filipiniana.net|accessdate=January 15, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730162315/http://www.filipiniana.net/publication/letter-from-francisco-de-sande-to-felipe-ii/12791881675822|archivedate=July 30, 2012}}</ref> and war was also waged against the [[Sultanate of Ternate]] and [[Tidore]] (in response to Ternatean slaving and piracy against [[Bohol]] and [[Butuan]]).<ref name="RICKLEFSp25">{{cite book|last =Ricklefs |first =M.C. |title =A History of Modern Indonesia Since c |edition =1300, 2nd |publisher =MacMillan |year =1993 |location =London |url = |doi = |isbn = 0-333-57689-6 |page =25}}</ref> Fortifications were also set up in [[Taiwan]] and the [[Maluku islands]]. These were abandoned and the Spanish soldiers, along with the [[Sultanate of Ternate|newly Christianized]] [[Papuan languages|Papuan]] natives of the [[Moluccas]], [[Ternate, Cavite|withdrew back to the Philippines]] in order to re-concentrate their military forces because of a threatened invasion by the Japan-born [[Ming]]-dynasty loyalist, [[Koxinga]], ruler of the [[Kingdom of Tungning]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Spanish experience in Taiwan, 1626–1642: the Baroque ending of a Renaissance endeavor |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |author=Borao, José Eugenio |year=2010 |page=199 |isbn=962-209-083-4 |jstor=j.ctt1xcrpk}}</ref> However, the planned invasion was aborted. Meanwhile, settlers were sent to the Pacific islands of [[Palau]] and the [[Mariana Islands|Marianas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://micsem.org/pubs/articles/religion/frames/cathmissionsfr.htm|title=Catholic Missions in the Carolines and Marshall Islands|publisher=}}</ref>


== Geography ==
Spanish rule eventually contributed significantly to bringing political unity to the fragmented states of the archipelago. From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governed as a territory of the Mexico-based [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]] and then was administered directly from [[Madrid]] after the [[Mexican War of Independence]]. The [[Manila galleons]], the largest wooden ships ever built, were constructed in [[Bicol Region|Bicol]] and [[Cavite]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themua.org/collections/files/original/34a74c76efdb951655b9bde1213812dc.pdf|title=Astilleros: the Spanish shipyards of Sorsogon|work=Mary Jane Louise A. Bolunia|publisher=Archaeology Division, National Museum of the Philippines|accessdate=October 26, 2015}}</ref> The Manila galleons were accompanied with a large naval escort as it traveled to and from Manila and [[Acapulco]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Williams, Glyn |year=1999 |title=The Prize of All the Oceans |publisher=Viking |location=New York |isbn=0-670-89197-5 |page=4}}</ref> The galleons sailed once or twice a year, between the 16th and 19th centuries.<ref>Schurz, William Lytle. The Manila Galleon, 1939. P 193.</ref> The Manila Galleons brought with them [[goods]],<ref>1996. “Silk for Silver: Manila-Macao Trade in the 17th Century.” Philippine Studies 44, 1:52-68.</ref> settlers<ref>"Forced Migration in the Spanish Pacific World" By Eva Maria Mehl, page 235.</ref> and military reinforcements destined for the Philippines, from [[Latin American Asian|Latin America]].<ref>"In 1637 the military force maintained in the islands consisted of one thousand seven hundred and two Spaniards and one hundred and forty Indians." ~''Memorial de D. Juan Grau y Monfalcon, Procurador General de las Islas Filipinas, Docs. Inéditos del Archivo de Indias, vi, p. 425.'' "In 1787 ''the garrison at Manila consisted of one regiment of Mexicans comprising one thousand three hundred men, two artillery companies of eighty men each, three cavalry companies of fifty men each.''" ''La Pérouse, ii, p. 368.''</ref>
{{Main|Geography of the Philippines|List of islands of the Philippines}}
[[File:Relief Map Of The Philippines.png|thumb|upright=1.1|alt=Map of the Philippines, color-coded by elevation|The Philippines is generally mountainous; uplands make up 65 percent of the country's total land area.<ref name="Wernstedt-1967" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C&pg=PA38|name=38}}}}<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2dIXAAAAYAAJ |title=A Pocket Guide to the Philippines |date=1982 |publisher=[[American Forces Information Service]], [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] |isbn=<!-- ISBN unspecified --> |location=Washington, D.C. |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2dIXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7 7] |language=en |oclc=989862194 |access-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103622/https://books.google.com/books?id=2dIXAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }} {{No ISBN}}</ref>]]


The Philippines is an [[archipelago]] of about 7,641 [[List of islands of the Philippines|islands]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=June 4, 2019 |title=Know before you go: the Philippines |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/partner-content-know-before-you-go-the-philippines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217161952/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/partner-content-know-before-you-go-the-philippines |archive-date=February 17, 2021 |access-date=April 4, 2021 |website=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=February 20, 2016 |title=More islands, more fun in PH |work=[[CNN Philippines]] |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/videos/2016/02/20/More-islands-more-fun-in-PH.html |access-date=July 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620024729/http://cnnphilippines.com/videos/2016/02/20/More-islands-more-fun-in-PH.html |archive-date=June 20, 2018}}</ref> covering a total area (including inland bodies of water) of about {{convert|300000|km2|sqmi|sp=us|0}}.<ref name="NAMRIAGovPH-InfoMapper-1991">{{Cite journal |date=December 1991 |title=Land Use and Land Classification of the Philippines |url=http://www.namria.gov.ph/jdownloads/Info_Mapper/00a_im_dec911.pdf |journal=Infomapper |publisher=[[National Mapping and Resource Information Authority]] |volume=1 |issue=2 |page=10 |issn=0117-1674 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122012339/http://www.namria.gov.ph/jdownloads/Info_Mapper/00a_im_dec911.pdf |archive-date=January 22, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Boquet-2017">{{Cite book|last=Boquet|first=Yves|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ|title=The Philippine Archipelago|publisher=[[Springer International Publishing|Springer]]|year=2017|isbn=978-3-319-51926-5|series=Springer Geography|location=Cham, Switzerland|access-date=April 25, 2023|archive-date=February 3, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074433/https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|page=15}}<ref name="CIAWorldFactBook" />{{efn|name=land-area|The actual area of the Philippines is {{convert|343448|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sp=us}} according to some sources.<ref>{{cite report|title=Achieving Sustainable Urban Development Project; Philippines; Summary Report |url=http://unhabitat.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Volume-1-ASUD-4-HIRES.compressed.pdf |publisher=[[United Nations Human Settlements Programme|UN-Habitat]] |access-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826232930/http://unhabitat.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Volume-1-ASUD-4-HIRES.compressed.pdf |archive-date=August 26, 2018 |page=1 |date=2016}}</ref>}} Stretching {{convert|1850|km|sp=us}} north to south,<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Philippines – Places in the News |url=https://www.loc.gov/today/placesinthenews/archive/2008arch/20080624_philippines.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625233633/https://www.loc.gov/today/placesinthenews/archive/2008arch/20080624_philippines.html |archive-date=June 25, 2008 |access-date=March 13, 2023 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> from the [[South China Sea]] to the [[Celebes Sea]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Hogan |first=C. Michael |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Earth]] |date=August 19, 2011 |title=Celebes Sea |url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Celebes_Sea?topic=49523 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729042251/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Celebes_Sea?topic=49523 |archive-date=July 29, 2012 |access-date=February 5, 2023}}</ref> the Philippines [[Borders of the Philippines|is bordered]] by the [[Philippine Sea]] to the east,<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encarta]] |title=Philippine Sea |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580288/Philippine_Sea.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820123304/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580288/Philippine_Sea.html |archive-date=August 20, 2009}} on August 20, 2009).</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Philippine Sea |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippine-Sea |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714194604/https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippine-Sea |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=February 9, 2021}}</ref> and the [[Sulu Sea]] to the southwest.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Philippines – A country profile |url=https://www.eyeonasia.gov.sg/asean-countries/know/overview-of-asean-countries/philippines-a-country-profile/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926140334/https://www.eyeonasia.gov.sg/asean-countries/know/overview-of-asean-countries/philippines-a-country-profile/ |archive-date=September 26, 2020 |access-date=February 26, 2023 |website=Eye on Asia |publisher=[[Government of Singapore]] |language=en}}</ref> The [[List of islands of the Philippines|country's 11 largest islands]] are [[Luzon]], [[Mindanao]], [[Samar]], [[Negros]], [[Palawan (island)|Palawan]], [[Panay]], [[Mindoro]], [[Leyte]], [[Cebu (island)|Cebu]], [[Bohol]] and [[Masbate (island)|Masbate]], about 95 percent of its total land area.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chaffee |first1=Frederic H. |last2=Aurell |first2=George E. |last3=Barth |first3=Helen A. |last4=Betters |first4=Elinor C. |last5=Cort |first5=Ann S. |last6=Dombrowski |first6=John H. |last7=Fasano |first7=Vincent J. |last8=Weaver |first8=John O. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=83UsAAAAYAAJ |title=Area Handbook for the Philippines |date=February 1969 |publisher=[[U.S. Government Printing Office]] |isbn=<!-- ISBN unspecified --> |location=Washington, D.C. |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=83UsAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA6 6] |language=en |oclc=19734 |access-date=March 9, 2023 |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407033448/https://books.google.com/books?id=83UsAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }} {{No ISBN}}</ref> The Philippines' coastline measures {{convert|36289|km|mi|sp=us}}, the world's [[List of countries by length of coastline|fifth-longest]],<ref><!--says the coastline is 36,289&nbsp;km and that only Canada, Russia, Indonesia, and Greenland have longer coastlines-->{{#invoke:cite web||title=Field Listing – Coastline |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004524/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html |archive-date=June 13, 2007 |access-date=February 5, 2023 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> and the [[exclusive economic zone of the Philippines|country's exclusive economic zone]] covers {{convert|2263816|km²|sqmi|abbr=on|sp=us}}.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity; Catches by Taxon in the waters of Philippines |url=http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/608?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230205081936/http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/%23/eez/608?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10 |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |access-date=February 5, 2023 |publisher=[[Sea Around Us (organization)|Sea Around Us]]}}</ref>
Trade introduced foodstuff such as [[maize]], [[tomato]]es, [[potato]]es, [[chili pepper]]s, [[chocolate]] and [[pineapple]]s from [[Mexico]] and [[Peru]]. Within the Philippines, the [[Negros (island)|Marquisate of Buglas]] was established and rule of it was awarded to [[Sebastian Elcano]] and his crew, the survivors of the first circumnavigation of the world, as well as his descendants. New towns were also created<ref name="JoaquinPhilBecoming"/> and [[Roman Catholic]] missionaries converted most of the lowland inhabitants to [[Christianity]].<ref>Russell, S.D. (1999) {{cite news |url = http://www.seasite.niu.edu/crossroads/russell/christianity.htm |title = Christianity in the Philippines |accessdate = April 2, 2013}}</ref> They also founded schools, a university, hospitals and churches which were built along the [[Earthquake Baroque]] architectural style.<ref>[http://www.aenet.org/manila-expo/page16.htm "The City of God: Churches, Convents and Monasteries"]. Discovering Philippines. Retrieved on July 6, 2011.</ref> To defend their settlements, the Spaniards constructed and manned a network of military fortresses (called "[[Presidio]]s") across the archipelago.<ref>[http://filipinokastila.tripod.com/fort.html/ Fortress of Empire, Rene Javellana, S. J. 1997]</ref> The Spanish also decreed the introduction of free public schooling in 1863.<ref>Dolan, Ronald E. (Ed.). (1991). [http://countrystudies.us/philippines/53.htm "Education"]. [http://countrystudies.us/philippines/ ''Philippines: A Country Study'']. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. Retrieved December 20, 2009 from [http://countrystudies.us/ Country Studies US Website].</ref> As a result of these policies the Philippine population increased exponentially.<ref name=Gonzalez93>{{cite web|url = http://www.populstat.info/Asia/philippc.htm
|title = The Philippines: historical demographic data of the whole country |accessdate = July 19, 2003 |author = Jan Lahmeyer |year = 1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://1898.mforos.com/1026829/7262657-censos-de-cuba-puerto-rico-filipinas-y-espana-estudio-de-su-relacion/ |title = CENSOS DE CUBA,PUERTO RICO , FILIPINAS Y ESPAÑA .ESTUDIO DE SU RELACION |accessdate = December 12, 2010 |author = Voz de Galicia |year = 1898}}</ref>
[[File:Landing Balanguingui.jpg|thumb|upright=1.00|left|The landing of the [[Spanish expedition to Balanguingui|Spanish expedition to Sulu]] by [[Antonio Brugada]].]]


Its [[List of mountains in the Philippines|highest mountain]] is [[Mount Apo]] on Mindanao, with an altitude of {{convert|2954|m|ft|sp=us}} above sea level.<ref name="CIAWorldFactBook" /> The Philippines' [[List of rivers of the Philippines|longest river]] is the [[Cagayan River]] in northern Luzon, which flows for about {{convert|520|km||abbr=|sp=us}}.<ref>{{cite report|last=College of Forestry and Natural Resources, [[University of the Philippines Los Baños]] |title=Climate-Responsive Integrated Master Plan for Cagayan River Basin; Volume I – Executive Summary |url=https://riverbasin.denr.gov.ph/masterplans/cagayanexecutivesummary.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730173552/https://riverbasin.denr.gov.ph/masterplans/cagayanexecutivesummary.pdf |archive-date=July 30, 2020 |access-date=July 30, 2020 |website=River Basin Control Office |publisher=[[Department of Environment and Natural Resources]] |page=5}}</ref> [[Manila Bay]], on which is the capital city of [[Manila]],<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Wolanski |editor-first1=Eric |title=The Environment in Asia Pacific Harbours |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udK-kt3cQCsC |date=2006 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |location=Dordrecht, Netherlands |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=udK-kt3cQCsC&pg=PA309 309–328] |chapter=Chapter 19: Manila Bay: Environmental Challenges and Opportunities |isbn=978-1-4020-3654-5 |access-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321055842/https://books.google.com/books?id=udK-kt3cQCsC |url-status=live }}</ref> is connected to [[Laguna de Bay]]<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Laguna de Bay |url=https://llda.gov.ph/laguna-de-bay/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618040407/https://llda.gov.ph/laguna-de-bay/ |archive-date=June 18, 2020 |access-date=August 18, 2007 |publisher=[[Laguna Lake Development Authority]]}}</ref> (the country's [[List of lakes of the Philippines|largest lake]]) by the [[Pasig River]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Murphy |first1=Denis |last2=Anana |first2=Ted |date=2004 |title=Pasig River Rehabilitation Program |url=http://www.hic-net.org/document.asp?PID=197 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012123338/http://www.hic-net.org/document.asp?PID=197 |archive-date=October 12, 2007 |publisher=[[Habitat International Coalition]]}}</ref>
During its rule, Spain quelled [[Philippine revolts against Spain|various indigenous revolts]]. There were also several external military challenges from Chinese and Japanese pirates, the Dutch, the English, the Portuguese and the Muslims of Southeast Asia. Those challengers were fought-off despite the hostile forces having encircled the Philippine archipelago in a crescent formed from Japan to Indonesia. [[British occupation of the Philippines|British forces occupied Manila]] from 1762 to 1764 in an extension of the fighting of the [[Seven Years' War]]. Spanish rule was restored following the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|1763 Treaty of Paris]].<ref name=Agoncillo/><ref name=Halili>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA119|title=Philippine History|author=Halili, Maria Christine N.|publisher=Rex Bookstore|year=2004|pages=119–120|isbn=971-23-3934-3}}</ref><ref name=DeBorja>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=xXpiujH2uOwC&pg=PA81|title=Basques in the Philippines|author1=De Borja |author2=Marciano R. |publisher=University of Nevada Press|year=2005|pages=81–83|isbn=0-87417-590-9}}</ref> The [[Spanish–Moro conflict]] lasted for several hundred years. In the last quarter of the 19th century, Spain conquered portions of [[Mindanao]] and the [[Moro people|Moro]] Muslims in the [[Sulu Sultanate]] formally recognized Spanish sovereignty.


On the western fringes of the Pacific [[Ring of Fire]], the Philippines has frequent seismic and volcanic activity.<ref name="Rodell-2002">{{cite book |last=Rodell |first=Paul A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC |title=Culture and Customs of the Philippines |series=Culture and Customs of Asia |date=2002 |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |location=Westport, Conn. |isbn=978-0-313-30415-6 |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074324/https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA4|name=4}}}} The region is [[Seismology|seismically]] active, and has been [[Subduction tectonics of the Philippines|constructed by plates]] converging towards each other from multiple directions.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Berckhemer |editor-first1=H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4jQavSJCro4C |title=Alpine-Mediterranean Geodynamics |series=Geodynamics Series |volume=7 |editor-last2=Hsü |editor-first2=K. |date=1982 |publisher=[[American Geophysical Union]] |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-978-087-590-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4jQavSJCro4C&pg=RA1-PA31 31] |language=en |access-date=March 11, 2022 |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212195929/https://books.google.com/books?id=4jQavSJCro4C |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Frohlich |first=Cliff |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-lZGdmBwSPkC |title=Deep Earthquakes |date=May 4, 2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=978-0-521-82869-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-lZGdmBwSPkC&pg=PA421 421] |access-date=March 11, 2022 |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212195927/https://books.google.com/books?id=-lZGdmBwSPkC |url-status=live }}</ref> About five earthquakes are recorded daily, although most are too weak to be felt.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rantucci |first1=Giovanni |last2=Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology |author-link2=Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology |date=1994 |title=Geological Disasters in the Philippines; The July 1990 Earthquake and the June 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo; Description, Effects, and Lessons Learned |chapter=Chapter 2: Overview of Past and Recent Disasters in the Philippines |url=https://www.eird.org/estrategias/pdf/eng/doc13258/doc13258-2.pdf |publisher=[[Presidency of the Council of Ministers (Italy)|Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri]], Dipt. per l'Informazione e l'Editoria |location=Rome, Italy |isbn=978-1-4752-3936-2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530050031/https://www.eird.org/estrategias/pdf/eng/doc13258/doc13258-2.pdf |archive-date=May 30, 2012 |access-date=February 25, 2022 |via=[[United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction]] |page=24}}</ref> The [[List of earthquakes in the Philippines|last major earthquakes]] were in 1976 in the [[1976 Moro Gulf earthquake|Moro Gulf]] and in 1990 on [[1990 Luzon earthquake|Luzon]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Rinard Hinga |first=Bethany D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VHq1BgAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=Ring of Fire: An Encyclopedia of the Pacific Rim's Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and Volcanoes |title=Philippines |date=March 17, 2015 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-61069-297-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VHq1BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA249 249]}}</ref> The Philippines has [[List of active volcanoes in the Philippines|23 active volcanoes]]; of them, [[Mayon]], [[Taal Volcano|Taal]], [[Mount Canlaon|Canlaon]], and [[Mount Bulusan|Bulusan]] have the largest number of recorded eruptions.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Volcanoes of the Philippines |url=https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/volcano-hazard/volcanoes-of-the-philippines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806190713/https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/volcano-hazard/volcanoes-of-the-philippines |archive-date=August 6, 2017 |access-date=July 24, 2020 |publisher=[[Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology]]}}</ref><ref name="Boquet-2017" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26|name=26}}}}
In the 19th century, Philippine ports opened to world trade and shifts started occurring within Philippine society. Many Spaniards born in the Philippines (''[[Criollo people|criollos]]'')<ref>{{cite journal|url = http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38269/38269-h/38269-h.htm#pb139 |title = A History of the Philippines |last = Barrows |first = David |journal = Guttenburg Free Online E-books |publisher = |year = 2014 |volume = 1 |page = 179 |quote = Within the walls, there were some six hundred houses of a private nature, most of them built of stone and tile, and an equal number outside in the suburbs, or "arrabales," all occupied by Spaniards ("todos son vivienda y poblacion de los Españoles"). This gives some twelve hundred Spanish families or establishments, exclusive of the religious, who in Manila numbered at least one hundred and fifty,the garrison, at certain times, about four hundred trained Spanish soldiers who had seen service in Holland and the Low Countries, and the official classes.}}</ref> and those of mixed ancestry (''[[mestizos]]'') became wealthy and an influx of [[Latin American Asian|Latin American]] immigrants<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010725132619/http://zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm "Second Book of the Second Part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and Chronicle of the Religious of Our Father, St. Augustine"] (Zamboanga City History)
"He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reënforcements of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom."</ref><ref>[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16086/16086-h/16086-h.htm Letter from Fajardo to Felipe III From Manila, August 15 1620.(From the Spanish Archives of the Indies)]


The country has valuable<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Esplanada |first=Jerry E. |date=March 1, 2012 |title=Philippines sits on $840B of mine—US |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://business.inquirer.net/47013/philippines-sits-on-840-b-of-mine—us |access-date=July 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302194026/https://business.inquirer.net/47013/philippines-sits-on-840-b-of-mine%E2%80%94us |archive-date=March 2, 2012}}</ref> mineral deposits as a result of its complex geologic structure and high level of seismic activity.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bryner |first=Leonid |date=September 1, 1969 |title=Ore Deposits of the Philippines Their Geology |journal=[[Economic Geology (journal)|Economic Geology]] |publisher=Economic Geology Publishing Company |volume=64 |issue=6 |pages=645–647 |citeseerx=10.1.1.875.7878 |doi=10.2113/gsecongeo.64.6.644}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Santos |first=Gabriel Jr. |title=Metallogenetische und Geochemische Provinzen / Metallogenetic and Geochemical Provinces |chapter=Mineral Distribution and Geological Features of the Philippines |date=1974 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |volume=1 |page=89 |doi=10.1007/978-3-7091-4065-9_8 |isbn=978-3-211-81249-5}}</ref> It is thought to have the world's second-largest gold deposits (after South Africa), large copper deposits,<ref name="NYTimes-Miners">{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Greenlees |first1=Donald |date=May 14, 2008 |title=Miners shun mineral wealth of the Philippines |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/14/business/worldbusiness/14iht-mine.1.12876764.html |access-date=July 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511224056/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/14/business/worldbusiness/14iht-mine.1.12876764.html |archive-date=May 11, 2011}}</ref> and the world's largest deposits of [[palladium]].<ref name="Inquirer-FirmSeesMetal">{{#invoke:cite news||last=Cinco |first=Maricar |date=June 3, 2016 |title=Firm sees metal costlier than gold in Romblon sea |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/788940/firm-sees-metal-costlier-than-gold-in-romblon-sea |access-date=July 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724163335/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/788940/firm-sees-metal-costlier-than-gold-in-romblon-sea |archive-date=July 24, 2020}}</ref> The country's gold production in 2015 is 21 metric tonnes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gold production |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gold-production?tab=table |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20231129233804/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gold-production?tab=table |archive-date=2023-11-29 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref> Other minerals include [[chromium]], [[nickel]], [[molybdenum]], [[platinum]], and [[zinc]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Ramos |editor-first1=Socorro B. |editor-last2=Quiniquini |editor-first2=Salvador M. |title=The Philippines: a Handbook of Economic Facts and General Information |date=1966 |publisher=[[Department of Trade and Industry (Philippines)|Department of Commerce and Industry]], Research and Information Division |isbn=<!-- ISBN unspecified --> |location=Manila, Philippines |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vjmxAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA51 51] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vjmxAAAAIAAJ |language=en |oclc=63394 |access-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-date=April 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418081259/https://books.google.com/books?id=vjmxAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, poor management and law enforcement, opposition from indigenous communities, and past environmental damage have left these resources largely untapped.<ref name="NYTimes-Miners" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Schneider |first=Keith |date=June 8, 2017 |title=The Philippines, a nation rich in precious metals, encounters powerful opposition to mining |work=[[Mongabay]] |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2017/06/the-philippines-a-nation-rich-in-precious-metals-encounters-powerful-opposition-to-mining/ |access-date=July 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710043841/https://news.mongabay.com/2017/06/the-philippines-a-nation-rich-in-precious-metals-encounters-powerful-opposition-to-mining/ |archive-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref>
("The infantry does not amount to two hundred men, in three companies. If these men were that number, and Spaniards, it would not be so bad; but, although I have not seen them, because they have not yet arrived here, I am told that they are, as at other times, for the most part '''boys, mestizos, and mulattoes, with some Indians (Native Americans).''' There is no little cause for regret in the great sums that reënforcements of such men waste for, and cost, your Majesty. I cannot see what betterment there will be until your Majesty shall provide it, since I do not think, that more can be done in Nueva Spaña, although the viceroy must be endeavoring to do so, as he is ordered.")</ref> opened up government positions traditionally held by Spaniards born in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] (''[[peninsulares]]''). The ideals of revolution also began to spread through the islands. ''Criollo'' dissatisfaction resulted in the 1872 [[Cavite Mutiny]] that was a precursor to the Philippine Revolution.<ref name=Agoncillo/><ref name="Cavite Mutiny">Nuguid, Nati. (1972). [http://stuartxchange.com/CaviteMutiny.html "The Cavite Mutiny"]. in Mary R. Tagle. ''12 Events that Have Influenced Philippine History''. [Manila]: National Media Production Center. Retrieved December 20, 2009 from [http://stuartxchange.com/ StuartXchange Website].</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">[[Nick Joaquin|Joaquin, Nick]]. ''A Question of Heroes''.</ref><ref name=RichardsonBonifacio>{{cite web |url=http://kasaysayan-kkk.info/docs.ab.240497.jn.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115200707/http://kasaysayan-kkk.info/docs.ab.240497.jn.htm|archivedate=January 15, 2013|title=Andrés Bonifacio Letter to Julio Nakpil, April 24, 1897 |work=Documents of the Katipunan |author=Richardson, Jim. |date=January 2006 |accessdate=December 19, 2009}}</ref>


=== Biodiversity ===
Revolutionary sentiments were stoked in 1872 after three priests—[[Mariano Gómez]], [[José Burgos]], and [[Jacinto Zamora]] (collectively known as [[Gomburza]])—were accused of sedition by colonial authorities and executed.<ref name="Cavite Mutiny"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/> This would inspire a [[propaganda movement]] in Spain, organized by [[Marcelo H. del Pilar]], [[José Rizal]], and [[Mariano Ponce]], lobbying for political reforms in the Philippines. Rizal was eventually executed on December 30, 1896, on charges of rebellion.<ref name="ReferenceA1">{{cite book|last=Ocampo|first=Ambeth|author-link=Ambeth Ocampo|title=[[Rizal Without the Overcoat]]|place=Pasig City|publisher=Anvil Publishing, Inc.|year=1999|edition=Expanded|isbn=971-27-0920-5}}</ref> As attempts at reform met with resistance, [[Andrés Bonifacio]] in 1892 established the secret society called the [[Katipunan]], who sought independence from Spain through armed revolt.<ref name=RichardsonBonifacio/>
{{Main|Wildlife of the Philippines}}

Bonifacio and the Katipunan started the Philippine Revolution in 1896. A faction of the Katipunan, the [[Magdalo (Katipunan faction)|Magdalo]] of [[Cavite]] province, eventually came to challenge Bonifacio's position as the leader of the revolution and [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] took over. In 1898, the [[Spanish–American War]] began in [[Cuba]] and reached the Philippines. Aguinaldo [[Philippine Declaration of Independence|declared Philippine independence]] from Spain in Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898, and the [[First Philippine Republic]] was established in the [[Barasoain Church]] in the following year.<ref name=Agoncillo/>
[[File:Knocking Out the Moros. DA Poster 21-48.jpg|upright=1.00|thumb|U.S. soldiers battling with [[Moro Rebellion|Moro fighters]] during the [[Philippine–American War]], 1913]]
The islands were ceded by Spain to the United States as a result of the latter's victory in the [[Spanish–American War]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Halstead|first1=M|title=The Story of the Philippines|date=1898|publisher=Our Possessions|location=Chicago|accessdate=July 12, 2010}}</ref> A compensation of US$20&nbsp;million was paid to Spain according to the terms of the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|1898 Treaty of Paris]].<ref>Price, Michael G. (2002). Foreword. In A. B. Feuer, [https://books.google.com/books?id=f-2Qef1JSjsC&printsec=frontcover ''America at War: the Philippines, 1898–1913''] (pp. xiii–xvi). Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood. {{ISBN|0-275-96821-9}}.</ref> As it became increasingly clear the United States would not recognize the nascent First Philippine Republic, the [[Philippine–American War]] broke out, the First Republic was defeated, and the archipelago was administered under an [[Insular Government]].<ref name=Gates>{{cite book |author=Gates, John M. |chapterurl=http://www3.wooster.edu/history/jgates/book-ch3.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805061319/http://www3.wooster.edu/history/jgates/book-ch3.html|archivedate=August 5, 2010|title=The U.S. Army and Irregular Warfare |chapter=The Pacification of the Philippines |date=November 2002 |accessdate=February 20, 2010}}</ref> The war resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of combatants as well as a couple of hundred thousand civilians, mostly from a cholera epidemic.<ref name=Gates/><ref name=reCasualties>{{citation |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1683&dat=20040208&id=gbIaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GEUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5222,6070988 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20121208131624/http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1683&dat=20040208&id=gbIaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GEUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5222,6070988 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=December 8, 2012 |author=Guillermo, Emil |title=A first taste of empire |journal=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel |date=February 8, 2004 |pages=03J}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Cliff|first1=Andrew|last2=Haggett|first2=Peter|last3=Smallman-Raynor|first3=Matthew|title=Deciphering Global Epidemics: Analytical Approaches to the Disease Records of World Cities, 1888–1912|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nR4it-IuLpEC|year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-47266-1|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nR4it-IuLpEC&pg=PA21&dq=philippine 21]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Burdeos|first=Ray L.|title=Filipinos in the U.S. Navy & Coast Guard During the Vietnam War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tN__4jLTnd8C|year=2008|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4343-6141-7|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tN__4jLTnd8C&pg=PA14&dq=250,000+1,000,000 14]}}</ref>
[[File:Douglas MacArthur lands Leyte1.jpg|upright=1.00|thumb|[[General Douglas MacArthur]] returns to the Philippines with President [[Sergio Osmeña]] during [[World War II]] in [[Palo, Leyte]], October 1944.]]
The Americans then suppressed other rebellious sub-states: mainly, the waning [[Sultanate of Sulu]], as well as the insurgent [[Tagalog Republic]], the Cantonal [[Republic of Negros]] in the Visayas, and the [[Republic of Zamboanga]] in Mindanao.<ref name=Bates>{{cite web|url=http://www.philippineupdate.com/Bates.htm|title=The Bates Treaty|first=Madge|last=Kho|publisher=PhilippineUpdate.com|accessdate=December 2, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zamboanga.com/history/republic_of_zamboanga.html |title=History of The Republic of Zamboanga (May 1899 – March 1903) |date=July 18, 2009|publisher=Zamboanga.com|location=Zamboanga City, Philippines|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5rfy8a79R?url=http://www.zamboanga.com/history/republic_of_zamboanga.html |archivedate=August 2, 2010 |accessdate=August 13, 2010}}</ref> During this era, a renaissance in Philippine culture occurred, with the expansion of [[Cinema of the Philippines|Philippine cinema]] and [[Philippine literature|literature]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficemojo.com/intl/philippines/yearly/|title=2014 Philippines Yearly Box Office Results|work=boxofficemojo.com}}</ref><ref>Armes, Roy. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qFDnqIwdr8EC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:Third+intitle:World+intitle:film+intitle:making+intitle:and+intitle:the+intitle:west&hl=en&ei=tXsrTdbEB4H88AbOltD3AQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false "Third World Film Making and the West"], p.152. University of California Press, 1987. Retrieved on January 9, 2011.</ref><ref>[http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:200615/FULLTEXT01.pdf "The Role of José Nepomuceno in the Philippine Society: What language did his silent film speaks?"]. Stockholm University Publications. Retrieved on January 28, 2014.</ref> [[Daniel Burnham]] built an architectural plan for [[Manila]] which would have transformed it into a modern city.<ref>Moore, Charles (1921). [https://books.google.com/books?id=aR7iAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA162 "Daniel H. Burnham: Planner of Cities"]. Houghton Mifflin and Co., Boston and New York.</ref>
In 1935, the Philippines was granted [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Commonwealth]] status with [[Manuel Quezon]] as president. He designated a national language and introduced women's suffrage and land reform.<ref name="ReferenceA2">Molina, Antonio.'' The Philippines: Through the centuries''. Manila: University of Sto. Tomas Cooperative, 1961. Print.</ref><ref name="Manapat, Carlos 2010">Manapat, Carlos, et al.'' Economics, Taxation, and Agrarian Reform''. Quezon City: C&E Pub., 2010.Print.</ref> Plans for independence over the next decade were interrupted by World War II when the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese Empire]] invaded and the [[Second Philippine Republic]] of [[José P. Laurel]] was established as a collaborator state.

Many atrocities and [[Japanese war crimes|war crimes were committed during the war]] such as the [[Bataan Death March]] and the [[Manila massacre]] that culminated during the [[Battle of Manila (1945)|Battle of Manila]].<ref>White, Matthew. [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/battles.htm#Manila "Death Tolls for the Man-made Megadeaths of the 20th Century"]. Retrieved August 1, 2007.</ref> In 1944, Quezon died in exile in the United States and [[Sergio Osmeña]] succeeded him. The [[Allies of World War II|Allied Forces]] then employed a strategy of [[Leapfrogging (strategy)|island hopping]] towards the Philippine [[Archipelago]], in the process, retaking territory conquered by Imperial Japan.

From mid-1942 through mid-1944, the [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines#Resistance|Filipino guerrilla resistance]]<ref name="McAAE">{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/sfeature/bataan_guerrilla.html |title=The Guerrilla War |work=[[American Experience]] |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] |accessdate=February 24, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maranao.com/bangsamoro/0506-japan_invasion.htm |title=The Japanese Invasion |first=Salah |last=Jubair |work= |publisher=Maranao.Com |accessdate=February 23, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727232925/http://www.maranao.com/bangsamoro/0506-japan_invasion.htm |archivedate=July 27, 2010 |df= }}</ref> had been supplied and encouraged by U.S. Navy submarines and a few parachute drops, so that the guerrillas could harass the Japanese Army and take control of the rural areas, jungles and mountains – thus, the Japanese empire only controlled 12 out of 48 provinces.<ref>{{cite book |first=Dominic J. |last=Caraccilo |title=Surviving Bataan And Beyond: Colonel Irvin Alexander's Odyssey As A Japanese Prisoner Of War |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=aWfqFW_OFmQC |year=2005 |publisher=Stackpole Books |isbn=978-0-8117-3248-2 |pages= [https://books.google.com/books?id=aWfqFW_OFmQC&pg=PA287 287]}}</ref> While remaining loyal to the United States, many Filipinos hoped and believed that liberation from the Japanese would bring them freedom and their already-promised independence.

Eventually, the largest naval battle in history, according to gross tonnage sunk, the [[Battle of Leyte Gulf]], occurred when Allied forces started the liberation of the Philippines from the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese Empire]].<ref name="Woodward1947">{{cite book |title=The Battle for Leyte Gulf |last=Woodward |first=C. Vann |year=1947 |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York |isbn= |pages= |url=}}</ref><ref>"Lieutenant Ramsey's War" by Edwin Price Ramsey and Stephen J. Rivele.Published by Knightsbride publishing Co,Los Angeles,California</ref> Allied troops [[Philippines Campaign (1944–45)|defeated the Japanese]] in 1945. By the end of the war it is estimated that over a million Filipinos had died.<ref name=Rottman>Rottman, Gordon L. (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ChyilRml0hcC ''World War 2 Pacific Island Guide – A Geo-Military Study'']. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ChyilRml0hcC&pg=PA318&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false 318]. {{ISBN|0-313-31395-4}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Cebu.html|title=Cebu|publisher=encyclopedia.com, citing The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.|accessdate=July 4, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Zaide|first=Sonia M.|title=The Philippines: A Unique Nation|publisher=All-Nations Publishing Co.|year=1994|isbn=971-642-071-4|page=354}}</ref>

===Postcolonial period===
{{Further information|History of the Philippines (1946–65)|History of the Philippines (1965–86)}}
[[File:Marcos Clark Air Base cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Ferdinand Marcos|Ferdinand]] and [[Imelda Marcos]], 1979.]]
On October 11, 1945,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unms/founders.shtml|title=Founding Member States|publisher=United Nations}}</ref> the Philippines became one of the [[member states of the United Nations|founding members]] of the [[United Nations]] and the following year, on July 4, 1946, it became recognized by the [[United States]] as independent, during the presidency of [[Manuel Roxas]].<ref name=CIAfactbook/> Disgruntled remnants of the communist [[Hukbalahap]]<ref>Jeff Goodwin, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VdIFfPqP29IC&pg=PA118&lpg=PA118&dq=huk+rebellion&source=web&ots=a7ZAHcg3tM&sig=RrfKkc2qerafo44P-DFvk72YGlc&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=10&ct=result#PPA119,M1 No Other Way Out], Cambridge University Press, 2001, p.119, {{ISBN|0-521-62948-9}}, {{ISBN|978-0-521-62948-5}}</ref> continued to roam the countryside but were put down by President [[Elpidio Quirino]]'s successor [[Ramon Magsaysay]].<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961">Molina, Antonio. ''The Philippines: Through the Centuries''. Manila: University of Sto. Tomas Cooperative, 1961. Print.</ref><ref>Carlos P. Romulo and Marvin M. Gray, The Magsaysay Story (1956), is a full-length biography</ref> Magsaysay's successor, [[Carlos P. Garcia]], initiated the [[Filipino First policy|Filipino First Policy]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prescarlosgarcia.org/%20prescarlosgarcia.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426075252/http://www.prescarlosgarcia.org/%20prescarlosgarcia.org|archivedate=April 26, 2012|title=Our Vision and Mission|publisher=prescarlosgarcia.org}}</ref> which was continued by [[Diosdado Macapagal]], with celebration of Independence Day moved from July 4 to June 12, the date of [[Emilio Aguinaldo]]'s [[Philippine Declaration of Independence|declaration]],<ref name=bibingka-jun12>{{cite web|url=http://www.bibingka.com/phg/documents/jun12.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970713004232/http://www.bibingka.com/phg/documents/jun12.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=July 13, 1997 |title=Proclamation No. 28 Declaring June 12 as Philippine Independence Day |author=Diosdado Macapagal |publisher=Philippine History Group of Los Angeles |accessdate=November 11, 2009 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.positivenewsmedia.net/am2/publish/Article_Features_22/President_Diosdado_Macapagal_set_RP_Independence_D_5939.shtml|title=President Diosdado Macapagal set RP Independence Day on June 12|author=Manuel S. Satorre Jr.|publisher=positivenewsmedia.net|accessdate=December 10, 2008}}</ref> while furthering the [[North Borneo dispute|claim]] on the eastern part of [[North Borneo]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Developing Regional Minorities in Asia|url=http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/connections.pdf|website=Sabri Zain|accessdate=January 15, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415034823/http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/connections.pdf |archivedate=April 15, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Weatherbee|first=Donald E.|author2=Ralf Emmers |author3=Mari Pangestu |author4=Leonard C. Sebastian |title=International relations in Southeast Asia|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2005|pages=68–69|isbn=0-7425-2842-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4wqEC4jHl9wC&pg=PA68}}</ref>

In 1965, Macapagal lost the presidential election to [[Ferdinand Marcos]]. Early in his presidency, Marcos initiated numerous infrastructure projects but was accused of massive corruption and embezzling billions of dollars in public funds.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21022457 What happened to the Marcos fortune?]. [[BBC News]]. January 24, 2013.</ref> Nearing the end of his term, Marcos declared [[martial law in the Philippines|Martial Law]] on September 21, 1972.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Agoncillo|first1=Teodoro|title=History and Culture, Language, and Literature : Selected Essays of Teodoro A. Agoncillo|date=2003|publisher=University of Santo Tomas Pub. House|location=España Manila}}</ref> This period of his rule was characterized by political repression, censorship, and human rights violations but the US were steadfast in their support.<ref>{{cite book|author=US Embassy|title=To Islands Far Away: the Story of the Thomasites and Their Journey to the Philippines|date=2001|publisher=US Embassy|location=Manila}}</ref> His wife [[Imelda Marcos|Imelda]] continued to live a lavish lifestyle as the majority of Filipinos remained in poverty.<ref name=Cambridge4>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=U0trzUvic-8C&pg=PA293|title=The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: From World War II to the Present, Volume 4|author=Tarling, Nicholas|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|page=293|isbn=0-521-66372-5}}</ref>

On August 21, 1983, Marcos' chief rival, opposition leader [[Benigno Aquino, Jr.]], was [[Assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr.|assassinated]] on the tarmac at [[Manila International Airport]]. Marcos eventually called snap [[Philippine presidential election, 1986|presidential elections in 1986]].<ref name=Chandler/> Marcos was proclaimed the winner, but the results were widely regarded as fraudulent, leading to the [[People Power Revolution]]. Marcos and his allies fled to [[Hawaii]] and Aquino's widow, [[Corazon Aquino]] was recognized as president.<ref name=Chandler>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jzUz9lKn6PEC&pg=PA431|title=In Search of Southeast Asia: A Modern History|author1=Chandler, David P. |author2=David Joel Steinberg |lastauthoramp=yes |edition=Revised 2nd|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1987|pages=431–442|isbn=0-8248-1110-0}}</ref><ref name=Osborne>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=uaFaDUyeCOcC&pg=PA235|title=Southeast Asia: An Introductory History|author=Osborne, Milton E.|publisher=Allen & Unwin|edition=9th|year=2004|pages=235–241|isbn=1-74114-448-5}}</ref>

===Contemporary history===
{{Further information|History of the Philippines (1986–present)}}
The return of democracy and government reforms beginning in 1986 were hampered by national debt, government corruption, [[1986–90 Philippine coup attempts|coup attempts]], [[MV Doña Paz|disasters]], a persistent [[CPP-NPA-NDF rebellion|communist insurgency]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2013/05/06/939112/govt-drafts-new-framework-guide-peace-talks-leftist-rebels|title=Gov't drafts new framework to guide peace talks with leftist rebels|publisher=[[The Philippine Star]]|date=May 6, 2013|accessdate= September 20, 2014}}</ref> and a military conflict with [[Moro insurgency in the Philippines|Moro separatists]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/breakingnews/view/20101002-295567/RP-terror-campaign-cost-lives-of-11-US-572-RP-soldiersmilitary |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222074324/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/breakingnews/view/20101002-295567/RP-terror-campaign-cost-lives-of-11-US-572-RP-soldiersmilitary|archivedate=February 22, 2015 |title=RP terror campaign cost lives of 11 US, 572 RP soldiers—military |author=Julie Alipala |date=October 2, 2010 |publisher=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |accessdate=May 1, 2012}}</ref> During [[Corazon Aquino]]'s administration, U.S. forces withdrew from the Philippines, due to the rejection of the [[Presidency of Corazon Aquino#U.S. Bases Extension Treaty|U.S. Bases Extension Treaty]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Shenon|first=Phillip|title=Philippine Senate votes to Reject U.S. Base Renewal|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/16/world/philippine-senate-votes-to-reject-us-base-renewal.html|accessdate=October 25, 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 16, 1991}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=De Santos|first=Jonathan|title=Philippine Senators remember day when they rejected US bases treaty|url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/2011/09/16/senators-remember-day-when-they-rejected-us-bases-treaty-179846|accessdate=October 25, 2014|newspaper=Sun Star Manila|date=September 16, 2011}}</ref> and leading to the official transfer of [[Clark Air Base]] in November 1991 and [[Subic Bay]] to the government in December 1992.<ref>{{cite news|last=Whaley|first=Floyd|title=Shadows of an Old Military Base|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/27/world/asia/27iht-subic27.html?pagewanted=all|accessdate=February 17, 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 26, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Drogin|first=Bob|title=After 89 Years, U.S. Lowers Flag at Clark Air Base|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1991-11-27/news/mn-209_1_clark-air-base|accessdate=March 12, 2011|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=November 27, 1991}}</ref> The administration also faced a series of natural disasters, including the eruption of [[Mount Pinatubo]] in June 1991.<ref name="Topo">[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/philippines/txu-oclc-6539351-nd51-1-450.jpg "Tarlac map"]. University of Texas in Austin Library. Retrieved on August 2, 2011.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Hv9GAQAAIAAJ "Report of the Philippine Commission to the President, 1901 Vol. III"], pg. 141. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1901.</ref> After introducing a constitution that limited presidents to a single term, Aquino did not stand for re-election.
[[File:RAMOS pentagon 1998.jpg|thumb|alt=President [[Fidel V. Ramos]] salutes at the Pentagon with Secretary of Defense [[William Cohen]] and an honor guard during a State visit in 1998.|President [[Fidel Ramos]] salutes at the [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] with U.S. Secretary of Defense [[William Cohen]] during a State visit in 1998.]]
Aquino was succeeded by [[Fidel V. Ramos]], who won the [[Philippine presidential election, 1992|Philippine presidential election]] held in May 1992. During this period the country's economic performance remained modest, with a 5–7 percent GDP growth rate.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pempel|first=T. J.|title=The Politics of the Asian Economic Crisis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTAuUXE_ANsC|year=1999|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=0-8014-8634-3|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sTAuUXE_ANsC&pg=PA163&dq="economic%20performance%20remained%20modest" 163]}}</ref> However, the political stability and economic improvements, such as the peace agreement with the [[Moro National Liberation Front]] in 1996,<ref name="lastlaugh">{{cite news |first=Edward A.|last=Gargan|title= Last Laugh for the Philippines; Onetime Joke Economy Avoids Much of Asia's Turmoil |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/11/business/last-laugh-for-philippines-onetime-joke-economy-avoids-much-asia-s-turmoil.html |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |date=December 11, 1997 |accessdate=January 25, 2008}}</ref> were overshadowed by the onset of the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]].<ref name=AFC-NA-13>{{cite web |title = Financial Crisis and Global Governance: A Network Analysis |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.andrewsheng.com%2Fdocs%2F2009-08%2F090731Financial%2520Crisis%2520and%2520Global%2520Governance.doc|publisher= |author=Shen, Andrew |date= July 2009|accessdate=June 11, 2012}}</ref><ref name=AFC-NA-14>{{cite web |title = Analyzing Systemic Risk with Financial Networks During a Financial Crash|work = fma.org|author1=Yenilmez, Taylan |author2=Saltoglu, Burak |lastauthoramp=yes |url=http://www.fma.org/JAF2011/Papers/bsty-2010.pdf |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6NugDdDGw?url=http://www.fma.org/JAF2011/Papers/bsty-2010.pdf |archivedate=March 8, 2014|accessdate=March 8, 2014}}</ref> On his Presidency the death penalty was revived in the light of the Rape-slay case of Eileen Sarmienta and Allan Gomez in 1993 and the first person to be executed was [[Leo Echegaray]] in 1999.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pcij.org/blog/2006/04/18/a-timeline-of-death-penalty-in-the-philippines |title=A timeline of death penalty in the Philippines |publisher=''Philippine Center for Investigated Journalist'' |date=April 18, 2006 |accessdate=April 18, 2006}}</ref>

Ramos' successor, [[Joseph Estrada]] assumed office in June 1998 and managed to regain the economy from −0.6% growth to 3.4% by 1999 amidst the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Maniago|first1=E|title=Communication Variables Favoring Celebrity Candidates in Becoming Politicians: A Case Study of the 1998 and 2004 Elections in the Philippines|journal=Southeast Asian Studies|date=2007|volume=44|issue=4|pages=494–518}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bsp.gov.ph/publications/speeches.asp?id=195&yr=2000|title=The Philippines: Consolidating Economic Growth|publisher=[[Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas]]|date=March 13, 2000|accessdate=September 20, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/letterstotheeditor/view/20081007-164968/Records-prove-Estradas-achievements|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721191850/http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/letterstotheeditor/view/20081007-164968/Records-prove-Estradas-achievements|archivedate=July 21, 2015|title=Records prove Estrada's achievements |publisher=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|date=October 7, 2008|accessdate=October 25, 2014}}</ref> The government had announced a war against the [[Moro Islamic Liberation Front]] in March 2000 and neutralized the camps including the headquarters of the insurgents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdn.org.ph/speech-of-former-president-estrada-on-the-grp-moro-conflict/|title=Speech of Former President Estrada on the GRP-MORO Conflict|publisher=[[Philippine Human Development Network]]|date=September 18, 2008|accessdate=September 20, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/english/200007/10/eng20000710_45067.html|title=Philippine Military Takes Moro Headquarters|publisher=[[People's Daily]]|date=July 10, 2000|accessdate=September 20, 2014}}</ref> In the middle of ongoing conflict with the [[Abu Sayyaf]],<ref name="GMA&others">{{cite news |title=2 US Navy men, 1 Marine killed in Sulu land mine blast |newspaper=[[GMA Network|GMA News]] |date=September 29, 2009 |url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/173383/2-us-navy-men-1-marine-killed-in-sulu-land-mine-blast |accessdate=September 29, 2009 |quote=Two US Navy personnel and one Philippine Marine soldier were killed when a land mine exploded along a road in Indanan, Sulu Tuesday morning, an official said. The American fatalities were members of the US Navy construction brigade, Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) spokesman Lt. Col. Romeo Brawner Jr. told GMANews.TV in a telephone interview. He did not disclose the identities of all three casualties.|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091002030114/http://www.gmanews.tv/story/173383/2-us-navy-men-1-marine-killed-in-sulu-land-mine-blast|archivedate= October 2, 2009 |deadurl= no}} and<br/>{{cite news |title=Pentagon Says Troops Killed in Philippines Hit by Roadside Bomb |author=Al Pessin |newspaper=[[Voice of America]] |date=September 29, 2009 |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2009-09-29-voa12.html |accessdate=January 12, 2011}} and<br/>{{cite news |title=Troops killed in Philippines blast |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=September 29, 2009 |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2009/09/20099298614751808.html |accessdate=September 29, 2009|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091003002858/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2009/09/20099298614751808.html|archivedate= October 3, 2009 |deadurl= no}} and<br/>{{cite news |title=2 US troops killed in Philippines blast |author=Jim Gomez |publisher=CBS News|date=September 29, 2009 |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/09/29/world/main5348332.shtml |accessdate=January 12, 2011|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110202201004/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/09/29/world/main5348332.shtml|archivedate= February 2, 2011 |deadurl= no}}</ref> accusations of alleged corruption, and a stalled impeachment process, [[Joseph Estrada|Estrada]]'s administration was overthrown by the [[2001 EDSA Revolution]] and succeeded by his [[Vice President of the Philippines|Vice President]], [[Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo]] on January 20, 2001.<ref>{{cite book|author=Dirk J. Barreveld|title=Philippine President Estada Impeached!: How the President of the World's 13th Most Populous Country Stumbles Over His Mistresses, a Chinese Conspiracy and the Garbage of His Capital|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NfJ48GxXRokC|year=2001|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-0-595-18437-8|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NfJ48GxXRokC&pg=PA476 476]}}</ref>

In [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo|Arroyo]]'s 9-year administration, The economy experienced GDP growth from 4% in 2002 to 7% growth in 2007 with the completion of infrastructure projects like the [[Manila Light Rail Transit System Line 2|LRT Line 2]] in 2004<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2013/07/19/987621/timeline-lrt-mrt-construction |title=Timeline: LRT, MRT construction |publisher=[[The Philippine Star]] |date=July 19, 2013|accessdate=September 21, 2014}}</ref> and managed to avoid the [[Great Recession]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpL6jTy1U3AC|title=Diagnosing the Philippine Economy: Toward Inclusive Growth|author1=Dante B. Canlas |author2=Muhammad Ehsan Khan |author3=Juzhong Zhuang |publisher=Anthem Press|year=2011|page=107|isbn=0-85728-939-X}}</ref> Nevertheless, it was tied with graft and political scandals like the [[Hello Garci scandal]] pertaining to the alleged manipulation of votes in the [[Philippine presidential election, 2004|2004 presidential elections]].<ref name="ANC">{{cite web|url=http://www.pacificnewscenter.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4500:anc&catid=66:philippines&Itemid=18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302161753/http://www.pacificnewscenter.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4500%3Aanc&catid=66%3Aphilippines&Itemid=18 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=March 2, 2009 |title=Bolante Faces Off with Senators Over Fertilizer Fund Scam |work=ANC |date=November 13, 2008 |accessdate=December 4, 2008 |df= }}</ref><ref name="davis">[http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/GI07Ae02.html "Arroyo claims hollow victory"] by Leslie Davis, [[Asia Times Online]], September 27, 2005.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/08/04/10/corruption-was-glorias-biggest-mistake-survey |title=Corruption was Gloria's biggest mistake: survey |last1=Dizon |first1=David |publisher=[[ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs]] |accessdate=April 15, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/18/philippines-asia-pacific |title=Philippines charges Gloria Arroyo with corruption |last1=Press |first1=Associated |date=November 18, 2011 |work=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=April 15, 2012 |quote=Former president is formally accused of electoral fraud after government rushed to court as she tried to leave country}}</ref> On November 23, 2009, the [[Maguindanao massacre]] led to the murder of 34 journalists.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20101123-304817/Philippines-mourns-massacre-victims|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627122428/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20101123-304817/Philippines-mourns-massacre-victims|archivedate=June 27, 2015|title=Philippines mourns massacre victims |last=Jimenez-Gutierrez|first=Jason|date=November 23, 2010|publisher=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|accessdate=November 23, 2010}}</ref><ref name=maptimeline>{{cite news|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/177821/news/specialreports/the-ampatuan-massacre-a-map-and-timeline|title=The Ampatuan Massacre: a map and timeline|author=Analyn Perez|work=GMA News|publisher=GMANews.TV|date=November 25, 2009}}</ref>

[[Benigno Aquino III]] won the [[Philippine presidential election, 2010|2010 national elections]] and served as the [[List of Presidents of the Philippines|15th]] [[President of the Philippines]]. He was the third youngest person to be elected president and the first to be a [[bachelor]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/insights/06/19/10/trivia-aquino-and-binay|title=Trivia on Aquino and Binay |author=Manuel L. Quezon III |publisher=[[ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs]] |date=June 19, 2010 |accessdate=September 20, 2014}}</ref> beginning with the 2010 [[Manila hostage crisis]] that caused deeply strained relations between [[Manila]] and [[Hong Kong]] for a time.
During the previous years, The [[Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro]] was signed on October 15, 2012, as the first step of the creation of an autonomous political entity named [[Bangsamoro (political entity)|Bangsamoro]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Gov.ph |url=http://www.gov.ph/2012/10/15/speech-of-president-aquino-during-the-signing-of-the-gph-milf-framework-agreement-october-15-2012/%20 |title=Speech of President Benigno Aquino III during the signing of the Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro |publisher=Gov.ph |date=October 15, 2012 |accessdate=March 3, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228173309/http://www.gov.ph/2012/10/15/speech-of-president-aquino-during-the-signing-of-the-gph-milf-framework-agreement-october-15-2012/ |archivedate=December 28, 2013 |df= }}</ref> However, territorial disputes in eastern [[North Borneo dispute|Sabah]] and the [[territorial disputes in the South China Sea|South China Sea]] have escalated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1529 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627074930/http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1529|archivedate=June 27, 2015|title=The Republic of the Philippines v. The People's Republic of China |publisher=Pca-cpa.org |accessdate=October 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/305570/news/nation/itlos-completes-five-man-tribunal-that-will-hear-phl-case-vs-china |title=ITLOS completes five-man tribunal that will hear PHL case vs. China |first=Michaela |last=Del Cappar |work=GMA News One|date=April 25, 2013 |accessdate=October 24, 2013}}</ref><ref name="SultanObjective">{{cite news |last=Frialde |first=Mike |url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2013/02/23/912045/sultanate-sulu-wants-sabah-returned-phl |title=Sultanate of Sulu wants Sabah returned to Phl |date=February 23, 2013 |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |accessdate=February 24, 2013}}</ref>

The economy performed well at 7.2% GDP growth, the second fastest in Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philstar.com/business/2014/01/30/1284723/philippine-economy-expands-7.2-2013|title=Philippine economy expands 7.2% in 2013|publisher=[[The Philippine Star]]|date= January 30, 2014|accessdate=September 20, 2014}}</ref> Aquino signed the Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013, commonly known as [[K–12 (education)|K–12 program]] in May 15, 2013 aiming to enhance the educational system in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/29249-aquino-signs-k-12-bill-into-law|title=Aquino signs K-12 bill into law|publisher=[[Rappler]]|date=May 15, 2013|accessdate=September 20, 2014}}</ref> On November 8, 2013, [[Typhoon Haiyan|Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan)]] struck and heavily devastated the country, especially in the [[Visayas]].<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-25051606|title=Typhoon Haiyan death toll rises over 5,000|publisher=''[[BBC]]''|date=November 22, 2013|accessdate=November 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24891456|title=Tacloban: City at the centre of the storm|date=November 12, 2013|accessdate=September 20, 2014|newspaper=[[BBC]]}}</ref> On April 28, 2014, when United States President [[Barack Obama]] visited the Philippines, the [[Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement]], was signed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/54387-malacanang-obama-philippines-visit |title=Obama to stay overnight in PH |publisher=''[[Rappler]]'' |date=April 1, 2014 |accessdate=April 1, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/04/27/14/us-ph-reach-new-defense-deal |title=US, PH reach new defense deal |publisher=''[[ABS-CBN News]]'' |date=April 27, 2014 |accessdate=April 27, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/04/28/14/philippines-us-sign-defence-pact-0 |title=Philippines, US sign defense pact |publisher=''[[ABS-CBN News]]'' |work=[[Agence France-Presse]]'' |date=April 28, 2014 |accessdate=April 29, 2014}}</ref> From January 15 to 19, 2015, [[Pope Francis]] [[Pope Francis' visit to the Philippines|stayed in]] the Philippines for an apostolic and state visit and paid visits to the victims of Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mb.com.ph/pope-franciss-2015-visit-confirmed/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140731125003/http://www.mb.com.ph/pope-franciss-2015-visit-confirmed/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=July 31, 2014 |title=Pope Francis's 2015 visit confirmed |publisher=''[[Manila Bulletin]]'' |date=November 13, 2014 |accessdate=January 2, 2015 |author=Aquino, Leslie Ann}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rappler.com/specials/pope-francis-ph/80329-palo-archbishop-papal-mass-preparation-leyte-tacloban |title=Palo archbishop checks papal Mass site preparations |publisher=''[[Rappler]]'' |date=January 10, 2015 |accessdate=January 10, 2015 |author=Alviola, Derek}}</ref> On January 25, 2015, 44 members of the [[Philippine National Police]]-[[Special Action Force]] were killed after [[Mamasapano clash|a clash]] took place in [[Mamasapano, Maguindanao|Mamasapano]], [[Maguindanao]] putting efforts to pass the [[Bangsamoro Basic Law]] into law in an impasse.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/01/25/15/govt-milf-report-casualties-rare-clash |title=At least 30 elite cops killed in clash with MILF |publisher=''[[ABS-CBN News]]'' |accessdate=January 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.interaksyon.com/article/103759/pnp-saf-casualties-in-encounter-now-50---armm-police-chief |title=PNP-SAF casualties in encounter now 50 – ARMM police chief |publisher=''[[Interaksyon]]'' |date=January 26, 2015 |accessdate=January 26, 2015 |author=Arcon, Dennis}}</ref> On December 20, 2015, [[Pia Wurtzbach]] won the [[Miss Universe 2015]], making her the third Filipino to win the [[Miss Universe]] title following [[Gloria Diaz]] in [[Miss Universe 1969|1969]] and [[Margarita Moran]] in [[Miss Universe 1973|1973]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Norwin|first1=Alyssa|title=Miss Universe 2015: Winner Officially Crowned After Wrong Contestant Named The Winner|url=http://hollywoodlife.com/2015/12/20/miss-universe-winner-2015-miss-philippines-pia-alonzo-wurtzbach-wins/|publisher=Hollywood Life|accessdate=March 12, 2016|date=December 20, 2015}}</ref> On January 12, 2016, the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Philippine Supreme Court]] upheld the [[Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement]] paving the way for the return of [[United States Armed Forces]] bases into the country.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Postrado|first1=Leonard|title=EDCA prevails|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/edca-prevails/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305211340/http://www.mb.com.ph/edca-prevails/|dead-url=yes|archive-date=March 5, 2016|accessdate=January 14, 2016|work=[[Manila Bulletin]]|date=January 13, 2016}}</ref>
On March 23, 2016, [[Diwata-1]] was launched to the [[International Space Station]] (ISS), becoming the country's first micro-satellite and the first satellite to be built and designed by Filipinos.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/560125/scitech/science/nasa-launches-first-pinoy-satellite-diwata |title=NASA launches first Pinoy satellite 'Diwata' |publisher=''[[GMA News]]'' |date=March 23, 2016 |accessdate=March 23, 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Duterte delivers his message to the Filipino community in Vietnam during a meeting held at the Intercontinental Hotel on September 28.jpg|thumb|left|[[Rodrigo Duterte]], the current President of the Philippines.]]
[[Davao City]] mayor [[Rodrigo Duterte]] of [[PDP–Laban]] won the [[Philippine presidential election, 2016|2016 presidential election]] becoming the first president from [[Mindanao]].<ref name="2016 election"/> [[Camarines Sur]] representative [[Leni Robredo]] won the vice presidency.<ref name="2016 election" >{{cite news|title=Duterte, Robredo win 2016 polls|url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/halalan2016/nation/05/27/16/duterte-robredo-win-2016-polls/|accessdate=May 27, 2016|work=ABS-CBN|date=May 27, 2016}}</ref> On July 12, 2016, the [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] ruled in favor of the Philippines in its [[Philippines v. China|case against China's claims]] in the South China Sea.<ref name="theguardian2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/12/philippines-wins-south-china-sea-case-against-china |title=Philippines wins South China Sea case against China |publisher=The Guardian |author1=Philips, T. |author2=Holmes, O. |author3=Bowcott, O. |date=July 12, 2016 |accessdate=July 12, 2016}}</ref> On August 1, 2016, the Duterte administration launched a 24-hour complaint office accessible to the public through a nationwide hotline, [[8888 (Philippines)|8888]], and changed the nationwide [[emergency telephone number]] from 117 to [[9-1-1 (Philippines)|911]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Corrales|first1=Nestor|title=Duterte administration to launch 24-hour hotline in August|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/794875/duterte-administration-to-launch-24-hour-hotline-on-august|accessdate=July 9, 2016|work=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|date=July 7, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/08/01/16/dial-8888-911-govt-opens-complaints-emergency-hotlines |title=Dial 8888, 911: Gov't opens complaints, emergency hotlines |publisher=''[[ABS CBN News]]'' |date=August 1, 2016 |accessdate=August 1, 2016}}</ref> After winning the Presidency, Duterte launched an intensified anti-drug campaign to fulfill a campaign promise of wiping out criminality in six months.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/video/2016/06/30/duterte-sworn-in-as-philippines-presiden?videoId=369120035 |title=Duterte sworn in as Philippines president |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=30 June 2016 |accessdate=24 August 2016}}</ref> By March 2017, the death toll for the [[Philippine Drug War]] passed 8,000 people, with 2,679 killed in legitimate police operations and the rest the government claims to be homicide cases.<ref>{{cite news|title=Between Duterte and a death squad, a Philippine mayor fights drug-war violence |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-drugs-mayor-idUSKBN16N33I |work=Reuters|date=March 16, 2017}}</ref><ref name="pnareal">{{cite web|url=http://pia.gov.ph/realnumbers |title=#RealNumbersPH |publisher=[[Philippine Information Agency]] |accessdate=22 May 2017}}</ref><ref name=CayetanoWarOnDrugsUPR>{{cite web|url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/05/05/17/cayetano-ph-war-on-drugs-exaggerated-by-fake-news|title=Cayetano: PH war on drugs exaggerated by fake news|publisher=ABS-CBN |date=5 May 2017 |accessdate=22 May 2017}}</ref>

==Politics==
{{Main article|Politics of the Philippines|President of the Philippines|Constitution of the Philippines}}
[[File:Malacanang palace view.jpg|thumb|[[Malacañang Palace]] is the [[President of the Philippines]]' official residence.]]
The Philippines has a democratic government in the form of a constitutional republic with a [[presidential system]].<ref name='US State Department'>{{cite web|url=https://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_999.html#country |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103095151/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_999.html |archivedate=January 3, 2012 |title=Country description |accessdate=January 24, 2012 |date=January 2012 |work=US State Department Website |publisher=US State Department Website |quote=The Philippines is an emerging economy with a democratic system of government. |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> It is governed as a [[unitary state]] with the exception of the [[Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao]] (ARMM), which is largely free from the national government. There have been attempts to change the government to a [[federal government|federal]], [[unicameral]], or [[parliamentary government]] since the Ramos administration.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/077943/index.en.shtml
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202113453/http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/077943/index.en.shtml|archivedate=December 2, 2008 |title=Civil service reform: Whose service?|author=Robles, Alan C.|journal=D+C|publisher=Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklung [InWEnt]|date=July–August 2008|volume=49|pages=285–289|accessdate=November 30, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Bigornia, Amante
|title= The 'consultations' on Charter change|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=no8VAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bQsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4208,1807319&dq= |newspaper=The Manila Standard|date=September 17, 1997|accessdate=December 13, 2009}}</ref>

The [[President of the Philippines|President]] functions as both [[head of state]] and [[head of government]] and is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines|armed forces]]. The president is elected by popular vote for a single six-year term, during which he or she appoints and presides over the [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]].<ref name="About"/> The [[bicameral]] [[Congress of the Philippines|Congress]] is composed of the [[Senate of the Philippines|Senate]], serving as the [[upper house]], with members elected to a six-year term, and the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]], serving as the [[lower house]], with members elected to a three-year term.<ref name="About"/>

Senators are elected at large while the representatives are elected from both [[Legislative districts of the Philippines|legislative districts]] and through sectoral representation.<ref name="About"/> The [[judiciary|judicial]] power is vested in the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]], composed of a [[Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines|Chief Justice]] as its presiding officer and fourteen [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines|associate justices]], all of whom are appointed by the President from nominations submitted by the [[Judicial and Bar Council]].<ref name="About"/>

===Foreign relations===
{{Main article|Foreign relations of the Philippines}}
[[File:Barack Obama and Benigno Aquino III 4.28.14.jpg|thumb|[[U.S. President]] [[Barack Obama]] meeting with [[President of the Philippines|President]] [[Benigno Aquino III]] during his state visit in Manila, 2014.]]
{|class="sortable wikitable floatright" style="text-align: right;"
|+ Trust rating of Seven countries, October 2016<ref>{{cite web |title=Third Quarter 2016 Social Weather Survey: Net trust rating of countries: "Very Good" +66 for United States; "Good" +47 for Australia and +34 for Japan; "Moderate" +16 for Norway and +14 for the Netherlands; "Neutral" +3 for Taiwan; "Bad" −33 for China |publisher=Social Weather Stations |date=October 18, 2016 |url=http://www.sws.org.ph/swsmain/artcldisppage/?artcsyscode=ART-20161018105149}}</ref>
!Country!! Much trust!! Undecided!! Little trust!! M-L
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flag|United States}}||76||13||11||+65
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flag|Australia}}||62||21||15||+47
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flag|Japan}}||56||22||21||+35
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flag|Norway}}||41||31||26||+16
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flag|Netherlands}}||40||31||26||+14
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flag|Republic of China}}||36||29||34||+2
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flag|China}}||22||22||55||style="color: red;"|-33
|}

The Philippines' international relations are based on trade with other nations and the well-being of the 10&nbsp;million [[overseas Filipino]]s living outside the country.<ref name = "PhilState" >{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2794.htm|author=U.S. Department of State. Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs|title=Background Note: Philippines|date=October 2009|accessdate=December 18, 2009}}</ref> As a founding and active member of the [[United Nations]], the Philippines has been elected several times into the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]]. [[Carlos P. Romulo]] was a former President of the [[United Nations General Assembly]]. The country is an active participant in the [[Human Rights Council]] as well as in [[peacekeeping]] missions, particularly in [[United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor|East Timor]].<ref>Permanent Mission of the Republic of the Philippines to the United Nations. [c. 2008]. [http://www.un.int/philippines/about/ About Us]. Retrieved August 13, 2010.</ref><ref>Permanent Mission of the Republic of the Philippines to the United Nations. [c. 2008]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080123105426/http://www.un.int/philippines/security_council/ The Philippines and the UN Security Council].
Retrieved January 12, 2008. (archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20141212074015/http://www.un.int/philippines/security_council/ the original] on January 23, 2008)</ref><ref name="UN_SRES12721999">[[United Nations Security Council]]. (October 25, 1999). [http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=S/RES/1272%20(1999)&Lang=E&Area=UNDOC ''Resolution 1272''] ['''S-RES-1272(1999)''']. Retrieved March 21, 2010.</ref> <!--http://www.undemocracy.com/S-RES-1272%281999%29 should be kept here as an alternate ref link since the document seems to move around and links to it often go dead-->

In addition to membership in the United Nations, the Philippines is also a founding and active member of [[ASEAN]] (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), an organization designed to strengthen relations and promote economic and cultural growth among states in the Southeast Asian region.<ref>[[s:Bangkok Declaration|Bangkok Declaration]]. (August 8, 1967). Retrieved December 20, 2009 from Wikisource.</ref> It has hosted several [[ASEAN summit|summits]] and is an active contributor to the direction and policies of the bloc.<ref name=summit>{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217132852/http://www.summit99.ops.gov.ph/asean_structure.htm |date=December 17, 2007 |title="ASEAN Primer" }}. (1999). ''3{{Smallsup|rd}} ASEAN Informal Summit''. Archived from [http://www.summit99.ops.gov.ph/asean_structure.htm the original] on December 17, 2007. Retrieved December 13, 2009.</ref>

The Philippines values its relations with the United States.<ref name = "PhilState"/> It supported the United States during the Cold War and the War on Terror and is a [[major non-NATO ally]]. Despite this history of goodwill, controversies related to the presence of the now former [[United States military bases|U.S. military bases]] in [[Subic Bay]] and [[Clark Air Base|Clark]] and the current [[RP-US Visiting Forces Agreement|Visiting Forces Agreement]] have flared up from time to time.<ref name = "PhilState"/> Japan, the biggest contributor of [[official development assistance]] to the country,<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/data/pdfs/philippines.pdf <!--http://www.mofa.go.jp/POLICY/oda/data/01ap_ea02.html-->|title = Japan's ODA Data by Country – Philippines |author = Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. [c. 2009] |accessdate = June 2, 2010}}</ref> is thought of as a friend. Although historical tensions still exist on issues such as the plight of [[comfort women]], much of the animosity inspired by memories of World War II has faded.<ref name=neighbors>Dolan, Ronald E. (Ed.). (1991). [http://countrystudies.us/philippines/93.htm "Relations with Asian Neighbors"]. [http://countrystudies.us/philippines/ ''Philippines: A Country Study'']. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. Retrieved January 5, 2010 from [http://countrystudies.us/ Country Studies US Website].</ref>

Relations with other nations are generally positive. Shared democratic values ease relations with Western and European countries while similar economic concerns help in relations with other developing countries. Historical ties and cultural similarities also serve as a bridge in relations with [[Spain]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/111122/ph-spain-bilateral-relations-in-a-nutshell-2 |title=PH-Spain bilateral relations in a nutshell |publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer |author=Matikas Santos |date=September 15, 2014 |accessdate=September 23, 2014}}</ref><ref name="poea">{{cite web|url=http://www.poea.gov.ph/stats/Stock%20Estmate%202009.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626192943/http://www.poea.gov.ph/stats/Stock%20Estmate%202009.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=June 26, 2011 |title=Stock Estimate of Overseas Filipinos As of December 2009 |publisher=Philippine Overseas Employment Administration |accessdate=May 28, 2011 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/pinoy-migration/07/02/09/filipino-among-elite-force-securing-spains-royal-couple |title=Filipino Among Royal Guards of King of Spain |publisher=ABS CBN News |accessdate=July 2, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808083455/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/pinoy-migration/07/02/09/filipino-among-elite-force-securing-spains-royal-couple|archivedate=August 8, 2011}}</ref> Despite issues such as [[domestic abuse]] and war affecting overseas Filipino workers,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://qa.filipinoexpats.com/node/940|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107061353/http://qa.filipinoexpats.com/node/940|archivedate=January 7, 2009|title=OFW rights violation worsens under the Arroyo administration |last=Leonard|first=John|date=July 3, 2008|publisher=Filipino OFWs Qatar|accessdate=January 25, 2009}}</ref><ref name="bulatlat">{{cite news|url=http://bulatlat.com/main/2008/10/25/middle-east-is-%E2%80%98most-distressing-ofw-destination%E2%80%99-migrant-group/|title=Middle East is 'Most Distressing OFW Destination' – Migrant Group|last=Olea|first=Ronalyn|date=October 25, 2008|publisher=Bulatlat News|accessdate=January 25, 2009}}</ref> relations with [[Middle East]]ern countries are friendly as seen in the continuous employment of more than two million overseas Filipinos living there.<ref name="BM">{{cite news|url=http://businessmirror.com.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:saudi-arabia-will-still-need-rp-medical-professionals-&catid=33:economy&Itemid=60|title=Saudi Arabia will still need RP medical professionals |last=Torres|first=Estrella|date=January 22, 2009|publisher=Business Mirror|accessdate=January 24, 2009}}</ref>

With communism no longer the threat it once was, once hostile relations in the 1950s between the Philippines and [[China]] have improved greatly. Issues involving Taiwan, the Spratly Islands, and concerns of expanding Chinese influence, however, still encourage a degree of caution.<ref name=neighbors/> Recent foreign policy has been mostly about economic relations with its Southeast Asian and Asia-Pacific neighbors.<ref name = "PhilState"/>

The Philippines is an active member of the [[East Asia Summit]] (EAS), the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC), the [[Latin Union]], the [[Group of 24]], and the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].<ref name="About"/> It is also seeking to strengthen relations with Islamic countries by campaigning for observer status in the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].<ref>[http://www.gmanews.tv/story/162925/DFA-Technicalities-blocking-RP-bid-for-OIC-observer-status "DFA: 'Technicalities' blocking RP bid for OIC observer status"].
(May 26, 2009). ''GMA News''. Retrieved July 10, 2009.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/news/view/20090526-207265/RP-nears-observer-status-in-OIC----DFA|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404022243/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/news/view/20090526-207265/RP-nears-observer-status-in-OIC----DFA|archivedate=April 4, 2015|title=RP nears observer status in OIC – DFA|author=Balana, Cynthia|newspaper=[[The Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|date=May 26, 2009|accessdate=July 10, 2009}}</ref>

===Military===
{{Main article|Armed Forces of the Philippines}}

The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) are responsible for national security and consist of three branches: the [[Philippine Air Force]], the [[Philippine Army]], and the [[Philippine Navy]] (includes the [[Philippine Marine Corps|Marine Corps]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mil.ph/About_the_army/army/history/Ranks_and_Insignias.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701065232/http://www.army.mil.ph/About_the_army/army/history/Ranks_and_Insignias.html|archivedate=July 1, 2012|title=Shoulder Ranks (Officers)|publisher=The Philippine Army|accessdate=September 23, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/philippines/rank.htm |title=Philippine Military Rank Insignia |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |accessdate=September 23, 2014}}</ref><ref name="afporg">{{cite web |url=http://www.afp.mil.ph/org3.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419074817/http://www.afp.mil.ph/org3.html |archivedate=April 19, 2008 |title=AFP Organization |accessdate=February 3, 2008 |work=}}</ref> The Armed Forces of the Philippines are a [[Volunteer military|volunteer force]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://1987-philippine-constitution.blogspot.com/|title=The Philippine Constitution|publisher=}}</ref> Civilian security is handled by the [[Philippine National Police]] under the [[Department of the Interior and Local Government]] (DILG).<ref>[http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1990/ra_6975_1990.html "Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990"]. Lawphil.net. Retrieved January 30, 2014.</ref><ref name="RA6975">{{cite web|title=Republic Act No. 6975|url=http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1990/ra_6975_1990.html|work=The LAWPHiL Project|accessdate=December 31, 2012}}</ref>

In the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, the largest separatist organization, the [[Moro National Liberation Front]], is now engaging the government politically. Other more militant groups like the [[Moro Islamic Liberation Front]], the communist [[New People's Army]], and the [[Abu Sayyaf]] have previously kidnapped foreigners for ransom, particularly on the southern island of [[Mindanao]].{{refn|Hayden Cooper, 2012, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, [http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2012/s3402880.htm Government urged to help kidnapped Australian], Retrieved September 3, 2014, "...Warren Richard Rodwell from Australia being held captive by this group since December 5, 2011...please do whatever to raise the 2 million US dollars they are asking for my release ..."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2012/s3402880.htm|title=Government urged to help kidnapped Australian|date= January 5, 2012|newspaper=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref>}}<ref>Florante S. Solmerin, December 7, 2013, Manila Standard, [http://manilastandardtoday.com/2013/12/07/abu-sayyaf-keeping-17-foreigners-hostage/ Abu Sayyaf keeping 17 foreigners hostage], Retrieved September 3, 2014, "...17 foreigners, mostly birdwatchers, were being held hostage by the Abu Sayyaf Group..."</ref><ref>Roel Pareño, The Philippine Star, March 24, 2013, [http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2013/03/24/923345/sayyaf-releases-aussie-hostage Sayyaf releases Aussie hostage], Retrieved September 3, 2014, "...Australian Warren Rodwell emerged early yesterday withered after being held for 15 months by Abu Sayyaf bandits in southern Mindanao..."</ref><ref>Sun Star, April 25, 2014, [http://www.sunstar.com.ph/breaking-news/2014/04/25/abducted-tourist-hotel-staff-now-sulu-339790 Abducted tourist, hotel staff now in Sulu], Retrieved September 3, 2014, "...Abu Sayyaf bandits have brought a Chinese tourist and a Filipino hotel receptionist to their jungle stronghold in southern Philippines after kidnapping the women from a dive resort in eastern Malaysia ..."</ref> Their presence has decreased in recent years due to successful security provided by the Philippine government.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1695576.stm "Guide to the Philippines conflict"]. (August 10, 2007). ''[[BBC News]]''. Retrieved December 16, 2009.</ref><ref>World Bank. Conflict Prevention & Reconstruction Unit. (February 2005). ''[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTCPR/214578-1111996036679/20482477/WP24_Web.pdf The Mindanao Conflict in the Philippines: Roots, Costs, and Potential Peace Dividend]'' by Salvatore Schiavo-Campo and Mary Judd. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. (Social Development Paper No. 24). Retrieved December 16, 2009.</ref> At 1.1 percent of GDP, the Philippines spent less on its military forces than the regional average. {{as of|2014}} Malaysia and Thailand were estimated to spend 1.5%, China 2.1%, Vietnam 2.2% and South Korea 2.6%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/milex/milex_database|title=SIPRI Military Expenditure Database|accessdate=March 27, 2016|publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 2016, Signalistgatan 9, SE-16972 Solna, Sweden}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS|title=Military expenditure (% of GDP)|accessdate=March 27, 2016|publisher=The World Bank}}</ref>

The Philippines has been an [[Allies of World War II|ally of the United States]] since World War II. A [[Mutual Defense Treaty (U.S.–Philippines)|mutual defense treaty between the two countries]] was signed in 1951. The Philippines supported American policies during the [[Cold War]] and participated in the [[Korean War|Korean]] and [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]] wars. It was a member of the now dissolved [[Southeast Asian Treaty Organization|SEATO]], a group that was intended to serve a role similar to [[NATO]] and that included Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, Thailand, the United Kingdom, and the United States.<ref>Liefer, Michael. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=B9kTZgZ0TWYC&printsec=frontcover ''Michael Liefer – Selected Works on Southeast Asia''] (Chin, Kin-Wah & Leo Suryadinata, Eds.). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. {{ISBN|981-230-270-0}}.</ref> After the start of the [[War on Terror]], the Philippines was part of the coalition that gave support to the United States in Iraq.<ref name=cow>{{cite web |title=Coalition Members |author=The White House |url=http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030327-10.html |date=March 27, 2003 |accessdate=December 18, 2009}}</ref>

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|caption1 = The [[BRP Gregorio del Pilar (FF-15)|BRP ''Gregorio del Pilar'' (FF-15)]], a [[Gregorio del Pilar-class frigate|''Del Pilar''-class frigate]] of the [[Philippine Navy]].
|image2 = Philippine Navy Agusta A-109E Power.jpg
|alt2 =
|caption2 = An [[AgustaWestland AW109]] of the [[Philippine Navy]].
|image3 = FA-50 Golden Eagle (Philippine Air Force, February 19, 2016).jpg
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|caption3 = 2 [[FA-50]]s of the [[Philippine Air Force]].
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===Administrative divisions===
{{Main article|Administrative divisions of the Philippines}}

The Philippines is divided into three island groups: [[Luzon]], [[Visayas]], and [[Mindanao]]. These are further divided into 18 [[Regions of the Philippines|regions]], 81 [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]], 145 [[Cities of the Philippines|cities]], 1,489 [[Municipalities of the Philippines|municipalities]], and 42,036 [[barangays]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nap.psa.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/SUMWEBPROV-SEPT2016-CODED-HUC-FINAL.pdf |title=Provincial Summary: Number of Provinces, Cities, Municipalities and Barangays, by Region as of September 30, 2016 |publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority |access-date=January 5, 2017}}</ref> In addition, Section 2 of Republic Act No.&nbsp;5446 asserts that the definition of the territorial sea around the Philippine archipelago does not affect the [[North Borneo dispute|claim]] over the eastern part of [[Sabah]].<ref name=baselines>{{cite web|author=Ronald Echalas Diaz, Office Manager |url=http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno5446.html |title=Republic Act No. 5446 – An Act to Amend Section One of Republic Act Numbered Thirty Hundred and Forty-Six, Entitled "An Act to Define the Baselines of the Territorial Sea of the Philippines". Republic of the Philippines|publisher=Chan Robles Virtual Law Library |date=September 18, 1968 |accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Mohamad|first=Kadir|year=2009|title=Malaysia's territorial disputes – two cases at the ICJ : Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), Ligitan and Sipadan [and the Sabah claim] (Malaysia/Indonesia/Philippines)|url=http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|publisher=Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR) Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia|quote=Map of British North Borneo, highlighting in yellow color the area covered by the Philippine claim, presented to the Court by the Philippines during the Oral Hearings at the ICJ on 25 June 2001|page=46|accessdate=May 16, 2014|format=PDF}}</ref>

{{Administrative divisions of the Philippines list}}
----
{{Provinces of the Philippines image map}}

===Administrative regions===
{{main article|Regions of the Philippines}}

''Regions'' in the Philippines are [[administrative divisions of the Philippines|administrative divisions]] that serve primarily to organize the [[provinces of the Philippines|provinces]] of the country for administrative convenience. The Philippines is divided into 18 regions (17 administrative and 1 [[Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao|autonomous]]). Most government offices are established by region instead of individual provincial offices, usually (but not always) in the city designated as the regional center. {{as of|2015}}, [[CALABARZON]] was the most populated region while the [[Metro Manila|National Capitol Region]] (NCR) the most densely populated.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
|+ 10 Most Populous Regions of the Philippines <small>(2015)</small><ref name="PSA-2015-Highlights">{{cite web|title=2015 Population Counts Summary|url=http://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/2015%20population%20counts%20Summary_0.xlsx|website=Philippine Statistics Authority|accessdate=10 June 2017|format=XLSX|date=19 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Designation
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Area
! scope="col" | Population ({{As of|2015|lc=y}})
! scope="col" | % of Population
! scope="col" | Population density
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1st
| style="text-align:left;" | Region IV
| style="text-align:left;" | [[CALABARZON]]
| {{convert|16,873.31|km2|abbr=on}}
| {{number and percent|14,414,774|100,981,437|2|disp=table|pad=yes}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|14,414,774/16,873.31|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2nd
| style="text-align:left;" | NCR
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Metro Manila|National Capital Region]]
| {{convert|613.94|km2|abbr=on}}
| {{number and percent|12,877,253|100,981,437|2|disp=table|pad=yes}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|12,877,253/613.94|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 3rd
| style="text-align:left;" | Region III
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Central Luzon]]
| {{convert|22,014.63|km2|abbr=on}}
| {{number and percent|11,218,177|100,981,437|2|disp=table|pad=yes}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|11,218,177/22,014.63|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 4th
| style="text-align:left;" | Region VII
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Central Visayas]]
| {{convert|10,102.16|km2|abbr=on}}
| {{number and percent|6,041,903|100,981,437|2|disp=table|pad=yes}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|6,041,903/10,102.16|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5th
| style="text-align:left;" | Region V
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Bicol Region]]
| {{convert|18,155.82|km2|abbr=on}}
| {{number and percent|5,796,989|100,981,437|2|disp=table|pad=yes}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|5,796,989/18,155.82|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 6th
| style="text-align:left;" | Region I
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Ilocos Region]]
| {{convert|16,873.31|km2|abbr=on}}
| {{number and percent|5,026,128|100,981,437|2|disp=table|pad=yes}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|5,026,128/16,873.31|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 7th
| style="text-align:left;" | Region XI
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Davao Region]]
| {{convert|20,357.42|km2|abbr=on}}
| {{number and percent|4,893,318|100,981,437|2|disp=table|pad=yes}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|4,893,318/20,357.42|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 8th
| style="text-align:left;" | Region X
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Northern Mindanao]]
| {{convert|20,496.02|km2|abbr=on}}
| {{number and percent|4,689,302|100,981,437|2|disp=table|pad=yes}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|4,689,302/20,496.02|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 9th
| style="text-align:left;" | Region XII
| style="text-align:left;" | [[SOCCSKSARGEN]]
| {{convert|22,513.30|km2|abbr=on}}
| {{number and percent|4,545,276|100,981,437|2|disp=table|pad=yes}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|4,545,276/22,513.30|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 10th
| style="text-align:left;" | Region VI
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Western Visayas]]
| {{convert|12,828.97|km2|abbr=on}}
| {{number and percent|4,477,247|100,981,437|2|disp=table|pad=yes}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|4,477,247/12,828.97|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=on}}
|}

==Geography==
{{Main article|Geography of the Philippines}}
[[File:Relief Map Of The Philippines.png|thumb|<div style="text-align:center;">Topography of the Philippines</div>]]
The Philippines is an [[archipelago]] composed of about 7,641 islands<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mayuga|first1=Jonathan|title=Namria 'discovers' 400 previously 'unknown' PHL islands using IfSAR|url=http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/namria-discovers-400-previously-unknown-phl-islands-using-ifsar/|accessdate=February 12, 2016|publisher=BusinessMirror|date=February 10, 2016}}</ref> with a total land area, including inland bodies of water, of {{convert|300000|km2|sqmi|sp=us|0}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.pia.gov.ph/?m=6&subject=philinfo&item=geography|title=General Profile of the Philippines : Geography|publisher=Philippine Information Agency}}</ref> Its {{convert|36289|km|mi|sp=us}} of coastline makes it the country with the 5th [[List of countries by length of coastline|longest coastline]] in the world.<ref name=About /><!--says the coastline is 17,500 km--><ref name=CIAfields><!--says the coastline is 36,289 km and that only Canada, Russia, Indonesia, and Greenland have longer coastlines-->Central Intelligence Agency. (2009). [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html "Field Listing :: Coastline"]. Washington, D.C.: Author. Retrieved 2009-11-07.</ref> It is located between 116°&nbsp;40', and 126°&nbsp;34' E longitude and 4°&nbsp;40' and 21°&nbsp;10' N latitude and is bordered by the [[Philippine Sea]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090820123304/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580288/Philippine_Sea.html Philippine Sea], [http://encarta.msn.com/ encarta.msn.com] {{webarchive|url=http://www.webcitation.org/5kvWPcsSb?url=http://encarta.msn.com/ |date=October 31, 2009 }} (archived from [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580288/Philippine_Sea.html the original] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820123304/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580288/Philippine_Sea.html |date=August 20, 2009 }} on August 20, 2009).</ref> to the east, the [[South China Sea]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130213111846/http://focustaiwan.tw/ShowNews/WebNews_Detail.aspx?ID=201302090013&Type=aIPL "U.S. report details rich resources in South China Sea."] (archived from [http://focustaiwan.tw/ShowNews/WebNews_Detail.aspx?Type=aIPL&ID=201302090013 the original] on 2013-02-133)</ref> to the west, and the [[Celebes Sea]]<ref>C.Michael Hogan. 2011. [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Celebes_Sea?topic=49523 ''Celebes Sea''. Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. P.Saundry & C.J.Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC]</ref> to the south. The island of [[Borneo]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/edens/borneo/awesome.html|title=An Awesome Island|work=Borneo: Island in the Clouds|publisher=PBS|accessdate=November 11, 2012}}</ref> is located a few hundred kilometers southwest and Taiwan is located directly to the north. The [[Maluku Islands|Moluccas]] and [[Sulawesi]] are located to the south-southwest and [[Palau]] is located to the east of the islands.<ref name="About">{{cite web|date=March 9, 2009 |url=http://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asp |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309081519/http://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asp |archivedate=March 9, 2009 |title=General Information |accessdate=September 21, 2014 }}. (older version – as it existed in 2009 – during the presidency of [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]]), ''[http://www.gov.ph/ The Official Government Portal of the Republic of the Philippines] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930195314/http://www.gov.ph/ |date=September 30, 2007 }}''.</ref>

Most of the mountainous islands are covered in [[tropical rainforest]] and volcanic in origin. The highest mountain is [[Mount Apo]]. It measures up to {{convert|2954|m|ft|sp=us}} above sea level and is located on the island of Mindanao.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/philippines.html|title=Philippines Mountain Ultra-Prominence|publisher=peaklist.org|accessdate=June 19, 2009}}</ref><ref>(2011-04-06). [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html "The World Factbook – Philippines"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719222229/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html |date=July 19, 2015 }}. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved on March 14, 2011.</ref> The Galathea Depth in the [[Philippine Trench]] is the deepest point in the country and the [[List of submarine topographical features#List of oceanic trenches|third deepest in the world]]. The trench is located in the Philippine Sea.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31710 |title=The Galathea Deep Sea Expedition, 1950–1952, described by members of the expedition |last=Bruun |first=Anton Frederick |publisher=Macmillian, New York |year=1956}}</ref>

The longest river is the [[Cagayan River]] in northern Luzon.<ref name="eearth">{{cite web|url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Water_profile_of_Philippines#River_Basins_and_Water_Resources|title=Water profile of Philippines|last=Kundel|first=Jim|date=June 7, 2007|publisher=Encyclopedia of Earth|accessdate=September 30, 2008}}</ref> [[Manila Bay]], upon the shore of which the capital city of Manila lies, is connected to [[Laguna de Bay]], the largest lake in the Philippines, by the [[Pasig River]]. [[Subic Bay]], the [[Davao Gulf]], and the [[Moro Gulf]] are other important bays. The [[San Juanico Strait]] separates the islands of Samar and Leyte but it is traversed by the [[San Juanico Bridge]].<ref>Republic of the Philippines. Department of Tourism. [c. 2008]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427094345/http://www.travelmart.net/philippines/leyte-hotels-resorts.html |date=April 27, 2012 |title=Leyte is Famous for... }} (archived from [http://www.travelmart.net/philippines/leyte-hotels-resorts.html the original] on April 27, 2012). Retrieved March 21, 2010 from www.travelmart.net.</ref>

Situated on the western fringes of the Pacific [[Ring of Fire]], the Philippines experiences frequent seismic and volcanic activity. The [[Benham Plateau]] to the east in the Philippine Sea is an undersea region active in [[Plate tectonics|tectonic]] [[subduction]].<ref name="CLCS submissions">{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/commission_submissions.htm |title=Submissions, through the Secretary-General of the United Nations, to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, pursuant to article 76, paragraph 8, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 |publisher=United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf |date=May 28, 2009 |accessdate=May 29, 2009}}</ref> Around 20 [[earthquake]]s are registered daily, though most are too weak to be felt. The last major earthquake was the [[1990 Luzon earthquake]].<ref>La Putt, Juny P. [c. 2003]. [http://www.cityofpines.com/baguioquake/quake.html ''The 1990 Baguio City Earthquake'']. Retrieved December 20, 2009 from [http://www.cityofpines.com/ The City of Baguio] Website.</ref>

There are [[List of active volcanoes in the Philippines|many active volcanoes]] such as the [[Mayon Volcano]], [[Mount Pinatubo]], and [[Taal Volcano]]. The eruption of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991 produced the second largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th&nbsp;century.<ref name = Pinatubo1991>{{cite web|author = Newhall, Chris |author2 = James W. Hendley II |author3 = Peter H. Stauffer |last-author-amp = yes |title = The Cataclysmic 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines (U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 113-97) |url = http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs113-97/ |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130825233934/http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs113-97/ |archivedate = August 25, 2013 |publisher = U.S. Department of the Interior. U.S. Geological Survey |date = February 28, 2005 |accessdate = April 9, 2007}}</ref> Not all notable geographic features are so violent or destructive. A more serene legacy of the geological disturbances is the [[Puerto Princesa Subterranean River]], the area represents a habitat for [[Conservation biology|biodiversity conservation]], the site also contains a full mountain-to-the-sea ecosystem and has some of the most important forests in Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/652 |title=Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref>

Due to the [[volcanic]] nature of the islands, mineral deposits are abundant. The country is estimated to have the second-largest gold deposits after South Africa and one of the largest copper deposits in the world.<ref name="NYTimesMiners">{{cite news|author = Greenlees, Donald |title = Miners shun mineral wealth of the Philippines |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/14/business/worldbusiness/14iht-mine.1.12876764.html |newspaper = [[The New York Times]] |date = May 14, 2008 |accessdate = December 11, 2009}}</ref> It is also rich in nickel, chromite, and zinc. Despite this, poor management, high population density, and environmental consciousness have resulted in these mineral resources remaining largely untapped.<ref name="NYTimesMiners"/> [[Geothermal energy]] is a product of volcanic activity that the Philippines has harnessed more successfully. The Philippines is the world's second-biggest geothermal producer behind the United States, with 18% of the country's electricity needs being met by geothermal power.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/29/business/worldbusiness/29iht-energy.1.14068397.html |author=Davies, Ed |author2=Karen Lema |last-author-amp=yes |title=Pricey oil makes geothermal projects more attractive for Indonesia and the Philippines |newspaper= [[The New York Times]] |date = June 29, 2008 |accessdate=December 18, 2009}}</ref>
<gallery mode=packed-hover caption= "Geography of the Philippines">
File:Mount Pinatubo 20081229 01.jpg|''[[Mount Pinatubo]]''
File:Chocolate Hills - edit.jpg|''[[Chocolate Hills]]'' in [[Bohol]]
File:Big lagoon entrance, Miniloc island - panoramio.jpg|''[[El Nido, Palawan|El Nido]]'' in [[Palawan]]
File:Taal Volcano aerial 2013.jpg|''[[Taal Volcano]]'', the smallest active volcano in the world
File:View south of the northern Sierra Madre from peak of Mt. Cagua - ZooKeys-266-001-g007.jpg|''[[Sierra Madre (Philippines)|Sierra Madre mountain range]]''
File:FvfBokod0174 03.JPG|''[[Luzon tropical pine forests]]''
</gallery>

===Biodiversity===
{{Main article|Wildlife of the Philippines}}
{{See also|List of threatened species of the Philippines}}
{{See also|List of threatened species of the Philippines}}
[[File:Carabao.jpg|thumb|alt=Water buffalo with large, curved horns, seen from above|The [[carabao]] is the national animal of the Philippines. It symbolizes, strength, power, efficiency, perseverance and hard work.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Philippine Historical Association |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4C6AAAAIAAJ |title=Philippine Presidents: 100 Years |last2=New Day Publishers |publisher=[[Philippine Historical Association]] |year=1999 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-10-1027-0 |page=338 |access-date=March 11, 2023 |archive-date=March 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311174135/https://books.google.com/books?id=W4C6AAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
[[File:Bohol Tarsier.jpg|thumb|[[Philippine tarsier]] (''Tarsius syrichta''), one of the smallest [[primate]]s.]]
The Philippines' rainforests and its extensive coastlines make it home to a diverse range of birds, plants, animals, and sea creatures.<ref name="etravel">[http://www.etravelpilipinas.com/about_philippines/philippine_natural_resources.htm "Natural Resources and Environment in the Philippines"]. (n.d.). ''eTravel Pilipinas''. Retrieved January 22, 2009.</ref> It is one of the ten most biologically [[megadiverse countries]].<ref name=Chanco>{{cite news|url=http://gbgm-umc.org/asia-pacific/philippines/ecophil.html |author=Chanco, Boo. |title=The Philippines Environment: A Warning |newspaper=The Philippine Star |date=December 7, 1998}} Retrieved February 15, 2010 from gbgm-umc.org.</ref><ref name="AUSGOP">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/biodiversity/biodiversity01-3.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514125559/http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/biodiversity/biodiversity01-3.html|archivedate=May 14, 2007|title=Biodiversity Theme Report: The Meaning, Significance and Implications of Biodiversity (continued)|author = Williams, Jann|author2 = Cassia Read|author3 = Tony Norton|author4 = Steve Dovers|author5 = Mark Burgman|author6 = Wendy Proctor|author7 = Heather Anderson|last-author-amp = yes|publisher=CSIRO on behalf of the Australian Government Department of the Environment and Heritage|year=2001|isbn=0-643-06749-3|accessdate=November 6, 2009}}</ref><ref name="Carpenter">{{cite journal|author1=Carpenter, Kent E. |author2=Victor G. Springer |lastauthoramp=yes |title=The center of the center of marine shore fish biodiversity: the Philippine Islands|journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes|publisher=Springer Netherlands|date=April 2005|volume=74|issue=2|pages=467–480|doi=10.1007/s10641-004-3154-4}}</ref> Around 1,100 land vertebrate species can be found in the Philippines including over 100 mammal species and 170 bird species not thought to exist elsewhere.<ref name="lonelyplanet">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=aaUR07G0yAcC|title=Philippines|author1=Rowthorn, Chris |author2=Greg Bloom |lastauthoramp=yes |edition=9th|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|year=2006|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aaUR07G0yAcC&pg=PA52 52]|isbn=1-74104-289-5}}</ref> The Philippines has among the highest rates of discovery in the world with sixteen new species of [[mammals]] discovered in the last ten years. Because of this, the rate of endemism for the Philippines has risen and likely will continue to rise.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Biological_diversity_in_the_Philippines |title=Biological diversity in the Philippines |publisher=Eoearth.org |accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Native mammals include the [[Asian palm civet|palm civet cat]], the [[dugong]], the [[cloud rat]] and the [[Philippine tarsier]] associated with [[Bohol]].


The Philippines is a [[megadiverse countries|megadiverse country]],<ref name="Berba-Matias-2022">{{cite journal|last1=Berba |first1=Carmela Maria P. |last2=Matias |first2=Ambrocio Melvin A. |title=State of biodiversity documentation in the Philippines: Metadata gaps, taxonomic biases, and spatial biases in the DNA barcode data of animal and plant taxa in the context of species occurrence data |journal=[[PeerJ]] |date=March 21, 2022 |volume=10 |doi=10.7717/peerj.13146 |pmid=35341040 |at=Introduction |pmc=8944339 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|last1=Williams |first1=Jann |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/biodiversity/biodiversity01-3.html |title=Biodiversity Theme Report: The Meaning, Significance and Implications of Biodiversity (continued) |last2=Read |first2=Cassia |last3=Norton |first3=Tony |last4=Dovers |first4=Steve |last5=Burgman |first5=Mark |last6=Proctor |first6=Wendy |last7=Anderson |first7=Heather |publisher=[[CSIRO]] on behalf of the Australian Government [[Department of the Environment and Heritage]] |year=2001 |location=Collingwood, Victoria, Australia |isbn=978-0-643-06749-3 |access-date=November 6, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514125559/http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/biodiversity/biodiversity01-3.html |archive-date=May 14, 2007 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> with some of the world's highest rates of discovery and [[List of ecoregions with high endemism|endemism]] (67 percent).<ref name="OECD-2017April">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E6-gDgAAQBAJ |title=OECD Food and Agricultural Reviews Agricultural Policies in the Philippines |date=April 7, 2017 |publisher=[[OECD|OECD Publishing]] |location=Paris, France |isbn=978-92-64-26908-8 |doi=10.1787/9789264269088-en |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=E6-gDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 78] |language=en |access-date=March 9, 2023 |archive-date=May 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509130815/https://books.google.com/books?id=E6-gDgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Earth]] |date=January 10, 2008 |title=Biological diversity in the Philippines |url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Biological_diversity_in_the_Philippines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218154050/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Biological_diversity_in_the_Philippines |archive-date=February 18, 2008 |access-date=May 4, 2013 |editor-last1=McGinley |editor-first1=Mark}}</ref> With an [[Flora of the Philippines|estimated 13,500 plant species]] in the country (3,500 of which are endemic),<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Clemen-Pascual |first1=Lydia M. |last2=Macahig |first2=Rene Angelo S. |last3=Rojas |first3=Nina Rosario L. |title=Comparative toxicity, phytochemistry, and use of 53 Philippine medicinal plants |journal=Toxicology Reports |publisher=[[Elsevier|Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland]]|date=2022 |volume=9 |pages=22–35 |doi=10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.12.002 |pmid=34976744 |pmc=8685920 |issn=2214-7500 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2022ToxR....9...22C }}</ref> Philippine rain forests have an array of flora:<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=February 18, 2014 |title=Hub of Life: Species Diversity in the Philippines |url=http://fpe.ph/biodiversity.html/view/hub-of-life-species-diversity-in-the-philippines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916011731/http://fpe.ph/biodiversity.html/view/hub-of-life-species-diversity-in-the-philippines |archive-date=September 16, 2015 |access-date=July 5, 2020 |publisher=Foundation for the Philippine Environment}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Taguinod |first=Fioro |date=November 20, 2008 |title=Rare flower species found only in northern Philippines |language=en |work=[[GMA News Online|GMANews.TV]] |url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/134682/Rare-flower-species-found-only-in-northern-Philippines |access-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219210524/http://www.gmanews.tv/story/134682/Rare-flower-species-found-only-in-northern-Philippines |archive-date=February 19, 2009}}</ref> about 3,500 species of trees,<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Schulte |editor-first1=Andreas |editor-last2=Schöne |editor-first2=Dieter Hans-Friedrich |title=Dipterocarp Forest Ecosystems: Towards Sustainable Management |date=1996 |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-02-2729-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oHNzvs02F5wC&pg=PA494 494] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oHNzvs02F5wC |language=en}}</ref> 8,000 [[flowering plant]] species, 1,100 [[fern]]s, and 998 [[List of the orchids of the Philippines|orchid]] species<ref>{{cite journal|last=Agoo |first=Esperanza Maribel G. |date=June 2007 |title=Status of Orchid Taxonomy Research in the Philippines |url=http://asbp.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/907-3032-2-PB.pdf |journal=Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology |publisher=Association of Systematic Biologists of the Philippines |volume=1 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407154939/https://asbp.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/907-3032-2-PB.pdf |archive-date=April 7, 2020 |access-date=July 23, 2020}}</ref> have been identified.<ref name="Sajise-2010">{{cite book |editor-last1=Sajise |editor-first1=Percy E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orX6zp38uwAC |title=Moving Forward: Southeast Asian Perspectives on Climate Change and Biodiversity |editor-last2=Ticsay |editor-first2=Mariliza V. |editor-last3=Saguiguit |editor-first3=Gil Jr. C. |date=February 10, 2010 |publisher=[[ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute|Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-230-978-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=orX6zp38uwAC&pg=PA147 147] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103904/https://books.google.com/books?id=orX6zp38uwAC |url-status=live }}</ref> The Philippines has 167 terrestrial [[mammal]]s (102 endemic species), 235 [[reptile]]s (160 endemic species), 99 [[amphibian]]s (74 endemic species), 686 [[List of birds of the Philippines|birds]] (224 endemic species),<ref>{{cite book |type=Conference proceeding |editor-last1=Nishizaki |editor-first1=Shin-ya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdCwDwAAQBAJ |title=Theory and Practice of Computation: Proceedings of the Workshop on Computation: Theory and Practice (WCTP 2018), September 17–18, 2018, Manila, The Philippines |editor-last2=Numao |editor-first2=Masayuki |editor-last3=Caro |editor-first3=Jaime |editor-last4=Suarez |editor-first4=Merlin Teodosia |date=2019 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, England |isbn=978-0-429-53694-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hdCwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94 94] |language=en |access-date=March 9, 2023 |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407131327/https://books.google.com/books?id=hdCwDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> and over 20,000 [[insect]] species.<ref name="Sajise-2010" />
Although the Philippines lacks large mammalian predators, it does have some very large [[reptiles]] such as [[Pythonidae|python]]s and [[cobra]]s, together with gigantic [[saltwater crocodiles]]. The largest crocodile in captivity, known locally as [[Lolong]], was captured in the southern island of Mindanao.<ref>{{cite web|title="Lolong" holds world record as largest croc in the world |url=http://www.pawb.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=480:lolong-holds-world-record-as-largest-croc-in-the-world&catid=22:news&Itemid=131 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126140938/http://www.pawb.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=480%3Alolong-holds-world-record-as-largest-croc-in-the-world&catid=22%3Anews&Itemid=131 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=January 26, 2012 |work=Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau |accessdate=June 23, 2012 |date=November 17, 2011 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Britton|first=Adam|title=Accurate length measurement for Lolong|url=http://crocodilian.blogspot.com.au/2011/11/accurate-length-measurement-for-lolong.html|work=Croc Blog|accessdate=June 23, 2012|date=November 12, 2011}}</ref>


As an important part of the [[Coral Triangle]] ecoregion,<ref>{{cite report|last1=Green |first1=Alison L. |last2=Mous |first2=Peter J. |title=Delineating the Coral Triangle, its Ecoregions and Functional Seascapes: Version 5.0 |series=TNC Coral Triangle Program |issue=Report No. 1/08 |url=https://www.conservationgateway.org/Documents/Green%20and%20Mous%202008%20CT%20Delineation%20v5%200.pdf |website=Conservation Gateway |publisher=[[The Nature Conservancy]] |access-date=May 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518123930/https://www.conservationgateway.org/Documents/Green%20and%20Mous%202008%20CT%20Delineation%20v5%200.pdf |archive-date=May 18, 2019 |pages=vii–viii, 1, 4, 6–7 |date=September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Leman |first=Jennifer |date=February 11, 2019 |title=What Is the Coral Triangle? |work=[[Live Science]] |url=https://www.livescience.com/64738-coral-triangle.html |access-date=July 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429190233/https://www.livescience.com/64738-coral-triangle.html |archive-date=April 29, 2020}}</ref> Philippine waters have unique, diverse marine life<ref name="CalAcademyOrg-2015">{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Bowling |first1=Haley |title=Over 100 New Marine Species Discovered in the Philippines |url=https://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/over-100-new-marine-species-discovered-in-the-philippines |access-date=April 2, 2023 |work=[[California Academy of Sciences]] |date=July 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906071328/https://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/over-100-new-marine-species-discovered-in-the-philippines |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |language=en}}</ref> and the world's greatest diversity of shore-fish species.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Carpenter |first1=Kent E. |last2=Springer |first2=Victor G. |name-list-style=amp |date=April 2005 |title=The center of the center of marine shore fish biodiversity: the Philippine Islands |journal=[[Environmental Biology of Fishes]] |publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=467–480 |doi=10.1007/s10641-004-3154-4 |bibcode=2005EnvBF..72..467C |s2cid=8280012 |author-link1=Kent E. Carpenter |author-link2=Victor G. Springer}}</ref> The country has over 3,200 fish species (121 endemic).<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Ani |first1=Princess Alma B. |last2=Castillo |first2=Monica B. |date=March 18, 2020 |title=Revisiting the State of Philippine Biodiversity And The Legislation on Access and Benefit Sharing |url=https://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/1836 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114110925/https://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/1836 |archive-date=November 14, 2020 |access-date=March 20, 2023 |website=FFTC Agricultural Policy Platform (FFTC-AP) |publisher=[[Food and Fertilizer Technology Center|Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region]] |at=The Philippine Biodiversity |language=en |location=Taipei}}</ref> Philippine waters sustain [[Aquaculture in the Philippines|the cultivation]] of fish, crustaceans, oysters, and seaweeds.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=National Aquaculture Sector Overview: Philippines |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_philippines/en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010173033/http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_philippines/en |archive-date=October 10, 2008 |access-date=August 17, 2020 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Rural Aquaculture in the Philippines |series=RAP Publication |issue=1999/20 |last1=Yap |first1=Wilfredo G. |date=1999 |at=Background |url=https://www.fao.org/3/x6943e/x6943e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921005507/https://www.fao.org/3/x6943e/x6943e.pdf |archive-date=September 21, 2021 |access-date=April 17, 2023 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref>
The [[national bird]], known as the [[Philippine eagle]] has the longest body of any [[eagle]].<ref name=RaptorsWorld>{{cite book|year=2001|title=Raptors of the World| publisher=[[Helm Identification Guides|Christopher Helm]]|location=London|pages=717–19|isbn=0-7136-8026-1|author1=Ferguson-Lees, J. |author2=Christie, D. }}</ref><ref>{{IUCN2006|assessor=BirdLife International.|year=2004|id=144490|title=Pithecophaga jefferyi|downloaded=January 7, 2009}}</ref>


Eight major types of forests are distributed throughout the Philippines: [[Dipterocarpaceae|dipterocarp]], [[beach]] forest,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Primavera |first1=J. H. |last2=Montilijao |first2=C. L. |title=Field Guide to Philippine Beach Forest Species |date=2017 |publisher=[[Zoological Society of London]] – CMRP Philippines |location=Iloilo City, Philippines |isbn=978-621-95325-1-8 |url=https://cms.zsl.org/sites/default/files/2023-02/12%20Field%20guide%20-%20Philippine%20Beach%20Forest%20Species.pdf |access-date=April 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225115902/https://cms.zsl.org/sites/default/files/2023-02/12%20Field%20guide%20-%20Philippine%20Beach%20Forest%20Species.pdf |archive-date=February 25, 2023}}</ref> [[pine]] forest, [[Vitex parviflora|molave]] forest, [[Montane ecosystems|lower montane forest]], upper montane (or [[Cloud forest|mossy forest]]), [[mangrove]]s, and [[Ultramafic rock|ultrabasic]] forest.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wikramanayake |first1=Eric D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VGRBWqIG2gC |title=Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: A Conservation Assessment |last2=Dinerstein |first2=Eric |last3=Loucks |first3=Colby J. |date=2002 |publisher=[[Island Press]] |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-1-55963-923-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_VGRBWqIG2gC&pg=PA480 480] |author-link1=Eric Wikramanayake}}</ref> According to official estimates, the Philippines had {{convert|7000000|ha|sqmi}} of forest cover in 2023.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Domingo |first1=Katrina |title=DENR targets to reforest 1 to 2 million hectares in PH |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/06/27/23/denr-targets-to-reforest-1-to-2-million-hectares-in-ph |access-date=August 30, 2023 |work=[[ABS-CBN News]] |date=June 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627063837/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/06/27/23/denr-targets-to-reforest-1-to-2-million-hectares-in-ph |archive-date=June 27, 2023}}</ref> Logging had been systemized during the American colonial period<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dauvergne |first1=Peter |title=Shadows in the Forest: Japan and the Politics of Timber in Southeast Asia |date=1997 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |location=Cambridge, Mass. |isbn=978-0-262-54087-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyXMKFa7kCcC |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wyXMKFa7kCcC&pg=PA157 157] |access-date=August 30, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=August 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830215429/https://books.google.com/books?id=wyXMKFa7kCcC |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Deforestation in the Philippines|deforestation]] continued after independence, accelerating during the [[Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos|Marcos presidency]] due to unregulated logging concessions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kahl |first1=Colin H. |title=States, Scarcity, and Civil Strife in the Developing World |year=2006 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=Princeton, N.J. |isbn=978-0-691-12406-3 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ltWfu4quplgC&pg=PA85 85–86] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ltWfu4quplgC |access-date=January 22, 2021 |language=en |archive-date=August 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830213647/https://books.google.com/books?id=ltWfu4quplgC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=The Japan Environmental Council |title=The State of the Environment in Asia: 2002/2003 |date=December 6, 2012 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Verlag]] |location=Tokyo, Japan |isbn=978-4-431-70345-7 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPGPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA106 106–107] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPGPBAAAQBAJ |access-date=January 22, 2021 |language=en |archive-date=August 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830213647/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPGPBAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Forest cover declined from 70 percent of the Philippines' total land area in 1900 to about 18.3 percent in 1999.<ref name="FAO-Forests">{{cite report|type=Conference proceeding |last=Peralta |first=Eleno O. |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/af349e/af349e0n.htm |title=Proceedings of the workshop: Forests for Poverty Reduction: Changing Role for Research, Development and Training Institutions, 17–18 June 2003, Dehradun, India |series=RAP Publication |issue=2005/19 |date=2005 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]], Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific |isbn=978-974-7946-76-5 |location=Bangkok, Thailand |chapter=Chapter 21: Forests for poverty alleviation: the response of academic institutions in the Philippines |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018084729/http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/af349e/af349e0n.htm |archive-date=October 18, 2007 |editor-last1=Sim |editor-first1=H. C. |editor-last2=Appanah |editor-first2=S. |editor-last3=Hooda |editor-first3=N.}}</ref> Rehabilitation efforts have had marginal success.<ref>{{cite report|date=December 2019 |title=National Greening Program (PAO-2019-01); Reforestation Remains an Urgent Concern but Fast-Tracking its Process Without Adequate Preparation and Support by and Among Stakeholders Led to Waste of Resources |url=https://www.intosai.org/fileadmin/downloads/focus_areas/SDG_atlas_reports/Philippines/Philippines_2019_E_15_FuRep_NGP.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502140810/https://www.intosai.org/fileadmin/downloads/focus_areas/SDG_atlas_reports/Philippines/Philippines_2019_E_15_FuRep_NGP.pdf |archive-date=May 2, 2021 |access-date=February 22, 2023 |publisher=[[Commission on Audit (Philippines)|Commission on Audit]] |page=26}}</ref>
[[File:Underwater Moalboal 3.jpg|thumb|[[Moalboal]] Reef in [[Cebu]].]]
Philippine [[territorial waters|maritime waters]] encompass as much as {{convert|2200000|km2|sp=us|0}} producing unique and diverse marine life, an important part of the [[Coral Triangle]].<ref name=baselines/> The total number of corals and marine fish species was estimated at 500 and 2,400 respectively.<ref name="etravel"/><ref name="lonelyplanet"/> New records<ref>{{cite journal |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236001316_First_Record_of_the_dottyback_Manonichthys_alleni_(Teleostei_Perciformes_Pseudochromidae)_from_the_Philippines?ev=prf_pub |author1=Bos, A.R. |author2=Smits, H.M. |lastauthoramp=yes |title= First Record of the dottyback Manonichthys alleni (Teleostei: Perciformes: Pseudochromidae) from the Philippines |journal= Marine Biodiversity Records |year=2013 |volume=6 |issue=e61 |pages= |doi=10.1017/s1755267213000365}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237335102_Seven_new_records_of_fishes_(Teleostei_Perciformes)_from_coral_reefs_and_pelagic_habitats_in_Southern_Mindanao_the_Philippines?ev=prf_pub |author1=Bos, Arthur R. |author2=Gumanao, Girley S. |lastauthoramp=yes |title= Seven new records of fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes) from coral reefs and pelagic habitats in Southern Mindanao, the Philippines|journal= Marine Biodiversity Records |publisher= |year=2013 |volume=6 |issue=e95 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1017/s1755267213000614}}</ref> and species discoveries<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bos A.R.|author2=Gumanao, G.S.|author3=Salac, F.N. |year=2008 |title=A newly discovered predator of the crown-of-thorns starfish |journal=Coral Reefs |volume=27 |issue= |page=581 |publisher= |doi= 10.1007/s00338-008-0364-9|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225650880_A_newly_discovered_predator_of_the_crown-of-thorns_starfish}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Ocaña O., J.C. |author2=den Hartog |author3=A. Brito |author4=Bos, A.R. |year=2010 |title=On Pseudocorynactis species and another related genus from the Indo-Pacific (Anthozoa: Corallimorphidae) |journal=Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias |volume=XXI |issue=3–4 |pages=9–34 |publisher= |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230851883_On_Pseudocorynactis_species_and_another_related_genus_from_the_Indo-Pacific_(Anthozoa_Corallimorphidae)?ev=prf_pub}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Bos A.R. |year=2014 |title=Upeneus nigromarginatus, a new species of goatfish (Perciformes: Mullidae) from the Philippines |journal=Raffles Bulletin of Zoology |volume=62 |issue= |pages=745–753 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266563180_Upeneus_nigromarginatus_a_new_species_of_goatfish_%28Perciformes_Mullidae%29_from_the_Philippines}}</ref> continuously increase these numbers underlining the uniqueness of the marine resources in the Philippines. The [[Tubbataha Reef]] in the Sulu Sea was declared a [[World Heritage Site]] in 1993. Philippine waters also sustain the cultivation of pearls, crabs, and seaweeds.<ref name="etravel"/><ref name="resources">[http://www.philippine-history.org/about-philippines.htm "About the Philippines"]. (October 17, 2009). Retrieved December 20, 2009 from the Philippine History Website.</ref>


The Philippines is a [[biodiversity hotspot|priority hotspot for biodiversity conservation]];<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Philippines |url=https://www.cepf.net/our-work/biodiversity-hotspots/philippines |publisher=[[Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund]] |access-date=April 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205015021/https://www.cepf.net/our-work/biodiversity-hotspots/philippines |archive-date=February 5, 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Berba-Matias-2022" /> it has [[List of protected areas of the Philippines|more than 200 protected areas]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Establishment and Management of National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) (as of October 31, 2011) |url=http://www.pawb.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=120:establishing-and-managing-protected-areas&catid=58:protected-area-management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201105841/http://www.pawb.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=120:establishing-and-managing-protected-areas&catid=58:protected-area-management |archive-date=December 1, 2011 |access-date=February 22, 2023 |publisher=[[Department of Environment and Natural Resources|Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau]]}}</ref> which was expanded to {{convert|7790000|ha|sqmi}} {{as of|2023|lc=y}}.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=List of Protected Areas |url=https://bmb.gov.ph/index.php/list-of-protected-areas |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230222202956/https://bmb.gov.ph/index.php/list-of-protected-areas |archive-date=February 22, 2023 |access-date=February 22, 2023 |publisher=[[Department of Environment and Natural Resources|Biodiversity Management Bureau]]}}</ref> [[List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines|Three sites]] in the Philippines have been included on the UNESCO World Heritage List: the [[Tubbataha Reef]] in the Sulu Sea,<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/653/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210154057/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/653/ |archive-date=February 10, 2006 |access-date=August 17, 2020 |publisher=[[UNESCO World Heritage Centre]]}}</ref> the [[Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park|Puerto Princesa Subterranean River]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/652 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051119122807/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/652 |archive-date=November 19, 2005 |access-date=July 18, 2020 |publisher=[[UNESCO World Heritage Centre]]}}</ref> and the [[Mount Hamiguitan]] Wildlife Sanctuary.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Philippines – UNESCO World Heritage Convention |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ph |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223081604/https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ph |archive-date=February 23, 2023 |access-date=March 3, 2023 |publisher=[[UNESCO World Heritage Centre]] |language=en}}</ref>
With an estimated 13,500 plant species in the country, 3,200 of which are unique to the islands,<ref name="lonelyplanet"/> Philippine [[rainforests]] boast an array of flora, including many rare types of [[List of the orchids of the Philippines|orchids]] and [[rafflesia]].<ref name="biodiverse">{{cite web|url=http://fpe.ph/biodiversity.html/view/hub-of-life-species-diversity-in-the-philippines|title=Hub of Life: Species Diversity in the Philippines|publisher=Foundation for the Philippine Environment|date=February 18, 2014 |accessdate=September 21, 2014}}</ref><ref>Taguinod, Fioro. (November 20, 2008). [http://www.gmanews.tv/story/134682/Rare-flower-species-found-only-in-northern-Philippines "Rare flower species found only in northern Philippines"]. ''GMA News''. Retrieved December 14, 2009.</ref> [[Deforestation]], often the result of illegal logging, is [[Deforestation in the Philippines|an acute problem in the Philippines]]. Forest cover declined from 70% of the Philippines's total land area in 1900 to about 18.3% in 1999.<ref>Peralta, Eleno O. (2005). "[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/af349e/af349e0n.htm#bm23 21. Forests for poverty alleviation: the response of academic institutions in the Philippines]". In Sim, Appanah, and Hooda (Eds.). ''Proceedings of the workshop on forests for poverty reduction: changing role for research, development and training institutions'' (RAP Publication). [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO). Retrieved December 20, 2009.</ref> Many species are endangered and scientists say that [[Southeast Asia]], which the Philippines is part of, faces a catastrophic extinction rate of 20% by the end of the 21st century.<ref>Kirby, Alex. (July 23, 2003). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3090071.stm SE Asia faces 'catastrophic' extinction rate]. ''BBC News''. Retrieved December 20, 2009.</ref> According to [[Conservation International]], "the country is one of the few nations that is, in its entirety, both a hotspot and a megadiversity country, placing it among the top priority hotspots for global conservation."<ref name="biodiverse"/>


===Climate===
=== Climate ===
{{Main article|Climate of the Philippines}}
{{Main|Climate of the Philippines}}
[[File:Thunderstorms-Philippines.jpg|thumb|Evening thunderstorms bringing rain over the Philippines is common from June to November.]]
[[File:Haiyan Nov 7 2013 1345Z.png|thumb|upright|[[Typhoon Haiyan]] (locally known as ''Yolanda'') at peak intensity.]]


The Philippines has a tropical maritime climate which is usually hot and humid. There are three seasons: a hot [[dry season]] from March to May, a [[Wet season|rainy season]] from June to November, and a cool dry season from December to February.<ref name="LocGov-Philippines" /> The southwest [[monsoon]] (known as the {{lang|fil|habagat}}) lasts from May to October, and the northeast monsoon ({{lang|fil|[[amihan]]}}) lasts from November to April.<ref name="Carating-2014">{{cite book |last1=Carating |first1=Rodelio B. |last2=Galanta |first2=Raymundo G. |last3=Bacatio |first3=Clarita D. |title=The Soils of the Philippines |series=World Soils Book Series |date=April 23, 2014 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |location=Dordrecht, Netherlands |isbn=978-94-017-8682-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sY7EBAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=March 20, 2023 |archive-date=March 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320145709/https://books.google.com/books?id=sY7EBAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sY7EBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24|name=24–25}}}} The coolest month is January, and the warmest is May. Temperatures at sea level across the Philippines tend to be in the same range, regardless of latitude; average annual temperature is around {{convert|26.6|C|F}} but is {{convert|18.3|C|F}} in [[Baguio]], {{convert|1500|m|sp=us}} above sea level.<ref name="PAGASA-Climate">{{#invoke:cite web||title=Climate of the Philippines |url=http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/information/climate-philippines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418140425/http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/information/climate-philippines |archive-date=April 18, 2018 |access-date=July 24, 2020 |publisher=[[Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration]]}}</ref> The country's average [[humidity]] is 82 percent.<ref name="Carating-2014" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sY7EBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24|name=24–25}}}} Annual rainfall is as high as {{convert|5000|mm|sp=us}} on the mountainous east coast, but less than {{convert|1000|mm|sp=us}} in some sheltered valleys.<ref name="LocGov-Philippines" />
The Philippines has a tropical maritime [[climate]] that is usually hot and humid. There are three seasons: ''tag-init'' or ''tag-araw'', the hot dry season or summer from March to May; ''tag-ulan'', the rainy season from June to November; and ''tag-lamig'', the cool dry season from December to February. The southwest [[monsoon]] (from May to October) is known as the Habagat, and the dry winds of the northeast monsoon (from November to April), the Amihan.<ref name=climate/> Temperatures usually range from {{convert|21|C|F}} to {{convert|32|C|F}} although it can get cooler or hotter depending on the season. The coolest month is January; the warmest is May.<ref name="About"/><ref>[[Lonely Planet]]. (n.d.). [http://www.lonelyplanet.com/philippines/weather Philippines: When to go & weather]. Retrieved January 23, 2009.</ref>


The [[Philippine Area of Responsibility]] has 19 [[Typhoons in the Philippines|typhoons]] in a typical year,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chong |first1=Kee-Chai |url=http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80346e/80346E00.htm |title=Economics of the Philippine Milkfish Resource System |last2=Smith |first2=Ian R. |last3=Lizarondo |first3=Maura S. |publisher=[[United Nations University Press]] |date=February 1982 |location=Tokyo, Japan |isbn=978-92-808-0346-4 |chapter=Chapter III: The transformation sub-system: cultivation to market size in fishponds |access-date=July 4, 2020 |chapter-url=http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80346e/80346E06.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719181709/http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80346e/80346E00.htm |archive-date=July 19, 2011 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> usually from July to October;<ref name="LocGov-Philippines">{{#invoke:cite web||date=March 2005 |title=Country Profile: Philippines |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Philippines.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050717172656/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Philippines.pdf |archive-date=July 17, 2005 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] – [[Federal Research Division]] |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> eight or nine of them make [[landfall]].<ref>{{cite report|last=[[Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration]] (PAGASA) |date=January 2009 |title=Member Report to the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee, 41st Session |url=http://www.typhooncommittee.org/41st/docs/TC2_MemberReport2008_PHILIPPINES1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320001056/http://www.typhooncommittee.org/41st/docs/TC2_MemberReport2008_PHILIPPINES1.pdf |archive-date=March 20, 2009 |access-date=December 17, 2009 |publisher=[[ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee]] |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Digital Typhoon: Monthly Typhoon Tracking Charts (Active Typhoon Maps) |url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/reference/monthly/index.html.en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421190314/http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/reference/monthly/index.html.en |archive-date=April 21, 2008 |access-date=April 12, 2023 |publisher=KITAMOTO Asanobu / [[National Institute of Informatics]] |language=en}}</ref> The wettest recorded typhoon to hit the Philippines dropped {{convert|2210|mm|sp=us}} in Baguio from July 14 to 18, 1911.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/hwrp/publications/PMP/WMO%201045%20en.pdf |title=Manual on Estimation of Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) |date=2009 |publisher=[[World Meteorological Organization]] |isbn=978-92-63-11045-9 |location=Geneva, Switzerland |page=223 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802160749/http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/hwrp/publications/PMP/WMO%201045%20en.pdf |archive-date=August 2, 2016}}</ref> The country [[Climate change in the Philippines|is among]] the world's ten most [[Climate change vulnerability|vulnerable to climate change]].<ref>{{cite report |last1=Øverland |first1=Indra |last2=Vakulchuk |first2=Roman |display-authors=et al |title=Impact of Climate Change on ASEAN International Affairs: Risk and Opportunity Multiplier |date=2017 |hdl=11250/2465067 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Kapucu |editor-first1=Naim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PFW6BAAAQBAJ |title=Disaster and Development: Examining Global Issues and Cases |series=Environmental Hazards |editor-last2=Liou |editor-first2=Kuotsai Tom |date=April 11, 2014 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |location=New York |isbn=978-3-319-04468-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PFW6BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA292 292] |language=en |access-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306104213/https://books.google.com/books?id=PFW6BAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
The average yearly temperature is around {{convert|26.6|C|F}}.<ref name=climate>{{cite web|author = Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration |authorlink = Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration |url = http://kidlat.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/cab/cab.htm |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100531021557/http://kidlat.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/cab/cab.htm |archivedate = May 31, 2010 |title = Climate of the Philippines |date = n.d. |accessdate = April 24, 2010}}</ref> In considering temperature, location in terms of latitude and longitude is not a significant factor. Whether in the extreme north, south, east, or west of the country, temperatures at sea level tend to be in the same range. Altitude usually has more of an impact. The average annual temperature of [[Baguio]] at an elevation of {{convert|1500|m|sp=us}} above sea level is {{convert|18.3|C|F}}, making it a popular destination during hot summers.<ref name=climate/>


== Government and politics ==
Sitting astride the [[Typhoons in the Philippines|typhoon belt]], most of the islands experience annual torrential rains and thunderstorms from July to October,<ref name=cp>[[Library of Congress]] – [[Federal Research Division]]. (March 2006). [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Philippines.pdf ''Country Profile: Philippines'']. Retrieved December 17, 2009.</ref> with around nineteen typhoons entering the Philippine area of responsibility in a typical year and eight or nine making landfall.<ref>{{Cite book|url = http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80346e/80346E00.htm |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719181709/http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80346e/80346E00.htm |archivedate = July 19, 2011 |title = Economics of the Philippine Milkfish Resource System |chapter-url = https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80346e/80346E06.htmhtm |chapter = III. The transformation sub-system: cultivation to market size in fishponds |author1 = Chong, Kee-Chai |author2 = Ian R. Smith |author3 = Maura S. Lizarondo |last-author-amp = yes |publisher = The United Nations University |year = 1982 |isbn = 92-808-0346-8 |accessdate = May 14, 2009}}</ref><ref name=PagasaWMO>{{cite journal|url = http://www.typhooncommittee.org/41st/docs/TC2_MemberReport2008_PHILIPPINES1.pdf |author = Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA). |title = Member Report to the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee, 41st Session |date = January 2009 |accessdate = December 17, 2009}}</ref><ref name=digitaltyphoon>[http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/reference/monthly/ ''Monthly Typhoon Tracking Charts'']. (2010). Retrieved April 24, 2010 from the [[National Institute of Informatics]], Kitamoto Laboratory, Digital Typhoon Website.</ref> Annual rainfall measures as much as {{convert|5000|mm|sp=us}} in the mountainous east coast section but less than {{convert|1000|mm|sp=us}} in some of the sheltered valleys.<ref name=cp/> The wettest known tropical cyclone to impact the [[archipelago]] was the July 1911 [[cyclone]], which dropped over {{convert|1168|mm|sp=us}} of rainfall within a 24-hour period in Baguio.<ref name="bag"/> ''Bagyo'' is the local term for a [[tropical cyclone]] in the Philippines.<ref name="bag">Glossary of Meteorology. [http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/browse?s=b&p=4 Baguio.] Retrieved on June 11, 2008.</ref>
{{Main|Politics of the Philippines|Government of the Philippines}}
{{See also|Political history of the Philippines}}
[[File:Malacañang Palace (local img).jpg|thumb|alt=Large white-and-red building on a river|[[Malacañang Palace]] is the president's official residence.]]


The Philippines has a [[democracy|democratic]] government, a constitutional [[republic]] with a [[presidential system]].<ref name="Rose-Ackerman">{{cite journal|last1=Rose-Ackerman |first1=Susan |last2=Desierto |first2=Diane A. |last3=Volosin |first3=Natalia |date=2011 |title=Hyper-Presidentialism: Separation of Powers without Checks and Balances in Argentina and Philippines |url=https://openyls.law.yale.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.13051/3618/29BerkeleyJIntlL246.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y |journal=[[Berkeley Journal of International Law]] |publisher=[[UC Berkeley School of Law]] |volume=29 |oclc=8092527577 |pages=246–333 |author-link1=Susan Rose-Ackerman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126072232/https://openyls.law.yale.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.13051/3618/29BerkeleyJIntlL246.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y |archive-date=January 26, 2022}}</ref> The [[President of the Philippines|president]] is [[head of state]] and [[head of government]],<ref name="Banlaoi-2009"/> and is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines|armed forces]].<ref name="Rose-Ackerman" /> The president [[Presidential elections in the Philippines|is elected]] through [[direct election]] by the [[Philippine nationality law|citizens of the Philippines]] for a six-year term.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Teehankee |first1=Julio C. |author-link1=Julio C. Teehankee |last2=Thompson |first2=Mark R. |date=October 2016 |title=The Vote in the Philippines: Electing A Strongman |url=https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/the-vote-in-the-philippines-electing-a-strongman/ |journal=[[Journal of Democracy]] |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |volume=27 |issue=4 |issn=1086-3214 |pages=124–134 |doi=10.1353/jod.2016.0068 |author-link2=Mark R. Thompson |access-date=December 30, 2020 |archive-date=January 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117011258/https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/the-vote-in-the-philippines-electing-a-strongman/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The president appoints and presides over the [[Cabinet of the Philippines|cabinet]] and officials of various national government agencies and institutions.<ref name="Lazo-2009">{{cite book |last=Lazo |first=Ricardo S. Jr. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMszAErMRKYC |title=Philippine Governance and the 1987 Constitution |date=2009 |publisher=[[REX Book Store, Inc.]] |location=Manila, Philippines |isbn=978-971-23-4546-3 |edition=2006 |access-date=December 30, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074324/https://books.google.com/books?id=fMszAErMRKYC |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMszAErMRKYC&pg=213|name=213–214}}}} The [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[Congress of the Philippines|Congress]] is composed of the [[Senate of the Philippines|Senate]] (the [[upper house]], with members [[Philippine Senate elections|elected to a six-year term]]) and the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]], the [[lower house]], with members elected to a three-year term.<ref name="CarterCenterOrg-2010-Elections">{{cite report|title=Carter Center Limited Mission to the May 2010 Elections in the Philippines Final Report |url=https://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/news/peace_publications/election_reports/philippines-may%202010-elections-finalrpt.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323212046/https://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/news/peace_publications/election_reports/philippines-may%202010-elections-finalrpt.pdf |archive-date=March 23, 2012 |publisher=[[The Carter Center]] |location=Atlanta, Ga. |oclc=733049273}}</ref>
==Economy==
{{Main article|Economy of the Philippines}}


Senators are elected [[at-large]],<ref name="CarterCenterOrg-2010-Elections" /> and representatives are elected from [[Legislative districts of the Philippines|legislative districts]] and [[Party-list representation in the House of Representatives of the Philippines|party lists]].<ref name="Lazo-2009" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMszAErMRKYC&pg=162|name=162–163}}}} Judicial authority is vested in the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]], composed of a [[Chief Justice of the Philippines|chief justice]] and fourteen [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines|associate justices]],<ref>{{cite book|date=March 2001 |editor-last=Pangalangan |editor-first=Raul C. |title=The Philippine Judicial System |url=https://aboutphilippines.org/doc-pdf-ppt-etc/05_Philippine-Judicial-System.pdf |series=Asian Law Series |publisher=[[Institute of Developing Economies]] |location=Chiba, Japan |oclc=862953657 |pages=6, 39 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305185845/https://aboutphilippines.org/doc-pdf-ppt-etc/05_Philippine-Judicial-System.pdf |archive-date=March 5, 2021 |author-link1=Raul Pangalangan}}</ref> who are appointed by the president from nominations submitted by the [[Judicial and Bar Council]].<ref name="Rose-Ackerman" />
[[File:Philippines Export Treemap.png|thumb|350px|alt=Philippine Export Treemap in 2012.|A proportional representation of the Philippines' exports, 2012.]]
The Philippine economy is the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|34th largest in the world]], with an estimated 2017 [[gross domestic product]] (nominal) of $348.593 billion.<ref name=imf2/> Primary exports include [[semiconductors]] and electronic products, transport equipment, garments, [[copper]] products, [[petroleum]] products, [[coconut oil]], and fruits.<ref name=CIAfactbook/> Major trading partners include the United States, Japan, China, Singapore, South Korea, the Netherlands, Hong Kong, Germany, Taiwan, and Thailand.<ref name=CIAfactbook/> Its unit of [[currency]] is the [[Philippine peso]] (₱ or PHP).<ref>{{cite web|title=Compare currencies in South East Asia|url=http://aroundtheworldinaday.com/philippines_thailand_comparison/thailand_currency_philippines_currency/|website=aroundtheworldinaday.com|accessdate=July 15, 2014}}</ref>


[[Constitutional reform in the Philippines|Attempts to change]] the government to a [[Federation|federal]], [[Unicameralism|unicameral]], or [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary government]] have been made since the [[Presidency of Fidel V. Ramos|Ramos administration]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=He |editor-first1=Baogang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nXf9C2xbKsYC |title=Federalism in Asia |editor-last2=Galligan |editor-first2=Brian |editor-last3=Inoguchi |editor-first3=Takashi |date=January 2009 |publisher=[[Edward Elgar Publishing]] |location=Cheltenham, England |isbn=978-1-84720-702-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nXf9C2xbKsYC&pg=PA176 176] |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212201623/https://books.google.com/books?id=nXf9C2xbKsYC |url-status=live }}</ref> Philippine politics tends to be dominated by [[List of political families in the Philippines|well-known families]], such as [[Political dynasties in the Philippines|political dynasties]] or [[Celebrity influence in politics|celebrities]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=David |first1=Clarissa C. |last2=Atun |first2=Jenna Mae L. |title=Celebrity Politics: Correlates of Voting for Celebrities in Philippine Presidential Elections |journal=Social Science Diliman |date=December 2015 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=1–2, 16–17 |url=http://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/socialsciencediliman/article/download/4796/4328 |access-date=May 10, 2023 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines]] |language=en |issn=1655-1524 |oclc=8539228072 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925043652/http://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/socialsciencediliman/article/download/4796/4328 |archive-date=September 25, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=David |first1=Clarissa C. |last2=San Pascual |first2=Ma. Rosel S. |date=December 21, 2016 |title=Predicting vote choice for celebrity and political dynasty candidates in Philippine national elections |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/ppsj/37/2/article-p82_1.xml |journal=Philippine Political Science Journal |publisher=Philippine Political Science Association |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=82–93 |doi=10.1080/01154451.2016.1198076 |s2cid=156251503 |access-date=January 1, 2021 |archive-date=April 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417044320/https://brill.com/view/journals/ppsj/37/2/article-p82_1.xml |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[party switching]] is widely practiced.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Hicken |editor-first1=Allen |editor-last2=Kuhonta |editor-first2=Erik Martinez |title=Party System Institutionalization in Asia: Democracies, Autocracies, and the Shadows of the Past |date=2015 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=New York, N.Y. |isbn=978-1-107-04157-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GZmiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA316 316] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZmiBQAAQBAJ |access-date=August 15, 2024 |language=en}}</ref> [[Corruption in the Philippines|Corruption is significant]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Robles |first1=Alan C. |date=July–August 2008 |title=Civil service reform: Whose service? |url=http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/077943/index.en.shtml |journal=[[D+C Development and Cooperation]] |volume=49 |pages=285–289 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202113453/http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/077943/index.en.shtml |archive-date=December 2, 2008 |access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|date=May 2020 |title=The Philippines Corruption Report |url=https://www.ganintegrity.com/portal/country-profiles/the-philippines/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812233543/https://www.ganintegrity.com/portal/country-profiles/the-philippines/ |archive-date=August 12, 2022 |access-date=August 7, 2020 |website=GAN Integrity}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Batalla |first=Eric V. C. |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Grand corruption scandals in the Philippines |journal=Public Administration and Policy |publisher=[[Emerald Group Publishing|Emerald Publishing Limited]] |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=73–86 |doi=10.1108/PAP-11-2019-0036 |issn=2517-679X |doi-access=free}}</ref> attributed by some historians to the Spanish colonial period's [[padrino system]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Sriwarakuel |editor-first1=Warayuth |title=Cultural Traditions and Contemporary Challenges in Southeast Asia: Hindu and Buddhist |series=Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change. Series IIID, South East Asia |volume=3 |date=2005 |publisher=Council for Research in Values and Philosophy |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-1-56518-213-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BnxpmvgAwcQC&pg=PA294 294] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BnxpmvgAwcQC |editor-last2=Dy |editor-first2=Manuel B. |editor-last3=Haryatmoko |editor-first3=J. |editor-last4=Chuan |editor-first4=Nguyen Trong |editor-last5=Yiheang |editor-first5=Chhay |language=en |access-date=March 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318171623/https://books.google.com/books?id=BnxpmvgAwcQC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Quah |first=Jon S. T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qV6un8vKNUC |title=Curbing Corruption in Asian Countries: An Impossible Dream? |series=Research in Public Policy Analysis and Management |volume=20 |date=2011 |publisher=[[Emerald Group Publishing]] |location=Bingley, West Yorkshire, England |isbn=978-0-85724-820-6 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7qV6un8vKNUC&pg=115 115–117] |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074650/https://books.google.com/books?id=7qV6un8vKNUC |url-status=live }}</ref> The Roman Catholic church exerts considerable but waning<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Strother |first1=Jason |title=Power of the Catholic Church slipping in Philippines |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2013/0306/Power-of-the-Catholic-Church-slipping-in-Philippines |access-date=July 25, 2023 |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=March 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307075323/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2013/0306/Power-of-the-Catholic-Church-slipping-in-Philippines |archive-date=March 7, 2013}}</ref> influence in political affairs, although a constitutional provision for the [[separation of Church and State]] exists.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Batalla |first1=Eric |last2=Baring |first2=Rito |title=Church-State Separation and Challenging Issues Concerning Religion |journal=[[Religions (journal)|Religions]] |date=March 15, 2019 |volume=10 |issue=3 |doi=10.3390/rel10030197 |at=Chapter 3: The Secular State and Church-State Separation, Chapter 4: Changing Church-State Relations |publisher=[[MDPI]] |language=en |issn=2077-1444 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
[[File:Dole Pineapple Harvesting.jpg|thumb|[[Agriculture in the Philippines|Agriculture employs 30% of the Filipino workforce]] {{As of|2014|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS|title=Employment in agriculture (% of total employment)|publisher=|accessdate=March 3, 2015}}</ref>]]
A [[newly industrialized country]], the Philippine economy has been transitioning from one based upon agriculture to an economy with more emphasis upon services and manufacturing. Of the country's total labor force of around 40.813 Million,<ref name=CIAfactbook/> the [[Agriculture in the Philippines|agricultural sector employs 30% of the labor force]], and accounts for 14% of GDP. The industrial sector employs around 14% of the workforce and accounts for 30% of GDP. Meanwhile, the 47% of workers involved in the services sector are responsible for 56% of GDP.<ref name="nscb2009">{{cite web|url=http://www.nscb.gov.ph/sna/2009/3rdQ2009/2009gnpi3.asp|author=Republic of the Philippines. National Statistical Coordination Board|title=Third Quarter 2009 Gross National Product and Gross Domestic Product by Industrial Origin|accessdate=December 11, 2009}}</ref><ref name="quickstat">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov.ph/data/quickstat/qs0909tb.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711125757/http://www.census.gov.ph/data/quickstat/qs0909tb.pdf|archivedate=July 11, 2012|author=Philippine Statistics Authority|title=Quickstat|format=PDF|date=October 2009|accessdate=December 11, 2009}}</ref>


=== Foreign relations ===
The [[unemployment rate]] {{as of|2014|December|14|lc=y}}, stands at 6.0%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/philippines-jobless-rate-eases-to-6-in-october-2014-12-10|title=Philippines jobless rate eases to 6% in October|publisher=[[MarketWatch]]|date=December 10, 2014|accessdate=December 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rttnews.com/2428724/philippine-unemployment-rate-falls-in-october.aspx|title=Philippine Unemployment Rate Falls In October|publisher=[[RTTNews]]|date=December 10, 2014|accessdate=December 14, 2014}}</ref> Meanwhile, due to lower charges in basic necessities, the inflation rate eases to 3.7% in November.<ref>{{cite web|last=Magtulis |first=Prinz P. |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-08-28/philippine-second-quarter-gdp-growth-quickens-beating-estimates.html |title=Philippine GDP Growth Beats Estimate in Boost to Aquino Goal |publisher=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=August 28, 2014 |accessdate=September 21, 2014}}</ref> Gross international reserves as of October 2013 are $83.201&nbsp;billion.<ref>Denis Somoso. (September 30, 2013). [http://ph.austronesia.net/?q=Philippine-Gross-International-reserves-GIR-totaled-83.201-Billion-US-Dollars-at-end-of-August-2013 "$83.201 Billion – Philippines GIR now Rank 26th World's highest International Reserves"]. ''Philippines, ASIA and the Global Economy Site''. Retrieved September 30, 2013.</ref><!--<ref>International Monetary Fund. (December 1, 2009). [http://www.imf.org/external/np/sta/ir/phl/eng/curphl.htm#I "Philippines: International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity"]. Retrieved December 17, 2009.</ref>--> The [[Debt-to-GDP ratio]] continues to decline to 38.1% as of March 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com/business/economy-watch/69949-debt-govt-ratio|title=Debt-to-gov't ratio hits 38.1% in end-March|publisher=[[Rappler]]|date=September 23, 2014|accessdate=December 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Dela Peña|first=Zinnia B.|url=http://www.philstar.com/business/2014/09/24/1372404/debt-gdp-ratio-continues-improve|title=Debt-to-GDP ratio continues to improve|publisher=[[The Philippine Star]]|date=September 24, 2014|accessdate=December 14, 2014}}</ref> from a record high of 78% in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mendoza|first=Ronlad U.|url=http://www.rappler.com/thought-leaders/7559-debt-free|title=Debt free?|publisher=[[Rappler]]|date=June 25, 2012|accessdate=December 14, 2014}}</ref> The country is a net importer<ref name="quickstat"/> but it is also a creditor nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/152897/from-butt-of-jokes-in-1986-philippines-has-risen-to-creditor-nation-says-ex-finance-chief#ixzz2szxJl2Et |title=From butt of jokes in 1986, Philippines has risen to creditor nation, says ex-finance chief |publisher=Newsinfo.inquirer.net |date=February 28, 2012 |accessdate=March 3, 2014}}</ref>
{{Main|Foreign relations of the Philippines}}
[[File:Diplomatic missions of the Philippines.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=Color-coded world map|[[List of diplomatic missions of the Philippines|Philippine diplomatic missions worldwide]]]]


A [[Philippines and the United Nations|founding and active member]] of the United Nations,<ref name="Buhler-2001" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C&pg=PA37|name=37–38}}}} the Philippines has been a non-permanent member of the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=The Philippines and the UN Security Council |url=http://www.un.int/philippines/security_council/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030423092237/http://www.un.int/philippines/security_council/ |archive-date=April 23, 2003 |access-date=February 3, 2023 |publisher=Permanent Mission of the Republic of the Philippines to the United Nations}}</ref> The country participates in [[peacekeeping]] missions, particularly in [[United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor|East Timor]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Morada |first1=Noel |title=Contributor Profile: The Philippines |url=https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/ipi-pub-ppp-Philippines.pdf |publisher=[[International Peace Institute]] |pages=1–4 |access-date=May 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321073939/https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/ipi-pub-ppp-Philippines.pdf |archive-date=March 21, 2022 |date=December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=August 30, 2014 |title=In the know: Filipino peacekeepers |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/110218/in-the-know-filipino-peacekeepers |access-date=January 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831201046/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/110218/in-the-know-filipino-peacekeepers |archive-date=August 31, 2014}}</ref> The Philippines is a [[ASEAN Declaration|founding]] and active member of [[ASEAN]] (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=ASEAN Structure |url=http://www.summit99.ops.gov.ph/asean_structure.htm |website=3rd ASEAN Informal Summit |publisher=[[Office of the Press Secretary (Philippines)|Office of the Press Secretary]] |date=1999 |access-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030109213038/http://www.summit99.ops.gov.ph/asean_structure.htm |archive-date=January 9, 2003 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Keyuan |editor-first1=Zou |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWBCEAAAQBAJ |title=Routledge Handbook of the South China Sea |date=2021 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, England |isbn=978-1-000-39613-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iWBCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA337 337] |language=en |access-date=March 9, 2023 |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407033455/https://books.google.com/books?id=iWBCEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> and a member of the [[East Asia Summit]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=East Asia Summit (EAS) |url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/international-relations/regional-architecture/eas/Pages/east-asia-summit-eas |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726165059/https://www.dfat.gov.au/international-relations/regional-architecture/eas/Pages/east-asia-summit-eas |archive-date=July 26, 2020 |access-date=July 26, 2020 |website=[[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]] |publisher=[[Australian Government]]}}</ref> the [[Group of 24]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=International Economic Cooperation: Intergovernmental Group of Twenty-Four (on International Monetary Affairs and Development (G-24) |url=https://www.bsp.gov.ph/Pages/AboutTheBank/WhoWeAre/MandateFunctionsAndResponsibilities/InternationalEconomicCooperation/InternationalEconomicCooperationIGTF.aspx |access-date=July 17, 2022 |publisher=[[Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229140058/https://www.bsp.gov.ph/Pages/AboutTheBank/WhoWeAre/MandateFunctionsAndResponsibilities/InternationalEconomicCooperation/InternationalEconomicCooperationIGTF.aspx |archive-date=December 29, 2022}}</ref> and the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=About NAM |url=http://cns.miis.edu/nam/index.php/site/about |website=Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) Disarmament Database |publisher=[[James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies]], [[Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey]] |access-date=April 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928052527/http://cns.miis.edu/nam/index.php/site/about |archive-date=September 28, 2020}}</ref> The country has sought to obtain observer status in the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] since 2003,<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Lee-Brago |first1=Pia |title=RP seeks observer status in OIC |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2003/05/30/208100/rp-seeks-observer-status-oic |access-date=March 22, 2023 |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |date=May 30, 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322181401/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2003/05/30/208100/rp-seeks-observer-status-oic |archive-date=March 22, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Sevilla |first1=Henelito A. Jr. |title=The Philippines' Elusive Quest for Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) Observer Status |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/philippines-elusive-quest-organization-islamic-conference-oic-observer-status |publisher=[[Middle East Institute]] |access-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121161216/https://www.mei.edu/publications/philippines-elusive-quest-organization-islamic-conference-oic-observer-status |archive-date=November 21, 2018 |language=en |date=May 20, 2013}}</ref> and was a member of [[SEATO]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Tucker |editor-first1=Spencer C. |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History |edition=Second |volume=I: A–G |title=Philippines |date=May 20, 2011 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-85109-961-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qh5lffww-KsC&pg=PA907 907] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qh5lffww-KsC |language=en |editor-link1=Spencer C. Tucker |access-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-date=July 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731183806/https://books.google.com/books?id=qh5lffww-KsC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Liow |first1=Joseph Chinyong |encyclopedia=Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia |edition=Fourth |title=SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) 1955–77 |date=November 20, 2014 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon, Oxon, England |isbn=978-1-317-62233-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=G5KLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA334 334] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G5KLBQAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319184926/https://books.google.com/books?id=G5KLBQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Over 10&nbsp;million Filipinos [[Overseas Filipinos|live]] and [[Overseas Filipino Worker|work in 200 countries]],<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Sahoo |editor-first1=Ajaya K. |title=Routledge Handbook of Asian Diaspora and Development |series=Routledge Handbooks |date=March 30, 2021 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon, Oxon, England |isbn=978-1-000-36686-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7xsfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA255 255] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xsfEAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=March 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318185509/https://books.google.com/books?id=7xsfEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Stock Estimate of Filipinos Overseas As of December 2013 |url=http://www.cfo.gov.ph/images/stories/pdf/StockEstimate2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207092932/http://www.cfo.gov.ph/images/stories/pdf/StockEstimate2013.pdf |archive-date=February 7, 2017 |access-date=July 6, 2020 |publisher=[[Philippine Overseas Employment Administration]]}}</ref> giving the Philippines [[soft power]].<ref name="Thompson-Batalla-2018" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmkPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA207|name=207}}}}
After World War II, the Philippines was for a time regarded as the second wealthiest in East Asia, next only to Japan.<ref name="PhilState"/><ref>[http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_RRPJDJ The Filipina sisterhood]. (December 20, 2001). ''[[The Economist]]''. Retrieved November 9, 2009.</ref><ref name=ure>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=rujyOiFMl0MC&printsec=frontcover|author=Ure, John|title=Telecommunications Development in Asia|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|year=2008|pages=301–302|isbn=978-962-209-903-6}}</ref> In the 1960s its economic performance started being overtaken. The economy stagnated under the dictatorship of President [[Ferdinand Marcos]] as the regime spawned economic mismanagement and political volatility.<ref name="PhilState"/><ref name=ure/> The country suffered from slow economic growth and bouts of economic [[recession]]. Only in the 1990s with a program of [[economic liberalization]] did the economy begin to recover.<ref name="PhilState"/><ref name=ure/>


During the 1990s, the Philippines began to seek [[economic liberalization]] and [[free trade]]<ref name="ILOOrg-2019">{{cite report|title=The Impact of Trade on Employment in the Philippines: Country Report |date=April 2019 |publisher=[[International Labour Organization]] |location=Makati, Philippines |isbn=978-92-2-133021-9 |url=https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_742567.pdf |access-date=March 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124055119/https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_742567.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2022}}</ref>{{rp|pages=7–8}} to help spur [[foreign direct investment]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Venzon |first1=Cliff |title=Philippines eases Asia's toughest FDI rules with new retail entry law |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Retail/Philippines-eases-Asia-s-toughest-FDI-rules-with-new-retail-entry-law |access-date=April 2, 2023 |work=[[Nikkei Asia]] |date=January 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117055231/https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Retail/Philippines-eases-Asia-s-toughest-FDI-rules-with-new-retail-entry-law |archive-date=January 17, 2022}}</ref> It is a member of the [[World Trade Organization]]<ref name="ILOOrg-2019" />{{rp|page=8}} and the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Philippines |url=https://www.apec.org/groups/committee-on-trade-and-investment/market-access-group/ntm/philippines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717043955/https://www.apec.org/groups/committee-on-trade-and-investment/market-access-group/ntm/philippines |archive-date=July 17, 2022 |access-date=July 17, 2022 |publisher=[[Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation]]}}</ref> The Philippines entered into the [[ASEAN Free Trade Area|ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement]] in 2010<ref>{{cite book|title=Impact of the ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement (ATIGA) on Intra-ASEAN Trade |date=August 2021 |publisher=[[Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia]] |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |isbn=978-602-5460-19-7 |url=https://www.eria.org/uploads/media/Books/2021-Impact-of-the-ATIGA-on-Intra-ASEAN-Trade/Impact-of-the-ATIGA-on-Intra-ASEAN-Trade.pdf |access-date=June 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824114701/https://www.eria.org/uploads/media/Books/2021-Impact-of-the-ATIGA-on-Intra-ASEAN-Trade/Impact-of-the-ATIGA-on-Intra-ASEAN-Trade.pdf |archive-date=August 24, 2021 |chapter=Chapter 2: Background and Objectives}}</ref> and the [[Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership]] [[free trade agreement]] (FTA) in 2023.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Tan |first1=Alyssa Nicole O. |title=Senate concurs with Philippines' RCEP ratification |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2023/02/22/506166/senate-concurs-with-philippines-rcep-ratification/ |access-date=March 28, 2023 |work=[[BusinessWorld]] |date=February 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223061750/https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2023/02/22/506166/senate-concurs-with-philippines-rcep-ratification/ |archive-date=February 23, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||title=Philippines Ratifies RCEP Agreement: Opportunities for Businesses |url=https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/philippines-ratifies-rcep-agreement-opportunities-for-businesses/ |access-date=March 28, 2023 |work=ASEAN Briefing |publisher=Dezan Shira & Associates |date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322221610/https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/philippines-ratifies-rcep-agreement-opportunities-for-businesses/ |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Through ASEAN, the Philippines has signed FTAs with [[ASEAN–China Free Trade Area|China]], [[ASEAN–India Free Trade Area|India]], Japan, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand.<ref name="ILOOrg-2019" />{{rp|page=15}} The country has bilateral FTAs with [[Japan–Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement|Japan]], South Korea,<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Mangaluz |first1=Jean |title=PH signs free trade agreement with South Korea |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1828353/ph-signs-free-trade-agreement-with-sokor |access-date=September 20, 2023 |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |date=September 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907140509/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1828353/ph-signs-free-trade-agreement-with-sokor |archive-date=September 7, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> and [[European Free Trade Association|four European states]]: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland.<ref name="ILOOrg-2019" />{{rp|pages=9–10, 15}}
The [[1997 Asian Financial Crisis]] affected the economy, resulting in a lingering decline of the value of the [[Philippine peso|peso]] and falls in the stock market. The extent it was affected initially was not as severe as that of some of its Asian neighbors. This was largely due to the [[fiscal conservatism]] of the government, partly as a result of decades of monitoring and fiscal supervision from the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), in comparison to the massive spending of its neighbors on the rapid acceleration of economic growth.<ref name="lastlaugh"/> There have been signs of progress since. In 2004, the economy experienced 6.4% GDP growth and 7.1% in 2007, its fastest pace of growth in three decades.<ref name=IMF2012>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=36&pr.y=14&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=566&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title=Philippines|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=April 20, 2012}}</ref><ref name=fastestGDP>Felix, Rocel. (January 25, 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150222050937/http://business.inquirer.net/money/breakingnews/view/20080125-114787/2007-GDP-seen-growing-at-fastest-rate-in-30-years 2007 GDP seen growing at fastest rate in 30 years]. ''The Philippine Daily Inquirer''. Retrieved May 29, 2010. (archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20080127233313/http://business.inquirer.net/money/breakingnews/view/20080125-114787/2007-GDP-seen-growing-at-fastest-rate-in-30-years the original] on February 22, 2015)</ref> Average annual GDP growth per capita for the period 1966–2007 still stands at 1.45% in comparison to an average of 5.96% for the East Asia and the Pacific region as a whole. The daily income for 45% of the population of the Philippines remains less than $2.<ref name="UN">{{cite journal|author=United Nations Development Programme|title=Table G: Human development and index trends, Table I: Human and income poverty|year=2009|isbn=978-0-230-23904-3}}</ref><ref name=Reddel>Reddel, Paul (May 27, 2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20121114025256/http://www.ppiaf.org/feature-story/infrastructure-and-ppps-philippines ''Infrastructure & Public-Private Partnerships in East Asia and the Philippines''] [PowerPoint slides]. Presentation in Manila to the American Foreign Chambers of Commerce of the Philippines. Retrieved February 13, 2010 from the Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF) Website.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=37&pr.y=3&sy=2005&ey=2010&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=subject&ds=.&br=1&c=566%2C536%2C578%2C548&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC&grp=0&a= |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |publisher=Imf.org |date=September 14, 2006 |accessdate=October 23, 2011}}</ref>
[[Image:2 Filipino soldiers painting friendship flags 070217-N-4198C-001 0V7HO.jpg|thumb|Filipino soldiers painting a U.S. and Philippine flag]]
The Philippines has a long [[Philippines–United States relations|relationship with the United States]], involving economics, [[CIA activities in the Philippines|security]], and interpersonal relations.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=December 15, 2016 |title=U.S. Relations With the Philippines |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2794.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194536/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2794.htm |archive-date=January 22, 2017 |access-date=July 6, 2020 |publisher=[[United States Department of State|U.S. Department of State]]. [[Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs]]}}</ref> The Philippines' location [[United States bases in the Philippines|serves]] an [[First island chain|important role]] in the United States' [[island chain strategy]] in the West Pacific;<ref>{{cite book |author1=[[United States Department of State]] |title=Foreign Relations of the United States: 1950 |volume=VI: East Asia and the Pacific |date=1976 |publisher=[[U.S. Government Printing Office]] |isbn=<!-- ISBN unspecified --> |location=Washington, D.C. |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DeUtAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1516 1516] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DeUtAAAAYAAJ |language=en |oclc=7165200 |access-date=April 14, 2023 |archive-date=May 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504064117/https://books.google.com/books?id=DeUtAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cronin |first1=Patrick M. |title=Rethinking Asian Alliances |journal=Joint Force Quarterly: JFQ |date=September 1993 |issue=2 |publisher=Institute for National Strategic Studies, [[National Defense University]] |page=121 |url=https://ndupress.ndu.edu/portals/68/Documents/jfq/jfq-2.pdf |access-date=April 14, 2023 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410212247/https://ndupress.ndu.edu/portals/68/Documents/jfq/jfq-2.pdf |archive-date=April 10, 2014}}</ref> a [[Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–Philippines)|Mutual Defense Treaty]] between the two countries was signed in 1951, and was supplemented with the [[Philippines–United States Visiting Forces Agreement|1999 Visiting Forces Agreement]] and the 2016 [[Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Advincula-Lopez |first1=Leslie V. |title=Challenges and Gains in Military Relations between the Philippines and the United States |journal=Asia Pacific Bulletin |date=June 13, 2022 |issue=586 |url=https://www.eastwestcenter.org/sites/default/files/private/586.1030-al-pdf.pdf |publisher=[[East–West Center]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430123136/https://www.eastwestcenter.org/sites/default/files/private/586.1030-al-pdf.pdf |archive-date=April 30, 2023}}</ref> The country supported American policies during the [[Cold War]] and participated in the [[Korean War|Korean]] and [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]] wars.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jagel |first1=Matthew |title="Showing Its Flag": The United States, The Philippines, and the Vietnam War |journal=Past Tense: Graduate Review of History |date=July 11, 2013 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=18, 28–38 |url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/91307/1/showing%20its%20flag_19836-Article%20Text-46661-1-10-20130711.pdf |access-date=May 9, 2023 |publisher=[[University of Toronto]] |language=en-ca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731043832/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/91307/1/showing%20its%20flag_19836-Article%20Text-46661-1-10-20130711.pdf |archive-date=July 31, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sanders |first=Vivienne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOQqCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT44 |title=The Cold War in Asia 1945–93 |edition=Second |series=Access to History |date=2015 |publisher=[[Hodder Education]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-4718-3880-4}}</ref> In 2003, the Philippines was designated a major non-NATO ally.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Garamone |first=Jim |date=May 19, 2003 |title=Philippines to Become Major non-NATO Ally, Bush Says |work=[[American Forces Press Service]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]] |url=https://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=28968 |access-date=August 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809092207/https://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=28968 |archive-date=August 9, 2020}}</ref> [[Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte|Under President Duterte]], ties with the United States weakened in favor of improved relations with China and [[Philippines–Russia relations|Russia]].<ref name="DeCastro-2022">{{cite journal|last1=De Castro |first1=Renato Cruz |title=Caught Between Appeasement and Limited Hard Balancing: The Philippines' Changing Relations With the Eagle and the Dragon |journal=[[Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs]] |date=August 2022 |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=262–272 |doi=10.1177/18681034221081143 |issn=1868-1034 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Chang |first1=Felix K. |title=Hot and Cold: The Philippines' Relations with China (and the United States) |url=https://www.fpri.org/article/2021/07/hot-and-cold-the-philippines-relations-with-china-and-the-united-states/ |website=Policy Commons |publisher=[[Foreign Policy Research Institute]] |access-date=April 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430125452/https://policycommons.net/artifacts/1805035/hot-and-cold/2537128/ |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |date=July 7, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Heydarian |first1=Richard Javad |title=Duterte's Pivot to Russia |url=https://amti.csis.org/dutertes-pivot-to-russia/ |website=Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative |publisher=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] |access-date=April 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019023259/https://amti.csis.org/dutertes-pivot-to-russia/ |archive-date=October 19, 2019 |date=October 17, 2019}}</ref> The Philippines relies heavily on the United States for its external defense;<ref name="Lum-Dolven-2014" />{{rp|page=11}} the U.S. has made regular assurances to defend the Philippines,<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Ismael |first1=Javier Joe |last2=Baroña |first2=Franco Jose C. |last3=Mendoza |first3=Red |title=US to 'invoke' defense pact in attack on PH |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2023/10/01/news/national/us-to-invoke-defense-pact-in-attack-on-ph/1912561 |access-date=October 24, 2023 |work=[[The Manila Times]] |date=October 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001012654/https://www.manilatimes.net/2023/10/01/news/national/us-to-invoke-defense-pact-in-attack-on-ph/1912561 |archive-date=October 1, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> including the [[South China Sea]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Moriyasu |first=Ken |date=January 29, 2021 |title=US vows to defend Philippines, including in South China Sea |work=[[Nikkei Asia]] |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/South-China-Sea/US-vows-to-defend-Philippines-including-in-South-China-Sea |access-date=February 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128202512/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/South-China-Sea/US-vows-to-defend-Philippines-including-in-South-China-Sea |archive-date=January 28, 2021}}</ref>


Since 1975, the Philippines has valued its [[China–Philippines relations|relations with China]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Banlaoi |first1=Rommel C. |author1-link=Rommel Banlaoi |title=Security Aspects of Philippines-China Relations: Bilateral Issues and Concerns in the Age of Global Terrorism |date=2007 |publisher=[[REX Book Store, Inc.]] |location=Manila, Philippines |isbn=978-971-23-4929-4 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PgmV5quo0UMC&pg=PA53 53–55] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgmV5quo0UMC |language=en}}</ref>—its top trading partner,<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Cacho |first1=Katlene O. |title=China leads PH export, import market; envoy vows to deepen ties with Cebu |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/business/china-leads-ph-export-import-market-envoy-vows-to-deepen-ties-with-cebu |access-date=November 2, 2023 |work=[[SunStar]] |date=October 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102194950/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/business/china-leads-ph-export-import-market-envoy-vows-to-deepen-ties-with-cebu |archive-date=November 2, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> and cooperates significantly with the country.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Storey |first1=Ian |title=Southeast Asia and the Rise of China: The Search for Security |series=Routledge Security in Asia Series |date=August 21, 2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-136-72297-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=WO59snyW0HIC&pg=PA251 251] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WO59snyW0HIC |language=en}}</ref><ref name="DeCastro-2022" /> Japan is the biggest bilateral contributor of [[official development assistance]] to the Philippines;<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Brutas |first=Ma Karen |date=November 18, 2016 |title=Top development aid donors to the Philippines 2015 |work=[[Devex]] |url=https://www.devex.com/news/top-development-aid-donors-to-the-philippines-2015-89091 |access-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119112216/https://www.devex.com/news/top-development-aid-donors-to-the-philippines-2015-89091 |archive-date=November 19, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sigit |last2=Lo |first2=Shyntia |last3=Setiawan |first3=Theofilus Jose |title=Japanese Official Development Assistance as International Bribery for the Comfort Woman Issue in the Philippines |journal=Thai Journal of East Asian Studies |date=June 30, 2022 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=89–95 |url=https://so02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easttu/article/view/251724/172850 |access-date=May 16, 2023 |publisher=Institute of East Asian Studies, [[Thammasat University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207191123/https://so02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easttu/article/view/251724/172850 |archive-date=December 7, 2022}}</ref> although some tension exists because of [[World War II]], much animosity has faded.<ref name="Dolan-1991" />{{rp|loc={{plain link|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927161330/http://countrystudies.us/philippines/93.htm|name=93}}}} Historical and cultural ties continue to affect [[Philippines–Spain relations|relations with Spain]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Santos |first=Matikas |date=September 15, 2014 |title=PH-Spain bilateral relations in a nutshell |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/111122/ph-spain-bilateral-relations-in-a-nutshell-2 |access-date=July 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917001506/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/111122/ph-spain-bilateral-relations-in-a-nutshell-2 |archive-date=September 17, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||title=Madrid Embassy commemorates PHL-Spain relations' anniversary |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/11/17/madrid-embassy-commemorates-phl-spain-relations-anniversary/ |access-date=May 10, 2023 |work=[[BusinessMirror]] |date=November 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116165209/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/11/17/madrid-embassy-commemorates-phl-spain-relations-anniversary/ |archive-date=November 16, 2022}}</ref> Relations with Middle Eastern countries are shaped by the high number of Filipinos working in those countries,<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Berlinger |first1=Joshua |last2=Sharma |first2=Akanksha |date=January 7, 2020 |title=The Philippines is particularly vulnerable to any Middle Eastern conflict. Here's why |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/07/asia/philippines-middle-east-tensions-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=August 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107090831/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/07/asia/philippines-middle-east-tensions-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=January 7, 2020}}</ref> and by issues related to the Muslim minority in the Philippines;<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sevilla |first=Henelito A. Jr. |date=June 2011 |title=Middle East Security Issues and Implications for the Philippines |journal=Indian Journal of Asian Affairs |volume=24 |issue=1/2 |issn=0970-6402 |pages=49–61 |jstor=41950511}}</ref> concerns have been raised about domestic abuse and war affecting the approximately 2.5&nbsp;million overseas Filipino workers in the region.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Jabar |first1=Melvin |last2=Jesperson |first2=Sasha |title=Analysis of labour migrants' vulnerabilities to trafficking in persons and labour exploitation in the Philippines |series=Trafficking in persons and labour exploitation: A political economy analysis |date=March 2024 |publisher=[[ODI (think tank)|ODI]] |location=London, England |pages=37–38, 46, 51 |url=https://odi.cdn.ngo/media/documents/Analysis_of_labour_migrants_vulnerabilities_to_TIP_and_labour_exploitation_in__rVyk7Ub.pdf |access-date=August 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330213250/https://odi.cdn.ngo/media/documents/Analysis_of_labour_migrants_vulnerabilities_to_TIP_and_labour_exploitation_in__rVyk7Ub.pdf |archive-date=March 30, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Tarrazona |first=Noel T. |date=October 17, 2018 |title=For skilled Filipinos, Middle East remains a career destination |work=[[Al Arabiya]] |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/features/2018/10/17/For-skilled-Filipinos-Middle-East-continues-to-remain-a-career-destination |access-date=August 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002122006/https://english.alarabiya.net/en/features/2018/10/17/For-skilled-Filipinos-Middle-East-continues-to-remain-a-career-destination |archive-date=October 2, 2020}}</ref>
The economy is heavily reliant upon [[remittance]]s from [[Overseas Filipino|overseas Filipino]]s, which surpass [[foreign direct investment]] as a source of foreign currency. [[Remittance]]s peaked in 2010 at 10.4% of the national GDP, and were 8.6% in 2012 and in 2014, Philippines total worth of foreign exchange remittances was US$28 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1176411|title=Pakistan's remittances|author=Sakib Sherani|work=dawn.com|accessdate=December 17, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://business.inquirer.net/160057/ofw-remittances-to-increase-by-8-5-in-2014-standard-chartered|title=OFW remittances to increase by 8.5% in 2014—Standard Chartered|publisher=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|date=January 13, 2014|accessdate=September 21, 2014}}</ref> Regional development is uneven, with Luzon – Metro Manila in particular – gaining most of the new economic growth at the expense of the other regions,<ref name="econ-manila">{{cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com/thought-leaders/30229-the-state-of-philippine-economic-competitiveness-2013|title=Why PH improves in competitiveness ranking|publisher=[[Rappler]]|date=Aug 22, 2013|accessdate=September 21, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/22630/poverty-and-regional-development-imbalance|title=Poverty and regional development imbalance|publisher=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|date=March 5, 2014|accessdate=September 21, 2014}}</ref> although the government has taken steps to distribute economic growth by promoting investment in other areas of the country. Despite constraints, service industries such as [[tourism]] and [[business process outsourcing]] have been identified as areas with some of the best opportunities for growth for the country.<ref name="quickstat"/><ref name="atimesbpo">{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HE10Ae02.html|author=Llorito, David|title=Help wanted for Philippines outsourcing|publisher=Asia Times|date=May 10, 2006|accessdate=December 11, 2009}}</ref>


The Philippines [[Spratly Islands dispute|has claims]] in the [[Spratly Islands]] which overlap with claims by China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam.<ref>{{cite report|last1=Joyner |first1=Christopher C. |editor-last1=Singh |editor-first1=Ranjeet K. |title=Investigating Confidence-Building Measures in the Asia-Pacific Region |date=1999 |publisher=[[Stimson Center]] |page=56 |chapter=The Spratly Islands Dispute in the South China Sea: Problems, Policies, and Prospects for Diplomatic Accommodation |author-link1=Christopher C. Joyner |jstor=resrep10935.8 |jstor-access=free}}</ref> The largest of [[Philippines and the Spratly Islands|its controlled islands]] is [[Thitu Island]], which contains the [[Kalayaan, Palawan|Philippines' smallest town]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Pitlo |first=Lucio Blanco III |date=May 27, 2020 |title=Philippines bolsters posture in South China Sea after navy ship docks at new Spratly Islands port |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/opinion/article/3086253/philippines-bolsters-posture-south-china-sea-after-navy-ship |access-date=August 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527030224/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/opinion/article/3086253/philippines-bolsters-posture-south-china-sea-after-navy-ship |archive-date=May 27, 2020}}</ref> The 2012 [[Scarborough Shoal standoff]], after China seized the shoal from the Philippines, led to an [[Philippines v. China|international arbitration case]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=De Castro |first1=Renato Cruz |title=The Limits of Intergovernmentalism: The Philippines' Changing Strategy in the South China Sea Dispute and Its Impact on the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) |journal=[[Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs]] |date=December 2020 |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=338–346 |doi=10.1177/1868103420935562 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |doi-access=free}}</ref> which the Philippines eventually won;<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=July 12, 2016 |title=PH wins maritime arbitration case vs. China |work=[[CNN Philippines]] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/07/12/PH-wins-maritime-arbitration-case-vs-China.html |access-date=November 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713171115/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/07/12/PH-wins-maritime-arbitration-case-vs-China.html |archive-date=July 13, 2016}}</ref> China rejected the result,<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Phillips |first1=Tom |last2=Holmes |first2=Oliver |last3=Bowcott |first3=Owen |date=July 12, 2016 |title=Beijing rejects tribunal's ruling in South China Sea case |language=en |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/12/philippines-wins-south-china-sea-case-against-china |access-date=November 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712120247/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/12/philippines-wins-south-china-sea-case-against-china |archive-date=July 12, 2016}}</ref> and made the shoal a prominent symbol of the broader dispute.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Carpio |first=Antonio T. |author-link=Antonio Carpio |date=July 23, 2020 |title=Scarborough Shoal – a redline |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/132035/scarborough-shoal-a-redline |access-date=August 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724111626/https://opinion.inquirer.net/132035/scarborough-shoal-a-redline |archive-date=July 24, 2020}}</ref>
[[Goldman Sachs]] includes the country in its list of the "[[Next Eleven]]" economies<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/archive/archive-pdfs/brics-book/brics-chap-13.pdf|title=Beyond the Brics: A Look at the 'Next 11' |date=April 2007 |accessdate=September 21, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Armstrong|first=Aristidi|url=http://economicstudents.com/2013/04/move-over-brics-the-next-eleven-has-emerged/ |title=Move over BRICS, the "Next Eleven" has emerged |publisher=Economics Student Society of Australia |date=April 21, 2013 |accessdate=September 21, 2014}}</ref> but China and India have emerged as major economic competitors.<ref>Olchondra, Riza T. (October 2, 2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070212043928/http://business.inquirer.net/money/topstories/view_article.php?article_id=24405 As India gets too costly, BPOs turn to Philippines]. ''[[The Philippine Daily Inquirer]]''. Retrieved December 16, 2009. (archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20070212043928/http://business.inquirer.net/money/topstories/view_article.php?article_id=24405 the original] on February 12, 2007)</ref> [[Goldman Sachs]] estimates that by the year 2050, it will be the 20th largest economy in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/goldmans-world-gdp-projection-for-2050-2012-11|title=GOLDMAN: Here's What Global GDP Will Look Like In 2050 |publisher=[[Business Insider]] |date=November 19, 2012 |accessdate=September 21, 2014}}</ref> [[HSBC]] also projects the Philippine economy to become the 16th largest economy in the world, 5th largest economy in Asia and the largest economy in the [[Southeast Asia|South East Asian]] region by 2050.<ref>{{cite web|last=Platt|first=Eric|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/these-economies-will-dominate-the-world-in-2050-2012-1?op=1 |title=These Economies Will Dominate The World In 2050 |publisher=[[Business Insider]] |date=January 13, 2012 |accessdate=September 21, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Fajardo |first=Fernando |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/153661/the-philippines-in-2050 |title=The Philippines in 2050 |publisher=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |date=February 29, 2012 |accessdate=September 21, 2014}}</ref><ref>Kevin Voigt (January 12, 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120208143300/http://business.blogs.cnn.com/2012/01/12/worlds-top-economies-in-2050-will-be World's top economies in 2050 will be... ''CNN''.] (archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20120115031430/http://business.blogs.cnn.com/2012/01/12/worlds-top-economies-in-2050-will-be the original] on August 14, 2012)</ref> The Philippines is a member of the [[World Bank]], the International Monetary Fund, the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO), the [[Asian Development Bank]] which is headquartered in [[Mandaluyong]], the [[Colombo Plan]], the [[Group of 77|G-77]] and the [[Group of 24|G-24]] among other groups and institutions.<ref name=CIAfactbook/>


China has rejected new Philippine maritime laws aimed at strengthening sovereignty in the South China Sea, stating they infringe on Chinese territorial claims and vowing to defend its interests in contested areas.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Cao|first1=Ella|date=10 November 2024 |title=China opposes new Philippine maritime law, vows to protect South China Sea 'sovereignty' |newspaper=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/china-opposes-new-philippine-maritime-law-vows-protect-south-china-sea-2024-11-10/|access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref>
===Transportation===
{{Main article|Transportation in the Philippines}}
[[File:FvfSanSimonNLEX9227 04.JPG|thumb|The [[North Luzon Expressway]] connects [[Metro Manila]] to the provinces of [[Central Luzon]]]]


=== Military ===
The transportation infrastructure in the Philippines is relatively underdeveloped. This is partly due to the mountainous terrain and the scattered geography of the islands, but also the result of consistently low investment in infrastructure by successive governments. In 2013, about 3% of national GDP went towards infrastructure development – much lower than many of its neighbors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.investphilippines.info/arangkada/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/08.-Part-3-Seven-Big-Winner-Sectors-Reforming-the-Infrastructure-Policy-Environment2.pdf |title=Arangkada Philippines 2010: A Business Perspective – Infrastructure |accessdate=September 21, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Larano |first=Cris |url=http://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2014/06/03/philippines-bets-on-better-infrastructure/ |title=Philippines Bets on Better Infrastructure |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |date=June 3, 2014 |accessdate=September 21, 2014}}</ref> There are {{convert|213151|km|mi|sp=us}} of roads in the Philippines, with only 25.56% of roads paved.<ref name=WBtransport>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html |title=The CIA World Factbook – Philippines |accessdate=September 21, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719222229/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html |archivedate=July 19, 2015 |df= }}</ref>
{{Main|Armed Forces of the Philippines}}
[[File:BRP Jose Rizal at RIMPAC 2020 005.jpg|thumb|alt=Gray ship|[[BRP Jose Rizal (FF-150)|BRP ''Jose Rizal'' (FF-150)]] is the [[lead ship]] of [[Jose Rizal-class frigate|her class]] of [[Philippine Navy]] [[guided missile frigate]]s.]]


The [[Volunteer military|volunteer]] Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) consist of three branches: the [[Philippine Air Force]], the [[Philippine Army]], and the [[Philippine Navy]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=AFP Organization |url=http://www.afp.mil.ph/org3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050307023417/http://www.afp.mil.ph/org3.html |archive-date=March 7, 2005 |access-date=July 6, 2020 |publisher=[[Armed Forces of the Philippines]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Casey-Maslen |editor-first1=Stuart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VjvKBQAAQBAJ |title=The War Report: Armed Conflict in 2013 |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford, England |isbn=978-0-19-103764-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VjvKBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA180 180]}}</ref> Civilian security is handled by the [[Philippine National Police]] under the [[Department of the Interior and Local Government]].<ref>{{Cite PH act |title=Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990 |chamber=RA |number=6975 |date=December 13, 1990 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1990/12/13/republic-act-no-6975/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829090530/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1990/12/13/republic-act-no-6975/ |archive-date=August 29, 2017 |access-date=February 3, 2023 |publisher=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |location=Metro Manila, Philippines}}</ref> The AFP had a total manpower of around 280,000 {{as of|2022|lc=y}}, of which 130,000 were active military personnel, 100,000 were reserves, and 50,000 were [[Citizen Armed Force Geographical Unit|paramilitaries]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Baclig |first=Cristina Eloisa |date=January 20, 2022 |title=PH 51st on list of world's most powerful militaries |language=en |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1542851/ph-51st-on-list-of-worlds-most-powerful-militaries-2 |access-date=February 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120053550/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1542851/ph-51st-on-list-of-worlds-most-powerful-militaries-2 |archive-date=January 20, 2022}}</ref>
Under President [[Benigno Aquino III]]'s administration, various projects were initiated in an attempt to improve the country's infrastructure and transportation systems.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philstar.com/nation/150795/government-keen-improving-public-transport-system|title=Government keen on improving public transport system|accessdate=January 30, 2013 |publisher=[[The Philippine Star]]}}</ref> Buses, [[jeepneys]], taxis, and motorized tricycles are commonly available in major cities and towns. In 2007, there were about 5.53&nbsp;million registered motor vehicles with registrations increasing at an average annual rate of 4.55%.<ref>Republic of the Philippines. Land Transportation Office. [http://www.webcitation.org/5stpn1gqg?url=http://www.lto.gov.ph/Stats2007/no_of_mv_registered_byMVType_2.htm Number of Motor Vehicles Registered]. (January 29, 2008). Retrieved January 22, 2009.</ref>


In 2023, {{currency|477&nbsp;million|USD|linked=no|passthrough=yes}} (1.4 percent of GDP) was spent on the Philippine military.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news| |last1=Guild |first1=James |title=The Philippines' $35 Billion Military Modernization Plan, Explained |url=https://thediplomat.com/2024/05/the-philippines-35-billion-military-modernization-plan-explained/ |access-date=October 21, 2024 |work=[[The Diplomat]] |date=May 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517144924/https://thediplomat.com/2024/05/the-philippines-35-billion-military-modernization-plan-explained/ |archive-date=May 17, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news| |title=How does the Philippines compare in the region in terms of military expenditure as share of GDP? |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/infographics/2024/08/20/614989/how-does-the-philippines-compare-in-the-region-in-terms-of-military-expenditure-as-share-of-gdp/ |access-date=October 21, 2024 |work=[[BusinessWorld]] |date=August 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820024146/https://www.bworldonline.com/infographics/2024/08/20/614989/how-does-the-philippines-compare-in-the-region-in-terms-of-military-expenditure-as-share-of-gdp/ |archive-date=August 20, 2024}}</ref> Most of the country's defense spending is on the Philippine Army, which leads operations against internal threats such as [[Communist armed conflicts in the Philippines|communist]] and [[Moro conflict|Muslim]] separatist insurgencies; its preoccupation with internal security contributed to the decline of [[List of equipment of the Philippine Navy|Philippine naval capability]] which began during the 1970s.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Till |editor-first1=Geoffrey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_bNtAAAAQBAJ |title=Naval Modernisation in South-East Asia: Nature, Causes and Consequences |series=Cass Series: Naval Policy and History |editor-last2=Chan |editor-first2=Jane |date=August 15, 2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Oxfordshire, England |isbn=978-1-135-95394-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_bNtAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150 150] |language=en |author-link1=Geoffrey Till}}</ref> [[AFP Modernization Act|A military modernization program]] began in 1995<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Wu |editor-first1=Shicun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qM5ZAgAAQBAJ |title=Securing the Safety of Navigation in East Asia: Legal and Political Dimensions |series=Chandos Asian Studies Series |editor-last2=Zou |editor-first2=Keyuan |date=November 21, 2013 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |location=Oxford, England |isbn=978-1-78242-160-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qM5ZAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 35] |language=en}}</ref> and expanded in 2012 to build a more capable defense system.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=December 11, 2012 |title=Aquino signs revised AFP Modernization Act |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |url=https://www.philstar.com/pilipino-star-ngayon/headlines/2012/12/11/884844/aquino-signs-revised-afp-modernization-act |access-date=March 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421114944/https://www.philstar.com/pilipino-star-ngayon/headlines/2012/12/11/884844/aquino-signs-revised-afp-modernization-act |archive-date=April 21, 2022}}</ref>
The [[Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines]] manages airports and implementation of policies regarding safe air travel<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caap.gov.ph/index.php/downloads/finish/4-regulations-policies/214-repiblic-act-9497 |title=Republic Act No, 9447 |accessdate=September 21, 2014 |publisher=[[Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caap.gov.ph/index.php/downloads/finish/4-regulations-policies/235-manual-of-standards-for-aerodromes |title=Manual of Standards for AERODROMES |accessdate=September 21, 2014 |publisher=[[Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines]]}}</ref> with 85 public airports operational {{as of|2014|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caap.gov.ph/index.php/contact-us/directory/finish/22-contact/163-caap-airport-directory |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222030945/http://www.caap.gov.ph/index.php/contact-us/directory/finish/22-contact/163-caap-airport-directory |dead-url=yes |archive-date=December 22, 2013 |title=Airport Directory |publisher=[[Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines]] |date=July 2014 |accessdate=August 23, 2014 |df= }}</ref> [[Ninoy Aquino International Airport]] (NAIA) serves the [[Greater Manila Area]] together with [[Clark International Airport]]. [[Philippine Airlines]], Asia's oldest commercial airline still operating under its original name, and [[Cebu Pacific]], the leading low-cost airline, are the major airlines serving most domestic and international destinations.<ref name=PAL>{{cite web|url=http://www.philippineairlines.com/about_pal/about_pal.jsp |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185823/http://www.philippineairlines.com/about_pal/about_pal.jsp |archivedate=March 3, 2016 |title=About PAL |publisher=Philippineairlines.com |accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref><ref name=HAviation>State of Hawaii. Department of Transportation. Airports Division. [c. 2005]. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20110517040251/http://hawaii.gov/hawaiiaviation/hawaii-commercial-aviation/philippine-air-lines/ Philippine Air Lines]". ''Hawaii Aviation''. Retrieved January 9, 2010.</ref><ref name=OxfordBG>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=eY-Oq1IGzdMC&pg=PT98|title=The Report: Philippines 2009|author=Oxford Business Group|year=2009|page=97|isbn=1-902339-12-6}}</ref>


The Philippines has long struggled against [[Civil conflict in the Philippines|local insurgencies]], [[Separatism in the Philippines|separatism]], and [[Terrorism in the Philippines|terrorism]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Arnold |first=Guy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L3TqDAAAQBAJ |title=Wars in the Third World Since 1945 |series=History and Politics in the 20th Century: Conflict: Bloomsbury Academic Collections |date=2016 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-4742-9101-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=L3TqDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA497 497] |language=en |author-link1=Guy Arnold}}</ref><ref name="Croissant-2017">{{cite book|last1=Croissant |first1=Aurel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77xEDwAAQBAJ |title=Comparative Politics of Southeast Asia: An Introduction to Governments and Political Regimes |last2=Lorenz |first2=Philip |date=2017 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |location=Cham, Switzerland |isbn=978-3-319-68182-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=77xEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA243 243] |author-link1=Aurel S. Croissant}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=GTD Search Results; Philippines |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?page=1&casualties_type=&casualties_max=&country=160&charttype=line&chart=overtime&ob=GTDID&od=desc&expanded=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315083451/https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?page=1&casualties_type=&casualties_max=&country=160&charttype=line&chart=overtime&ob=GTDID&od=desc&expanded=yes |archive-date=March 15, 2023 |access-date=March 15, 2023 |website=Global Terrorism Database |publisher=[[University of Maryland]]}}</ref> [[Bangsamoro]]'s largest separatist organizations, the [[Moro National Liberation Front]] and the [[Moro Islamic Liberation Front]], signed final peace agreements with the government in [[1996 Final Peace Agreement|1996]] and [[Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro|2014]] respectively.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=MMP: Moro National Liberation Front |url=https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/moro-national-liberation-front#text_block_20212 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101073611/https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/moro-national-liberation-front |archive-date=November 1, 2022 |access-date=February 14, 2023 |website=[[Center for International Security and Cooperation]] |publisher=[[Stanford University]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Esguerra |first1=Christian V. |author-link=Christian Esguerra |last2=Burgonio |first2=TJ |date=March 28, 2014 |title=Philippines, MILF sign peace agreement |language=en |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/589706/bangsamoro-rising |access-date=February 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328040452/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/589706/bangsamoro-rising |archive-date=March 28, 2014}}</ref> Other, more-militant groups such as [[Abu Sayyaf]] and [[Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters]]<ref name="CTCSentinel-BIFF">{{cite journal|last1=Chalk |first1=Peter |title=The Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters: The Newest Obstacles to Peace in the Southern Philippines? |journal=CTC Sentinel |date=November 2013 |volume=6 |issue=11–12 |pages=15–17 |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA590315.pdf |access-date=June 18, 2023 |publisher=[[Combating Terrorism Center|Combating Terrorism Center at West Point]] |oclc=872740536 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619003423/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA590315.pdf |archive-date=June 19, 2023 |via=[[Defense Technical Information Center]]}}</ref> have kidnapped foreigners for ransom, particularly in the Sulu Archipelago<ref>{{cite book|author1=[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] |title=Armed Conflict Survey 2021 |date=September 20, 2021 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon, Oxon, England |isbn=978-1-000-54558-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xONDEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT539 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Ciment |editor-first1=James |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Conflicts Since World War II |title=Philippines: War on Islamic Militants Since 1990 |date=March 27, 2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon, Oxon, England |edition=2nd |volume=One–Four |isbn=978-1-317-47186-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BpGXBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA662 662] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BpGXBwAAQBAJ}}</ref> and [[Maguindanao]],<ref name="CTCSentinel-BIFF" /> but their presence has been reduced.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schiavo-Campo |first1=Salvatore |last2=Judd |first2=Mary |date=February 2005 |title=The Mindanao Conflict in the Philippines: Roots, Costs, and Potential Peace Dividend |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTCPR/214578-1111996036679/20482477/WP24_Web.pdf |series=Working Papers Series |publisher=[[The World Bank]] |issue=Paper No. 24 |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=<!-- ISBN unspecified --> |oclc=992235323 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007105619/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTCPR/214578-1111996036679/20482477/WP24_Web.pdf |archive-date=October 7, 2009 |access-date=February 3, 2023}} {{No ISBN}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Nepomuceno |first=Priam |date=October 10, 2020 |title=PH Army keen to end terror threat with arrest of 3 terrorists |work=[[Philippine News Agency]] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1118108 |access-date=December 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030144543/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1118108 |archive-date=October 30, 2020}}</ref> The [[Communist Party of the Philippines]] (CPP) and its military wing, the [[New People's Army]] (NPA), have been waging [[New People's Army rebellion|guerrilla warfare]] against the government since the 1970s and have [[Timeline of the communist rebellion in the Philippines|engaged]] in ambushes, bombings, and assassinations of government officials and security forces;<ref name="CIAWorldFactBook-2022-2023">{{cite book|last=Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BOFIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT4659 |title=CIA World Factbook 2022–2023 |date=June 21, 2022 |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |location=New York, N.Y. |isbn=978-1-5107-7119-2 |language=en |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> although shrinking militarily and politically after the return of democracy in 1986,<ref name="Croissant-2017" /><ref>{{cite book|last=White |first=Jonathan R. |edition=Seventh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LWF-twYVE7sC |title=Terrorism and Homeland Security |date=2011 |publisher=[[Wadsworth Cengage Learning]] |location=Belmont, Calif. |isbn=978-0-495-91336-8 |page=363}}</ref> the CPP-NPA, through the [[National Democratic Front of the Philippines]], continues to gather public support in urban areas by setting up [[communist front]]s, infiltrating sectoral organizations, and rallying public discontent and increased militancy against the government.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gibert |first1=Stephen P. |title=Security In Northeast Asia: Approaching The Pacific Century |date=2019 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=New York, N.Y. |isbn=978-1-000-31112-9 |at=The Nature of the Internal Crisis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OMzKDwAAQBAJ |access-date=August 11, 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The Philippines ranked 104th out of 163 countries in the 2024 [[Global Peace Index]].<ref>{{cite report |title=Global Peace Index 2024: Measuring Peace in a Complex World |date=June 2024 |publisher=[[Institute for Economics & Peace]] |location=Sydney, Australia |isbn=978-0-646-87920-8 |page=9 |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |access-date=August 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611125528/https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |archive-date=June 11, 2024}}</ref>
[[File:MRT-2 Train Santolan 1.jpg|thumb|left|A [[LRT-2]] train at [[Santolan LRT Station|Santolan Station]].]]
Expressways and highways are mostly located on the island of Luzon including the [[Pan-Philippine Highway]], connecting the islands of [[Luzon]], [[Samar]], [[Leyte]], and [[Mindanao]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.photius.com/countries/philippines/geography/philippines_geography_transportation.html|title=Philippines Transportation |accessdate=August 23, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/RoRobookcomplete.pdf|title=Linking the Philippine Islands, Through the highway of the Sea.|page=51|accessdate=August 23, 2014}}</ref> the [[North Luzon Expressway]], [[South Luzon Expressway]], and the [[Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway]].<ref>[http://www.mntc.com/nlex/ The North Luzon Expressway Project] (NLEX) is for the rehabilitation, expansion, operation and maintenance of the existing {{convert|83.7|km|0|abbr=on}} NLEX that connects Metro Manila to the northern provinces of Bulacan and Pampanga.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trb.gov.ph/index.php/toll-road-projects/south-luzon-expressway|title=South Luzon Expressway (SLEX)|author=Super User|work=Toll Regulatory Board|accessdate=December 17, 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/regions/view_article.php?article_id=85241 SCTEx delay worsens as Japan firm seeks new extension – INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos]{{Dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>[http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/regions/view_article.php?article_id=81199 BCDA, Japanese contractor asked to explain SCTEx delay – INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos]{{Dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>[http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/regions/view_article.php?article_id=76127 Arroyo adviser says SCTEx extension OKd – INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos]{{Dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>[http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/regions/view_article.php?article_id=101211 Arroyo order: Open SCTEx, interchanges on time – INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222100621/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/regions/view_article.php?article_id=101211 |date=February 22, 2008 }}</ref>


=== Administrative divisions ===
Rail transport in the Philippines only plays a role in transporting passengers within Metro Manila. This area is served by three rapid transit lines: [[LRT-1]], and [[LRT-2]] and [[MRT-3]].<ref name="yellow">{{cite web|title=The LRT Line 1 System – The Green Line|url=http://www.lrta.gov.ph/line_1_system.php|website=Light Rail Transit Authority|accessdate=January 15, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714152448/http://www.lrta.gov.ph/line_1_system.php|archivedate=July 14, 2014}}</ref><ref name=provision>[[United Nations Centre for Human Settlements]]. (1993). [https://books.google.com/books?id=lkH5Twa-OakC&printsec=frontcover ''Provision of Travelway Space for Urban Public Transport in Developing Countries'']. UN–HABITAT. pp. 15, 26–70, 160–179. {{ISBN|92-1-131220-5}}.</ref><ref name="times">{{cite web|title=About Us; MRT3 Stations|url=http://dotcmrt3.gov.ph/about.php?route=7|website=Metro Rail Transit|accessdate=January 15, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122003116/http://dotcmrt3.gov.ph/about.php?route=7|archivedate=January 22, 2013}}</ref> In the past, railways served major parts of Luzon, and railroad services were available on the islands of Cebu and Negros. Railways were also used for agricultural purposes, especially in tobacco and sugar cane production. Rail freight transportation was almost non-existent {{as of|2014|lc=y}}. A few transportation systems are under development: [[Department of Science and Technology (Philippines)|DOST]]-MIRDC and [[University of the Philippines|UP]] are implementing pre-feasibility studies on Automated Guideway Transit.<ref>{{cite web|last=Valmero |first=Anna |title=DoST to develop electric-powered monorail for mass transport |url=http://ph.news.yahoo.com/dost-develop-electric-powered-monorail-mass-transport-100013094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722190340/http://ph.news.yahoo.com/dost-develop-electric-powered-monorail-mass-transport-100013094.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=July 22, 2011 |accessdate=September 23, 2014 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=UPD monorail project begins |url=http://www.upd.edu.ph/~updinfo/jul11/articles/upd_monorail_projects.html |work=July 27, 2011 |author=Regidor, Anna Kristine |publisher=University of the Philippines Diliman |accessdate=September 23, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924045106/https://www.upd.edu.ph/~updinfo/jul11/articles/upd_monorail_projects.html |archivedate=September 24, 2014 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bigger Automated Guideway Train ready for testing|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/bigger-automated-guideway-train-ready-for-testing/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924041039/http://www.mb.com.ph/bigger-automated-guideway-train-ready-for-testing/|dead-url=yes|archive-date=September 24, 2014|date=February 27, 2014|author=Usman, Edd K.|publisher=Manila Bulletin|accessdate=September 23, 2014}}</ref> A so-called ''Hybrid Electric Road Train'' which is a long [[bi-articulated bus]], was also being tested {{As of|2015|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.interaksyon.com/article/95283/bus-o-tren--dosts-road-train-rolls-off-to-vehicle-test|title=BUS O TREN? DOST's road train rolls off to vehicle test|publisher=Interaksyon|date=September 12, 2014|accessdate=September 19, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/hybrid-electric-road-train-to-be-road-tested-this-month/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924051849/http://www.mb.com.ph/hybrid-electric-road-train-to-be-road-tested-this-month/|dead-url=yes|archive-date=September 24, 2014|title=Hybrid electric road train to be road-tested this month|publisher=Manila Bulletin|date=September 13, 2014|accessdate=September 19, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/09/14/1368910/roadworthiness-tests-hybrid-train-start-next-month|title=Roadworthiness tests for hybrid train to start next month|publisher=[[The Philippine Star]]|date=September 14, 2014|accessdate=September 19, 2014}}</ref>
{{Main|Administrative divisions of the Philippines}}
[[File:Ph regions and provinces.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Color-coded political map of the Philippines|The Philippines' regions and provinces]]


The Philippines is divided into 18 [[Regions of the Philippines|regions]], 82 [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]], 146 [[Cities of the Philippines|cities]], 1,488 [[Municipalities of the Philippines|municipalities]], and 42,036 [[barangay]]s.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Provincial Summary: Number of Provinces, Cities, Municipalities and Barangays, by Region as of September 30, 2016 |url=http://nap.psa.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/SUMWEBPROV-SEPT2016-CODED-HUC-FINAL.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110151057/http://nap.psa.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/SUMWEBPROV-SEPT2016-CODED-HUC-FINAL.pdf |archive-date=January 10, 2017 |access-date=January 5, 2017 |publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]]}}</ref> Regions other than [[Bangsamoro]] are divided for administrative convenience.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tusalem |first=Rollin F |date=April 9, 2019 |title=Imperial Manila: How institutions and political geography disadvantage Philippine provinces |journal=Asian Journal of Comparative Politics |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=8–9, 11–12 |doi=10.1177/2057891119841441 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE Publications Ltd]]|s2cid=159099808}}</ref> [[Calabarzon]] was the region with the greatest population {{as of|2020|lc=y}}, and the [[Metro Manila|National Capital Region]] (NCR) was the most densely populated.<ref name="PSA-2020-Census-Highlights">{{cite report|last=Mapa |first=Dennis S. |author-link1=Dennis Mapa |date=July 23, 2021 |title=Highlights of the Population Density of the Philippines 2020 Census of Population and Housing (2020 CPH) |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-population-density-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing-2020-cph |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726073127/https://psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-population-density-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing-2020-cph |archive-date=July 26, 2021 |access-date=February 12, 2023 |publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]]}}</ref>
As an archipelago, inter-island travel using watercraft is often necessary.<ref>[http://business.inquirer.net/203660/ph-firm-takes-on-challenge-to-improve-sea-travel PH firm takes on challenge to improve sea travel.] Published by Philippine Daily Inquirer (Written By: Ira P. Pedrasa)</ref> The busiest seaports are [[Port of Manila|Manila]], [[Batangas International Port|Batangas]], [[Port of Subic|Subic]], [[Port of Cebu|Cebu]], [[Port of Iloilo|Iloilo]], [[Port of Davao|Davao]], Cagayan de Oro, and [[Port of Zamboanga|Zamboanga]].<ref name="transpo">[http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/philippines/pro-transportation.htm The Philippine Transportation System]. (August 30, 2008). ''Asian Info''. Retrieved January 22, 2009.</ref> [[2GO Travel]] and [[Sulpicio Lines]] serve Manila, with links to various cities and towns through passenger vessels. The {{convert|919|km|mi|adj=on|sp=us}} [[Strong Republic Nautical Highway]] (SRNH), an integrated set of highway segments and ferry routes covering 17 cities was established in 2003.<ref>[http://www.macapagal.com/gma/initiatives/roro.php Strong Republic Nautical Highway]. (n.d.). Official Website of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. Retrieved January 22, 2009.</ref> The [[Pasig River Ferry Service]] serves the major rivers in Metro Manila, including the [[Pasig River]] and [[Marikina River]] having numerous stops in Manila, Makati, Mandaluyong, Pasig and Marikina.<ref>[http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/30644/pinoyabroad/gov-t-revives-pasig-river-ferry-service Gov't revives Pasig River ferry service]. (February 14, 2007). ''GMA News''. Retrieved December 18, 2009.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.pia.gov.ph/index.php?article=241398338587|title=MMDA to reopen Pasig River ferry system on April 28; offers free ride |publisher=Philippine Information Agency|date=April 25, 2014|accessdate=October 3, 2014}}</ref>


The Philippines is a [[unitary state]], with the exception of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM),<ref>{{cite journal|last=de Villiers |first=Bertus |date=2015 |title=Special regional autonomy in a unitary system – preliminary observations on the case of the Bangsomoro homeland in the Philippines |journal=Verfassung und Recht in Übersee / Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America |publisher=[[Nomos Publishing House|Nomos-Verlagsgesellschaft]] |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=205–226 |doi=10.5771/0506-7286-2015-2-205 |issn=0506-7286 |jstor=26160114}}</ref> although there have been [[Federalism in the Philippines|steps towards decentralization]];<ref>{{cite journal|last=Buendia |first=Rizal G. |date=April 1989 |title=The Prospects of Federalism in the Philippines: A Challenge to Political Decentralization of the Unitary State |url=https://www.pssc.org.ph/wp-content/pssc-archives/Philippine%20Journal%20of%20Public%20Administration/1989/Num%202/06_The%20Prospects%20of%20Federalism%20in%20the%20Philippines.pdf |journal=Philippine Journal of Public Administration |publisher=[[University of the Philippines]] |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=121–122 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917050906/https://www.pssc.org.ph/wp-content/pssc-archives/Philippine%20Journal%20of%20Public%20Administration/1989/Num%202/06_The%20Prospects%20of%20Federalism%20in%20the%20Philippines.pdf |archive-date=September 17, 2021 |access-date=April 2, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Tigno |first=Jorge V. |date=2017 |title=Beg Your Pardon? The Philippines is Already Federalized in All but Name |url=https://cids.up.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/ppj-16-17-tigno-2017.pdf |journal=Philippine Journal of Public Policy: Interdisciplinary Development Perspectives |volume=16 and 17 |pages=1–14 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines|University of the Philippines Center for Integrative and Development Studies]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116032627/https://cids.up.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/ppj-16-17-tigno-2017.pdf |archive-date=January 16, 2021 |access-date=August 8, 2020}}</ref> a 1991 law [[devolution|devolved]] some powers to [[Local government in the Philippines|local governments]].<ref>{{cite report|last1=Atienza |first1=Maria Ela L. |url=https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/constitutional-performance-assessment-1987-philippine-constitution.pdf |title=Constitutional Performance Assessment of the 1987 Philippine Constitution: Summary of Findings |last2=Arugay |first2=Aries A. |last3=Dee |first3=Francis Joseph A. |last4=Encinas-Franco |first4=Jean |last5=Go |first5=Jan Robert R. |last6=Panao |first6=Rogelio Alicor L. |last7=Jimenez |first7=Alinia Jesam D. |date=2020 |publisher=[[International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance]]; [[University of the Philippines|University of the Philippines Center for Integrative and Development Studies]] |location=Stockholm, Sweden and Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-91-7671-299-3 |doi=10.31752/idea.2020.2 |editor-last=Atienza |editor-first=Maria Ela L. |page=37 |access-date=December 1, 2020 |editor-last2=Cats-Baril |editor-first2=Amanda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328053237/https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/constitutional-performance-assessment-1987-philippine-constitution.pdf |archive-date=March 28, 2021}}</ref>
===Science and technology===
{{Main article|Science and technology in the Philippines}}
[[File:Rice in the Lab.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=An [[International Rice Research Institute|IRRI]] researcher studying [[rice]] [[DNA]] under [[ultraviolet light]].|An [[International Rice Research Institute|IRRI]] researcher studying [[rice]] [[DNA]] under [[ultraviolet light]].]]


== Economy ==
The Philippines has pursued efforts to improve the field of science and technology. The [[Department of Science and Technology (Philippines)|Department of Science and Technology]] is the governing agency responsible for the development of coordination of science- and technology-related projects in the Philippines.<ref>{{cite web|title=About DOST; The DOST in Brief|url=http://www.dost.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=58%3Aabout-dost&id=1124&Itemid=82|website=Department of Science and Technology|accessdate=January 15, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522101423/http://www.dost.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=58%3Aabout-dost&id=1124&Itemid=82|archivedate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> The [[National Scientist of the Philippines]] award is given to individuals that have contributed to different field of science in the country. Notable Filipino scientists include [[Maria Orosa]], a food technologist famous for her formulated food products like calamansi nip, soyalac and the [[banana ketchup]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Roces|first=Alejandro R.|title=Maria Ylagan Orosa|url=http://www.philstar.com/opinion/30265/maria-ylagan-orosa|publisher=[[The Philippine Star]]|date=November 29, 2007|accessdate=October 5, 2014}}</ref>
{{Main|Economy of the Philippines}}


The Philippine economy is the world's [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|34th largest]], with an estimated {{as of|2023|bare=yes}} nominal [[gross domestic product]] of {{currency|435.7&nbsp;billion|USD|linked=no|passthrough=yes}}.<ref name="IMFWEO.PH"/> As a [[newly industrialized country]],<ref name="FederalRegister-Vol78" /><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Yu Chang |editor-first1=Albert Vincent Y. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N9Ii3nTZ37AC |title=A Legal Guide to Doing Business in the Asia-Pacific |editor-last2=Thorson |editor-first2=Andrew |date=2010 |publisher=[[American Bar Association]] |location=Chicago, Ill. |isbn=978-1-60442-843-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=N9Ii3nTZ37AC&pg=PA288 288]}}</ref> the Philippine economy has been transitioning from an agricultural base to one with more emphasis on services and manufacturing.<ref name="FederalRegister-Vol78">{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIG4iINKSOgC |journal=Federal Register |title=Commercial Setting: The Philippines |date=March 15, 2013 |publisher=[[Office of the Federal Register]], National Archives and Records Service, [[General Services Administration]] |volume=78 |issue=51 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EIG4iINKSOgC&pg=PA16468 16468]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |date=January 26, 2023 |title=GDP Expands by 7.2 Percent in the Fourth Quarter of 2022, and by 7.6 Percent in Full-year 2022 |url=https://psa.gov.ph/national-accounts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130010406/https://psa.gov.ph/national-accounts |archive-date=January 30, 2023 |access-date=March 13, 2023 |publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]]}}</ref> The country's labor force was around 50&nbsp;million {{as of|2023|lc=y}}, and its [[List of sovereign states by unemployment rate|unemployment rate]] was 3.1 percent.<ref name="PSAGovPH-UnemploymentDec2023">{{Cite press release |last=Mapa |first=Dennis S. |author-link1=Dennis Mapa |title=Unemployment Rate in December 2023 was Estimated at 3.1 Percent |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/unemployment-rate-december-2023-was-estimated-31-percent |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207091631/https://psa.gov.ph/content/unemployment-rate-december-2023-was-estimated-31-percent |archive-date=February 7, 2024 |publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] |url-status=live}}</ref> Gross international reserves totaled {{currency|103.406&nbsp;billion|USD|linked=no|passthrough=yes}} {{as of|2024|January|lc=y}}.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Gross International Reserves |url=https://www.bsp.gov.ph/Statistics/sdds/table12_data.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215120950/https://www.bsp.gov.ph/Statistics/sdds/table12_data.aspx |archive-date=February 15, 2024 |publisher=[[Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas]] |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Debt-to-GDP ratio]] decreased to 60.2 percent at the end of 2023 from a 17-year high 63.7 percent at the end of the third quarter of that year, and indicated resiliency during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Gonzalez |first=Anna Leah |title=PH debt-to-GDP improves in 2023 |work=[[Philippine News Agency]] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1217973 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131074513/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1217973 |archive-date=January 31, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> The country's unit of [[currency]] is the [[Philippine peso]] (₱<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||section=Executive Order No. 66 |title=Executive Orders and Proclamations Issued by the Governor-General [1903] |date=August 3, 1903 |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/ACD6603.1903.001/91 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817095343/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/ACD6603.1903.001/91 |archive-date=August 17, 2020 |access-date=August 17, 2020 |page=89 |publisher=Bureau of Public Prints}}</ref> or PHP<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=August 29, 2018 |title=List one: Currency, fund and precious metal codes |url=https://www.currency-iso.org/dam/downloads/lists/list_one.xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511031332/https://www.currency-iso.org/dam/downloads/lists/list_one.xls |archive-date=May 11, 2020 |access-date=August 17, 2020 |publisher=[[International Organization for Standardization|ISO 4217 Maintenance Agency]] |format=XLS}}</ref>).<ref>{{cite report|last=International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department |url=https://www.elibrary.imf.org/downloadpdf/book/9781451942804/9781451942804.pdf |title=Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions 1999 |date=September 17, 1999 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-1-4519-4280-4 |page=683 |access-date=April 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409193323/https://www.elibrary.imf.org/downloadpdf/book/9781451942804/9781451942804.pdf |archive-date=April 9, 2023}}</ref>
[[Fe del Mundo]], a pediatrician whose pioneering work in pediatrics as an active medical practice spanned 8 decades,<ref>{{cite web|last=Engel|first=KeriLynn|title=Fe del Mundo, first female student at Harvard Medical School|url=http://www.amazingwomeninhistory.com/fe-del-mundo-first-female-student-at-harvard-medical-school/|publisher=Amazing Wome History|accessdate=October 5, 2014}}</ref> [[Paulo Campos]], a physician who was dubbed as "''The Father of Nuclear Medicine in the Philippines''" for his contributions in the field of [[nuclear medicine]],<ref name=mb>{{cite web|last = Sabater|first = Madel R.|title =National Scientist Dr. Paulo Campos passes away at 85 |publisher = [[Manila Bulletin]]|date =June 5, 2007|url =http://www.mb.com.ph/issues/2007/06/05/MAIN2007060595261.html|accessdate = December 29, 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070914101126/http://www.mb.com.ph/issues/2007/06/05/MAIN2007060595261.html |archivedate = September 14, 2007}}</ref> [[Ramon Barba]], an inventor and horticulturist known for his method to induce more flowers in mango trees.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sabater|first=Madel|url =http://www.rappler.com/science-nature/environment/65970-ramon-barba-national-scientist-profile|title=Dr Ramon Barba: Science 'against all odds'|publisher=[[Rappler]]|date=August 12, 2014|accessdate=October 5, 2014}}</ref>


The Philippines is a net importer,<ref name="ILOOrg-2019" />{{rp|pages=55–56,61–65,77,83,111}}<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Gadon |first1=Bernadette Therese M. |title=2021 trade deficit widest in 3 years |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2022/04/22/443881/2021-trade-deficit-widest-in-3-years/ |access-date=April 22, 2023 |work=[[BusinessWorld]] |date=April 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421200131/https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2022/04/22/443881/2021-trade-deficit-widest-in-3-years/ |archive-date=April 21, 2022}}</ref> and a [[Net international investment position|debtor nation]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||year=2022|title=Philippines Net International Investment Position |publisher=CEIC |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/philippines/net-international-investment-position |access-date=May 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311060132/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/philippines/net-international-investment-position |archive-date=March 11, 2023}}</ref> {{as of|2020}}, the country's main export markets were China, the United States, Japan, Hong Kong, and Singapore;<ref name="OECWorld-PH">{{#invoke:cite web||title=Philippines (PHL) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners |url=https://oec.world/en/profile/country/phl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205044653/https://oec.world/en/profile/country/phl |archive-date=December 5, 2022 |access-date=February 26, 2023 |publisher=[[Observatory of Economic Complexity]] |language=en}}</ref> primary exports included [[integrated circuit]]s, office machinery and parts, electrical transformers, insulated wiring, and [[semiconductor]]s.<ref name="OECWorld-PH" /> Its primary import markets that year were China, Japan, South Korea, the United States, and Indonesia.<ref name="OECWorld-PH" /> Major export crops include [[Coconut production in the Philippines|coconuts]], [[Banana industry#Production and export|bananas]], and [[List of countries by pineapple production|pineapples]]; it is the world's largest producer of [[abaca]],<ref name="Boquet-2017" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA226|name=226–242}}}} and was the world's second biggest exporter of [[nickel|nickel ore]] in 2022,<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-30/philippines-may-tax-nickel-exports-to-follow-indonesia-s-success#xj4y7vzkg |url-access=subscription |title=Nickel Gets Fresh Supply Risk as Philippines Mulls Export Tax
Research organizations include the [[International Rice Research Institute]], an international independent research and training organization established in 1960 with headquarters in [[Los Baños, Laguna]],<ref>{{cite news |title = IRRI website: About IRRI |url = http://irri.org/about-us/our-organization}}</ref><ref name='IRRImap'>{{cite news |title = International Rice Research Institute on Google maps |url = https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=216500419896071727279.00047e4961aea61049e8c&ll=13.410994,82.792969&spn=74.853042,112.675781&source=embed}}</ref> focusing on the development of new rice varieties and rice crop management techniques to help farmers in the country improve their lives.<ref>{{cite news|title=An adventure in applied science: A history of the International Rice Research Institute|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3d-6iv9xQT0C&pg=PR13&lpg=PR13&dq=rockefeller+ford+irri+1960&source=bl&ots=JBOEJEE_A2&sig=ifmdZbpjtxKHm0GvdEIqWPjvBZY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=N8s8T87bAuuNiAeNju3nBA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=rockefeller%20ford%20irri%201960&f=false|accessdate=October 5, 2014}}</ref> The Philippines bought its first satellite in 1996.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mabuhay acquires Indon satellite;sets new orbit|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1370&dat=19960725&id=9mUVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0goEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6158,3894648|work=Manila Standard|date=July 25, 1996|accessdate=October 5, 2014}}</ref> In 2016, [[Space program of the Philippines|the Philippines first micro-satellite]], [[Diwata-1]] was launched aboard the US [[Cygnus (spacecraft)|Cygnus]] spacecraft.<ref name="Diwata-1">{{cite web|last1=Ronda|first1=Rainier|title=US aircraft with Philippines's first microsatellite launched into space|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/03/24/1566175/us-aircraft-philippiness-first-microsatellite-launched-space|publisher=Philstar|accessdate=March 24, 2016|date=March 24, 2016}}</ref>
|last1=Serapio |first1=Manolo Jr. |last2=Calonzo |first2=Andreo |date=January 30, 2023 |work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] |language=en |access-date=May 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230131145135/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-30/philippines-may-tax-nickel-exports-to-follow-indonesia-s-success |archive-date=January 31, 2023}}</ref> as well as the biggest exporter of gold-clad metals and the biggest importer of [[copra]] in 2020.<ref name="OECWorld-PH" />


[[File:0123jfCalipahan Sicsican Rice Fields San Pascual Talavera Ecijafvf 04.JPG|thumb|alt=Two people planting rice plants in water|Filipinos planting rice. [[Agriculture in the Philippines|Agriculture employed 24 percent of the Filipino workforce]] {{As of|2022|lc=y}}.<ref name="PSAGovPH-UnemploymentDec2022">{{Cite press release |last=Mapa |first=Dennis S. |author-link1=Dennis Mapa |title=Employment situation as of December 2022 |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/unemployment-rate-december-2022-estimated-43-percent |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208062354/https://psa.gov.ph/content/unemployment-rate-december-2022-estimated-43-percent |archive-date=February 8, 2023 |access-date=February 8, 2023 |publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]]}}</ref>]]
===Communications===
With an average annual growth rate of six to seven percent since around 2010, the Philippines has emerged as one of the world's fastest-growing economies,<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Biswas |first1=Rajiv |title=Philippines amongst world's fastest growing emerging markets |url=https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/mi/research-analysis/philippines-amongst-worlds-fastest-growing-emerging-markets-Mar23.html |access-date=April 2, 2023 |work=[[IHS Markit]] |date=March 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311221015/https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/mi/research-analysis/philippines-amongst-worlds-fastest-growing-emerging-markets-Mar23.html |archive-date=March 11, 2023}}</ref> driven primarily by its increasing reliance on the service sector.<ref name=OECD-SMEPolicyIndex2018>{{cite book|title=SME Policy Index: ASEAN 2018: Boosting Competitiveness and Inclusive Growth |date=September 21, 2018 |chapter=The Philippines |pages=371–373 |publisher=[[OECD Publishing]]; [[Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia]] |location=Paris, France; Jakarta, Indonesia |isbn=978-92-64-30531-1 |url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/sme-policy-index-asean-2018_9789264305328-en |chapter-url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/9789264305328-22-en.pdf |access-date=May 12, 2023 |language=en |doi=10.1787/9789264305328-22-en |doi-access=free}}</ref> Regional development is uneven, however, with Manila (in particular) gaining most of the new economic growth.<ref>{{cite journal|type=Conference proceeding |date=2018 |title=Critical Perspectives on Federalism for Regional Development (Proceedings of the Third Annual Public Policy Conference 2017) |url=https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/PUBLICATIONS/pidsbk2018-appc2017.pdf |journal=Appc 2017 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |publisher=[[Philippine Institute for Development Studies]] |page=xvii |issn=2546-1761 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208162326/https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/PUBLICATIONS/pidsbk2018-appc2017.pdf |archive-date=February 8, 2023 |access-date=February 8, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Fajardo |first=Fernando |date=March 5, 2014 |title=Poverty and regional development imbalance |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=http://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/22630/poverty-and-regional-development-imbalance |access-date=July 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222102526/http://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/22630/poverty-and-regional-development-imbalance |archive-date=February 22, 2015}}</ref> [[Remittance]]s from [[overseas Filipinos]] contribute significantly to the country's economy;<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Seriño |first1=Moises Neil V. |title=Effects of International Remittances on the Philippine Economy: A Cointegration Analysis |journal=DLSU Business & Economics Review |date=2012 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=47–48 |url=https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/EffectsofInternationalRemittancesonthePhilippineEconomy_ACointegrationAnalysis.pdf |access-date=April 30, 2023 |publisher=[[De La Salle University]] |oclc=855102346 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430132943/https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/EffectsofInternationalRemittancesonthePhilippineEconomy_ACointegrationAnalysis.pdf |archive-date=April 30, 2023}}</ref><ref name=OECD-SMEPolicyIndex2018 /> they reached a record {{currency|37.20&nbsp;billion|USD|linked=no|passthrough=yes}} in 2023, accounting for 8.5 percent of GDP.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Gonzalez |first=Anna Leah |title=OFW remittances hit all-time high in 2023 |work=[[Philippine News Agency]] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1218913 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215073743/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1218913 |archive-date=February 15, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Philippines is the world's primary [[Business process outsourcing in the Philippines|business process outsourcing]] (BPO) center.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=December 2, 2010 |title=Phl overtakes India as world's BPO leader |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2010/12/02/634901/phl-overtakes-india-worlds-bpo-leader |access-date=September 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901193030/https://www.philstar.com/business/2010/12/02/634901/phl-overtakes-india-worlds-bpo-leader |archive-date=September 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Stevens |first=Andrew J. R. |series=Routledge Advances in Sociology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZ0sAwAAQBAJ |title=Call Centers and the Global Division of Labor: A Political Economy of Post-Industrial Employment and Union Organizing |date=2014 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=New York, N.Y. |isbn=978-1-135-11868-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=CZ0sAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1]}}</ref> About 1.3&nbsp;million Filipinos work in the BPO sector, primarily in [[customer service]].<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Arenas |editor-first1=Guillermo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dFWYEAAAQBAJ |title=A New Dawn for Global Value Chain Participation in the Philippines |series=International Development in Focus |editor-last2=Coulibaly |editor-first2=Souleymane |date= 2022 |publisher=[[World Bank Publications]] |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-1-4648-1848-6 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dFWYEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 28–29] |language=en}}</ref>
{{Main article|Telecommunications in the Philippines|Internet in the Philippines|Social networking in the Philippines}}
The Philippines has a sophisticated cellular phone industry and a high concentration of users. [[Text messaging]] is a popular form of communication and, in 2007, the nation sent an average of one billion [[Short message service|SMS]] messages per day. Over five million mobile phone users also use their phones as virtual wallets, making it a leader among developing nations in providing financial transactions over cellular networks.<ref name="pldt"/><ref>Francisco, Rosemarie. (March 4, 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080308115828/http://technology.inquirer.net:80/infotech/infotech/view/20080304-122775/Filipinos-sent-1-billion-text-messages-daily-in-2007 Filipinos sent 1 billion text messages daily in 2007]. ''[[The Philippine Daily Inquirer]]''. Reuters. Retrieved December 18, 2009. </ref><ref name="txt">Teves, Oliver. (October 29, 2007). [http://www.usatoday.com/tech/wireless/phones/2007-09-29-philippines-cell-phones_N.htm Cell phones double as electronic wallets in Philippines]. ''USA Today''. Associated Press. Retrieved December 11, 2009.</ref> The [[Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company]] commonly known as PLDT is the leading telecommunications provider. It is also the largest company in the country.<ref name="pldt">[http://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/37/biz_asiafab08_PLDT-Philippine-Long-Distance-Telephone_YIW4.html "Asia's Fab 50 Companies: PLDT-Philippine Long Distance Telephone"]. ''Forbes''. September 3, 2008. Retrieved 2009-13-14.</ref><ref>[http://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/18/biz_2000global08_The-Global-2000_Counrty_10.html Special Report: The Global 2000]. (April 2, 2008). ''Forbes''. p.10. Retrieved December 14, 2009.</ref>


=== Science and technology ===
The [[National Telecommunications Commission (Philippines)|National Telecommunications Commission]] is the agency responsible for the supervision, adjudication and control over all telecommunications services throughout the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ntc.gov.ph/info_lawsrulesregulations_ntcmanuals.php|title=Laws, Rules & Regulations|publisher=National Telecommunications Commission|accessdate=October 5, 2014}}</ref> There are approximately 383 AM and 659 FM radio stations and 297 television and 873 cable television stations.<ref name="ntc">{{cite web|url=http://portal.ntc.gov.ph/wps/portal/!ut/p/.cmd/cs/.ce/7_0_A/.s/7_0_C7R/_s.7_0_A/7_0_C7R |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628041306/http://portal.ntc.gov.ph/wps/portal/%21ut/p/.cmd/cs/.ce/7_0_A/.s/7_0_C7R/_s.7_0_A/7_0_C7R |archivedate=June 28, 2010 |author=Republic of the Philippines. National Telecommunications Commission. [c. 2010] |title=Broadcast(AM,FM,TV,CATV) – Number of Broadcast and CATV Stations by Region |accessdate=January 16, 2010 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> On March 29, 1994, the country went live on the Internet via a 64 kbit/s connection from a router serviced by [[Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company|PLDT]] to a Sprint router in California.<ref>{{cite web|last=Guerrero|first=Alora Uy|url =https://ph.news.yahoo.com/timeline-philippine-internet-20th-anniversary-225454753.html|title=#20PHnet: A timeline of Philippine Internet|publisher=[[Yahoo]]|date=March 20, 2014|accessdate=October 5, 2014}}</ref> Estimates for [[Internet in the Philippines|Internet]] penetration in the Philippines vary widely ranging from a low of 2.5&nbsp;million to a high of 24&nbsp;million people.<ref name="ntc2">{{cite web|url=http://portal.ntc.gov.ph/wps/portal/!ut/p/.cmd/cs/.ce/7_0_A/.s/7_0_EBH/_s.7_0_A/7_0_EBH |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125092934/http://portal.ntc.gov.ph/wps/portal/%21ut/p/.cmd/cs/.ce/7_0_A/.s/7_0_EBH/_s.7_0_A/7_0_EBH |archivedate=January 25, 2009 |author=Republic of the Philippines. National Telecommunications Commission. [c. 2010] |title=Internet Service Providers – Internet Service |accessdate=January 16, 2010 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref>Internet World Stats. (2009). [http://www.internetworldstats.com/asia/ph.htm Philippines: Internet Usage Stats and Marketing Report]. Miniwatts Marketing Group. Retrieved January 22, 2009.</ref> [[Social networking in the Philippines|Social networking]] and watching videos are among the most frequent Internet activities.<ref name=Capital>{{cite web|author=Liao, Jerry|title=The Philippines – Social Networking Capital of the World|url=http://asia.cnet.com/blogs/infochat/post.htm?id=63003580|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516034328/http://asia.cnet.com/blogs/infochat/post.htm?id=63003580|archivedate=May 16, 2008|publisher=Cnet Asia|date=May 9, 2008|accessdate=November 8, 2009}}</ref>
{{Main|Science and technology in the Philippines|Philippine space program}}
[[File:Head Quarters of the International Rice Research Institute in Los Baños - panoramio.jpg|thumb|alt=Modern, landscaped office building|Headquarters of the [[International Rice Research Institute]] in [[Los Baños, Laguna]]]]


The Philippines has one of the largest agricultural-research systems in Asia, despite relatively low spending on agricultural research and development.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Baconguis |first=Rowena T. |date=February 14, 2022 |title=Agricultural Technology: Why Does the Level of Agricultural Production Remain Low Despite Increased Investments in Research and Extension? |url=https://think-asia.org/bitstream/handle/11540/14877/pidsdps2206.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=PIDS Discussion Paper Series |publisher=[[Philippine Institute for Development Studies]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |oclc=1302730898 |page=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224005936/https://think-asia.org/bitstream/handle/11540/14877/pidsdps2206.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |access-date=February 24, 2023 |via=Think Asia}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|last1=Stads |first1=Gert-Jan |last2=Faylon |first2=Patricio S. |last3=Buendia |first3=Leah J. |title=Key trends in agricultural R&D investments in the Philippines |url=https://ebrary.ifpri.org/digital/collection/p15738coll2/id/32328 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230224011436/https://ebrary.ifpri.org/digital/collection/p15738coll2/id/32328 |date=March 2007 |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |access-date=February 24, 2023 |publisher=[[International Food Policy Research Institute]], [[Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources Research and Development|Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development]]}}</ref> The country has developed new varieties of crops, including [[Rice production in the Philippines|rice]],<ref>{{cite book|type=Conference proceeding |editor-last1=Virmani |editor-first1=S. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xA1jRdqJJzcC |title=Advances in Hybrid Rice Technology: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Hybrid Rice, 14–16 November 1996, Hyderabad, India |editor-last2=Siddiq |editor-first2=E. A. |editor-last3=Muralidharan |editor-first3=K. |date=1998 |publisher=[[International Rice Research Institute]] |location=Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines |isbn=978-971-22-0115-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xA1jRdqJJzcC&pg=PA341 341] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Ricroch |editor-first1=Agnès |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VzkqBAAAQBAJ |title=Plant Biotechnology: Experience and Future Prospects |editor-last2=Chopra |editor-first2=Surinder |editor-last3=Fleischer |editor-first3=Shelby J. |date=July 11, 2014 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |location=Cham, Switzerland|isbn=978-3-319-06892-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VzkqBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA256 256] |language=en}}</ref> coconuts,<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Cumo |editor-first1=Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ja7WAQAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants: From Acacia to Zinnia |volume=I: A–F |title=Coconut |date=April 25, 2013 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-59884-775-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ja7WAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA298 298] |language=en}}</ref> and bananas.<ref>{{cite book|type=Conference proceeding |editor-last1=Molina |editor-first1=A. B. |editor-last2=Roa |editor-first2=V. N. |editor-last3=Maghuyop |editor-first3=M. A. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xnY61doEaJUC |title=Advancing banana and plantain R & D in Asia and the Pacific Vol. 10: Proceedings of the 10th INIBAP-ASPNET Regional Advisory Committee meeting held at Bangkok, Thailand, 10–11 November 2000 |date=2001 |publisher=[[International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain]] |location=Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines |isbn=978-971-91751-5-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xnY61doEaJUC&pg=PA53 53] |language=en}}</ref> Research organizations include the [[Philippine Rice Research Institute]]<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=June 1, 2022 |title=Philippine Rice Research and Technological Advancements |work=[[BusinessMirror]] |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/06/01/nsic-okays-14-rice-varieties-developed-by-irri-philrice/ |access-date=February 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601083727/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/06/01/nsic-okays-14-rice-varieties-developed-by-irri-philrice/ |archive-date=June 1, 2022}}</ref> and the [[International Rice Research Institute]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Philippines |url=https://www.irri.org/where-we-work/countries/philippines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714103217/https://www.irri.org/where-we-work/countries/philippines |archive-date=July 14, 2019 |access-date=February 9, 2023 |publisher=[[International Rice Research Institute]] |language=en}}</ref>
===Tourism===
{{Main article|Tourism in the Philippines}}


The [[Philippine Space Agency]] maintains the [[Philippine space program|country's space program]],<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Verspieren |editor-first1=Quentin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQdZEAAAQBAJ |title=ASEAN Space Programs: History and Way Forward |editor-last2=Berthet |editor-first2=Maximilien |editor-last3=Coral |editor-first3=Giulio |editor-last4=Nakasuka |editor-first4=Shinichi |editor-last5=Shiroyama |editor-first5=Hideaki |date=January 12, 2022 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-16-7326-9 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OQdZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 57–58] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kim |first=Doo Hwan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KUIoEAAAQBAJ |title=Global Issues Surrounding Outer Space Law and Policy |series=Advances in Public Policy and Administration (APPA) Book Series |date=2021 |publisher=IGI Global |location=Hershey, Pa. |isbn=978-1-7998-7409-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KUIoEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA69 69] |language=en}}</ref> and the country bought its first [[List of Philippine satellites|satellite]] in 1996.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=July 25, 1996 |title=Mabuhay acquires Indon satellite; sets new orbit |page=9 |work=[[Manila Standard]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1370&dat=19960725&id=9mUVAAAAIBAJ&pg=6158,3894648 |access-date=July 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728061150/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1370&dat=19960725&id=9mUVAAAAIBAJ&pg=6158,3894648 |archive-date=July 28, 2020 |via=[[Google News]]}}</ref> [[Diwata-1]], its first [[Small satellite#Microsatellites|micro-satellite]], was launched on the United States' [[Cygnus (spacecraft)|Cygnus]] spacecraft in 2016.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Ronda |first=Rainier Allan |date=March 24, 2016 |title=US aircraft with Philippines's first microsatellite launched into space |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/03/24/1566175/us-aircraft-philippiness-first-microsatellite-launched-space |access-date=March 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327120259/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/03/24/1566175/us-aircraft-philippiness-first-microsatellite-launched-space |archive-date=March 27, 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Boracay White Beach - panoramio - Tuderna.jpg|thumb|alt=View of white sand beaches of [[Boracay]].|White sand beaches of [[Boracay]].]]
The travel and tourism sector is a major contributor to the [[Economy of the Philippines|economy]], contributing 7.1% to the Philippine GDP in 2013 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://knoema.com/atlas/Philippines/topics/Tourism/Travel-and-Tourism-Total-Contribution-to-GDP/Total-Contribution-to-GDP-percent-share|title=Philippines – Travel & Tourism Total Contribution to GDP – Travel & Tourism Total Contribution to GDP – % share|accessdate=September 19, 2014}}</ref> and providing 1,226,500 jobs or 3.2 percent of total employment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/353267/economy/business/travel-and-tourism-to-contribute-p490b-or-3-8-to-2014-phl-output-says-council|title=Travel and tourism to contribute P490B or 3.8% to 2014 PHL output, says council|publisher=GMA News and Current Affairs|date=March 19, 2014|accessdate=September 19, 2014}}</ref> 2,433,428 international visitors arrived from January to June 2014 up by 2.22% in the same period in 2013. South Korea, China, and Japan accounted for 58.78% while the Americas accounted for 19.28% and Europe 10.64%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tourism.gov.ph/Pages/IndustryPerformance.aspx|title=International Tourist Arrivals and Receipts for January to June 2014 |accessdate=September 19, 2014}}</ref> The [[Department of Tourism (Philippines)|Department of Tourism]] has responsibility for the management and promotion of the tourism sector.


The Philippines has a [[List of countries by smartphone penetration|high concentration]] of [[Mobile phone|cellular-phone]] users,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pertierra |first1=Raul |title=We Reveal Ourselves to Ourselves: The New Communication Media in the Philippines |journal=Social Science Diliman |date=June 2013 |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=25 |url=https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/socialsciencediliman/article/view/3920/3573 |access-date=July 1, 2023 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines]] |issn=1655-1524 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225214150/https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/socialsciencediliman/article/view/3920/3573 |archive-date=February 25, 2017}}</ref> and a high level of [[mobile commerce]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Teves |first=Oliver |date=September 29, 2007 |title=Cell phones double as electronic wallets in Philippines |work=[[USA Today]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/tech/wireless/phones/2007-09-29-philippines-cell-phones_N.htm |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025035722/https://www.usatoday.com/tech/wireless/phones/2007-09-29-philippines-cell-phones_N.htm |archive-date=October 25, 2007}}</ref> [[Text messaging]] is a popular form of communication, and the nation sent an average of one&nbsp;billion [[SMS]] messages per day in 2007.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Francisco |first=Rosemarie |date=March 4, 2008 |title=Filipinos sent 1 billion text messages daily in 2007 |language=en |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |agency=[[Reuters]] |url=http://technology.inquirer.net/infotech/infotech/view/20080304-122775/Filipinos-sent-1-billion-text-messages-daily-in-2007 |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308115828/http://technology.inquirer.net/infotech/infotech/view/20080304-122775/Filipinos-sent-1-billion-text-messages-daily-in-2007 |archive-date=March 8, 2008}}</ref> The [[Telecommunications in the Philippines|Philippine telecommunications industry]] had been dominated by the [[PLDT]]-[[Globe Telecom]] duopoly for more than two decades,<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Elliott |first1=Vittoria |last2=Deck |first2=Andrew |date=November 2, 2020 |title=Duterte, Dito, and the Duopoly |work=Rest of World |url=https://restofworld.org/2020/duterte-dito-and-the-duopoly/ |access-date=February 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102142904/https://restofworld.org/2020/duterte-dito-and-the-duopoly/ |archive-date=November 2, 2020}}</ref> and the 2021 entry of [[Dito Telecommunity]] improved the country's telecommunications service.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Cuyco |first=Jan |date=July 1, 2022 |title=No longer a duopoly, Philippines' mobile market sees improved 4G, 5G availability – Ookla |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2022/07/01/2192313/no-longer-duopoly-philippines-mobile-market-sees-improved-4g-5g-availability-ookla |access-date=February 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701073711/https://www.philstar.com/business/2022/07/01/2192313/no-longer-duopoly-philippines-mobile-market-sees-improved-4g-5g-availability-ookla |archive-date=July 1, 2022}}</ref>
The country's rich biodiversity is one of the main tourist attractions with its beaches, mountains, rainforests, islands and diving spots among the most popular tourist destinations. As an archipelago consisting of about 7,500 islands, the Philippines has numerous beaches, caves and other rock formations. [[Boracay]] has glaring white sand beaches and was named as the best island in the world by [[Travel + Leisure]] in 2012.<ref name="mb.com.ph">{{cite news|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/365540/boracay-2012-world-s-best-island||archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715024241/http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/365540/boracay-2012-world-s-best-island|archivedate=July 15, 2012|title=Boracay 2012 World's Best Island|date=July 11, 2012}}</ref> The [[Banaue Rice Terraces]] in Ifugao, the historic town of [[Vigan]] in [[Ilocos Sur]], the [[Chocolate Hills]] in Bohol, [[Magellan's Cross]] in [[Cebu]] and the [[Tubbataha Reef]] in Visayas are other highlights.


=== Tourism ===
The Philippines is also one of the favorite [[retirement]] destinations for foreigners due to its warm climate all year round, beaches and low cost of living.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/best-places-to-retire-abroad-the-philippines-1432827258 Best Place to Retire], Wall Street Journal</ref>
{{Main|Tourism in the Philippines}}
[[File:Chocolate Hills and tourists.jpg|thumb|alt=People on an observation deck overlooking hills|Tourists at [[Chocolate Hills]], conical [[karst]] hills in [[Bohol]]]]
The Philippines is a popular retirement destination for foreigners because of its climate and low cost of living.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Frost |first=Charles |date=May 31, 2015 |title=Best Place to Retire |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/best-places-to-retire-abroad-the-philippines-1432827258 |access-date=July 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601033128/https://www.wsj.com/articles/best-places-to-retire-abroad-the-philippines-1432827258 |archive-date=June 1, 2015}}</ref> The country's main tourist attractions are [[List of beaches in the Philippines|its numerous beaches]];<ref name="Woods-2006" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eajOEAAAQBAJ&pg=109|name=109}}}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zafra |first1=Maria Angela G. |title=Developing the Philippine Blue Economy: Opportunities and Challenges in the Ocean Tourism Sector |url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/761906/adbi-wp1291.pdf |publisher=[[Asian Development Bank Institute]] |access-date=May 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104111713/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/761906/adbi-wp1291.pdf |archive-date=January 4, 2022 |location=Tokyo, Japan |pages=8–9 |date=December 2021 |journal=ADBI Working Paper Series |issue=1291}}</ref> the Philippines is also a top destination for diving enthusiasts.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Nordquist |editor-first1=Myron H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gny9DwAAQBAJ |title=Cooperation and Engagement in the Asia-Pacific Region |editor-last2=Moore |editor-first2=John Norton |editor-last3=Long |editor-first3=Ronán |date=November 11, 2019 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |location=Leiden, Netherlands |isbn=978-90-04-41202-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Gny9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 72] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Rocamora |first=Joyce Ann L. |date=December 16, 2021 |title=PH still world's leading dive destination in 2021: WTA |language=en |work=[[Philippine News Agency]] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1162963 |access-date=February 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216093702/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1162963 |archive-date=December 16, 2021}}</ref> [[List of tourist attractions in the Philippines|Tourist spots]] include [[Boracay]], called the best island in the world by ''[[Travel + Leisure]]'' in 2012;<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Malig |first=Jojo |date=July 9, 2012 |title=Boracay named 2012 world's best island |work=[[ABS-CBN News]] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/07/06/12/boracay-named-2012-worlds-best-island |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218054435/https://news.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/07/06/12/boracay-named-2012-worlds-best-island |archive-date=February 18, 2016}}</ref> [[Coron, Palawan|Coron]] and [[El Nido, Palawan|El Nido]] in Palawan; [[Cebu]]; [[Siargao]], and [[Bohol]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Zubiri |first=Stephanie |date=November 18, 2022 |title=Beyond the beaches: five adventure experiences in the Philippines |language=en-gb |work=[[National Geographic]] |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/travel/bc/2022/11/beyond-the-beaches-five-unusual-experiences-in-the-philippines |access-date=February 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128091050/https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/travel/bc/2022/11/beyond-the-beaches-five-unusual-experiences-in-the-philippines |archive-date=November 28, 2022}}</ref>


Tourism contributed 5.2 percent to the Philippine GDP in 2021 (lower than 12.7 percent in 2019, before the COVID-19 pandemic),<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Ochave |first=Revin Mikhael D. |date=June 21, 2022 |title=Philippine tourism industry seen to reach pre-pandemic levels by 2024 |work=[[BusinessWorld]] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2022/06/22/456578/philippine-tourism-industry-seen-to-reach-pre-pandemic-levels-by-2024/ |access-date=November 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621174641/https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2022/06/22/456578/philippine-tourism-industry-seen-to-reach-pre-pandemic-levels-by-2024/ |archive-date=June 21, 2022}}</ref> and provided 5.7&nbsp;million jobs in 2019.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=October 21, 2020 |title=Inbound int'l tourism may pick up starting late 2021 |work=[[BusinessWorld]] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/editors-picks/2020/10/22/324125/inbound-intl-tourism-may-pick-up-starting-late-2021/ |access-date=November 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111072858/https://www.bworldonline.com/editors-picks/2020/10/22/324125/inbound-intl-tourism-may-pick-up-starting-late-2021/ |archive-date=November 11, 2022}}</ref> The Philippines attracted 5.45&nbsp;million international visitors in 2023, 30 percent lower than the 8.26 million record in pre-pandemic 2019; most tourists came from South Korea (26.4 percent), United States (16.5 percent), Japan (5.6 percent), Australia (4.89 percent), and China (4.84 percent).<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Arnaldo |first1=Ma. Stella F. |title=International tourists spent $8.69 billion in PHL in 2023–DOT |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2024/01/03/international-tourists-spent-8-69-billion-in-phl-in-2023-dot/ |access-date=January 3, 2024 |work=[[BusinessMirror]] |date=January 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102185145/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2024/01/03/international-tourists-spent-8-69-billion-in-phl-in-2023-dot/ |archive-date=January 2, 2024}}</ref>
===Water supply and sanitation===
{{Main article|Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines}}
[[File:Ambuklao Dam captured by Mitchell Yumul.jpeg|thumb|[[Ambuklao Dam]] in [[Bokod, Benguet|Bokod]], [[Benguet]].]]
Among the achievements of the government in the Philippines are a high access to an [[improved water source]] of 92% in 2010; the creation of financially sustainable water service providers ("Water Districts") in small and medium towns with the continuous long-term support of a national agency (the "Local Water Utilities Administration" LWUA); and the improvement of access, service quality and efficiency in Manila through two high-profle water concessions awarded in 1997.<ref name="Asian Development Bank 2007">{{cite journal|author = Asian Development Bank|authorlink = Asian Development Bank|author2 = Asia-Pacific Water Forum|title = Country Paper Philippines. Asian Water Development Outlook 2007|journal = |volume = |issue = |pages = |publisher = |year = 2007|url = http://www.adb.org/publications/asian-water-development-outlook-2007|doi = |issn = |isbn = |id = |accessdate = April 14, 2008}}, p. 12</ref>


== Infrastructure ==
The challenges include limited access to sanitation services, high pollution of water resources, often poor drinking water quality and poor service quality, a fragmentation of executive functions at the national level among numerous agencies, and a fragmentation of service provision at the local level into many small service providers.<ref name="Asian Development Bank 2007"/>


=== Transportation ===
In 2015 it was reported by the [[Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation]] by WHO and UNICEF that 74% of the population had access to [[improved sanitation]] and that "good progress" had been made.<ref name=":0">Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) (2015). [http://www.wssinfo.org/documents/ 25 years Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water – 2015 Update and MDG Assessment]. UNICEF and World Health Organization Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP), New York, Geneva, p. 68 ({{ISBN|978 92 4 150914 5}})</ref> The access to improved sanitation was reported to be similar for the urban and rural population.<ref name=":0"/>
[[File:Traditional and modern jeepneys in Diliman, Quezon City on March 16, 2023.jpg|thumb|alt=Two white buses side by side, one larger than the other|Traditional ''(left)'' and modern [[jeepney]]s in [[Quezon City]]. Public utility vehicles older than 15 years are [[Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program|gradually being phased out]] in favor of eco-friendly [[European emission standards|Euro 4]]-compliant vehicles.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Malasique |first1=Arion Mari P. |last2=Rubio |first2=Windsor Redz C. |last3=Rosete |first3=Marie Antoinette L. |title=Analyzing the Implementation of the Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program (PUVMP) to the Employment of PUV Drivers in the Philippines |journal=Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management Research |date=February 4, 2022 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=45, 48 |url=https://jiemar.org/index.php/jiemar/article/view/250/190 |access-date=April 30, 2023 |issn=2722-8878 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430050528/https://jiemar.org/index.php/jiemar/article/download/250/190/ |archive-date=April 30, 2023}}</ref>]]


[[Transportation in the Philippines]] is by road, air, rail and water. Roads are the dominant form of transport, carrying 98 percent of people and 58 percent of cargo.<ref name="ADBOrg-PH-Transport">{{cite report|url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/33700/files/philippines-transport-assessment.pdf |title=Philippines: Transport Sector Assessment, Strategy, and Road Map |date=2012 |publisher=[[Asian Development Bank]] |location=Mandaluyong, Philippines |isbn=978-92-9092-855-3 |pages=1–2 |access-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803210126/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/33700/files/philippines-transport-assessment.pdf |archive-date=August 3, 2016}}</ref> In December 2018, there were {{convert|210528|km|mi|sp=us}} of roads in the country.<ref>{{cite report|date=February 22, 2019 |title=Department of Public Works and Highways; Strategic Infrastructure Programs and Policies |url=https://iro.ph/article_doc/eaaa3b67_Philippine%20Economic%20Briefing%20(Osaka,Japan)%20-%20DPWH%20Presentation.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827174411/https://iro.ph/article_doc/eaaa3b67_Philippine%20Economic%20Briefing%20%28Osaka,Japan%29%20-%20DPWH%20Presentation.pdf |archive-date=August 27, 2020 |access-date=September 2, 2020 |website=Investor Relations Office |publisher=[[Department of Public Works and Highways (Philippines)|Department of Public Works and Highways]] |page=2}}</ref> The backbone of land-based transportation in the country is the [[Pan-Philippine Highway]], which connects the islands of Luzon, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvYCDAAAQBAJ |title=The Report: Philippines 2015 |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford Business Group |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-910068-26-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wvYCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA152E 152]}}</ref> Inter-island transport is by the {{convert|919|km|mi|adj=on|sp=us}} [[Strong Republic Nautical Highway]], an integrated set of highways and [[ferry]] routes linking 17 cities.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Odchimar |first1=Anita II |last2=Hanaoka |first2=Shinya |title=Intermodal Road-RoRo Transport in the Philippines, its Development and Position in the Domestic Shipping |journal=Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies |date=2015 |volume=11 |pages=741–746 |doi=10.11175/easts.11.739 |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/easts/11/0/11_739/_pdf/-char/ja |access-date=May 10, 2023 |publisher=Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies |issn=1881-1124 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510102758/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/easts/11/0/11_739/_pdf/-char/ja |archive-date=May 10, 2023 |via=[[J-STAGE]] |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.adb.org/publications/bridges-across-oceans-initial-impact-assessment-philippines-nautical-highway-system-and |title=Bridges across Oceans: Initial Impact Assessment of the Philippines Nautical Highway System and Lessons for Southeast Asia |date=April 2010 |publisher=[[Asian Development Bank]] |location=Metro Manila, Philippines |isbn=978-971-561-896-0 |pages=11–17 |access-date=February 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225182806/https://www.adb.org/publications/bridges-across-oceans-initial-impact-assessment-philippines-nautical-highway-system-and |archive-date=February 25, 2023}}</ref> [[Jeepney]]s are a popular, iconic public utility vehicle;<ref name="Boquet-2017" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA496|name=496–497}}}} other public land transport includes [[List of bus companies of the Philippines|buses]], [[UV Express]], {{abbr|TNVS|transport network vehicle service}}, Filcab, [[Taxis of the Philippines|taxi]]s, and [[Motorized tricycle (Philippines)|tricycle]]s.<ref>{{cite report|last1=Department of Transportation |url=https://www.dilg.gov.ph/PDF_File/reports_resources/dilg-reports-resources-2017112_2cf0f97098.pdf |title=Local Public Transport Route Plan Manual |volume=1 |last2=Department of the Interior and Local Government |last3=Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board |date=October 2017 |pages=7, 16 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801043749/https://www.dilg.gov.ph/PDF_File/reports_resources/dilg-reports-resources-2017112_2cf0f97098.pdf |archive-date=August 1, 2020|author1-link=Department of Transportation (Philippines) |author2-link=Department of the Interior and Local Government |author3-link=Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Hansen |editor-first1=Arve |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC4lDwAAQBAJ |title=Cars, Automobility and Development in Asia: Wheels of change |series=Routledge Studies in Transport, Environment and Development |editor-last2=Nielsen |editor-first2=Kenneth Bo |date=2016 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-317-39672-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FC4lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA125 125]}}</ref> Traffic is a significant issue [[Traffic in Metro Manila|in Manila]] and on arterial roads to the capital.<ref>{{cite report|date=December 2017 |title=Preparing the Metro Manila Transport Project, Phase 1: Project Preparatory Technical Assistance Report |url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-documents/51117-002-ld-01.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707035400/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-documents/51117-002-ld-01.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2022 |access-date=February 10, 2023 |publisher=[[Asian Development Bank]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Santos |first=Luis Pocholo A. |date=December 2020 |title=Influence of Traffic Congestion in Business Development: A Literature Review |url=https://ijesc.org/upload/2440a2983ccced0de91c9f08a3a6c875.Influence%20of%20Traffic%20Congestion%20in%20Business%20Development%20A%20Literature%20Review.pdf |journal=International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=27497–27498 |issn=2321-3361 |access-date=February 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210080714/https://ijesc.org/upload/2440a2983ccced0de91c9f08a3a6c875.Influence%20of%20Traffic%20Congestion%20in%20Business%20Development%20A%20Literature%20Review.pdf |archive-date=February 10, 2023}}</ref>
==Demographics==
{{Main article|Demographics of the Philippines|Filipinos|Overseas Filipinos}}
[[File:Philippines Population Density Map.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Population density per province {{As of|2009|lc=y}} per square kilometer.]]


Despite wider historical use,<ref>{{cite journal|date=1908 |title=The Railway Age |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqA9AQAAMAAJ |journal=[[Railroad Gazette]] |language=en |volume=XLV |issue=5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hqA9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA148 148] |issn=0149-4430 |oclc=675807010}}</ref> [[rail transportation in the Philippines]] is limited<ref name="Boquet-2017" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA491|name=491}}}} to [[Rail transportation in the Greater Manila Area|transporting passengers within Metro Manila]] and the provinces of [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]]<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Cinco |first=Maricar |date=September 20, 2019 |title=PNR extends train trips to Los Baños |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1166894/pnr-extends-train-trips-to-los-banos |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920094211/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1166894/pnr-extends-train-trips-to-los-banos |archive-date=September 20, 2019}}</ref> and [[Quezon City|Quezon]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Barroga |first=Gienel |date=June 26, 2022 |title=PNR San Pablo-Lucena line reopens |work=[[CNN Philippines]] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/6/26/PNR-San-Pablo-Lucena-line-reopens.html |access-date=August 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626062944/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/6/26/PNR-San-Pablo-Lucena-line-reopens.html |archive-date=June 26, 2022}}</ref> with a short track in the [[Bicol Region]].<ref name="Boquet-2017" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA491|name=491}}}} The country had a railway footprint of only {{convert|79|km|sp=us}} {{as of|2019|lc=y}}, which it planned to expand to {{convert|244|km|sp=us}}.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Galang |first1=Vincent Mariel P. |date=June 20, 2019 |title=JICA still has 900B yen to fund rail expansion in Philippines |work=[[BusinessWorld]] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/jica-still-has-900b-yen-to-fund-rail-expansion-in-philippines/ |access-date=June 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621011358/https://www.bworldonline.com/jica-still-has-900b-yen-to-fund-rail-expansion-in-philippines/ |archive-date=June 21, 2019}}</ref> A revival of [[freight rail]] is planned to reduce road congestion.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Yee |first=Jovic |date=March 12, 2018 |title=PNR to offer freight service soon |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/974414/pnr-to-offer-freight-service-soon |access-date=August 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312023448/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/974414/pnr-to-offer-freight-service-soon |archive-date=March 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Amojelar |first=Darwin G. |date=October 4, 2018 |title=DOTr to revive Manila-Laguna cargo rail project |work=[[Manila Standard]] |url=https://manilastandard.net/business/transport-tourism/277153/dotr-to-revive-manila-laguna-cargo-rail-project.html |access-date=August 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109033602/https://manilastandard.net/business/transport-tourism/277153/dotr-to-revive-manila-laguna-cargo-rail-project.html |archive-date=November 9, 2020}}</ref>
The population of the Philippines increased from 1990 to 2008 by approximately 28 million, a 45% growth in that time frame.<ref name=IEApop2011>[http://www.iea.org/co2highlights/co2Highlights.XLS CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion] Population 1971–2008 ([http://iea.org/co2highlights/co2highlights.pdf pdf] page 86); page 86 of the pdf, IEA (OECD/ World Bank) (original population ref OECD/ World Bank e.g. in IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2010 page 57)</ref> The first [[Philippines census|official census]] in the Philippines was carried out in 1877 and recorded a population of 5,567,685.<ref>Republic of the Philippines. National Statistical Coordination Board. [http://www.nscb.gov.ph/secstat/d_popn.asp Population of the Philippines Census Years 1799 to 2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704171010/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/secstat/d_popn.asp |date=July 4, 2012 }}. Retrieved December 11, 2009.</ref>


The Philippines had [[List of airports in the Philippines|90 national government-owned airports]] {{as of|2022|lc=y}}, of which eight are [[international airport|international]].<ref name="PIDSGovPH-Francisco-Lim">{{cite journal|last1=Francisco |first1=Kris A. |last2=Lim |first2=Valerie L. |date=December 2022 |title=Philippine Air Transport Infrastructure: State, Issues, Government Strategies |url=https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/document/pidsdps2262.pdf |journal=PIDS Discussion Paper Series |location=Quezon City, Philippines |publisher=[[Philippine Institute for Development Studies]] |pages=3–5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103074218/https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/document/pidsdps2262.pdf |archive-date=January 3, 2023 |access-date=February 21, 2023}}</ref> [[Ninoy Aquino International Airport]], formerly known as Manila International Airport, has the [[List of the busiest airports in the Philippines|greatest number of passengers]].<ref name="PIDSGovPH-Francisco-Lim" /> The 2017<!-- see p. 149 in the supporting 2017 cite--> [[List of airlines of the Philippines|air domestic market]] was dominated by [[Philippine Airlines]], the country's [[flag carrier]] and Asia's oldest commercial airline,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Park |first1=Seung Ho |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u6SDQAAQBAJ |title=ASEAN Champions: Emerging Stalwarts in Regional Integration |last2=Ungson |first2=Gerardo Rivera |last3=Francisco |first3=Jamil Paolo S. |date=2017 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=978-1-107-12900-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6u6SDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA80 80] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=About PAL |url=http://www.philippineairlines.com/about_pal/about_pal.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207160631/http://philippineairlines.com/about_pal/about_pal.jsp |archive-date=February 7, 2009 |access-date=May 4, 2013 |publisher=[[Philippine Airlines]]}}.</ref> and [[Cebu Pacific]] (the country's leading [[low-cost carrier]]).<ref>{{cite report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eY-Oq1IGzdMC |title=The Report: Philippines 2009 |publisher=Oxford Business Group |year=2009 |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-902339-12-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=eY-Oq1IGzdMC&pg=PA97 97]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Doria |first1=Sheena DC. |last2=De Vera |first2=Leo P. Jr. |last3=Parel |first3=Danice Angelee C. |title=Business Models and Selected Performance Metrics of Philippine Airlines and Cebu Pacific: An Exploratory Comparative Analysis |journal=Southeast Asian Journal of Science and Technology |date=2017 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=148–149 |url=https://www.sajst.org/online/index.php/sajst/article/download/197/144/ |access-date=April 7, 2023 |publisher=[[Pangasinan State University]]-Lingayen Campus |issn=2672-2992 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407184736/https://www.sajst.org/online/index.php/sajst/article/download/197/144/ |archive-date=April 7, 2023}}</ref>
It is estimated that half of the population resides on the island of Luzon. The 3.21% population growth rate between 1995 and 2000 decreased to an estimated 1.95% for the 2005–2010 period, but remains a [[Reproductive Health Bill (Philippines)|contentious issue]].<ref name=Officialpop>{{cite web|url = http://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2008/pr0830tx.html |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120910051344/http://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2008/pr0830tx.html |archivedate = September 10, 2012 |title = Official population count reveals |author = Philippine Statistics Authority |year = 2008 |accessdate = April 17, 2008}}</ref><ref name=gma>{{cite web|url = http://www.gmanews.tv/100days/story/202186/bishops-threaten-civil-disobedience-over-rh-bill |date = September 29, 2010 |title = Bishops threaten civil disobedience over RH bill |publisher = GMA News |accessdate = October 16, 2010 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110221140718/http://www.gmanews.tv/100days/story/202186/bishops-threaten-civil-disobedience-over-rh-bill |archivedate = February 21, 2011}}</ref> The population's median age is 22.7 years with 60.9% aged from 15 to 64 years old.<ref name=CIAfactbook/> Life expectancy at birth is 71.94 years, 75.03 years for females and 68.99 years for males.<ref name="worldfactbook1">{{cite web|url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2102.html |author = Central Intelligence Agency |title = Field Listing :: Life expectancy at birth |publisher = Washington, D.C.: Author |accessdate = December 11, 2009}}</ref> Poverty Incidence significantly dropped to 21.6% in 2015 from 25.2% in 2012.<ref name= phpovertyincidence>Republic of the Philippines. National Statistics Office. [http://psa.gov.ph/poverty-press-releases ''Poverty Incidence'']</ref>


A variety of boats are used throughout the Philippines;<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Roxas-Lim |first=Aurora |url=http://www.ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/091_Traditional_Boatbuilding_and_Philippine_Maritime_Culture.pdf |title=Traditional Boatbuilding and Philippine Maritime Culture |publisher=Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region, [[United Nations]] |access-date=August 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212173603/http://www.ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/091_Traditional_Boatbuilding_and_Philippine_Maritime_Culture.pdf |archive-date=December 12, 2019 |pages=219–222 }}</ref> most are [[outrigger boat|double-outrigger]] vessels known as ''banca''<ref name="Aguilar-2004">{{cite book|last1=Aguilar |first1=Glenn D. |title=In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries |publisher=[[Department of Agriculture (Philippines)|Department of Agriculture]]-[[Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources]] |location=Cebu City, Philippines |year=2004 |isbn=978-971-92753-4-3 |editor-last1=Silvestre |editor-first1=Geronimo |pages=118–121 |chapter=Philippine Fishing Boats |editor-last2=Green |editor-first2=Stuart J. |editor-last3=White |editor-first3=Alan T. |editor-last4=Armada |editor-first4=Nygiel |editor-last5=Luna |editor-first5=Cesar |editor-last6=Cruz-Trinidad |editor-first6=Annabelle |editor-last7=Carreon |editor-first7=Marciano F. III |chapter-url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PBAAB124.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429082453/https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PBAAB124.pdf |archive-date=April 29, 2017 |via=[[United States Agency for International Development]] |access-date=April 2, 2023}}</ref> or {{lang|fil|[[Bangka (boat)|bangka]]}}.<ref name="Funtecha-2000">{{cite journal|last=Funtecha |first=Henry F. |date=2000 |title=The history and culture of boats and boat-building in the Western Visayas |journal=Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society |publisher=[[University of San Carlos]] |volume=28 |issue=2 |issn=0115-0243 |pages=111–132 |jstor=29792457}}</ref> Modern ships use plywood instead of logs, and motor engines instead of sails;<ref name="Aguilar-2004" /> they are used for fishing and inter-island travel.<ref name="Funtecha-2000" /> The Philippines has [[List of ports in the Philippines|over 1,800 seaports]];<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=San Juan |first=Andrea E. |date=November 3, 2022 |title=Expert presents options to resolve Philippine seaports' 'inadequacy' |work=[[BusinessMirror]] |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/11/03/expert-presents-options-to-resolve-philippine-seaports-inadequacy/ |access-date=February 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102195328/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/11/03/expert-presents-options-to-resolve-philippine-seaports-inadequacy/ |archive-date=November 2, 2022}}</ref> of these, the principal seaports of [[Port of Manila|Manila]] (the country's chief, and busiest, port),<ref>{{cite tech report |last1=Ali |first1=Mubarik |last2=Porciuncula |first2=Fe |title=Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture in Metro Manila: Resources and Opportunities for Food Production |date=December 1, 2001 |publisher=[[World Vegetable Center|AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center]] |isbn=978-92-9058-121-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=neSXAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 12] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=neSXAgAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> [[Batangas International Port|Batangas]], [[Port of Subic Bay|Subic Bay]], [[Port of Cebu|Cebu]], [[Port of Iloilo|Iloilo]], [[Port of Davao|Davao]], [[Port of Cagayan de Oro|Cagayan de Oro]], [[Port of General Santos|General Santos]], and [[Port of Zamboanga|Zamboanga]] are part of the ASEAN Transport Network.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/30420/regional-and-subregional-program-links.pdf |title=Regional and subregional program links: Mapping the links between ASEAN and the GMS, BIMP-EAGA, and IMT-GT |date=September 2013 |publisher=[[Asian Development Bank]] |location=Mandaluyong, Philippines |isbn=978-92-9254-203-0 |page=27 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801035953/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/30420/regional-and-subregional-program-links.pdf |archive-date=August 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|last=PDP Australia Pty Ltd/Meyrick and Associates |date=March 1, 2005 |title=Promoting Efficient and Competitive Intra-ASEAN Shipping Services – The Philippines Country Report |url=https://www.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Philippines.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801041010/https://www.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Philippines.pdf |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |publisher=[[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] |page=11}}</ref>
Since the liberalization of United States immigration laws in 1965, the number of people in the United States having [[Filipino American|Filipino]] ancestry has grown substantially. In 2007 there were an estimated<ref>Asis, Maruja M.B. (January 2006). "[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=364 The Philippines' Culture of Migration]". ''Migration Information Source''. Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved December 14, 2009.</ref><ref name="Census2007 offilipinos">{{cite web
|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-context=ip&-reg=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201:038;ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201PR:038;ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201T:038;ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201TPR:038&-qr_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&-tree_id=306&-redoLog=false&-geo_id=01000US&-geo_id=NBSP&-search_results=16000US3651000&-format=&-_lang=en
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107055111/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-context=ip&-reg=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201%3A038%3BACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201PR%3A038%3BACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201T%3A038%3BACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201TPR%3A038&-qr_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&-tree_id=306&-redoLog=false&-geo_id=01000US&-geo_id=NBSP&-search_results=16000US3651000&-format=&-_lang=en
|archivedate=January 7, 2012
|publisher=United States Census Bureau
|title=Selected Population Profile in the United States: Filipino alone or in any combination
|accessdate=February 1, 2009
|deadurl=yes
|df=
}} The U.S. Census Bureau 2007 American Community Survey counted 3,053,179 Filipinos; 2,445,126 native and naturalized citizens, 608,053 of whom were not U.S. citizens.</ref> 12&nbsp;million [[overseas Filipino|Filipinos living overseas]].<ref>[http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=801091&publicationSubCategoryId=63 Global Pinoys to rally at Chinese consulates – The Philippine Star » News » Headlines]. [[The Philippine Star]] (April 27, 2012). Retrieved on July 4, 2012.</ref>


=== Energy ===
According to the official count the population of the Philippines hit 100 million at the time of midnight on July 27, 2014, making it the 12th country to reach this number.<ref name="rappler.com"/>
{{Main|Energy in the Philippines}}
[[File:Ambuklao Dam captured by Mitchell Yumul.jpeg|thumb|alt=A large dam, seen from above|The [[Ambuklao Dam]] on the [[Agno River]] in [[Bokod, Benguet]]]]


The Philippines had a total installed power capacity of 26,882 [[Watt|MW]] in 2021; 43 percent was generated from [[Coal mining in the Philippines|coal]], 14 percent from [[oil]], 14 percent [[hydropower]], 12 percent from [[natural gas]], and seven percent from [[Geothermal power|geothermal]] sources.<ref>{{cite report|title=2021 Power Statistics |url=https://www.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/energy_statistics/2021_power_statistics_02_installed_and_dependable_capacity_per_plant_type_per_grid.pdf |publisher=[[Department of Energy (Philippines)|Department of Energy]] |access-date=May 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221042947/https://www.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/energy_statistics/2021_power_statistics_02_installed_and_dependable_capacity_per_plant_type_per_grid.pdf |archive-date=December 21, 2022}}</ref> It is the world's third-biggest [[Geothermal power in the Philippines|geothermal-energy producer]], behind the United States and Indonesia.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2022_Full_Report.pdf |title=Renewables 2022: Global Update Report |publisher=[[REN21]] Secretariat |location=Paris, France |year=2022 |isbn=978-3-948393-04-5 |page=108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616033736/https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2022_Full_Report.pdf |archive-date=June 16, 2022}}</ref> The country's largest dam is the {{convert|1.2|km|mi|adj=mid|-long|sp=us}} [[San Roque Dam (Philippines)|San Roque Dam]] on the [[Agno River]] in [[Pangasinan]].<ref>{{cite report|url=https://gcc.re/documents/GCC_Annual_Review_2021Final.pdf |title=GCC Annual Review 2021 |publisher=The Green Certificate Company Limited |page=16 |access-date=February 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219225148/https://gcc.re/documents/GCC_Annual_Review_2021Final.pdf |archive-date=February 19, 2023}}</ref> The [[Malampaya gas field]], discovered in the early 1990s off the coast of Palawan, reduced the Philippines' reliance on imported oil; it provides about 40 percent of Luzon's energy requirements, and 30 percent of the country's energy needs.<ref name="Boquet-2017" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA347|name=347}}}}<ref>{{cite report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZ4oDwAAQBAJ |title=The Report: Philippines 2016 |date= 2016 |publisher=Oxford Business Group |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-910068-55-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GZ4oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 122] |language=en}}</ref>
===Cities===
{{Main article|Cities of the Philippines}}
[[Metro Manila]] is the most populous of the [[List of metropolitan areas in the Philippines|3 defined metropolitan areas]] in the Philippines and the [[List of metropolitan areas by population|11th most populous]] in the world. {{As of|2007|lc=y}}, census data showed it had a population of 11,553,427, comprising 13% of the national population.<ref name="phcensus">{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov.ph/data/census2007/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716233046/http://www.census.gov.ph/data/census2007/index.html|archivedate=July 16, 2012|title=Total Population and Annual Population Growth Rates by Region: Population Censuses 1995, 2000, and 2007|author=Philippine Statistics Authority |date=April 2008 |accessdate=April 4, 2010}}</ref> Including suburbs in the adjacent provinces ([[Bulacan]], [[Cavite]], [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]], and [[Rizal]]) of [[Greater Manila Area|Greater Manila]], the population is around 21 million.<ref name="phcensus"/><ref name="demographia">Demographia. (July 2010). [http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf ''Demographia World Urban Areas (World Agglomerations) Population & Projections''] (Edition 6.1). Retrieved March 29, 2011.</ref>


The Philippines has three [[electrical grid]]s, one each for Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.<ref name="Ma-2016">{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Ma |first1=Zheng |last2=Jørgensen |first2=Bo Nørregaard |last3=Billanes |first3=Joy Dalmacio |title=Smart Energy in the Philippines |url=https://findresearcher.sdu.dk/ws/files/141095725/CFEI_Report_Smart_Energy_in_Philippines.pdf |website=SDU's Research Portal |publisher=[[University of Southern Denmark]] |access-date=August 31, 2023 |pages=14, 24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831194551/https://findresearcher.sdu.dk/ws/files/141095725/CFEI_Report_Smart_Energy_in_Philippines.pdf |archive-date=August 31, 2023 |date=September 2016}}</ref> The [[National Grid Corporation of the Philippines]] manages [[Electricity sector in the Philippines|the country's power grid]] since 2009<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Gatdula |first1=Donnabelle L. |title=National Grid takes over TransCo |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2009/01/15/431441/national-grid-takes-over-transco |access-date=August 31, 2023 |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |date=January 15, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531011538/https://www.philstar.com/business/2009/01/15/431441/national-grid-takes-over-transco |archive-date=May 31, 2023}}</ref> and provides [[overhead power line|overhead transmission line]]s across the country's islands. Electric distribution to consumers [[List of electric distribution utilities in the Philippines|is provided]] by privately owned distribution utilities and government-owned [[electric cooperative]]s.<ref name="Ma-2016" /> As of end-2021, the Philippines' household electrification level was about 95.41%.<ref>{{cite report |title=40th Electric Power Industry Reform Act (EPIRA) Implementation Status Report (For the Report Period April 2022) |url=https://www.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/electric_power/40th-EPIRA-Status_Report-FINAL.pdf |website=[[Department of Energy (Philippines)|Department of Energy]] |access-date=August 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501231703/https://www.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/electric_power/40th-EPIRA-Status_Report-FINAL.pdf |archive-date=May 1, 2023 |page=69}}</ref>
Metro Manila's [[gross regional product]] was estimated {{As of|2009|lc=y}} to be [[Philippine peso|₱]]468.4 billion (at constant 1985 prices) and accounts for 33% of the nation's GDP.<ref name=NSCB>Republic of the Philippines. National Statistical Coordination Board. (July 2009). [http://www.nscb.gov.ph/grdp/2008/2008conlev.asp ''2008 Gross Regional Domestic Product – Levels of GRDP'']. Retrieved April 4, 2010.</ref> In 2011 Manila ranked as the [[list of cities by GDP|28th wealthiest urban agglomeration]] in the world and the 2nd in [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name="pwc">{{cite web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562|author=Hawksworth, John|author2=Thomas Hoehn|author3=Anmol Tiwari|last-author-amp=yes |title=Global City GDP Rankings 2008–2025 |work=UK Economic Outlook November 2009 |page=20 |publisher=[[PricewaterhouseCoopers]] |accessdate=November 20, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531000745/http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562|archivedate=May 31, 2013}}</ref>
{{Largest cities of the Philippines}}


Plans to harness [[Nuclear power in the Philippines|nuclear energy]] began during the early 1970s during the [[presidency of Ferdinand Marcos]] in response to the [[1973 oil crisis]].<ref name="WorldNuclearOrg-Philippines">{{#invoke:cite web||date=February 2023 |title=Nuclear Power in the Philippines |url=https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/philippines.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219230358/https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/philippines.aspx |archive-date=February 19, 2023 |access-date=February 19, 2023 |publisher=[[World Nuclear Association]]}}</ref> The Philippines completed [[Bataan Nuclear Power Plant|Southeast Asia's first nuclear power plant]] in [[Bataan]] in 1984.<ref name="Pekkanen-2021">{{cite book|editor-last1=Pekkanen |editor-first1=Robert J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRpREAAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of Japanese Politics |editor-last2=Pekkanen |editor-first2=Saadia |date=October 25, 2021 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York, N.Y. |isbn=978-0-19-005099-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wRpREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA311 311] |language=en}}</ref> Political issues following Marcos' ouster and safety concerns after the 1986 [[Chernobyl disaster]] prevented the plant from being commissioned,<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Mochizuki |editor-first1=Mike |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXCPDAAAQBAJ |title=Nuclear Debates in Asia: The Role of Geopolitics and Domestic Processes |editor-last2=Ollapally |editor-first2=Deepa M. |date=2016 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=978-1-4422-4700-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TXCPDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA194 194] |language=en |author-link2=Deepa M. Ollapally}}</ref><ref name="WorldNuclearOrg-Philippines" /> and plans to operate it remain controversial.<ref name="Pekkanen-2021" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Tan |first1=Rebecca |last2=Enano |first2=Jhesset O. |date=January 25, 2023 |title=Clean-energy push puts abandoned Philippine nuclear plant back in spotlight |language=en |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/01/25/philippines-nuclear-marcos-climate-change/ |access-date=February 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126032945/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/01/25/philippines-nuclear-marcos-climate-change/ |archive-date=January 26, 2023}}</ref>
===Ethnic groups===
{{Main article|Ethnic groups of the Philippines}}
[[File:Peoples of the Philippines en.svg|thumb|350px|Dominant ethnic groups by province.]]


=== Water supply and sanitation ===
According to the 2000 census, 28.1% of Filipinos are Tagalog, 13.1% Cebuano, 9% Ilocano, 7.6% Visayans/Bisaya {{small|(excluding Cebuano, Hiligaynon and Waray)}}, 7.5% Hiligaynon, 6% Bikol, 3.4% Waray, and 25.3% as "others",<ref name=CIAfactbook/><ref name=PIF2009>{{Cite book|url = http://www.census.gov.ph/data/publications/pif_2009.pdf |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120711135118/http://www.census.gov.ph/data/publications/pif_2009.pdf |archivedate = July 11, 2012 |title = The Philippines in Figures 2009 |author = Philippine Statistics Authority |year = 2009 |issn = 1655-2539 |accessdate = December 23, 2009}}</ref> which can be broken down further to yield more distinct non-tribal groups like the [[Moro people|Moro]], the [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangan]], the [[Pangasinan people|Pangasinense]], the [[Ibanag people|Ibanag]], and the [[Ivatan people|Ivatan]].<ref>"[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/456399/Philippines Philippines]". (2009). In ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved December 18, 2009 from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</ref> There are also [[Indigenous peoples of the Philippines|indigenous peoples]] like the [[Igorot]], the [[Lumad]], the [[Mangyan]], the [[Bajau]], and the [[Ethnic Groups of Palawan|tribes of Palawan]].<ref name = "Ethnol"/>
{{Main|Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines}}
[[File:Banate Water District.jpg|thumb|alt=A low, blue building|A water-district office in [[Banate, Iloilo]]]]


Water supply and sanitation outside Metro Manila is provided by the government through local [[water district]]s in cities or towns.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Franceys |editor-first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=57QeBAAAQBAJ |title=Regulating Water and Sanitation for the Poor: Economic Regulation for Public and Private Partnerships |editor-last2=Gerlach |editor-first2=Esther |date=May 4, 2012 |publisher=[[Earthscan]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-136-55889-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=57QeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA146 146] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kohsaka-2007">{{cite book|editor-last1=Kohsaka |editor-first1=Akira |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e9MqBgAAQBAJ |title=Infrastructure Development in the Pacific Region |date=2007 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon, Oxon, England |isbn=978-1-134-22761-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=e9MqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA227 227] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=McDonald |editor-first1=David A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=luZiDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT118 |title=Rethinking Corporatization and Public Services in the Global South |date=April 10, 2014 |publisher=[[Zed Books]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-78360-020-5 |language=en}}</ref> Metro Manila is served by [[Manila Water]] and [[Maynilad Water Services]]. Except for shallow wells for domestic use, groundwater users are required to obtain a permit from the [[National Water Resources Board]].<ref name="Kohsaka-2007" /> In 2022, the total water withdrawals increased to {{convert|91|e9m3|sp=us}} from {{convert|89|e9m3|sp=us}} in 2021 and the total expenditures on water were amounted to ₱{{#expr:59.37+47.12+38.32}}&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite press release |last1=Del Prado |first1=Divina Gracia L. |title=Country's Overall Water Use Efficiency increased by 5.5 percent in 2022 |date=October 5, 2023 |publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/countrys-overall-water-use-efficiency-increased-55-percent-2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005062929/https://psa.gov.ph/content/countrys-overall-water-use-efficiency-increased-55-percent-2022 |archive-date=October 5, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Filipinos generally belong to several [[Asian people|Asian]] ethnic groups classified linguistically as part of the [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] or [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]] speaking people.<ref name = "Ethnol"/> It is believed that thousands of years ago Austronesian-speaking [[Taiwanese aborigines]] migrated to the Philippines from Taiwan, bringing with them knowledge of agriculture and ocean-sailing, eventually displacing the earlier [[Negrito]] groups of the islands.<ref name=AJHG>{{cite journal|url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2001_v68_p432.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511201051/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2001_v68_p432.pdf |archivedate=May 11, 2011 |author=Capelli |title=A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular South Asia and Oceania |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=432–443 |year=2001|accessdate=December 18, 2009 |doi=10.1086/318205 |pmid=11170891 |pmc=1235276|author2=Christian|author3=James F. Wilson|author4=Martin Richards|author5=Michael P. H. Stumpf|author6=Fiona Gratrix|author7=Stephen Oppenheimer|author8=Peter Underhill|last9=Ko|first9=Tsang-Ming}}</ref>
[[Negrito]]s, such as the [[Aeta peoples|Aeta]] and the [[Ati people|Ati]], are considered among the earliest inhabitants of the islands.<ref name=Negritos>Dolan, Ronald E. (Ed.). (1991). [http://countrystudies.us/philippines/35.htm "Ethnicity, Regionalism, and Language"]. [http://countrystudies.us/philippines/ ''Philippines: A Country Study'']. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. Retrieved April 8, 2010 from [http://countrystudies.us/ Country Studies US Website].</ref>


Most sewage in the Philippines flows into septic tanks.<ref name="Kohsaka-2007" /> In 2015, the [[Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation]] noted that 74 percent of the Philippine population had access to [[improved sanitation]] and "good progress" had been made between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KFA0DgAAQBAJ |title=Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water: 2015 Update and MDG Assessment |date=2015 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |location=Geneva, Switzerland |isbn=978-92-4-150914-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KFA0DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA63 68]}}</ref> Ninety-six percent of Filipino households had an improved source of drinking water and 92 percent of households had sanitary toilet facilities {{as of|2016|lc=y}}; connections of toilet facilities to appropriate sewerage systems remain largely insufficient, however, especially in rural and urban poor communities.<ref name="DOH-2018" />{{rp|page=46}}
Being at the crossroads of the West and East, the Philippines is also home to migrants from places as diverse as China, Spain, Mexico, United States, India, South Korea, and Japan. Two important non-indigenous minorities are the [[Chinese Filipino|Chinese]] and the [[Spanish Filipino|Spaniards]].


== Demographics ==
The [[Chinese Filipino|Chinese]], mostly descendants of immigrants from [[Fujian]], [[China]] after 1898, number 2 million, although there are an estimated 27 percent of Filipinos who have partial Chinese ancestry,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/clc/587677 |title=Sangley, Intsik und Sino : die chinesische Haendlerminoritaet in den Philippine}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6689/b1744892x.pdf |title=The ethnic Chinese variable in domestic and foreign policies in Malaysia and Indonesia |format=PDF |accessdate=April 23, 2012}}</ref> stemming from precolonial and colonial Chinese migrants.<ref>"[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-08/23/content_11930729.htm Chinese lunar new year might become national holiday in Philippines too]". ''Xinhua News'' (August 23, 2009). Retrieved December 18, 2009.</ref> Intermarriage between the groups is evident in the major cities and urban areas.<ref>[http://www.food-links.com/countries/philippines/philippines.php Filipino Food and Culture]. Food-links.com. Retrieved on July 4, 2012.
{{Main|Demographics of the Philippines}}
*[http://www.futurescopes.com/indian-dating/2084/indian-dating-and-matchmaking-philippines-indian-matrimonials Indian Dating and Matchmaking in Philippines – Indian Matrimonials]. Futurescopes.com (January 3, 2011). Retrieved on July 4, 2012.
{{see also|List of cities in the Philippines}}
*[http://www.philippinecountry.com/filipino_foods.html Filipino Foods]. Philippinecountry.com. Retrieved on July 4, 2012.
*[http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/10434/ancient-japanese-pottery-in-boljoon-town Ancient Japanese pottery in Boljoon town |Inquirer News]. Newsinfo.inquirer.net (May 30, 2011). Retrieved on July 4, 2012.
*[http://asiapacificuniverse.com/pkm/tech.htm Philippines History, Culture, Civilization and Technology, Filipino]. Asiapacificuniverse.com. Retrieved on July 4, 2012.</ref>


As of May 1, 2020, the Philippines had a population of 109,035,343.<ref name="PSAGovPH-2020Census">{{Cite press release|last=Mapa|first=Dennis S.|author-link1=Dennis Mapa|date=July 7, 2021|title=2020 Census of Population and Housing (2020 CPH) Population Counts Declared Official by the President|url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/2020-census-population-and-housing-2020-cph-population-counts-declared-official-president|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707104119/https://psa.gov.ph/content/2020-census-population-and-housing-2020-cph-population-counts-declared-official-president|archive-date=July 7, 2021 |publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]]}}</ref> More than 60 percent of the country's population live in the [[coastal zone]]<ref>{{cite book |author1=Department of Environment and Natural Resources |author2=Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources of the Department of Agriculture |author3=Department of the Interior and Local Government |author1-link=Department of Environment and Natural Resources |author2-link=Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources |author3-link=Department of the Interior and Local Government |title=Coastal Management Orientation and Overview |series=Philippine Coastal Management Guidebook Series |volume=1 |url=https://faspselib.denr.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Publication%20Files/crmguidebook1.pdf |via=Foreign-Assisted and Special Projects Service (FASPS) eLibrary |publisher=Coastal Resource Management Project of the [[Department of Environment and Natural Resources]] |access-date=August 7, 2024 |location=Cebu City, Philippines |date=2001 |isbn=978-971-92289-0-5 |pages=4, 9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712173748/https://faspselib.denr.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Publication%20Files/crmguidebook1.pdf |archive-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref> and in 2020, 54 percent lived in [[urban area]]s.<ref name="PSAGovPH-2020-Urban">{{cite press release |last1=Mapa |first1=Dennis S. |author-link1=Dennis Mapa |title=Urban Population of the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing) |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/urban-population-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing |publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] |access-date=May 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705104809/https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/1_PR_Urban%20Population_RML_063022_ONS-signed.pdf |archive-date=July 5, 2022 |date=July 4, 2022}}</ref> [[Manila]], its capital, and [[Quezon City]] (the country's most populous city) are in [[Metro Manila]]. About 13.48&nbsp;million people ({{#expr: (13484462/109033245)*100 round 0}} percent of the Philippines' population) live in Metro Manila,<ref name="PSAGovPH-2020-Urban" /> the [[List of metropolitan areas in the Philippines|country's most populous metropolitan area]]<ref>{{cite report|year=2017 |title=Philippine Development Plan, 2017–2022 |url=https://pdp.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/PDP-2017-2022-10-03-2017.pdf |chapter=Chapter 3: Overlay of Economic Growth, Demographic Trends, and Physical Characteristics |chapter-url=http://pdp.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Chapter-03.pdf |publisher=[[National Economic and Development Authority]] |location=Pasig, Philippines |issn=2243-7576 |pages=31, 34–35 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226035525/https://pdp.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/PDP-2017-2022-10-03-2017.pdf |archive-date=February 26, 2020 |access-date=April 23, 2023}}</ref> and the world's [[List of largest cities|fifth most populous]].<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |title=Demographia World Urban Areas |date=July 2022 |publisher=[[Demographia]] |edition=18th Annual |page=23 |access-date=February 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203065121/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |archive-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> Between 1948 and 2010, the population of the Philippines increased almost fivefold from 19&nbsp;million to 92&nbsp;million.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Population of the Philippines: Census Years 1799 to 2010 |url=http://www.nscb.gov.ph/secstat/d_popn.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704171010/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/secstat/d_popn.asp |archive-date=July 4, 2012 |website=[[Philippine Statistics Authority|National Statistical Coordination Board]] |access-date=July 24, 2023}}</ref>
At least one-third of the population of [[Luzon]] (13.33% of the Filipino people) as well as a few old settlements in the [[Visayas]] and [[Zamboanga City]] at Mindanao, have partial Hispanic ancestry (from varying points of origin and ranging from [[Latin American Asian|Latin America]]<ref>"In 1637 the military force maintained in the islands consisted of one thousand seven hundred and two Spaniards and one hundred and forty Indians." ~''Memorial de D. Juan Grau y Monfalcon, Procurador General de las Islas Filipinas, Docs. Inéditos del Archivo de Indias, vi, p. 425.'' "In 1787 ''the garrison at Manila consisted of one regiment of Mexicans comprising one thousand three hundred men, two artillery companies of eighty men each, three cavalry companies of fifty men each.''" ''La Pérouse, ii, p. 368.''</ref> to Spain).<ref>Jagor, Fëdor, et al. (1870). [http://www.authorama.com/former-philippines-b-8.html ''The Former Philippines thru Foreign Eyes'']</ref> Recent genetic studies confirm this partial European<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.genetics.org/content/early/2015/06/18/genetics.115.178616.full.pdf+html|author= *Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco
|title= Self-identified East Asian nationalities correlated with genetic clustering, consistent with extensive endogamy. Individuals of mixed East Asian-European genetic ancestry were easily identified; we also observed a modest amount of European genetic ancestry in individuals self-identified as Filipinos|journal= Genetics Online|publisher= |year=2015|volume= |page=1}}</ref><ref>[http://www6.appliedbiosystems.com/yfilerdatabase/ With a sample population of 105 Filipinos, the company of ''Applied Biosystems'', analysed the Y-DNA of average Filipinos and it is discovered that about 13.33% of the samples have the Y-DNA Haplotype "R1b", which is most common in Western Europe and had spread to the Philippines via Spanish colonists.]</ref> and Latin-American ancestry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations-next-gen/|title=Reference Populations – Geno 2.0 Next Generation|publisher=}}</ref>


The [[List of countries by median age|country's median age]] is 25.3, and 63.9 percent of its population is between 15 and 64 years old.<ref>{{cite press release |last1=Mapa |first1=Dennis S. |author-link1=Dennis Mapa |title=Age and Sex Distribution in the Philippine Population (2020 Census of Population and Housing) |url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/1_Press%20Release%20on_Age%20Sex_RML_18July22_rev_mpe_RRDH_CRD-signed.pdf |access-date=May 19, 2023 |work=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] |date=August 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812232228/https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/1_Press%20Release%20on_Age%20Sex_RML_18July22_rev_mpe_RRDH_CRD-signed.pdf |archive-date=August 12, 2022}}</ref> The Philippines' average annual population growth rate is decreasing,<ref>{{cite journal|date=June 2018 |title=2015 Census of Population |url=http://www.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/_2015_Census%20Facts%20and%20Figures_Philippines_MERGE.pdf |journal=Census Facts and Figures |location=Quezon City, Philippines |publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] |page=11 |issn=0117-1453 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814193607/https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/_2015_Census%20Facts%20and%20Figures_Philippines_MERGE.pdf |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |access-date=July 25, 2020}}</ref> although government attempts to further reduce population growth have been [[Reproductive Health Bill (Philippines)|contentious]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=September 29, 2010 |title=Bishops threaten civil disobedience over RH bill |work=[[GMA News Online|GMANews.TV]] |url=http://www.gmanews.tv/100days/story/202186/bishops-threaten-civil-disobedience-over-rh-bill |access-date=October 16, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221140718/http://www.gmanews.tv/100days/story/202186/bishops-threaten-civil-disobedience-over-rh-bill |archive-date=February 21, 2011}}</ref> The country reduced its [[Poverty in the Philippines|poverty rate]] from 49.2 percent in 1985<ref name="WorldBank-Poverty-2023">{{cite report|title=Overcoming Poverty and Inequality in the Philippines; Past, Present, and Prospects for the Future |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099325011232224571/pdf/P17486101e29310810abaf0e8e336aed85a.pdf |publisher=[[The World Bank]] |access-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206083125/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099325011232224571/pdf/P17486101e29310810abaf0e8e336aed85a.pdf |archive-date=December 6, 2022 |page=3}}</ref> to 18.1 percent in 2021,<ref>{{Cite press release |last1=Mapa |first1=Claire Dennis S. |author-link1=Dennis Mapa |date=August 15, 2022 |title=Proportion of Poor Filipinos was Recorded at 18.1 Percent in 2021 |work=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] |url=https://psa.gov.ph/poverty-press-releases/nid/167972 |access-date=November 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816035933/https://psa.gov.ph/poverty-press-releases/nid/167972 |archive-date=August 16, 2022}}</ref> and its [[Income inequality in the Philippines|income inequality]] began to decline in 2012.<ref name="WorldBank-Poverty-2023" />
Other important non-indigenous minorities include [[Indian people|Indian]]s, [[English Americans|Anglo-American]]s, [[Britons]], and [[Japanese people]]. Descendants of mixed couples are known as [[Filipino mestizo|mestizos]].<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20071001215334/http://www.seasite.niu.edu/tagalog/Tagalog_Homepage99/impacts_of_spanish_rule_in_the_p.htm The Impact of Spanish Rule in the Philippines]". (2009). ''Tagalog at NIU''. Retrieved December 19, 2009 from the Northern Illinois University, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, SEAsite Project. (archived from [http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Tagalog_Homepage99/impacts_of_spanish_rule_in_the_p.htm the original] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001215334/http://www.seasite.niu.edu/tagalog/Tagalog_Homepage99/impacts_of_spanish_rule_in_the_p.htm |date=October 1, 2007 }} on October 1, 2007)</ref>{{failed verification|date=February 2016}}


{{Largest cities of the Philippines|class=info}}
===Languages===
<!--List of top five languages is suitable for this article. The complete is is what the link to Main topic is for.-->
{{Main article|Languages of the Philippines}}


=== Ethnicity ===
{| class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="text-align:right; font-size:90%; background:white;"
{{Main|Ethnic groups in the Philippines}}
|+ style="font-size:100%;" |Population by [[mother tongue]] (2010)
{{See also|Filipinos|Pinoy}}
|-
[[File:Peoples of the Philippines en.svg|thumb|alt=Another color-coded map|Dominant ethnic groups by province]]
! scope="col" style="text-align:left;" |Language
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3" |Speakers
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left; background:initial;"|[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]
|style="font-weight:bold;" |{{bartable|{{rnd|{{#expr:100 * {{formatnum:22,512,089|R}} / {{formatnum:92,097,978|R}}}}|2}}|{{thinsp}}%|||background-color:#404070}}
|22,512,089
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left; background:initial;"|[[Cebuano language|Cebuano]]
|style="font-weight:bold;" |{{bartable|{{rnd|{{#expr:100 * {{formatnum:19,665,453|R}} / {{formatnum:92,097,978|R}}}}|2}}|{{thinsp}}%|||background-color:#707094}}
|19,665,453
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left; background:initial;"|[[Ilokano language|Ilokano]]
|style="font-weight:bold;" |{{bartable|{{rnd|{{#expr:100 * {{formatnum:8,074,536|R}} / {{formatnum:92,097,978|R}}}}|2}}|{{thinsp}}%|||background-color:#AFAFC3}}
|8,074,536
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left; background:initial;"|[[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]]
|style="font-weight:bold;" |{{bartable|{{rnd|{{#expr:100 * {{formatnum:7,773,655|R}} / {{formatnum:92,097,978|R}}}}|2}}|{{thinsp}}%|||background-color:#C3C3D2}}
|7,773,655
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left; background:initial;"|[[Waray language|Waray]]
|style="font-weight:bold;" |{{bartable|{{rnd|{{#expr:100 * {{formatnum:3,660,645|R}} / {{formatnum:92,097,978|R}}}}|2}}|{{thinsp}}%|||background-color:#D2D2DE}}
|3,660,645
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left; background:initial;"|{{nowrap|''Other local languages/dialects''}}
|style="font-weight:bold;" |{{bartable|{{rnd|{{#expr:100 * {{formatnum:24,027,005|R}} / {{formatnum:92,097,978|R}}}}|2}}|{{thinsp}}%|||background-color:#000040}}
|24,027,005
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left; background:initial;"|{{nowrap|''Other foreign languages/dialects''}}
|style="font-weight:bold;" |{{bartable|{{rnd|{{#expr:100 * {{formatnum:78,862|R}} / {{formatnum:92,097,978|R}}}}|2}}|{{thinsp}}%|||background-color:#DEDEE6}}
|78,862
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left; background:initial;"|{{nowrap|''Not reported/not stated''}}
|style="font-weight:bold;" |{{bartable|{{rnd|{{#expr:100 * {{formatnum:6,450|R}} / {{formatnum:92,097,978|R}}}}|2}}|{{thinsp}}%|||background-color:#E6E6EC}}
|6,450
|- class="sortbottom" style="border-top:double gray;"
! scope="col" style="text-align:left;letter-spacing:0.02em;" colspan="3" |TOTAL
! scope="col" style="text-align:right;" |92,097,978
|- class="sortbottom"
|style="font-style:italic;" colspan="4" |Source: [[Philippine Statistics Authority]]{{Sfn|Philippine Statistics Authority|2014|pp=29–34}}
|}


The country has substantial ethnic diversity, due to foreign influence and the archipelago's division by water and topography.<ref name="Banlaoi-2009">{{cite book|last=Banlaoi |first=Rommel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hi_NBQAAQBAJ |title=Philippine Security in the Age of Terror: National, Regional, and Global Challenges in the Post-9/11 World |date=2009 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |location=Boca Raton, Fla. |isbn=978-1-4398-1551-9 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hi_NBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 31–32] |author-link1=Rommel Banlaoi}}</ref> According to the 2020 census, the Philippines' largest ethnic groups were [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]] (26.0 percent), [[Visayans]] [excluding the [[Cebuano people|Cebuano]], [[Hiligaynon people|Hiligaynon]], and [[Waray people|Waray]]] (14.3 percent), [[Ilocano people|Ilocano]] and Cebuano (both eight percent), Hiligaynon (7.9 percent), [[Bicolano people|Bikol]] (6.5 percent), and Waray (3.8 percent).<ref name="PSAGovPH-Ethnicity-2020Census" /> The [[Indigenous peoples of the Philippines|country's indigenous peoples]] consisted of 110 enthnolinguistic groups,<ref>{{cite report|date=February 2010 |title=Fast Facts: Indigenous Peoples in the Philippines |url=https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/ph/fastFacts6---Indigenous-Peoples-in-the-Philippines-rev-1.5.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225201804/https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/ph/fastFacts6---Indigenous-Peoples-in-the-Philippines-rev-1.5.pdf |archive-date=February 25, 2023 |access-date=February 25, 2023 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref> with a combined population of 15.56&nbsp;million, in 2020;<ref name="PSAGovPH-Ethnicity-2020Census" /> they include the [[Igorot people|Igorot]], [[Lumad]], [[Mangyan]], and the [[Peoples of Palawan|indigenous peoples of Palawan]].<ref>{{Cite tech report |last=Cariño |first=Jacqueline K. |date=November 2012 |title=Country Technical Note on Indigenous Peoples' Issues; Republic of the Philippines |url=https://www.ifad.org/documents/38714170/40224860/philippines_ctn.pdf/ae0faa4a-2b65-4026-8d42-219db776c50d |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809025044/https://www.ifad.org/documents/38714170/40224860/philippines_ctn.pdf/ae0faa4a-2b65-4026-8d42-219db776c50d |archive-date=August 9, 2021 |access-date=November 11, 2022 |publisher=[[International Fund for Agricultural Development]] |pages=3–5, 31–47}}</ref>
''[[Ethnologue]]'' lists 186 individual languages in the Philippines, 182 of which are living languages, while 4 no longer have any known speakers. Most native languages are part of the [[Philippine languages|Philippine]] branch of the [[Malayo-Polynesian languages]], which is itself a branch of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language family]].<ref name = "Ethnol">Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). (2015). [http://www.ethnologue.com/country/PH]. ''Ethnologue: Languages of the World'' (18th ed.). Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Retrieved April 13, 2015.</ref> The only language not classified as an Austronesian language is [[Chavacano]] which is a [[creole language]] of [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and is classified as a [[Romance language]].<ref>Spanish creole: {{Citation |first = Antonio |last = Quilis |title = La lengua española en Filipinas |year = 1996 |page = 54 and 55 |url = http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01350553135573500088680/209438_0013.pdf |publisher = Cervantes virtual |format = PDF}}</ref>


[[Negrito]]s are thought to be among the islands' earliest inhabitants.<ref name="Dolan-1991" />{{rp|loc={{plain link|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927160916/http://countrystudies.us/philippines/35.htm|name=35}}}} These minority aboriginal settlers are an [[Australo-Melanesian|Australoid]] group, a remnant of the [[Southern Dispersal|first human migration from Africa to Australia]] who were probably displaced by later waves of migration.<ref>{{cite book|last=Flannery |first=Tim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eIW5aktgo0IC |title=The Future Eaters: An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and People |date=2002 |publisher=[[Grove Press]] |location=New York, N.Y. |isbn=978-0-8021-3943-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=eIW5aktgo0IC&pg=PA147 147] |author-link1=Tim Flannery}}</ref> Some Philippine Negritos have a [[Denisovan]] admixture in their [[genome]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=August 31, 2012 |title=Extinct humanoid species may have lived in PHL |language=en |work=[[GMA News Online]] |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/scitech/science/272046/extinct-humanoid-species-may-have-lived-in-phl/story/ |access-date=February 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227040611/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/scitech/science/272046/extinct-humanoid-species-may-have-lived-in-phl/story/ |archive-date=December 27, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Reich |first1=David |last2=Patterson |first2=Nick |last3=Kircher |first3=Martin |last4=Delfin |first4=Frederick |last5=Nandineni |first5=Madhusudan R. |last6=Pugach |first6=Irina |last7=Ko |first7=Albert Min-Shan |last8=Ko |first8=Ying-Chin |last9=Jinam |first9=Timothy A. |last10=Phipps |first10=Maude E. |last11=Saitou |first11=Naruya |last12=Wollstein |first12=Andreas |last13=Kayser |first13=Manfred |last14=Pääbo |first14=Svante |last15=Stoneking |first15=Mark |date=October 2011 |title=Denisova Admixture and the First Modern Human Dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania |journal=[[American Journal of Human Genetics]] |volume=89 |issue=4 |pages=516–528 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.09.005 |pmc=3188841 |pmid=21944045 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ethnic Filipinos generally belong to several Southeast Asian ethnic groups, classified linguistically as [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesians]] speaking [[Malayo-Polynesian languages]].<ref name="Ethnologue-PH" /> The Austronesian population's origin is uncertain, but relatives of [[Taiwanese indigenous peoples|Taiwanese aborigines]] probably brought their language and mixed with the region's existing population.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Capelli |first1=Christian |last2=Wilson |first2=James F. |last3=Richards |first3=Martin |last4=Stumpf |first4=Michael P.H. |last5=Gratrix |first5=Fiona |last6=Oppenheimer |first6=Stephen |last7=Underhill |first7=Peter |last8=Ko |first8=Tsang-Ming |year=2001 |title=A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular South Asia and Oceania |url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2001_v68_p432.pdf |journal=[[American Journal of Human Genetics]] |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=432–443 |doi=10.1086/318205 |pmc=1235276 |pmid=11170891 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511201051/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2001_v68_p432.pdf |archive-date=May 11, 2011 |access-date=December 18, 2009 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Soares |first1=Pedro A. |last2=Trejaut |first2=Jean A. |last3=Rito |first3=Teresa |last4=Cavadas |first4=Bruno |last5=Hill |first5=Catherine |last6=Eng |first6=Ken Khong |last7=Mormina |first7=Maru |last8=Brandão |first8=Andreia |last9=Fraser |first9=Ross M. |last10=Wang |first10=Tse-Yi |last11=Loo |first11=Jun-Hun |last12=Snell |first12=Christopher |last13=Ko |first13=Tsang-Ming |last14=Amorim |first14=António |last15=Pala |first15=Maria |last16=Macaulay |first16=Vincent |last17=Bulbeck |first17=David |last18=Wilson |first18=James F. |last19=Gusmão |first19=Leonor |last20=Pereira |first20=Luísa |last21=Oppenheimer |first21=Stephen |last22=Lin |first22=Marie |last23=Richards |first23=Martin B. |title=Resolving the ancestry of Austronesian-speaking populations |journal=[[Human Genetics (journal)|Human Genetics]] |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |date=March 2016 |volume=135 |issue=3 |pages=309–326 |doi=10.1007/s00439-015-1620-z |pmc=4757630 |pmid=26781090 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Lumad and [[Sama-Bajau]] ethnic groups have an ancestral affinity with the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic-]] and [[Mlabri language|Mlabri-speaking]] [[Lua people|Htin]] peoples of mainland Southeast Asia. Westward expansion from [[Papua New Guinea]] to eastern Indonesia and Mindanao has been detected in the [[Blaan people]] and the [[Sangir language]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Larena |first1=Maximilian |last2=Sanchez-Quinto |first2=Federico |last3=Sjödin |first3=Per |last4=McKenna |first4=James |last5=Ebeo |first5=Carlo |last6=Reyes |first6=Rebecca |last7=Casel |first7=Ophelia |last8=Huang |first8=Jin-Yuan |last9=Hagada |first9=Kim Pullupul |last10=Guilay |first10=Dennis |last11=Reyes |first11=Jennelyn |date=March 30, 2021 |title=Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=118 |issue=13 |pages=e2026132118 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11826132L |doi=10.1073/pnas.2026132118 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=8020671 |pmid=33753512 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
[[Filipino language|Filipino]] and [[English language|English]] are the official languages of the country.<ref name=OfficialLang/> Filipino is a standardized version of [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], spoken mainly in Metro Manila and other urban regions. Both Filipino and English are used in government, education, print, broadcast media, and business. However, most people outside cities do not speak much English.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} In most towns, the local indigenous language is spoken. The Philippine constitution provides for the promotion of [[Spanish language in the Philippines|Spanish]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]] on a voluntary and optional basis, although neither are used on as wide a scale as in the past.<ref name=OfficialLang>{{cite web|author1=Joselito Guianan Chan |author2=Managing Partner |url=http://www.chanrobles.com/article14language.htm |title=1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, Article XIV, Section 7.|publisher=Chan Robles & Associates Law Firm |accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Spanish, which was widely used as a lingua franca in the late nineteenth century, has since declined greatly in use, but is experiencing revival due to government promotions, while Arabic is mainly used in Islamic schools in Mindanao.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Rodríguez-Ponga|first1=Rafael|title=New Prospects for the Spanish Language in the Philippines|url=http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/web/rielcano_en/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/elcano_in/zonas_in/spanish+language+culture/ari27-2009#.VPUs_lPF9l8|accessdate=March 1, 2015}}</ref> However, Spanish loanwords are still present today in many of the indigenous Philippine languages.<ref>{{cite web|title=Spanish language in Philippines |url=http://www.spanish-in-the-world.net/Spanish/philippines.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080128195005/http://www.spanish-in-the-world.net/Spanish/philippines.php |dead-url=yes |archive-date=January 28, 2008 |accessdate=March 1, 2015 |df= }}</ref>


Immigrants arrived in the Philippines from elsewhere in the Spanish Empire, especially [[Latin American Asian|from the Spanish Americas]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mawson |first=Stephanie J. |date=June 15, 2016 |title=Convicts or Conquistadores? Spanish Soldiers in the Seventeenth-Century Pacific |url=https://academic.oup.com/past/article/232/1/87/1752419 |journal=[[Past & Present (journal)|Past & Present]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |issue=232 |pages=87–125 |doi=10.1093/pastj/gtw008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603111934/https://academic.oup.com/past/article/232/1/87/1752419 |archive-date=June 3, 2018 |access-date=July 28, 2020 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Mehl-2016">{{cite book|last=Mehl |first=Eva Maria |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/forced-migration-in-the-spanish-pacific-world/22713BE2A688A4F8DFF62EDE85BE427E |title=Forced Migration in the Spanish Pacific World: From Mexico to the Philippines, 1765–1811 |date=2016 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=978-1-316-48012-0 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781316480120}}</ref>{{rp|loc={{plain link|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614082235/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/forced-migration-in-the-spanish-pacific-world/unruly-mexicans-in-manila/EF2599210A0715A5A91B23BB9D84B96C|name=Chpt. 6}}}}<ref name= "Intercolonial">{{cite book|last=Park |first=Paula C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jg5cEAAAQBAJ |title=Intercolonial Intimacies: Relinking Latin/o America to the Philippines, 1898–1964 |date=2022 |publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh Press]] |location=Pittsburgh, Pa. |isbn=978-0-8229-8873-1 |language=en |chapter=3: On the Globality of Mexico and the Manila Galleon}}</ref> A 2016 [[Geno 2.0 Next Generation|National Geographic]] project [[Genetic studies on Filipinos|concluded]] that people living in the Philippine archipelago carried [[genetic marker]]s in the following percentages: 53 percent [[Southeast Asia]] and [[Oceania]], 36 percent [[East Asia|Eastern Asia]], 5 percent [[Southern Europe]], 3 percent [[South Asia|Southern Asia]], and 2 percent Native American (from [[Latin America]]).<ref name="Mehl-2016" />{{rp|loc={{plain link|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614082235/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/forced-migration-in-the-spanish-pacific-world/unruly-mexicans-in-manila/EF2599210A0715A5A91B23BB9D84B96C|name=Chpt. 6}}}}<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Reference Populations – Geno 2.0 Next Generation |url=https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations-next-gen/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704204736/https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations-next-gen/ |archive-date=July 4, 2016 |website=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref>
Nineteen regional languages act as auxiliary official languages used as mediums of instruction: [[Aklan language|Aklanon]], [[Bikol languages|Bikol]], [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]], [[Chavacano]], [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]], [[Ibanag language|Ibanag]], [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]], [[Ivatan language|Ivatan]], [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]], [[Kinaray-a language|Kinaray-a]], [[Maguindanao language|Maguindanao]], [[Maranao language|Maranao]], [[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]], [[Sambal language|Sambal]], [[Surigaonon language|Surigaonon]], Tagalog, [[Tausug language|Tausug]], [[Waray language|Waray]], and [[Yakan language|Yakan]].<ref name="7 mother languages" >[http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/317280/news/nation/deped-adds-7-languages-to-mother-tongue-based-education-for-kinder-to-grade-3 DepEd adds 7 languages to mother tongue-based education for Kinder to Grade 3]. [[GMA News]]. July 13, 2013.</ref> Other indigenous languages such as, [[Cuyonon language|Cuyonon]], [[Ifugao language|Ifugao]], [[Itbayat language|Itbayat]], [[Kalinga language|Kalinga]], [[Kamayo language|Kamayo]], [[Kankanaey language|Kankanaey]], [[Masbateño language|Masbateño]], [[Romblomanon language|Romblomanon]], [[Philippine Malay|Malay]], and several [[Visayan languages]] are prevalent in their respective provinces.<ref name="ethn">{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/PH|title=Philippines|publisher=Ethnologue.com |accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref>


Descendants of mixed-race couples are known as [[Filipino Mestizos|Mestizos]] or {{lang|fil|tisoy}},<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=McFerson |editor-first=Hazel M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7FPLWmaGQpEC |title=Mixed Blessing: The Impact of the American Colonial Experience on Politics and Society in the Philippines |series=Contributions in Comparative Colonial Studies |date=2002 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |location=Westport, Conn. |isbn=978-0-313-30791-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7FPLWmaGQpEC&pg=PA23 23]}}</ref> which during the [[History of the Philippines (1565–1898)|Spanish colonial times]], were mostly composed of [[Sangley|Chinese mestizos]] ({{lang|es|Mestizos de Sangley}}), [[Spanish Filipino|Spanish mestizos]] ({{lang|es|Mestizos de Español}}) and the mix thereof ({{lang|es|[[Torna atrás|tornatrás]]}}).<ref>{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |last1=Villaraza |first1=Lily Ann B. |title=Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow: A Study of Aurelio Tolentino's Articulation of Nationalism and Identity through Theatre in the Philippines during the American Colonial Period |url=https://huskiecommons.lib.niu.edu/allgraduate-thesesdissertations/6759/ |website=Huskie Commons |publisher=[[Northern Illinois University]] |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724162046/https://huskiecommons.lib.niu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7758&context=allgraduate-thesesdissertations |archive-date=July 24, 2023 |pages=52–54 |date=January 1, 2017 |oclc=1257957511}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=December 8, 2015 |title=Sheer Realities: A Celebration of Philippine Culture |url=https://greyartgallery.nyu.edu/exhibition/sheer-realities-022300-042200/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117194046/https://greyartgallery.nyu.edu/exhibition/sheer-realities-022300-042200/ |archive-date=January 17, 2017 |access-date=March 4, 2023 |website=[[Grey Art Gallery]] |publisher=[[New York University]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Chu |first=Richard T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PRewCQAAQBAJ |title=Chinese and Chinese Mestizos of Manila: Family, Identity, and Culture, 1860s–1930s |date=January 25, 2010 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |location=Leiden, Netherlands |isbn=978-90-474-2685-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PRewCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA240 240] |language=en}}</ref> The modern [[Chinese Filipino]]s are well-integrated into Filipino society.<ref name="Banlaoi-2009" /><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Carter |first=Lauren Louise |date=April 1995 |type=M.A. thesis |title=The ethnic Chinese variable in domestic and foreign policies in Malaysia and Indonesia |url=http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6689/b1744892x.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101131721/http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6689/b1744892x.pdf |archive-date=November 1, 2018 |access-date=July 16, 2020 |website=Summit Research Repository |publisher=[[Simon Fraser University]] |pages=5, 96}}</ref> Primarily the descendants of immigrants from [[Fujian]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Wong |first=Kwok-Chu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZQ0aAAAZ4cC |title=The Chinese in the Philippine Economy, 1898–1941 |date=1999 |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-550-323-5 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QZQ0aAAAZ4cC&pg=PA15 15–16]}}</ref> the pure ethnic Chinese Filipinos during the [[History of the Philippines (1898–1946)|American colonial era]] (early 1900s) purportedly numbered about 1.35&nbsp;million; while an estimated 22.8&nbsp;million (around 20 percent) of Filipinos have half or partial Chinese ancestry from precolonial, colonial, and 20th century [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese migrants]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Guanqun |first=Wang |date=August 23, 2009 |title=Chinese lunar new year might become national holiday in Philippines too |work=[[Xinhua]] |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-08/23/content_11930729.htm |access-date=February 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826194926/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-08/23/content_11930729.htm |archive-date=August 26, 2009}}</ref><ref name="senate.gov.ph">{{Cite press release |title=Senate declares Chinese New Year as special working holiday |date=January 21, 2013 |publisher=PRIB, Office of the Senate Secretary, Senate of the Philippines |url=http://www.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2013/0121_prib1.asp |last1=Macrohon |first1=Pilar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516035425/http://legacy.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2013/0121_prib1.asp |archive-date=May 16, 2021}}</ref> During the Hispanic era (late 1700s), the tribute-census showed [[Spanish Filipino|mixed Spanish Filipinos]] made up a moderate ratio (around 5 percent) of all citizens.<ref>{{cite book |last1=de Zúñiga |first1=Joaquín Martínez |last2=Retana |first2=Wenceslao Emilio |title=Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas: Ó, Mis Viajes Por Este País; Tomo Primero |date=December 1893 |publisher=Imp. de la Viuda de M. Minuesa de los Ríos |location=Madrid, Spain |edition=Spanish |url=http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/zu%C3%B1igaIocrpdf.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721063037/http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/zu%C3%B1igaIocrpdf.pdf |archive-date=July 21, 2015 |language=es}}</ref>{{rp|539}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=de Zúñiga |first1=Joaquín Martínez |last2=Retana |first2=Wenceslao Emilio |title=Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas: Ó, Mis Viajes Por Este País; Tomo Segundo |date=December 1893 |publisher=Imp. de la Viuda de M. Minuesa de los Ríos |location=Madrid, Spain |edition=Spanish |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ElhFAAAAYAAJ_2 |language=es}}</ref>{{rp|31,54,113}} Meanwhile, [[Mexican settlement in the Philippines|a smaller proportion (2.33 percent) of the population were Mexican Filipinos]].<ref name= "Intercolonial" />{{rp|100}} Almost 300,000 [[Americans in the Philippines|American citizens]] live in the country {{As of|2023|lc=y}},<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=March 3, 2022 |title=U.S. Relations With the Philippines |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-the-philippines/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207062435/https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-the-philippines/ |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |access-date=February 8, 2023 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> and up to 250,000 [[Amerasian]]s are scattered across the cities of [[Angeles City|Angeles]], Manila, and [[Olongapo]].<ref>{{Cite press release |title=200,000–250,000 or More Military Filipino Amerasians Alive Today in Republic of the Philippines according to USA-RP Joint Research Paper Finding |date=November 5, 2012 |url=http://amerasianresearch.org/releases/amerasianresearch-2012-09.pdf |access-date=July 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101212827/http://amerasianresearch.org/releases/amerasianresearch-2012-09.pdf |archive-date=November 1, 2013 |work=Amerasian Research Network, Ltd.}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||type=Academic paper presented at 9th International Conference on the Philippines (ICOPHIL-9) |last1=Kutschera |first1=P. C. |last2=Caputi |first2=Marie A. |date=October 2012 |title=The Case for Categorization of Military Filipino Amerasians as Diaspora |url=http://amerasianresearch.org/pdf/ICOPHIL-9FINALFilipinoDiaspora-Kutschera-Caputi.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101213421/http://amerasianresearch.org/pdf/ICOPHIL-9FINALFilipinoDiaspora-Kutschera-Caputi.pdf |archive-date=November 1, 2013 |access-date=July 11, 2016 |publisher=[[Michigan State University]] |location=E. Lansing, Mich. |via=AmerasianResearch.org}}</ref> Other significant non-indigenous minorities include [[Indian Filipino|Indians]]<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Daboo |editor-first1=Jerri |editor-last2=Sinthuphan |editor-first2=Jirayudh |title=Mapping Migration: Culture and Identity in the Indian Diasporas of Southeast Asia and the UK |date=October 1, 2018 |publisher=[[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]] |location=Newcastle upon Tyne, England |isbn=978-1-5275-1775-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=UOpwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 4] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOpwDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> and [[Arabs in the Philippines|Arabs]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sevilla |first1=Henelito Jr. |title=West Asian Communities in the Philippines: An Exploratory Study of Migrant Iranians, Jews, Arabs, and Turkish |journal=Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives on Asia |publisher=[[University of the Philippines Asian Center|Asian Center, University of the Philippines Diliman]] |date=2015 |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=98, 100 |url=https://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-51-1-2015/West%20Asian%20Communities%20in%20the%20Philippines%20-%20Migrant%20Iranians%20Jews%20Arabs%20and%20Turkish.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911231845/https://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-51-1-2015/West%20Asian%20Communities%20in%20the%20Philippines%20-%20Migrant%20Iranians%20Jews%20Arabs%20and%20Turkish.pdf |archive-date=September 11, 2015 |access-date=April 18, 2023}}</ref> [[Japanese in the Philippines|Japanese Filipinos]] include escaped Christians ([[Kirishitan]]) who [[Martyrs of Japan|fled persecutions by Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu]].<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Terpstra |editor-first1=Nicholas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8uuYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT64 |title=Global Reformations: Transforming Early Modern Religions, Societies, and Cultures |date=2019 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-0-429-67825-7}}</ref>
Languages not indigenous to the islands are also taught in select schools. [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]] is used in Chinese schools catering to the [[Chinese Filipino]] community. Islamic schools in [[Mindanao]] teach [[Modern Standard Arabic]] in their curriculum.<ref>[http://business.inquirer.net/6899/muslim-education-program-gets-p252-m-funding Muslim education program gets P252-M funding]. ''[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]''. July 13, 2011.</ref> [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Korean language|Korean]], and [[Spanish in the Philippines|Spanish]] are taught with the help of foreign linguistic institutions.<ref>[http://globalnation.inquirer.net/58931/deped-to-continue-teaching-french-in-select-public-schools-in-2013 DepEd to continue teaching French in select public schools in 2013]. ''[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]''. December 6, 2012.</ref> The Department of Education began teaching the [[Malay language]]s of [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] and [[Malaysian language|Malaysian]] in 2013.<ref>[http://gulfnews.com/news/world/philippines/philippines-students-to-take-foreign-language-1.1161513 Philippines: Students to take foreign language]. ''[[Gulf News]]''. March 22, 2013.</ref>


===Religion===
=== Languages ===
{{Main article|Religion in the Philippines}}
{{main|Languages of the Philippines}}
<!--List of top five languages ONLY is suitable for this article. The complete list is what the link to Main topic just above is for.-->''[[Ethnologue]]'' lists 186 languages for the Philippines, 182 of which are [[living language]]s; the other four no longer have any known speakers. Most native languages are part of the [[Philippine languages|Philippine branch]] of the [[Malayo-Polynesian languages]], which is a branch of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language family]].<ref name="Ethnologue-PH">{{#invoke:cite web||date=2013 |title=Philippines |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/PH |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309171641/http://www.ethnologue.com/country/PH |archive-date=March 9, 2013 |access-date=February 8, 2023 |website=[[Ethnologue]] |publisher=[[SIL International]] |language=en |location=Dallas, TX}}</ref> Spanish-based [[Creole language|creole]] varieties, collectively known as [[Chavacano]], are also spoken.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Asher |editor-first1=R. E. |editor-last2=Moseley |editor-first2=Christopher |title=Atlas of the World's Languages |edition=Second |date=April 19, 2018 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Florence, Ky. |isbn=978-1-317-85108-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0xWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP226 |language=en}}</ref> Many [[Philippine Negrito languages#Unique vocabulary|Philippine Negrito languages]] have unique vocabularies which survived Austronesian acculturation.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Reid |first=Lawrence A. |date=June 1, 1994 |title=Possible Non-Austronesian Lexical Elements in Philippine Negrito Languages |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/enwiki/api/core/bitstreams/f88d1c43-3ab9-4d31-b1ab-d717149582e8/content |journal=[[Oceanic Linguistics]] |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=37–72 |doi=10.2307/3623000 |jstor=3623000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711143411/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/enwiki/api/core/bitstreams/f88d1c43-3ab9-4d31-b1ab-d717149582e8/content |archive-date=July 11, 2022 |access-date=February 18, 2023 |via=[[ScholarSpace]] |author-link1=Lawrence A. Reid|hdl=10125/32986 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
{{multiple image
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|footer =
|image1 = Carlos V Francisco First Mass in the Philippines.png
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|caption1 = A detail of [[Botong Francisco|Carlos V. Francisco's]] ''First Mass in the Philippines'' painting
|image2 = Manila Golden Mosque.JPG
|alt2 =
|caption2 = Golden Mosque prayer hall
}}


[[Filipino language|Filipino]] and [[Philippine English|English]] are the country's official languages.<ref name="GovPH-OfficialLanguage" /> Filipino, a [[Standard language|standardized version]] of [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], is spoken primarily in Metro Manila.<ref>{{cite book|last=Takacs |first=Sarolta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u1TrBgAAQBAJ |title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific |date=2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-317-45572-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=u1TrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA659 659]}}</ref> Filipino and English are used in government, education, print, broadcast media, and business, often with a third local language;<ref name="Brown-Ganguly-2003">{{cite book|editor-last1=Brown |editor-first1=Michael Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcoDezu1ABoC |title=Fighting Words: Language Policy and Ethnic Relations in Asia |series=BCSIA Studies in International Security |editor-last2=Ganguly |editor-first2=Sumit |date=2003 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |location=Cambridge, Mass. |isbn=978-0-262-52333-2 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fcoDezu1ABoC&pg=PA323 323–325] |editor-link2=Sumit Ganguly}}</ref> [[code-switching]] between English and other local languages, notably [[Taglish|Tagalog]], is common.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bautista |first1=Maria Lourdes S. |title=Tagalog-English Code Switching as a Mode of Discourse |journal=Asia Pacific Education Review |date=June 2004 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=226–231 |doi=10.1007/BF03024960 |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ720543.pdf |access-date=July 3, 2023 |publisher=Education Research Institute, [[Seoul National University]] |issn=1598-1037 |oclc=425894528 |s2cid=145684166}}</ref> The Philippine constitution provides for [[Philippine Spanish|Spanish]] and Arabic on a voluntary, optional basis.<ref name="GovPH-OfficialLanguage">{{Cite constitution |article=XIV |section=7 |polity=the Philippines |date=1987 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-xiv/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609073807/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-xiv/ |archive-date=June 9, 2017 |access-date=February 11, 2023 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]}}</ref> Spanish, a widely used [[lingua franca]] during the late nineteenth century, [[Spanish language in the Philippines|has declined greatly in use]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Stewart |first=Miranda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tfaUqzf1ht8C |title=The Spanish Language Today |date=2012 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-134-76548-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tfaUqzf1ht8C&pg=PA9 9]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Weedon |first=Alan |date=August 10, 2019 |title=The Philippines is fronting up to its Spanish heritage, and for some it's paying off |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-10/inside-the-push-to-bring-back-spanish-into-the-philippines/11356590 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810044706/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-10/inside-the-push-to-bring-back-spanish-into-the-philippines/11356590 |archive-date=August 10, 2019 |access-date=March 31, 2023}}</ref> although Spanish [[loanword]]s are still present in Philippine languages.<ref>{{cite book|type=Conference proceeding |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wG08AAAAIAAJ |title=Pidginization and Creolization of Languages; Proceedings of a Conference Held at the University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April 1968 |date=1971 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=978-0-521-09888-5 |editor-last=Hymes |editor-first=Dell |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wG08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA223 223] |author-link1=Dell Hymes}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Aspillera |first1=Paraluman S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y8bZAwAAQBAJ |title=Basic Tagalog for Foreigners and Non-Tagalogs (with Online Audio) |edition=Revised Third |last2=Hernandez |first2=Yolanda Canseco |date=July 1, 2014 |publisher=[[Tuttle Publishing]] |location=North Clarendon, Vt. |isbn=978-1-4629-0166-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=y8bZAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT10 9] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Allan |editor-first1=Keith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Omn6DwAAQBAJ |title=Dynamics of Language Changes: Looking Within and Across Languages |date=August 31, 2020 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-15-6430-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Omn6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA204 204] |language=en}}</ref> Arabic is primarily taught in [[Mindanao]] Islamic schools.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Samid |first1=Amina |title=Islamic Education and the Development of Madrasah Schools in the Philippines |journal=International Journal of Political Studies |date=August 31, 2022 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=37, 41–44 |doi=10.25272/icps.1139650 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2521857 |access-date=August 14, 2024 |issn=2528-9969 |via=DergiPark Akademik}}</ref>
The Philippines is an officially [[secular state]], although [[Christianity in the Philippines|Christianity]] is the dominant faith.<ref>{{Cite journal|last = Kalaw |first = Maximo M. |url = http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=philamer;idno=AFJ2233.0001.001 |title = The development of Philippine politics |publisher = Oriental commercial |year = 1927 |page = [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer;cc=philamer;idno=afj2233.0001.001;view=image;seq=451;size=100;page=root 431]}}</ref> Census data from 2010 found that about {{rnd|{{#expr:100 * {{formatnum:74,211,896|R}} / {{formatnum:92,097,978|R}}}}|2}}% of the population professed [[Catholic Church in the Philippines|Catholicism]].<ref name="PSA-2015PSY">{{cite journal|title=Table 1.10; Household Population by Religious Affiliation and by Sex; 2010|journal=2015 Philippine Statistical Yearbook|date=October 2015|pages=1–30|url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2015%20PSY%20PDF.pdf|accessdate=August 15, 2016|publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority|location=East Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines|issn=0118-1564}}</ref> Around 37% regularly attend [[Catholic Mass|Mass]] and 29% identify as very religious.<ref name="newsinfo.inquirer.net">{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/463377/filipino-catholic-population-expanding-say-church-officials|title=Filipino Catholic population expanding, say Church officials|work=inquirer.net}}</ref><ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/2012/07/19/asian-americans-a-mosaic-of-faiths-overview/ Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths], [[Pew Research]]. July 19, 2012.</ref> [[Protestantism in the Philippines|Protestants]] are 10.8%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/table-christian-population-as-percentages-of-total-population-by-country/|title=Table: Christian Population as Percentages of Total Population by Country|date=December 19, 2011|publisher=Pew Research}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs.jsp|title=WVS Database|publisher=}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=August 2016}} of the total population, mostly endorsing [[Evangelical Protestant]] denominations that were introduced by American missionaries at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The [[Philippine Independent Church]] is a notable [[Independent Catholic churches|independent Catholic]] denomination.<ref name=2006census>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2003/pr0323tx.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610051606/http://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2003/pr0323tx.html|archivedate=June 10, 2012|title=2000 Census: Additional Three Persons Per Minute|author=Philippine Statistics Authority|date=February 18, 2003|accessdate=January 9, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seasite.niu.edu/crossroads/russell/christianity.htm|title=Christianity in the Philippines|work=niu.edu}}</ref><ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/table-christian-population-in-numbers-by-country/ Table: Christian Population in Numbers by Country], [[Pew Research]]. December 19, 2011.</ref> [[Iglesia ni Cristo]] is a notable [[Restorationist]] denomination in the country.<ref name='census'>{{Cite book |url = http://www.census.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2014%20PIF.pdf |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140728203542/http://www.census.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2014%20PIF.pdf |dead-url = yes |archive-date = July 28, 2014 |page = 27 |publisher = Philippine Statistics Authority |issn = 1655-2539 |title = Philippines in Figures |year = 2014 |accessdate = August 11, 2014 |chapter = Demography |location = Manila}}</ref><ref name=cia-rp>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html |title=The World Factbook |work=cia.gov |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719222229/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html |archivedate=July 19, 2015 |df= }}</ref>


The top languages generally spoken at home {{as of|2020|lc=y}} are Tagalog, [[Binisaya]], [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]], [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]], [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]], and [[Bikol languages|Bikol]].<ref>{{cite press release |last1=Mapa |first1=Dennis S. |author-link1=Dennis Mapa |title=Tagalog is the Most Widely Spoken Language at Home (2020 Census of Population and Housing) |url=https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/population-and-housing/node/1684041577 |website=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] |access-date=January 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108195246/https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/population-and-housing/node/1684041577 |archive-date=January 8, 2024 |date=March 7, 2023}}</ref> Nineteen [[List of regional languages of the Philippines|regional languages]] are auxiliary official languages as media of instruction:<ref name="GMA-DepEd-7-Languages">{{#invoke:cite news||date=July 13, 2013 |title=DepEd adds 7 languages to mother tongue-based education for Kinder to Grade 3 |language=en |work=[[GMA News Online]] |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/317280/news/nation/deped-adds-7-languages-to-mother-tongue-based-education-for-kinder-to-grade-3 |access-date=February 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216045522/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/317280/news/nation/deped-adds-7-languages-to-mother-tongue-based-education-for-kinder-to-grade-3 |archive-date=December 16, 2013}}</ref>
[[Islam in the Philippines|Islam]] is the second largest religion. The [[Muslim]] population of the Philippines was reported as {{rnd|{{#expr:100 * {{formatnum:5,127,084|R}} / {{formatnum:92,097,978|R}}}}|2}}% of the total population according to census returns in 2010,<ref name="PSA-2015PSY"/> although a 2012 report by the [[National Commission on Muslim Filipinos]] estimates it at 11%.<ref name=ReligiousFreedom2014>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2014&dlid=238326|title=International Religious Freedom Report for 2014|publisher=United States Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor|accessdate=February 21, 2016}}</ref> The majority of Muslims live in the [[Bangsamoro (political entity)|Bangsamoro region]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/208472.pdf|publisher=[[United States Department of State]] [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor|Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]]|title=PHILIPPINES 2012 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT}}</ref><ref name="state.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper|title=International Religious Freedom Report for 2013|work=state.gov}}</ref><ref>[http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=472375&publicationSubCategoryId=205 RP closer to becoming observer-state in Organization of Islamic Conference]. (May 29, 2009).''[[The Philippine Star]]''. Retrieved 2009-07-10, "Eight million Muslim Filipinos, representing 10 percent of the total Philippine population, ...".</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncmf.gov.ph|title=National Commission on Muslim Filipinos}}</ref> Most practice [[Sunni Islam]] under the [[Shafi'i school]].<ref name = "irf2010" >U.S. Department of State. (2010). ''[https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148891.htm Philippines: International Religious Freedom Report 2010]''. Retrieved 2011-05-20, "Islam is the largest minority religion, and Muslims constitute between 5 and 9 percent of the total population."</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2MyHnPaox9MC&pg=PA144&dq&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zMGSU6nvIsmM7QaY-YCoAg&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Islamic Connections: Muslim Societies in South and Southeast Asia |author1=R Michael Feener |author2=Terenjit Sevea |page=144 |accessdate=June 7, 2014}}</ref>


{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
An unknown number of Filipinos are [[Irreligion in the Philippines|irreligious]], but they may form as much as 10% of the population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.ttcn.ne.jp/~honkawa/9460.html|title=図録▽世界各国の宗教|work=ttcn.ne.jp}}</ref><ref>[http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/95240-secular-humanism-philippines-religion On being godless and good: Irreligious Pinoys speak out:'God is not necessary to be a good'], [[Rappler]]. June 4, 2015.</ref>
* [[Aklanon language|Aklanon]]
Catholicism's historic dominance is steadily declining, with about 9% of adherents considering leaving their church.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sws.org.ph/pr20130407.htm |title=9% of Catholics Sometimes Think of Leaving the Church |work=Social Weather Stations |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509003350/http://www.sws.org.ph/pr20130407.htm |archivedate=May 9, 2016 |df= }}</ref>
* Bikol
* Cebuano
* [[Chavacano]]
* Hiligaynon
* [[Ibanag language|Ibanag]]
* Ilocano
* [[Ivatan language|Ivatan]]
* [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]]
* [[Karay-a language|Kinaray-a]]
* [[Maguindanao language|Maguindanao]]
* [[Maranao language|Maranao]]
* [[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]]
* [[Sambal language|Sambal]]
* [[Surigaonon language|Surigaonon]]
* Tagalog
* [[Tausug language|Tausug]]
* [[Waray language|Waray]]
* [[Yakan language|Yakan]]
{{div col end}}


Other indigenous languages, including [[Cuyonon language|Cuyonon]], [[Ifugao language|Ifugao]], [[Itbayat language|Itbayat]], [[Kalinga language|Kalinga]], [[Kamayo language|Kamayo]], [[Kankanaey language|Kankanaey]], [[Masbateño language|Masbateño]], [[Romblomanon language|Romblomanon]], [[Manobo languages|Manobo]], and several [[Visayan languages]], are used in their respective provinces.<ref name="Ethnologue-PH" /> [[Filipino Sign Language]] is the national sign language, and the language of [[Deafness in the Philippines|deaf education]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Kabiling |first=Genalyn |date=November 12, 2018 |title=Filipino Sign Language declared as nat'l sign language of Filipino deaf |work=[[Manila Bulletin]] |url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/11/12/filipino-sign-language-declared-as-natl-sign-language-of-filipino-deaf/ |access-date=November 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112122321/https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/11/12/filipino-sign-language-declared-as-natl-sign-language-of-filipino-deaf/ |archive-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref>
An estimated 2% of the total population practice [[Philippine mythology|Philippine traditional religions]], whose practices and folk beliefs are often syncretized with Christianity and Islam.<ref name="cia-rp"/><ref name=pew>[http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/philippines/religious_demography Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: Philippines]. [[Pew Research Center]]. 2010.</ref> [[Buddhism in the Philippines|Buddhism]] is practiced by around 2% of the population, and is concentrated among Filipinos of Chinese descent.<ref name=cia-rp/><ref name = "irf2010"/><ref name=pew/> The remaining population is divided between a number of religious groups, including [[Hinduism in the Philippines|Hindus]], [[History of the Jews in the Philippines|Jews]], and [[Baha'i Faith in the Philippines|Baha'is]].<ref>[http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_bahai.html The Largest Baha'i Communities]. (September 30, 2005). Retrieved April 26, 2010 from www.adherents.com.</ref>


==Health==
=== Religion ===
{{Main article|Health in the Philippines}}
{{Main|Religion in the Philippines}}
[[File:Sto. Nino Basilica de Cebu from the Pligrim's Center.jpg|thumb|alt=Large crowd outside a colorfully-decorated church|Catholics attend Mass at [[Basilica del Santo Niño]] during the annual [[Sinulog]] festival in [[Cebu]].]]
[[File:St Lukes Medical Center BGC.JPG|thumb|The façade of the [[Bonifacio Global City]] branch of [[St. Luke's Medical Center]]]]
There are an increasing number of private health providers and, {{As of|2009|lc=y}}, 67.1% of healthcare came from private expenditures while 32.9% was from government. In 2013, total expenditures on the health sector was 3.8% of GDP, below the [[WHO]] target of 5%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/325012/economy/business/phl-spends-less-on-health-care-amid-economic-boom-pids|title=PHL spends less on health care amid economic boom – PIDS|publisher=GMA News and Public Affairs|date=September 4, 2013|accessdate=September 21, 2014}}</ref> Health expenditure represented about 6.1% of total government spending. Per capita total expenditure at average exchange rate was USD52.<ref name=WHOStats2009>{{Cite book|url=http://www.who.int/entity/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS09_Full.pdf |author=World Health Organization |year=2009 |title=World Health Statistics 2009 |location=Geneva |isbn=978-92-4-156381-9 |accessdate=December 23, 2009}}</ref> The budget allocation for Healthcare in 2010 was ₱28&nbsp;billion (about USD597&nbsp;million) or ₱310 ($7) per person<ref>Philippine News Agency. (December 14, 2009). [http://www.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2002495&Itemid=2 "Senate approves proposed 2010 national budget"]. Retrieved December 18, 2009 from the [http://www.gov.ph/index.php Official Government Portal of the Republic of the Philippines].</ref> but had an increase in budget in 2014 with a record high in the collection of taxes from the House Bill 5727 (commonly known as [[Sin tax]] Bill).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aer.ph/doh-budget-increase-for-2014-biggest-ever-due-to-sin-tax-law/|title=DOH budget increase for 2014 'biggest ever' due to sin tax law|publisher=Action for Economic Reforms|date=January 15, 2014|accessdate=September 21, 2014}}</ref>


Although the Philippines is a [[Secularism in the Philippines|secular state]] with [[Freedom of religion in the Philippines|freedom of religion]], an overwhelming majority of Filipinos [[Importance of religion by country|consider religion very important]]<ref>{{cite report|last1=Tamir |first1=Christine |last2=Connaughton |first2=Aidan |last3=Salazar |first3=Ariana Monique |date=July 20, 2020 |title=The Global God Divide |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/07/20/the-global-god-divide/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722193955/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/07/20/the-global-god-divide/ |archive-date=July 22, 2020 |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref> and [[Irreligion in the Philippines|irreligion]] is very low.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Bullivant |editor-first1=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=93VoAgAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of Atheism |editor-last2=Ruse |editor-first2=Michael |date=November 21, 2013 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford, England |isbn=978-0-19-166739-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=93VoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA563 563]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Martin |editor-first1=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAeFipOVx4MC |title=The Cambridge Companion to Atheism |date=October 30, 2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=978-1-139-82739-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tAeFipOVx4MC&pg=PA61 61] |language=en |author-link2=Michael Ruse}}</ref><ref name="PSAGovPH-2015Census-Religion">{{cite report|publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] |url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2015%20CPH_REPORT%20NO.%202_PHILIPPINES.pdf |title=2015 Census of Population, Report No. 2 – Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics Philippines |date=June 2017 |at=Table 8: Total Population by Religious Affiliation and Sex: 2015 |issn=0117-1453 |access-date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009143047/http://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2015%20CPH_REPORT%20NO.%202_PHILIPPINES.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Christianity in the Philippines|Christianity]] is the dominant religion<ref>{{cite report|date=July 28, 2014 |title=2013 International Religious Freedom Report |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2013/eap/222161.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526202948/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2013/eap/222161.htm |archive-date=May 26, 2019 |access-date=July 15, 2020 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]], [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]]}}</ref><ref name="StateGov-ReligiousFreedom-2015">{{cite report|date=2014 |title=Philippines 2015 International Religious Freedom Report |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/256347.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121020127/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/256347.pdf |archive-date=January 21, 2017 |access-date=April 11, 2023 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]], [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] |pages=1–2}}</ref> followed by about 89 percent of the population.<ref>{{cite report|date=June 2, 2022 |title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Philippines |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/philippines/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209100417/https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/philippines/ |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |access-date=February 7, 2023 |website=[[United States Department of State]] |publisher=[[Office of International Religious Freedom]] |at=Section I. Religious Demography}}</ref> The country had the [[Catholic Church by country|world's third-largest Roman Catholic population]] {{as of|2013|lc=y}}, and was Asia's [[Christianity in Asia|largest Christian nation]].<ref>{{cite report|date=February 13, 2013 |title=The Global Catholic Population |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2013/02/13/the-global-catholic-population/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928103612/https://www.pewforum.org/2013/02/13/the-global-catholic-population/ |archive-date=September 28, 2013 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center|Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project]] |at=Which countries have the most Catholics now?}}</ref> Census data from [[2020 Philippine census|2020]] found that 78.8 percent of the population professed [[Catholic Church in the Philippines|Roman Catholicism]];{{efn|name=Catholic-2020Census}} other [[List of Christian denominations in the Philippines|Christian denominations]] include {{lang|tl|[[Iglesia ni Cristo]]|italic=no}}, the [[Philippine Independent Church]], and [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventism]].<ref name="PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion">{{Cite press release |last=Mapa |first=Dennis S. |author-link1=Dennis Mapa |date=February 22, 2023 |title=Religious Affiliation in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing) |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/religious-affiliation-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310184554/https://psa.gov.ph/content/religious-affiliation-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing |archive-date=March 10, 2023 |access-date=March 12, 2023 |publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]]}}</ref> [[Protestantism in the Philippines|Protestants]] made up about 5% to 7% of the population in 2010.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jones |first1=Arun W. |title=Local Agency and the Reception of Protestantism in the Philippines |journal=Journal of Asian/North American Theological Educators |date=2016 |volume=2 |issue=1 |page=61 |url=http://janate.org/index.php/janate/article/download/1319/2198 |access-date=May 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109154652/http://janate.org/index.php/janate/article/download/1319/2198 |archive-date=November 9, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Protestant Christianity in the Philippines |url=https://rlp.hds.harvard.edu/faq/protestant-christianity-philippines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421202509/https://rlp.hds.harvard.edu/faq/protestant-christianity-philippines |archive-date=April 21, 2016 |access-date=February 7, 2023 |website=Religious Literacy Project |publisher=[[Harvard Divinity School]]}}</ref> The Philippines sends many [[Christian mission]]aries around the world, and is a training center for foreign priests and nuns.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=July 16, 2015 |title=Religious and lay Filipino missionaries in the world are "Christ first witnesses |language=en |work=[[AsiaNews]] |url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Religious-and-lay-Filipino-missionariesin-the-world-are-%E2%80%9CChrist-first-witnesses-34790.html |access-date=April 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423154532/https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Religious-and-lay-Filipino-missionariesin-the-world-are-%E2%80%9CChrist-first-witnesses-34790.html |archive-date=April 23, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kim |first1=Sebastian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_YAdDQAAQBAJ |title=Christianity as a World Religion: An Introduction |edition=Second |last2=Kim |first2=Kirsteen |date=November 3, 2016 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-4725-6936-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_YAdDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA70 70] |language=en |author-link1=Sebastian Kim |author-link2=Kirsteen Kim}}</ref>
There are an estimated 90,370 physicians or 1 per every 833 people, 480,910 nurses, 43,220 dentists, and 1 hospital bed per every 769 people.<ref name=WHOStats2009/> Retention of skilled practitioners is a problem. 70% of nursing graduates go overseas to work. The Philippines is the biggest supplier of nurses for export.<ref>World Health Organization. (April 2006). [http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_phl_en.pdf Philippines]. ''Country Cooperation Strategy at a Glance''. Retrieved December 23, 2009.</ref>


[[Islam in the Philippines|Islam]] is the country's second-largest religion, with 6.4 percent of the population in the 2020 census.<ref name="PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion" /> Most Muslims live in Mindanao and nearby islands,<ref name="StateGov-ReligiousFreedom-2015" /> and most adhere to the [[Shafi'i school]] of [[Sunni Islam]].<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=An-Na'im |editor-first1=Abdullahi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hg0zCFM0fwkC |title=Islamic Family Law in a Changing World: A Global Resource Book |date=October 11, 2002 |publisher=[[Zed Books]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-84277-093-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Hg0zCFM0fwkC&pg=PA5 5]}}</ref>
In 2001 there were about 1,700 [[hospital]]s, of which about 40% were government-run and 60% private. [[Cardiovascular diseases]] account for more than 25% of all deaths. According to official estimates, 1,965 cases of [[human immunodeficiency virus]] (HIV) were reported in 2003, of which 636 had developed [[acquired immune deficiency syndrome]] (AIDS). Despite the increase of HIV/AIDS cases from 12,000 in 2005<ref name=usaidhealth>[[United States Agency for International Development]]. (May 2008). [http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADM408.pdf ''USAID Country Health Statistical Report – Philippines'']. Retrieved April 8, 2010.</ref> to 17,450 as of April 2014 with 5,965 people who were under anti-retroviral therapy,<ref>{{cite web|last=Santos|first=Tina G.|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/590915/hiv-cases-rose-43-to-486-in-february-16-aids-deaths-reported-doh|title=HIV cases rose 43% to 486 in February; 16 AIDS deaths reported – DOH|publisher=Philippines Daily Inquirer|date=April 1, 2013|accessdate=September 21, 2014}}</ref> the country is still a low-HIV-prevalence country with less than 0.1% of the adult population estimated to be HIV-positive.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mydans|first=Seth|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/20/world/low-rate-of-aids-virus-in-philippines-is-a-puzzle.html|title=Low Rate Of AIDS Virus In Philippines Is a Puzzle|publisher=The New York Times|date=April 20, 2003|accessdate=September 21, 2014}}</ref>


About 0.2 percent of the population follow [[indigenous Philippine folk religions|indigenous religions]],<ref name="PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion" /> whose practices and folk beliefs are often [[Religious syncretism|syncretized]] with Christianity and Islam.<ref name="Rodell-2002" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA29|name=29–30}}}}<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Min |editor-first1=Pyong Gap |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUx7AAAAQBAJ |title=Religions in Asian America: Building Faith Communities |editor-last2=Kim |editor-first2=Jung Ha |date=2001 |publisher=[[AltaMira Press]] |location=Walnut Creek, Calif. |isbn=978-1-4616-4762-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EUx7AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA144 144] |editor-link1=Pyong Gap Min}}</ref> [[Buddhism in the Philippines|Buddhism]] is practiced by about 0.04% of the population,<ref name="PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion" /> primarily by Filipinos of Chinese descent.<ref>{{cite book|last=Yu |first=Jose Vidamor B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c4WqAOKb5c8C |title=Inculturation of Filipino-Chinese Culture Mentality |series=Interreligious and Intercultural Investigations |volume=3 |date=2000 |publisher=[[Pontificia Università Gregoriana]] |location=Rome, Italy |isbn=978-88-7652-848-4 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=c4WqAOKb5c8C&pg=PA87 87–88]}}</ref>
==Education==
{{Main article|Education in the Philippines}}
[[File:Pic geo photos - ph=mm=manila=sampaloc=españa blvd.=university of santo tomas (ust)=main bldg. - aerial shot from univ. tower -philippines--2015-0622--ls-.JPG|thumb|left|The [[University of Santo Tomas]], established in 1611, has the oldest [[extant literature|extant]] university charter in Asia.]]
The Philippines has a simple [[literacy rate]] of 95.6%, with 95.1% for males and 96.1% for females. The Philippines has a [[functional literacy]] rate of 86.45%, with 84.2% for males and 88.7% for females in 2008.<ref name="NSO Literacy">{{cite web|url=http://web0.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/aodao/article/Gender%20Factsheet%20-%20Literacy%20of%20Men%20and%20Women%20in%20the%20Philippines%20-%20March%202011%20No.11-01.pdf|title=Literacy of Men and Women in the Philippines |publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority|accessdate=September 19, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tesda.gov.ph/uploads/File/LMIR2011/ST-PO%2006-03-2011%20%20(FLEMMS).pdf|title=Highlights of the 2008 Functional Literacy, Education and Mass Media Survey (FLEMMS)|publisher=[[Technical Education and Skills Development Authority]]|accessdate=September 19, 2014}}</ref> Education spending accounts for 16.11% in the proposed 2015 national budget.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/budget-watch/68721-recto-government-education-spending-2015|title='Last leg' before K to 12: DepEd gets highest budget|publisher=[[Rappler]]|date=September 19, 2014|accessdate=September 19, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/deped-gets-largest-share-of-proposed-2015-budget/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823115539/http://www.mb.com.ph/deped-gets-largest-share-of-proposed-2015-budget/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=August 23, 2014 |title=DepEd gets largest share of proposed 2015 budget |publisher=[[Manila Bulletin]] |date=July 31, 2014 |accessdate=September 19, 2014 |df= }}</ref>


=== Health ===
The [[Commission on Higher Education (Philippines)|Commission on Higher Education]] (CHED) lists 2,180 higher education institutions, 607 of which are public and 1,573 private.<ref name=CHED>Republic of the Philippines. Commission on Higher Education. (August 2010). {{cite web|url=http://202.57.63.198/chedwww/index.php/eng/Information |title=Information on Higher Education System |accessdate=2011-10-03 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704102629/http://202.57.63.198/chedwww/index.php/eng/Information |archivedate=July 4, 2011 |df= }}. ''Official Website of the Commission on Higher Education''. Retrieved April 17, 2011.</ref> Classes start in June and end in March. The majority of colleges and universities follow a semester calendar from June to October and November to March. There are a number of foreign schools with study programs.<ref name="About"/> A 6-year elementary and 4-year high school education is mandatory<ref>Republic of the Philippines. (Approved: August 11, 2001). [http://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno9155.html ''Republic Act No. 9155 – Governance of Basic Education Act of 2001'']. Retrieved December 11, 2009 from the [http://www.chanrobles.com/ Chan Robles Virtual Law Library].</ref> with an additional two years being added in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.interaksyon.com/article/61826/aquino-signs-k-12-enhanced-basic-education-law |title=Aquino signs K-12 enhanced basic education law|publisher=InterAksyon.com|author=Dexter San Pedro|date=May 15, 2013|accessdate=September 23, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deped.gov.ph/cpanel/uploads/issuanceImg/Kto12%20FAQs%20as%20of%20December%202011.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611201934/http://www.deped.gov.ph/cpanel/uploads/issuanceImg/Kto12%20FAQs%20as%20of%20December%202011.pdf |archivedate=June 11, 2012 |title=K to 12 Basic Education Program Frequently Asked Questions |date=November 25, 2011 |publisher=[[Department of Education (Philippines)|Department of Education]] |accessdate=April 28, 2012}}</ref>
{{Main|Health in the Philippines}}
[[File:Life expectancy in the Philippines.svg|thumb|alt=A steadily-rising graph until the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020|Life expectancy in the Philippines, 1938–2021]]


[[Health care in the Philippines]] is provided by the national and local governments, although private payments account for most healthcare spending.<ref name="DOH-2018">{{cite report|date=2018 |title=National Objectives for Health Philippines, 2017–2022 |url=https://www.doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/health_magazine/NOH-2017-2022-030619-1(1)_0.pdf |journal=National Objectives for Health |location=Manila, Philippines |publisher=Health Policy Development and Planning Bureau, [[Department of Health (Philippines)|Department of Health]] |issn=1908-6768 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913150355/https://www.doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/health_magazine/NOH-2017-2022-030619-1%281%29_0.pdf |archive-date=September 13, 2020 |access-date=September 13, 2020}}</ref>{{rp|pages=25–27}}<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Ordinario |first=Cai |date=October 26, 2018 |title=Out-of-pocket health expense of Pinoys rose in 2017–PSA |work=[[BusinessMirror]] |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2018/10/26/out-of-pocket-health-expense-of-pinoys-rose-in-2017-psa/ |access-date=April 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728061056/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2018/10/26/out-of-pocket-health-expense-of-pinoys-rose-in-2017-psa/ |archive-date=July 28, 2020}}</ref> Per-capita health expenditure in 2022 was {{Philippine peso|10,059.49|link=yes}} and health expenditures were 5.5 percent of the country's GDP.<ref>{{cite press release |title=The Country's Total Health Spending Contributes 5.5 Percent to the Economy in 2022 |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/countrys-total-health-spending-contributes-55-percent-economy-2022 |access-date=August 30, 2023 |publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority|PSA]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901100356/https://psa.gov.ph/content/countrys-total-health-spending-contributes-55-percent-economy-2022 |archive-date=September 1, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> The 2023 budget allocation for healthcare was {{currency|334.9&nbsp;billion|PHP|linked=no|passthrough=yes}}.<ref name="OneNews-MarcosSigns2023Budget" /> The 2019 enactment of the [[universal health care|Universal Health Care Act]] by President Duterte facilitated the automatic enrollment of all Filipinos in the [[Philippine Health Insurance Corporation|national health insurance program]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=de Vera |first=Ben O. |date=March 21, 2022 |title=Gov't subsidy to PhilHealth hits record-high in 2022 |language=en |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://business.inquirer.net/343893/govt-subsidy-to-philhealth-hits-record-high-in-2022 |access-date=November 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321033643/https://business.inquirer.net/343893/govt-subsidy-to-philhealth-hits-record-high-in-2022 |archive-date=March 21, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=March 14, 2019 |title=UHC Act in the Philippines: a new dawn for health care |work=[[World Health Organization]] |url=https://www.who.int/philippines/news/feature-stories/detail/uhc-act-in-the-philippines-a-new-dawn-for-health-care |access-date=July 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329031526/https://www.who.int/philippines/news/feature-stories/detail/uhc-act-in-the-philippines-a-new-dawn-for-health-care |archive-date=March 29, 2019}}</ref> Since 2018, [[Malasakit Center]]s (one-stop shops) have been set up in several government-operated hospitals to provide medical and financial assistance to indigent patients.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Ismael |first=Javier Joe |date=March 4, 2022 |title=151st Malasakit Center inaugurated in Quirino |language=en |work=[[The Manila Times]] |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/03/04/news/regions/151st-malasakit-center-inaugurated-in-quirino/1834988 |access-date=May 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305120759/https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/03/04/news/regions/151st-malasakit-center-inaugurated-in-quirino/1834988 |archive-date=March 5, 2022}}</ref>
Several government agencies are involved with education. The Department of Education covers elementary, secondary, and nonformal education. The [[Technical Education and Skills Development Authority]] (TESDA) administers the post-secondary middle-level education training and development. The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) supervises the college and graduate academic programs and degrees as well as regulate standards in higher education.<ref>[http://www.preventionweb.net/organizations/13426 Commission on Higher Education] The Commission on Higher Education is the governing body covering both public and private higher education institutions as well as degree-granting programs in all tertiary educational institutions in the Philippines. The CHED was established in May 18, 1994 through Republic Act 7722 or the Higher Education Act.</ref>


Average life expectancy in the Philippines {{as of|2023|lc=y}} is 70.48 years (66.97 years for males, and 74.15 years for females).<ref name="CIAWorldFactBook" /> Access to medicine has improved due to increasing Filipino acceptance of [[generic drug]]s.<ref name="DOH-2018" />{{rp|page=58}} The country's leading causes of death in 2021 were [[ischaemic heart diseases]], [[cerebrovascular disease]]s, [[COVID-19]], [[neoplasm]]s, and [[diabetes]].<ref>{{cite report|last1=Mapa |first1=Dennis S. |author-link1=Dennis Mapa |title=Registered Deaths in the Philippines, 2021 |url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/crd/specialrelease/SR%20Death%20Statistics%202021_0.pdf |publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] |access-date=May 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324134007/https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/crd/specialrelease/SR%20Death%20Statistics%202021_0.pdf |archive-date=March 24, 2023 |page=6 |date=February 22, 2023}}</ref> [[Communicable disease]]s are correlated with natural disasters, primarily floods.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Salazar |first1=Miguel Antonio |last2=Pesigan |first2=Arturo |last3=Law |first3=Ronald |last4=Winkler |first4=Volker |date=December 1, 2016 |title=Post-disaster health impact of natural hazards in the Philippines in 2013 |journal=[[Global Health Action]] |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=31320 |doi=10.3402/gha.v9.31320 |pmc=4871893 |pmid=27193265 |doi-access=free}}</ref> One million Filipinos have active [[tuberculosis]], the fourth highest global prevalence rate.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The social determinants of tuberculosis in the Philippines |journal=[[The Lancet]] |date=January 2022 |volume=10 |issue=1 |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(21)00516-7/fulltext}}</ref>
In 2004, [[madrasa|madaris]] were mainstreamed in 16 regions nationwide, mainly in Muslim areas in Mindanao under the auspices and program of the Department of Education.<ref name="madrasa">{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/learning/view/20090720-216304/Mainstreaming-Madrasa |title=Mainstreaming Madrasa |publisher=The Philippine Daily Inquirer |author=Jerry E. Esplanada |date=July 20, 2009 |accessdate=September 23, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724102132/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/learning/view/20090720-216304/Mainstreaming-Madrasa |archivedate=July 24, 2014}}</ref> Public universities are all non-sectarian entities, and are further classified as [[State Universities and Colleges (Philippines)|State Universities and Colleges]] (SUC) or [[Local college and university (Philippines)|Local Colleges and Universities]] (LCU).<ref name=CHED/> The [[University of the Philippines]], a system of eight (8) constituent universities, is the [[national university|national university system]] of the Philippines.<ref name="Charter">Republic of the Philippines. (Approved: April 29, 2008). [http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno9500.html ''Republic Act 9500 – An Act to Strengthen the University of the Philippines as the National University'']. Chan Robles Law Library.</ref>


The Philippines has 1,387 [[List of hospitals in the Philippines|hospitals]], 33 percent of which are government-run; 23,281 barangay health stations, 2,592 rural health units, 2,411 [[Birthing center|birthing home]]s, and 659 infirmaries provide primary care throughout the country.<ref name="RVONL-HealthCare-2021">{{cite report|author1=Orange Health Consultants |title=Health Care in the Philippines |url=https://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2021/06/Healthcare-in-The-Philippines.pdf |publisher=Netherlands Enterprise Agency (RVO) |access-date=March 17, 2023 |location=Rotterdam, Netherlands |date=April 2021 |at=Organization of the health care system |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017093201/https://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2021/06/Healthcare-in-The-Philippines.pdf |archive-date=October 17, 2021}}</ref> Since 1967, the Philippines had become the largest global supplier of nurses;<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Cachero |first=Paulina |date=May 30, 2021 |title=How Filipino Nurses Have Propped Up America's Medical System |url=https://time.com/6051754/history-filipino-nurses-us/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530110820/https://time.com/6051754/history-filipino-nurses-us/ |archive-date=May 30, 2021 |access-date=November 11, 2022}}</ref> seventy percent of [[Nursing in the Philippines|nursing graduates]] go overseas to work, causing problems in retaining skilled practitioners.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lorenzo |first1=Fely Marilyn |last2=Galvez-Tan |first2=Jaime |last3=Icamina |first3=Kriselle |last4=Javier |first4=Lara |year=2007 |title=Nurse Migration from a Source Country Perspective: Philippine Country Case Study |journal=[[Health Services Research (journal)|Health Services Research]] |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell Publishing]] |volume=42 |issue=3 (pt 2) |pages=1406–1418 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-6773.2007.00716.x |pmc=1955369 |pmid=17489922}}</ref>
==Culture==
{{Main article|Festivals of the Philippines|Culture of the Philippines}}
Philippine culture is a combination of [[Eastern culture|Eastern]] and [[Western culture]]s. The Philippines exhibits aspects found in other Asian countries with a [[Malay people|Malay]]<ref>Baringer, Sally E. [c. 2006]. [http://www.everyculture.com/No-Sa/The-Philippines.html "The Philippines"]. In ''Countries and Their Cultures''. Advameg Inc. Retrieved December 20, 2009 from www.everyculture.com.</ref> heritage, yet its culture also displays a significant number of [[Culture of Spain|Spanish]] and [[Culture of the United States|American]] influences.


=== Education ===
Traditional festivities known as ''barrio fiestas'' (district festivals) to commemorate the feast days of patron saints are common. These community celebrations are times for feasting, music, and dancing and the [[Moriones Festival|Moriones]] and [[Sinulog]] festivals are a couple of the most well-known.
{{Main|Education in the Philippines}}
{{Further|Higher education in the Philippines}}
[[File:Main Bulding of the University of Santo Tomas.jpg|thumb|alt=Front of a very old building|Founded in 1611, the [[University of Santo Tomas]] is Asia's oldest extant university.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Kent |editor-first1=Allen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_faTic0w7sMC |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science |volume=42 – Supplement 7: The Albert I Royal Library to The United Nations Bibliographic Information System (UNBIS) |edition=1st |date=February 26, 1987 |title=Asia, Libraries in |publisher=[[Marcel Dekker]] |location=New York, N.Y. |isbn=978-0-8247-2042-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_faTic0w7sMC&pg=PA74 74] |language=en}}</ref>]]


Primary and secondary schooling in the Philippines consists of six years of elementary period, four years of junior high school, and two years of senior high school.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=San Pedro |first=Dexter |date=May 15, 2013 |title=Aquino signs K–12 enhanced basic education law |work=[[InterAksyon]] |url=http://www.interaksyon.com/article/61826/aquino-signs-k-12-enhanced-basic-education-law |access-date=September 23, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614003442/http://www.interaksyon.com/article/61826/aquino-signs-k-12-enhanced-basic-education-law |archive-date=June 14, 2013}}</ref> Public education, provided by the government, is free at the elementary and secondary levels and at [[Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act|most public higher-education institutions]].<ref name="OECD-2017May">{{cite book|last1=OECD |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_WSQDwAAQBAJ |title=Interrelations between Public Policies, Migration and Development in the Philippines |series=OECD Development Pathways |last2=Scalabrini Migration Center |date=2017 |publisher=[[OECD Publishing]] |location=Paris, France |isbn=978-92-64-27228-6 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_WSQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA138 138–139] |language=en |author-link=OECD}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Corrales |first=Nestor |date=August 4, 2017 |title=Duterte signs into law bill granting free tuition in SUCs |language=en |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/920306/breaking-duterte-signs-law-granting-free-tuition-in-sucs |access-date=February 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804035732/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/920306/breaking-duterte-signs-law-granting-free-tuition-in-sucs |archive-date=August 4, 2017}}</ref> [[Philippine Science High School System|Science high schools]] for talented students were established in 1963.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Nagao |editor-first1=Masafumi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TqpGsyqHez4C |title=Mathematics and Science Education in Developing Countries: Issues, Experiences, and Cooperation Prospects |editor-last2=Rogan |editor-first2=John M. |editor-last3=Magno |editor-first3=Marcelita Coronel |date=2007 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-542-533-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TqpGsyqHez4C&pg=PA31 31] |language=en}}</ref> The government provides technical-vocational training and development through the [[Technical Education and Skills Development Authority]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wu |first1=Qiuchen |last2=Bai |first2=Bin |last3=Zhu |first3=Xiaolin |title=Vocational Education and Training in ASEAN Member States |editor-last1=Bai |editor-first1=Bin |editor-last2=Paryono |series=Perspectives on Rethinking and Reforming Education |date=April 2019 |chapter=Technical and Vocational Education and Training in the Philippines: Development and Status Quo |pages=155, 158 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-13-6616-1 |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-6617-8_7 |s2cid=159328746 }}</ref> In 2004, the government began offering [[Alternative Learning System (Philippines)|alternative education]] to out-of-school children, youth, and adults to improve literacy;<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Mooney |editor-first1=Thomas Brian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQNAAAAAQBAJ |title=Aquinas, Education and the East |series=Sophia Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures |editor-last2=Nowacki |editor-first2=Mark |date= 2013 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |location=Dordrecht, Netherlands |isbn=978-94-007-5261-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQNAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA185 185] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |date=June 9, 2022 |title=DepEd, UNICEF strengthen Alternative Learning System toward quality, relevant second chance basic education |language=en |work=[[UNICEF]] |url=https://www.unicef.org/philippines/press-releases/deped-unicef-strengthen-alternative-learning-system-toward-quality-relevant-second |access-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230222171030/https://www.unicef.org/philippines/press-releases/deped-unicef-strengthen-alternative-learning-system-toward-quality-relevant-second |archive-date=February 22, 2023}}</ref> [[madrasa|madaris]] were mainstreamed in 16 regions that year, primarily in Mindanao Muslim areas under the [[Department of Education (Philippines)|Department of Education]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Esplanada |first=Jerry E. |date=July 20, 2009 |title=Mainstreaming Madrasa |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/learning/view/20090720-216304/Mainstreaming-Madrasa |access-date=September 23, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724102132/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/learning/view/20090720-216304/Mainstreaming-Madrasa |archive-date=July 24, 2014}}</ref> [[List of Catholic universities and colleges in the Philippines|Catholic schools]], which number more than 1,500,<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.ceap.org.ph/who-we-are/about-ceap |website=Catholic Educational Association of the Philippines |access-date=March 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203064402/https://www.ceap.org.ph/who-we-are/about-ceap |archive-date=December 3, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> and higher education institutions are an integral part of the educational system.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Peters |editor-first1=Michael A. |last1=Aguas |first1=Jove Jim S. |title=Encyclopedia of Teacher Education |date=2019 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-13-1179-6 |url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-981-13-1179-6_147-1 |access-date=March 24, 2024 |language=en |chapter=Catholic Education in the Philippines |pages=1–7 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/50848177 |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1179-6_147-1 |editor-link1=Michael Peters (education academic) |via=[[Academia.edu]]}}</ref>
Some traditions, however, are changing or gradually being forgotten due to modernization. The [[Bayanihan Philippine National Folk Dance Company]] has been lauded for preserving many of the various traditional folk dances found throughout the Philippines. They are famed for their iconic performances of Philippine dances such as the ''[[tinikling]]'' and ''[[singkil]]'' that both feature clashing bamboo poles.<ref name="lonelyplanet44">{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/?id=aaUR07G0yAcC&pg=PA44 |title = Philippines |author1 = Rowthorn, Chris |author2 = Greg Bloom |lastauthoramp = yes |edition = 9th |publisher = [[Lonely Planet]] |year = 2006 |page = 44 |isbn = 1-74104-289-5}}</ref>


The Philippines has [[List of colleges and universities in the Philippines|1,975 higher education institutions]] {{as of|2019|lc=y}}, of which 246 are public and 1,729 are private.<ref>{{cite report|title=Table 2. Distribution of Higher Education Institutions by Region and Sector: AY 2019–20 |url=https://ched.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/Distribution-of-Higher-Education-Institutions-by-Region-and-Sector-AY-2019-20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728115539/https://ched.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/Distribution-of-Higher-Education-Institutions-by-Region-and-Sector-AY-2019-20.pdf |archive-date=July 28, 2021 |access-date=January 12, 2022 |publisher=[[Commission on Higher Education (Philippines)|Commission on Higher Education]]}}</ref> Public universities are non-sectarian, and are primarily classified as [[List of state schools, colleges and universities in the Philippines|state-administered]] or [[Local colleges and universities (Philippines)|local government-funded]].<ref>{{cite report|title=New measures support university and technical students in the Philippines – Asia 2019 |url=https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/reports/philippines/2019-report/economy/working-the-plan-five-years-into-basic-education-reform-programme-rollout-shifts-to-supporting-university-and-technical-school-students |publisher=Oxford Business Group |access-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319071934/https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/reports/philippines/2019-report/economy/working-the-plan-five-years-into-basic-education-reform-programme-rollout-shifts-to-supporting-university-and-technical-school-students |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |at=Sector Structure |date=September 9, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Ness |editor-first1=Daniel |editor-last2=Lin |editor-first2=Chia-Ling |encyclopedia=International Education: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Issues and Systems |volume=1–2 |date=March 17, 2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon, Oxon, England |isbn=978-1-317-46751-9 |title=Philippines |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=F_FnBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA459 459] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_FnBwAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> The [[national university]] is the eight-school [[University of the Philippines]] (UP) system.<ref>{{Cite PH act |title=The University of the Philippines Charter of 2008 |chamber=RA |number=9500 |date=April 19, 2008 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2008/04/19/republic-act-no-9500/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830074039/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2008/04/19/republic-act-no-9500/ |archive-date=August 30, 2018 |access-date=February 6, 2023 |publisher=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |location=Metro Manila, Philippines}}</ref> The country's top-ranked universities are the [[University of the Philippines Diliman]], [[Ateneo de Manila University]], [[De La Salle University]], and [[University of Santo Tomas]].<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Krishna |editor-first=V. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNguDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT328 |title=Universities in the National Innovation Systems: Experiences from the Asia-Pacific |date=2017 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-351-61900-4 |page=328}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=2023 |title=QS Asia University Rankings 2023 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/asia-university-rankings/2023 |access-date=March 25, 2024 |website=[[QS World University Rankings]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=2020 |title=World University Rankings 2020 |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2020/world-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/locations/PH/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats |website=[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]}}</ref>
===Cosmopolitanism===
One of the most visible Hispanic legacies is the prevalence of [[Catálogo Alfabético de Apellidos|Spanish names and surnames]] among Filipinos; a Spanish name and surname, however, does not necessarily denote Spanish ancestry. This peculiarity, unique among the people of Asia, came as a result of a colonial edict by Governor-General [[Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa, 1st Count of Manila|Narciso Clavería y Zaldua]], which ordered the systematic distribution of family names and implementation of [[Spanish naming customs|Hispanic nomenclature]] on the population.<ref name=Dumont>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/?id=zMFKs8--FDMC&pg=PA160 |title = Visayan Vignettes: Ethnographic Traces of a Philippine Island |author = Dumont, Jean-Paul |publisher = University of Chicago Press |location = Chicago |year = 1992 |pages = 160–162 |isbn = 0-226-16954-5}}</ref>
The names of many streets, towns, and provinces are also in Spanish. [[Spanish architecture]] has left an imprint in the Philippines in the way many towns were designed around a central square or ''plaza mayor'', but many of the buildings bearing its influence were demolished during World War II.<ref name=Ring/> Some examples remain, mainly among the country's churches, government buildings, and universities. Four Philippine [[baroque]] churches are included in the list of [[UNESCO World Heritage Sites]]: the [[San Agustin Church, Manila|San Agustín Church]] in Manila, the Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte, the Nuestra Señora de la Asunción (Santa María) Church in Ilocos Sur, and the Santo Tomás de Villanueva Church in Iloilo.<ref name=Unesco>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/677/multiple=1&unique_number=801|title=Baroque Churches of the Philippines|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|author1=United Nations Educational |author2=Scientific and Cultural Organization |year=2010|accessdate=January 12, 2010}}</ref>


{{as of|2019|alt=In 2019}}, the Philippines had a basic [[literacy]] rate of 93.8 percent of those five years old or older,<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Hernandez |first=Jobo E. |date=October 29, 2020 |title=Literacy rate estimated at 93.8% among 5 year olds or older — PSA |work=[[BusinessWorld]] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/economy/2020/10/29/325932/literacy-rate-estimated-at-93-8-among-5-year-olds-or-older-psa/ |access-date=November 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111071307/https://www.bworldonline.com/economy/2020/10/29/325932/literacy-rate-estimated-at-93-8-among-5-year-olds-or-older-psa/ |archive-date=November 11, 2022}}</ref> and a [[functional illiteracy|functional literacy]] rate of 91.6 percent of those aged 10 to 64.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Talavera |first=Catherine |date=December 14, 2020 |title=Functional literacy rate improves in 2019 – PSA |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/12/14/2063627/functional-literacy-rate-improves-2019-psa |access-date=November 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214020049/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/12/14/2063627/functional-literacy-rate-improves-2019-psa |archive-date=December 14, 2020}}</ref> Education, a significant proportion of the national budget, was allocated {{currency|900.9&nbsp;billion|PHP|linked=no|passthrough=yes}} from the {{currency|5.268&nbsp;trillion|PHP|linked=no|passthrough=yes}} 2023 budget.<ref name="OneNews-MarcosSigns2023Budget">{{#invoke:cite news||last=Flores |first=Helen |date=December 17, 2022 |title=Marcos Signs P5.268-Trillion National Budget For 2023 |work=[[One News (TV channel)|OneNews]] |url=https://www.onenews.ph/articles/marcos-signs-p5-268-trillion-national-budget-for-2023 |access-date=February 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217155623/https://www.onenews.ph/articles/marcos-signs-p5-268-trillion-national-budget-for-2023 |archive-date=December 17, 2022}}</ref> {{as of|2023}}, the country has 1,640 [[public libraries]] affiliated with the [[National Library of the Philippines]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Statistical Number of Affiliated Public Libraries |url=http://web.nlp.gov.ph/nlp/?q=node/10266 |website=[[National Library of the Philippines]] |access-date=July 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230725004228/http://web.nlp.gov.ph/nlp/?q=node/10266 |archive-date=July 25, 2023}}</ref>
[[Vigan]] in Ilocos Sur is also known for the many Hispanic-style houses and buildings preserved there.<ref name="lonelyplanet145">{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/?id=aaUR07G0yAcC&pg=PA145 |title = Philippines |author1 = Rowthorn, Chris |author2 = Greg Bloom |lastauthoramp = yes |edition = 9th |publisher = [[Lonely Planet]] |year = 2006 |page = 145 |isbn = 1-74104-289-5}}</ref> In [[Iloilo]], a lot of the colonial edifices constructed during the American occupation in the country can still be seen. Commercial buildings, houses and churches in that era are abundant in the city and especially in [[Calle Real, Iloilo|Calle Real]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oocities.org/dost6/iloilo/touristattraction.html|title=The Official Iloilo Province Webpage|work=oocities.org}}</ref>


== Culture ==
However, certain areas of the country like [[Batanes]] have slight differences as both Spanish and Filipino ways of life assimilated differently due to the climate there and limestone and coral were used as building materials.<ref name=nccabatanes>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?igm=4&i=226|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419094805/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?igm=4&i=226|archivedate=April 19, 2015|date=April 19, 2015|title=The Batanes Islands|publisher=National Commission for Culture and the Arts|last=Datar|first=Francisco A.}}</ref> Idjangs or [[Ivatan people|Ivatan]] castles were the primary shelter of the people prior to the Spanish conquest of the whole Philippines.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.filipiknow.net/archaeological-discoveries-in-the-philippines/#more-4493|title=15 Most Intense Archaeological Discoveries in Philippine History|work=FilipiKnow}}</ref>
{{Main|Culture of the Philippines}}
[[File:Banaue Philippines Banaue-Rice-Terraces-01.jpg|thumb|alt=A terraced hillside, seen from above|The [[Banaue Rice Terraces]], carved by ancestors of the [[Ifugao people]]]]


The Philippines has significant cultural diversity, reinforced by the country's fragmented geography.<ref name="Junker-1999" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r50BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|name=61}}}}<ref name="Bankoff-2017">{{cite book|last1=Bankoff |first1=Greg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Se1HDwAAQBAJ |title=Post-Colonial National Identity in the Philippines: Celebrating the Centennial of Independence |series=Routledge Revivals |last2=Weekley |first2=Kathleen |date=2017 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-351-74209-2}}</ref> Spanish and American cultures profoundly influenced Filipino culture as a result of long colonization.<ref name="Edelstein-2011">{{cite book|editor-last1=Edelstein |editor-first1=Sari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lj0CeaIIETkC |title=Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Competency for Culinary, Hospitality, and Nutrition Professionals |publisher=[[Jones & Bartlett Learning]] |location=Sudbury, Mass. |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7637-5965-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lj0CeaIIETkC&pg=PA515 515]}}</ref><ref name="Banlaoi-2009"/> The cultures of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago developed distinctly, since they had limited Spanish influence and more influence from nearby Islamic regions.<ref name="Wernstedt-1967" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C&pg=PA503|name=503}}}} Indigenous groups such as the [[Igorot]]s have preserved their precolonial customs and traditions by [[Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization|resisting the Spanish]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Williams |first=Victoria R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3_zRDwAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival |edition=Illustrated |title=Igorot |date=February 24, 2020 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-4408-6118-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3_zRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA473 473] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Minahan |first=James B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOQkpcVcd9AC&pg=PT101 |encyclopedia=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia |edition=Illustrated |series=Ethnic Groups of the World |title=Cordillerans |date=August 30, 2012 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-59884-660-7 |language=en}}</ref> A [[Filipino nationalism|national identity]] [[National revival|emerged]] during the 19th century, however, with [[National symbols of the Philippines|shared national symbols]] and cultural and historical [[Touchstone (metaphor)|touchstones]].<ref name="Bankoff-2017" />
The common use of the English language is an example of the American impact on Philippine society. It has contributed to the ready acceptance and influence of American pop cultural trends. This affinity is seen in Filipinos' love of [[fast food]] and American film and music. Fast food outlets are found on many street corners. American global fast food chain stalwarts have entered the market, but local fast food chains like [[Goldilocks Bakeshop|Goldilocks]] and most notably [[Jollibee]], the leading fast food chain in the country, have emerged and compete successfully against their foreign rivals.<ref name=Jollibee>{{cite web|url = http://www.jollibee.com.ph/corporate/phenomenon.htm |archivedate = June 23, 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070623034806/http://www.jollibee.com.ph/corporate/phenomenon.htm |title = The Jollibee Phenomenon |publisher = Jollibee Inc. |accessdate = January 9, 2008}}</ref><ref name=Jollibee2>{{Cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/30/business/worldbusiness/30iht-burger.html?pagewanted=all |title = Jollibee stings McDonald's in Philippines |author = Conde, Carlos H. |newspaper = [[The New York Times]] |date = May 31, 2005 |accessdate = January 5, 2010}}</ref>
<gallery mode=packed-hover caption=>
File:VIGAN CITY.jpg|thumb|Spanish colonial architecture in [[Vigan City]]
File:Calle Real, Iloilo City 2.jpg|thumb|Calle Real in [[Iloilo City]] is home to art deco and beaux-arts buildings from the American colonial era
File:Idjang 2.jpg|thumb|Idjangs are fortresses constructed prior to the Spanish regime found in [[Batanes]]
File:Barasoain church ~MVI~ (gaga over Mondo Marcos).jpg|thumb|[[Barasoain Church]] in [[Malolos, Bulacan]], where the [[First Philippine Republic]] was founded
File:Taluksangay mosque.jpg|thumb|[[Taluksangay Mosque]] is the oldest mosque in Western Mindanao, built around 1885. It is one of the many mosques that reflects the muslim community in the country.
</Gallery>


[[Spanish influence on Filipino culture|Hispanic legacies]] include the dominance of Catholicism<ref name="Guillermo-2012" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&pg=PA5|name=5}}}}<ref name="Edelstein-2011" /> and the prevalence of [[Catálogo alfabético de apellidos|Spanish names and surnames]], which resulted from an 1849 edict ordering the systematic distribution of family names and the implementation of [[Spanish naming customs]];<ref name="Boquet-2017" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|name=75}}}}<ref name="Woods-2006" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C&pg=PT262|name=237}}}} the [[List of Philippine place names of Spanish origin|names of many locations]] also have Spanish origins.<ref>{{cite book|last=Law |first=Gwillim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z0OeCQAAQBAJ |title=Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998 |date=November 19, 2010 |publisher=[[McFarland & Company|McFarland]] |location=Jefferson, N.C. |isbn=978-0-7864-6097-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=z0OeCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA289 289] |language=en}}</ref> American influence on modern Filipino culture<ref name="Banlaoi-2009"/> is evident in the use of English<ref name="Nadal-2011">{{cite book|last=Nadal |first=Kevin L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zN7-s84jAkoC |title=Filipino American Psychology: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice |date=March 23, 2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |location=Hoboken, N.J. |isbn=978-1-118-01977-1 |language=en |author-link1=Kevin Nadal}}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zN7-s84jAkoC&pg=PA12|name=12}}}} and Filipino consumption of [[fast food]] and American films and music.<ref name="Edelstein-2011" />
===Music===


[[Public holidays in the Philippines]] are classified as regular or special.<ref>{{Cite PH act |title=Regular Holidays and Nationwide Special Days |chamber=EO |number=292 |section=Chapter 7, section 26: Regular Holidays and Nationwide Special Days |date=July 25, 1987 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1987/07/25/executive-order-no-292-book-ichapter-7-regular-holidays-and-nationwide-special-days/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903160004/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1987/07/25/executive-order-no-292-book-ichapter-7-regular-holidays-and-nationwide-special-days/ |archive-date=September 3, 2017 |access-date=March 10, 2023 |publisher=[[Official Gazette (Philippines)|Official Gazette of the Philippines]] |location=Manila, Philippines}}</ref> [[List of festivals in the Philippines|Festivals]] are primarily religious, and most towns and villages have such a festival (usually to honor a [[patron saint]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chan |first1=Richel Royce T. |title=The Festival Extravaganza of Vigan City, Philippines |journal=UNP Research Journal |date=January 2020 |volume=XXIX |pages=64–66 |url=https://vector.unp.edu.ph/index.php/1/article/download/57/7/251 |publisher=[[University of Northern Philippines]] |issn=0119-3058 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430021308/https://vector.unp.edu.ph/index.php/1/article/download/57/7/251 |archive-date=April 30, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Wendt-1998">{{cite journal|last1=Wendt |first1=Reinhard |title=Philippine Fiesta and Colonial Culture |journal=[[Philippine Studies (journal)|Philippine Studies]] |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]] |date=1998 |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=4–5 |issn=0031-7837 |jstor=42633620}}</ref> Better-known festivals include [[Ati-Atihan festival|Ati-Atihan]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Aguirre |first=Jun |date=March 4, 2018 |title=Legend of the Ati-atihan Fest in Aklan |work=[[BusinessMirror]] |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2018/03/04/legend-of-the-ati-atihan-fest-in-aklan/ |access-date=September 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903154448/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2018/03/04/legend-of-the-ati-atihan-fest-in-aklan/ |archive-date=September 3, 2020}}</ref> [[Dinagyang]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pison |first1=Ruth Jordana |title=The Dinagyang Festival: An Afterlife of the Ilonggos' Faith |journal=Journal of English Studies and Comparative Literature |date=May 28, 2019 |volume=16 |pages=81, 85 |url=https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/jescl/article/view/6728/5829 |access-date=August 30, 2023 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines]] |language=en |issn=0119-1721}}</ref> [[Moriones Festival|Moriones]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Cinco |first=Maricar |date=March 26, 2018 |title=Moriones: solemn tradition, not festive occasion |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/978072/moriones-festival-returns-to-religious-roots |access-date=September 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326035724/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/978072/moriones-festival-returns-to-religious-roots |archive-date=March 26, 2018}}</ref> [[Sinulog]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=February 27, 2018 |title=Sinulog named as Asia's most popular festival |work=[[SunStar]] |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/421022/Business/Sinulog-named-as-Asias-most-popular-festival |access-date=September 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903161024/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/421022/Business/Sinulog-named-as-Asias-most-popular-festival |archive-date=September 3, 2020}}</ref> and [[Flores de Mayo]]—a month-long devotion to the [[Virgin Mary]] held in May.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lopez |first1=Patricia Marion Y. |title=Mary as Mother in the Flores de Mayo in Poblacion, Oslob |journal=Humanities Diliman: A Philippine Journal of Humanities |date=February 22, 2016 |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=101 |url=https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/humanitiesdiliman/article/view/4932/4444 |access-date=August 30, 2023 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines]] |language=en |issn=2012-0788 |oclc=7181411125 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623012242/https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/humanitiesdiliman/article/view/4932/4444 |archive-date=June 23, 2016}}</ref> The country's [[Christmas in the Philippines|Christmas season]] begins as early as September 1,<ref name="Rood-2019">{{cite book|last=Rood |first=Steven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JmCpDwAAQBAJ |title=The Philippines: What Everyone Needs to Know® |date=June 15, 2019 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York, N.Y. |isbn=978-0-19-092060-9 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JmCpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149|name=149}}}} and [[Holy Week in the Philippines|Holy Week]] is a solemn religious observance for its Christian population.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sexton |first=Colleen A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffGdShrIrQAC |title=Philippines in Pictures |series=Visual Geography Series |date=January 1, 2006 |publisher=[[Twenty-First Century Books]] |location=Minneapolis, Minn. |isbn=978-0-8225-2677-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ffGdShrIrQAC&pg=PA46 46] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rood-2019" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JmCpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149|name=149}}}}
{{Main article|Music of the Philippines|Original Pilipino Music}}
Philippine music has evolved rapidly due to the different influences stemming from colonialism under other countries. Before the Spanish conquest of the islands, most music was reminiscent of, or heavily influenced by, nature. Some examples of this tribal music is ''Koyu No Tebulul'' of the [[T'boli]] and Ambo Hato of the [[Ifugao]]. This genre is often accompanied by gong music and one well known instrument is the [[Kulintang]].
[[File:Kulintang 03.jpg|thumb|Percussion instruments that make up the Philippine [[kulintang]] ensemble, an example of pre-Hispanic musical tradition]]
During the Spanish era [[Rondalya]] music, where traditional string orchestra [[mandolin]] type instruments were used, was widespread. In the Philippines, ''Rondalya'' refers to any group of stringed instruments that are played using a plectrum or pick. Filipino instruments are made from indigenous Philippine wood; plectrums, or picks, are made from tortoise-shell. Other stringed instruments composing the standard Filipino rondalla are the 14-string bandurria found only in the Philippines, the laúd, the octavina, the Twelve-string guitar, the Ukulele, the bajo de uñas or double bass, the Guitarrón mexicano, and other Filipino-made instruments modeled and developed after the guitar. Harana and Kundiman are prevalent during this time wherein these songs are often used in courtship rituals.<ref name=aboutpmusic>{{cite web|url=http://aboutphilippines.ph/filer/toledo-cebu/PHILIPPINE%20MUSIC.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620114522/http://aboutphilippines.ph/filer/toledo-cebu/PHILIPPINE%20MUSIC.pdf |date=June 20, 2015 |archivedate=June 20, 2015|title=PHILIPPINE MUSIC|publisher=Balikbayan family-union - AboutPhilippines|author=Anupol, Cayabyab, Chua, Luarca, Shimamoto, Torio, Yumol}}</ref>


=== Values ===
Marcelo Adonay (organist), Simplicio Solis (organist), Diego C. Perez (pianist), Jose Conseco (pianist) and [[Dolores Paterno|Doña Dolores Paterno]] (composer) were some of the recognized musicians in this era. Nowadays, American pop culture has a heavy hold on the Filipinos that evolved from the Spanish times when the American occupation happened. Along with Korean pop, these two are dominating the recent music scene in media.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.academia.edu/8989687/REASON_BEHIND_THE_RISING_POPULARITY_OF_K-POP_IN_THE_PHILIPPINES|title=Reason Behind the Rising Popularity of K-Pop in the Philippines|author=Alyssa Kristin Cruz|work=academia.edu}}</ref><ref name=nccamusic>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?igm=1&i=157|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724223121/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?igm=1&i=157 |archivedate=July 24, 2014|date=July 25, 2014 |title=Popular Music in the Philippines|last=Baes|first=Jonas|publisher=National Commission for Culture and the Arts}}</ref> However, the revival of Spanish-influence folk music has been done due to the different choir groups in and out of the country like the [[Philippine Madrigal Singers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/balikbayan/39564-choirs-filipino-classics|title=Choirs around the world take on Filipino classics|work=Rappler}}</ref>
{{Further|Filipino values|Filipino psychology}}
[[File:Core Value.JPG|thumb|alt=Colored outdoor statue of a child pressing their forehead on the hand of a seated elder|Statue in [[Iriga]] commemorating {{lang|fil|[[Mano (gesture)|mano po]]}}]]


Filipino [[Value (ethics and social sciences)|values]] are rooted primarily in personal alliances based in [[Philippine kinship|kinship]], obligation, friendship, religion (particularly Christianity), and commerce.<ref name="Dolan-1991" />{{rp|loc={{plain link|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927161138/https://countrystudies.us/philippines/41.htm|name=41}}}} They center around social harmony through {{lang|fil|[[pakikisama]]}},<ref name="Qiu-2004">{{cite book|editor-last1=Qiu |editor-first1=Renzong |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puYpTx1gE40C |title=Bioethics: Asian Perspectives: A Quest for Moral Diversity |series=Philosophy and Medicine |volume=80 |date=2004 |publisher=[[Kluwer Academic Publishers]] |location=Dordrecht, Netherlands |isbn=978-1-4020-1795-7 |language=en |author-link1=Qiu Renzong}}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puYpTx1gE40C&pg=PA74|name=74}}}} motivated primarily by the desire for acceptance by a group.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hallig |first1=Jason V. |title=Communicating Holiness to the Filipinos: Challenges and Needs the Path to a Filipino Theology of Holiness |journal=Didache: Faithful Teaching |volume=2 |issue=1 |issn=1536-0156 |url=http://didache.nts.edu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=277&Itemid |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720015814/http://didache.nts.edu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=277&Itemid |archive-date=July 20, 2011 |access-date=February 10, 2023 |via=[[Nazarene Theological Seminary]] |pages=2, 10}}</ref><ref name="Warner-2014" /><ref name="Nadal-2011" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zN7-s84jAkoC&pg=PA47|name=47}}}} Reciprocity through {{lang|fil|[[utang na loob]]}} (a debt of gratitude) is a significant Filipino cultural trait, and an internalized debt can never be fully repaid.<ref name="Qiu-2004" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puYpTx1gE40C&pg=PA76|name=76}}}}<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Alora |editor-first1=Angeles Tan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=55momC6vMWIC |title=Beyond a Western Bioethics: Voices from the Developing World |editor-last2=Lumitao |editor-first2=Josephine M. |date=2001 |publisher=[[Georgetown University Press]] |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-1-58901-249-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=55momC6vMWIC&pg=PA57 57] |language=en}}</ref> The main sanction for divergence from these values are the concepts of {{lang|fil|hiya}} (shame)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tabadda |first1=Emil V. |editor-last1=Gripaldo |editor-first1=Rolando M. |title=Filipino Cultural Traits: Claro R. Ceniza Lectures |series=Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change Series IIID, Southeast Asia |volume=4 |date=2005 |publisher=Council for Research in Values and Philosophy |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-1-56518-225-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXJe6vKMjroC |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hXJe6vKMjroC&pg=PA35 35–39] |chapter=Chapter II: A Phenomenology of the Tagalog Notions of Hiya [Shame] and Dangal [Dignity] |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXJe6vKMjroC&pg=PA21}}</ref> and loss of {{lang|es|amor propio}} ([[self-esteem]]).<ref name="Warner-2014">{{cite book|editor-last1=Warner |editor-first1=Malcolm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-HgBAwAAQBAJ |title=Culture and Management in Asia |date=March 5, 2014 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-136-49760-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-HgBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA157 157] |language=en}}</ref>
===Visual art===
{{Main article|Art of the Philippines}}
[[File:Emilio Jacinto Monument in Quezon City, Metro Manila..jpg|thumb|Emilio Jacinto Monument in Quezon City, Metro Manila.]]
Pottery and weaving are among the very first art forms showcasing [[Filipinos|Filipino]] artistic design and are evident from cave dwellings all over the country. Among these are mostly anthropomorphic earthenware jars dating from c. 5&nbsp;BC to 225&nbsp;AD. Weaving was mostly done by women, using fibers from abaca, pineapple, cotton, and bark to make clothes, rugs and hats. Baskets were mostly utilized to carry grain and other foods.<ref name="slideshare1">{{cite web|author=Trish Sotto |url=http://www.slideshare.net/TrishSotto/fa-28-weaving-history |title=Fa 28 weaving history |publisher=Slideshare.net |date= |accessdate=August 1, 2013}}</ref><ref name="nationalmuseum1">{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeo/Pots.html |title=Anthropomorphic Pots : Metal Age : Ayub Cave, Saranggani Province |publisher=National Museum of the Philippines |accessdate=February 22, 2015}}</ref>


The family is central to Philippine society; norms such as loyalty, maintaining close relationships and care for elderly parents are ingrained in Philippine society.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Smith |first1=Bradford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-932648SbP4C |title=Philanthropy in Communities of Color |last2=Shue |first2=Sylvia |last3=Vest |first3=Jennifer Lisa |last4=Villarreal |first4=Joseph |date=1999 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=Bloomington, Ind. |isbn=978-0-253-11293-4 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-932648SbP4C&pg=PA89 89–90] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Naylor |editor-first1=Larry L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HhUKBb807GsC |title=Cultural Diversity in the United States |date=1997 |publisher=[[Bergin & Garvey]] |location=Westport, Conn. |isbn=978-0-89789-479-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HhUKBb807GsC&pg=PA179 179] |language=en}}</ref> Respect for authority and the elderly is valued, and is shown with gestures such as {{lang|fil|mano}} and the [[Filipino styles and honorifics|honorifics]] {{lang|fil|po}} and {{lang|fil|opo}} and {{lang|fil|kuya}} (older brother) or {{lang|fil|ate}} (older sister).<ref>{{cite book|last=Bonifacio |first=Glenda Tibe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OXPQAQAAQBAJ |title=Pinay on the Prairies: Filipino Women and Transnational Identities |date=November 15, 2013 |publisher=[[University of British Columbia Press|UBC Press]] |location=Vancouver, Canada |isbn=978-0-7748-2582-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OXPQAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA192 192] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Nadal |editor-first1=Kevin Leo Yabut |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGN7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT660 |encyclopedia=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Filipina/x/o American Studies |title=Family Structure |editor-last2=Tintiangco-Cubales |editor-first2=Allyson |editor-last3=David |editor-first3=E. J. R. |date=November 3, 2022 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |location=Thousand Oaks, Calif. |isbn=978-1-0718-2901-1 |at=Hierarchy |language=en|editor-link1=Kevin Nadal}}</ref> Other Filipino values are optimism about the future, pessimism about the present, concern about other people, friendship and friendliness, [[hospitality]], religiosity, respect for oneself and others (particularly [[Women in the Philippines|women]]), and integrity.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Talisayon |first1=Serafin D. |editor-last1=Dy |editor-first1=Manuel B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRoYc2hPg2sC |title=Values in Philippine Culture and Education |series=Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change Series III. Asia; Philippine Philosophical Studies |volume=7 |publisher=Office of Research and Publications, Council for Research in Values and Philosophy |location=Washington, D.C. |year=1994 |isbn=978-1-56518-040-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hRoYc2hPg2sC&pg=PA155 155] |chapter=Chapter 13: Teaching Values in the Natural and Physical Sciences in the Philippines |chapter-url=https://www.crvp.org/publications/Series-III/III-7.pdf |access-date=September 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804051616/https://www.crvp.org/publications/Series-III/III-7.pdf |archive-date=August 4, 2022}}</ref>
Early Philippine sculpture is characterized by frontal nudity. One of the earliest forms are the ''bulols'' by the [[Ifugao]] people which serve as an assurance for bountiful harvests. The original function of these sculptures are related to the ceremonies and beliefs of the tribes who created them. Arab and Russian missionaries also brought beveled type of carvings in the form of ''Okkil''. The beginnings of this sculpture type started with the Islamization of [[Sulu]]. The Spanish colonization of the country did not hinder Filipinos creating sculptures for objects of adoration. During this time, sculptures of deities and saints were used to teach Filipinos Christian doctrines. During the American colonialism, worshippers of faith were not discouraged to sculpt in order to adorn churches.


=== Art and architecture ===
Filipinos' first exposure to painting happened when [[Spain]] conquered the Philippines and these were used as religious propaganda often displayed in churches. However, as education progressed and wealth increased, more and more artists started to shift from the traditional religious motifs to a more secular pattern of imagery.<ref name="wiziq1">{{cite web|url=http://www.wiziq.com/tutorial/159187-HISTORY-OF-PHILIPPINE-PAINTING |title=History Of Philippine Painting |publisher=Wiziq.com |date= |accessdate=August 1, 2013}}</ref>
{{Main|Arts in the Philippines|Architecture of the Philippines}}
[[File:'Spoliarium' by Juan Luna.jpg|thumb|alt=Painting of dying gladiators|[[Juan Luna]]'s ''[[Spoliarium]]'' (1884) at the [[National Museum of the Philippines]]]]


Philippine art combines indigenous folk art and foreign influences, primarily Spain and the United States.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Panizo |first1=Alfredo |last2=Rustia |first2=Erlinda F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y86zdJE87TsC |title=Introduction to Art Appreciation and Aesthetics: An Approach to the Humanities |publisher=[[REX Book Store, Inc.]] |location=Manila, Philippines |isbn=978-971-23-1932-7 |date=1969 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y86zdJE87TsC&pg=PA156 156] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="McFerson-2002">{{cite book|editor-last1=McFerson |editor-first1=Hazel M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7FPLWmaGQpEC |title=Mixed Blessing: The Impact of the American Colonial Experience on Politics and Society in the Philippines |date=2002 |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |location=Westport, Conn. |isbn=978-0-313-30791-1 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7FPLWmaGQpEC&pg=PA22 22–23] |language=en}}</ref> During the Spanish colonial period, art was used to spread Catholicism and support the concept of racially-superior groups.<ref name="McFerson-2002" /> Classical paintings were mainly religious;<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Hernandez |first1=Eloisa May P. |title=The Spanish Colonial Tradition in Philippine Visual Arts |url=http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/visual-arts/the-spanish-colonial-tradition-in-philippine-visual-arts/ |publisher=[[National Commission for Culture and the Arts]] |access-date=April 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421082733/http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/visual-arts/the-spanish-colonial-tradition-in-philippine-visual-arts/ |archive-date=April 21, 2016 |date=April 15, 2015 |at=A. Painting}}</ref> prominent artists during Spanish colonial rule included [[Juan Luna]] and [[Félix Resurrección Hidalgo]], whose works drew attention to the Philippines.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Ocampo |first1=Ambeth |author1-link=Ambeth Ocampo |title=Jose Rizal in Filipino Literature and History |url=https://archium.ateneo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1042&context=history-faculty-pubs |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]] |access-date=May 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414005130/https://archium.ateneo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1042&context=history-faculty-pubs |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |pages=77–78}}</ref> [[Modernism]] was introduced to the Philippines during the 1920s and 1930s by [[Victorio Edades]] and popular [[pastoral]] scenes by [[Fernando Amorsolo]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Foster |first1=Simon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJttBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT523 |title=The Rough Guide to the Philippines |last2=Deere |first2=Kiki |date=October 1, 2014 |publisher=[[Rough Guides UK]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-0-241-01376-2 |language=en}}</ref>
Paintings of early [[Modern art|modernist]] painters such as [[Damián Domingo]] often still had a religious association but the art of [[Juan Luna]] and [[Félix Resurrección Hidalgo|Félix Hidalgo]] showed a trend towards political statement. The first Philippine national artist [[Fernando Amorsolo]] used post-modernism to produce paintings that illustrated aspects of Philippine culture, while other artists such as [[Fernando Zóbel de Ayala y Montojo|Fernando Zóbel]] used both realistic and [[Abstract art|abstract]] techniques.


[[File:St. Agustine Paoay Church 02.jpg|thumb|alt=Old, mossy church with a lawn in front|The early-18th-century Earthquake Baroque [[Paoay Church]] in [[Ilocos Norte]], a National Cultural Treasure and a UNESCO World Heritage Site as one of four Baroque Churches of the Philippines<ref name="UNESCO-BaroqueChurches" />]]
In the modern period, the integration of architecture in the Art Deco style happened. Many of these examples can be seen in statues all over the country especially in public parks and spaces.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3_ocHJ0_t44C&pg=PA31&lpg=PA31&dq=history+philippine+sculptures&source=bl&ots=kXzJtNHMfx&sig=sHQ3UKoX69FwrVGdUdoa33cqWnE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDMQ6AEwATgKahUKEwjwiPyH5NDHAhXEkY4KHcgVCHE#v=onepage&q=history%20philippine%20sculptures&f=false|title=Humanities and the Digital Arts'|edition=2006|work=google.com.ph}}</ref>
Traditional Philippine architecture has two main models: the indigenous {{lang|fil|[[bahay kubo]]}} and the {{lang|fil|[[bahay na bato]]}}, which developed under Spanish rule.<ref name="Boquet-2017" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA438|name=438–444}}}} Some regions, such as [[Batanes]], differ slightly due to climate; limestone was used as a building material, and houses were built to withstand typhoons.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Yu |editor-first1=Pei-Lin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8DhjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT151 |title=Relevance and Application of Heritage in Contemporary Society |editor-last2=Shen |editor-first2=Chen |editor-last3=Smith |editor-first3=George S. |date=2018 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=New York, N.Y. |isbn=978-1-351-33296-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Brown |editor-first1=Jessica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18iV522zLj0C |title=The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community |editor-last2=Mitchell |editor-first2=Nora J. |editor-last3=Beresford |editor-first3=Michael |date=2005 |publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] |location=Gland, Switzerland |isbn=978-2-8317-0797-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=18iV522zLj0C&pg=PA101 101] |language=en}}</ref>


[[Spanish architecture]] left an imprint in town designs around a [[poblacion|central square]] or {{lang|es|plaza mayor}}, but many of its buildings were damaged or destroyed during World War II.<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Cruz |first1=Geoffrey Rhoel C. |title=A Review of How Philippine Colonial Experience Influenced the Country's Approaches to Conservation of Cultural Heritage |url=https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/pdf/conferences/arts-congress-proceedings/2019/FAC-02.pdf |access-date=April 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517150542/https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/pdf/conferences/arts-congress-proceedings/2019/FAC-02.pdf |archive-date=May 17, 2021 |publisher=[[De La Salle University]] |book-title=Arts Congress Proceedings |volume=3 |series=9 |date=February 2019 |location=Manila, Philippines |conference=12th Arts Congress |issn=2012-0311 |at=The Philippine Built Cultural Heritage}}</ref><ref name="Ring-1996" /> [[List of Baroque churches in the Philippines|Several]] Philippine [[List of Catholic churches in the Philippines|churches]] adapted [[baroque architecture]] to withstand earthquakes, leading to the development of [[Earthquake Baroque]];<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ortiz |first1=Ma. Aurora R. |last2=Erestain |first2=Teresita E. |last3=Guillermo |first3=Alice G. |last4=Montano |first4=Myrna C. |last5=Pilar |first5=Santiago A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T9UE6SQayrUC |title=Art: Perception & Appreciation |publisher=Goodwill Trading Co., Inc. |location=Makati, Philippines |isbn=978-971-11-0933-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=T9UE6SQayrUC&pg=PA287 287] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Girard-2021">{{cite book|last=Girard |first=Jean-Claude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYZaEAAAQBAJ |title=Leandro Valencia Locsin: Filipino architect |date=December 6, 2021 |publisher=[[Birkhäuser]] |location=Basel, Switzerland |isbn=978-3-0356-2093-1 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BYZaEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 23–25] |language=en}}</ref> [[Baroque Churches of the Philippines|four baroque churches]] have been listed as a collective UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]].<ref name="UNESCO-BaroqueChurches">{{#invoke:cite web||year=2010 |title=Baroque Churches of the Philippines |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/677/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210154046/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/677/ |archive-date=February 10, 2006 |access-date=July 22, 2020 |website=[[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Centre]] |publisher=[[UNESCO]]}}</ref> [[Spanish colonial fortifications in the Philippines|Spanish colonial fortifications]] ({{lang|es|fuerzas}}) in several parts of the Philippines were primarily designed by missionary architects and built by Filipino stonemasons.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Harrison |first1=Peter |title=Castles of God: Fortified Religious Buildings of the World |date=2004 |publisher=[[Boydell Press]] |location=Woodbridge, Suffolk, England |isbn=978-1-84383-066-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=g6PqNavNEdgC&pg=PA190 190] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g6PqNavNEdgC |language=en}}</ref> [[Vigan]], in [[Ilocos Sur]], is known for its Hispanic-style houses and buildings.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rabang |first1=Marie Rose Q. |title=Cultural Mapping as a Tool in Heritage Conservation in a World Heritage Site: The Vigan City Experience |journal=Journal Sampurasun: Interdisciplinary Studies for Cultural Heritage |date=December 4, 2015 |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=31 |doi=10.23969/sampurasun.v1i1.26 |url=https://journal.unpas.ac.id/index.php/sampurasun/article/download/26/7/58 |access-date=April 19, 2023 |publisher=Research Institute of Pasundan University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429061850/https://journal.unpas.ac.id/index.php/sampurasun/article/download/26/7/58 |archive-date=April 29, 2023 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
===Values===
{{Further information|Filipino values}}
As a general description, the distinct [[value system]] of Filipinos is rooted primarily in personal alliance systems, especially those based in kinship, obligation, friendship, religion (particularly [[Christianity]]), and commercial relationships.<ref name=CAPH>[http://countrystudies.us/philippines/41.htm ''Social Values and Organization''], Philippines, Country Studies US. Online version of print book Ronald E. Dolan, ed. ''Philippines: A Country Study''. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991.</ref>


American rule introduced new architectural styles in the construction of government buildings and [[Art Deco]] theaters.<ref name="NCCAGovPH-Architecture">{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Noche |first1=Manuel D. C. |title=History of Philippine Architecture |date=April 14, 2015 |url=http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/architecture-and-allied-arts-2/history-of-philippine-architecture/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421020700/http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/architecture-and-allied-arts-2/history-of-philippine-architecture/ |archive-date=April 21, 2017 |access-date=September 8, 2016 |publisher=[[National Commission for Culture and the Arts]]}}</ref> During the American period, construction of [[Gabaldon school buildings]] began,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ancho |first1=Inero |last2=San Juan |first2=Mark Ponce |title=Preservation Of Heritage School Buildings In The Philippines: A Case Study Of The Gabaldon Buildings |journal=Journal of Urban Culture Research |date=2021 |volume=22 |pages=106–109 |doi=10.14456/jucr.2021.8 |url=https://so04.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/JUCR/article/view/252190/171120 |access-date=August 13, 2024 |issn=2408-1213}}</ref> and some city planning using architectural designs and master plans by [[Daniel Burnham]] was done in portions of [[Burnham Plan of Manila|Manila]] and [[Baguio]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Adams |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zNNdADCYcAC |title=Outline of Town and City Planning |date=November 2004 |publisher=[[Routledge]]/[[Thoemmes Press]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-0-415-16094-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1zNNdADCYcAC&pg=PA201 201] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kirsch |first=Scott |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IrujEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT122 |title=American Colonial Spaces in the Philippines: Insular Empire |series=Routledge Research in Historical Geography |date=February 15, 2023 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon, Oxon, England |isbn=978-1-000-83977-7 |language=en}}</ref> Part of the Burnham plan was the construction of government buildings reminiscent of [[Ancient Greek architecture|Greek]] or [[Neoclassical architecture]].<ref name="NCCAGovPH-Architecture" /><ref name="Girard-2021" /> Buildings from the Spanish and American periods can be seen in [[Iloilo]], especially in [[Calle Real, Iloilo|Calle Real]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Salas |first=Vic |date=August 9, 2022 |title=[Ilonggo Notes] A city of cultural heritage tourism zones |work=[[Rappler]] |url=https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/travel/ilonggo-notes-city-cultural-heritage-tourism-zones-iloilo/ |access-date=November 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809115745/https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/travel/ilonggo-notes-city-cultural-heritage-tourism-zones-iloilo/ |archive-date=August 9, 2022}}</ref>
Filipino values are, for the most part, centered around maintaining social harmony, motivated primarily by the desire to be accepted within a group.<ref name="Phil"/> The main sanction against diverging from these values are the concepts of "''Hiya''", roughly translated as 'a sense of shame', and "''Amor propio''" or 'self-esteem'.<ref name="Phil">{{cite book|author1=Chris Rowthorn|author2=Greg Bloom|title=Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aaUR07G0yAcC|year=2006|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-289-4}}</ref> Social approval, acceptance by a group, and belonging to a group are major concerns. Caring about what others will think, say or do, are strong influences on social behavior among Filipinos.<ref name=Didache>Hallig, Jason V. [http://didache.nts.edu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=277&Itemid ''Communicating Holiness to the Filipinos: Challenges and Needs''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720015814/http://didache.nts.edu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=277&Itemid |date=July 20, 2011 }}, The Path to a Filipino Theology of Holiness, on pages 2 and 10. didache.nts.edu.</ref>


===Music and dance===
Other elements of the Filipino value system are optimism about the future, pessimism about present situations and events, concern and care for other people, the existence of friendship and friendliness, the habit of being hospitable, religious nature, respectfulness to self and others, respect for the female members of society, the fear of God, and abhorrence of acts of cheating and thievery.<ref name=CRVP2>{{cite web|last=Talisayon|first=Serafin|url=http://www.crvp.org/book/Series03/III-7/chapter_xiii.htm|title=Filipino Values, Chapter XIII, Teaching Values in the Natural and Physical Sciences in the Philippines|website=crvp.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417164213/http://www.crvp.org/book/Series03/III-7/chapter_xiii.htm|archivedate=April 17, 2016|publisher=The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy (RVP), [[The Catholic University of America]]|date=1994}} File dated April 8, 2000. In {{cite book|ISBN=1-56518-040-2|title=Values in Philippine Culture and Education (Philippine Philosophical Studies, Series III, Volume 7)|editor=Dy, Manuel B., Jr.|series=Cultural heritage and contemporary change|date=March 10, 1994|publisher=Council for Research in Values and Philosophy}}</ref>
{{Main|Music of the Philippines|Dance in the Philippines}}
[[File:Tinikling.jpg|thumb|alt=Female dancers in colorful dresses|[[Tinikling]], a dance depicting the swift leg movements of a ''tikling'' bird eluding a farmer's traps<ref>{{cite book|last=Akombo |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ByGCwAAQBAJ |title=The Unity of Music and Dance in World Cultures |date=February 3, 2016 |publisher=[[McFarland & Company|McFarland]] |location=Jefferson, N.C. |isbn=978-1-4766-2269-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1ByGCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA172 172] |language=en}}</ref>]]


There are two types of Philippine [[folk dance]], stemming from traditional indigenous influences and Spanish influence.<ref name="Rodell-2002" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA173|name=173}}}} Although native dances had become less popular,<ref name="Villaruz-2006">{{cite book|last=Villaruz |first=Basilio Esteban S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C |title=Treading Through: 45 Years of Philippine Dance |date=2006 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-542-509-4}}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C&pg=PA77|name=77}}}} folk dancing began to revive during the 1920s.<ref name="Villaruz-2006" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C&pg=PA82|name=82}}}} The [[Cariñosa]], a Hispanic Filipino dance, is unofficially considered the country's national dance.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rodríguez |first=José Miguel Díaz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=emNgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT159 |title=The Appeal of the Philippines: Spain, Cultural Representation and Politics |series=Routledge Contemporary Southeast Asia Series |date= 2018 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-351-99811-6 |language=en}}</ref> Popular indigenous dances include the [[Tinikling]] and [[Singkil (Maranao dance)|Singkil]], which include the rhythmic clapping of bamboo poles.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Parfitt |editor-first1=Clare |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rYNSEAAAQBAJ |title=Cultural Memory and Popular Dance: Dancing to Remember, Dancing to Forget |series=Palgrave Macmillan Memory Studies |date=2021 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |location=Cham, Switzerland |isbn=978-3-030-71083-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rYNSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA189 189] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Namiki |first1=Kanami |title=Hybridity and National Identity: Different Perspectives of Two National Folk Dance Companies in the Philippines |journal=Asian Studies |date=2011 |volume=47 |issue=Special Issue: Cultural Hybridities of the Philippines |pages=69, 84 |url=https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-47-2011/vol-47-2011-cultural-hybridities-philippines.pdf |access-date=May 10, 2023 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines]] |issn=0004-4679 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711181559/https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-47-2011/vol-47-2011-cultural-hybridities-philippines.pdf |archive-date=July 11, 2013}}</ref> Present-day dances vary from delicate [[ballet]]<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Burridge |editor-first1=Stephanie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ng5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT164 |title=The Routledge Companion to Dance in Asia and the Pacific: Platforms for Change |date=September 9, 2021 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-000-44021-8 |language=en}}</ref> to street-oriented [[breakdancing]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Villacruz |first=Basilio Esteban S. |date=July 24, 2014 |title=Philippine Dance in the American Period |url=http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?igm=1&i=117 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724234241/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?igm=1&i=117 |archive-date=July 24, 2014 |publisher=[[National Commission for Culture and the Arts]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Gasgonia |first=Dennis |date=December 8, 2020 |title=Olympic OK music to Pinoy breakdancers' ears — 'Chance to put PH on the map' |work=[[ABS-CBN News]] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/sports/12/08/20/olympic-ok-music-to-pinoy-breakdancers-ears-chance-to-put-ph-on-the-map |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208160028/https://news.abs-cbn.com/sports/12/08/20/olympic-ok-music-to-pinoy-breakdancers-ears-chance-to-put-ph-on-the-map |archive-date=December 8, 2020}}</ref>
Internationally, the Philippines has been well documented for its successes in beauty pageants. While in most of the world the popularity of formal female beauty contests has diminished, they remain both popular and widespread in the Philippines. The country's recent surge in the [[Miss Universe]] pageant alone in the 2010s marked the revived interest of not only the Philippines but also throughout the rest of Asia up against their rivals in Latin America in international beauty pageantry. [[Binibining Pilipinas]] is a closely followed event throughout the country along with other major national pageants such as [[Miss Philippines Earth]] and [[Miss World Philippines]]. The Philippines have garnered one [[Miss World]], three Miss Universe, six [[Miss International]] and three [[Miss Earth]] crowns, making it the world's third country (after [[Brazil]] and [[Venezuela]], as well as Asia's first country) to win all [[Big Four international beauty pageants|four major]] international beauty pageant titles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/128471/philippines-first-to-win-all-five-intl-beauty-pageants|title=Philippines first to win all five int'l beauty pageants|first=Kristine Angeli|last=Sabillo|publisher=}}</ref>


[[Rondalla|Rondalya]] music, with traditional [[mandolin]]-type [[List of Philippine musical instruments|instruments]], was popular during the Spanish era.<ref name="Thompson-Batalla-2018" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmkPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA327|name=327}}}}<ref name="KCET-MasterRondalla" /> Spanish-influenced musicians are primarily [[bandurria]]-based bands with 14-string guitars.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Martin |editor-first1=Andrew R. |editor-last2=Mihalka |editor-first2=Matthew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvb2DwAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=Music around the World: A Global Encyclopedia |title=Philippines, Music of the |date=September 8, 2020 |edition=1st |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-61069-499-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wvb2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA665 665] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="KCET-MasterRondalla">{{#invoke:cite news||date=May 24, 2022 |title=This Master Rondalla Musician is Preserving the Sounds of Philippine Culture in L.A. |work=[[KCET]] |url=https://www.kcet.org/shows/artbound/this-master-rondalla-musician-is-preserving-the-sounds-of-philippine-culture-in-l-a |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524195859/https://www.kcet.org/shows/artbound/this-master-rondalla-musician-is-preserving-the-sounds-of-philippine-culture-in-l-a |archive-date=May 24, 2022}}</ref> [[Kundiman]] developed during the 1920s and 1930s.<ref name="Ellingham-1999">{{cite book|last=Ellingham |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzX8THIgRjUC |title=The Rough Guide to World Music |volume=2: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia & Pacific |series=Rough Guide Music Guides |publisher=[[Rough Guides]] |location=London, England |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-85828-636-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QzX8THIgRjUC&pg=PA214 214]}}</ref> The American colonial period exposed many Filipinos to [[Culture of the United States|U.S. culture]] and [[Music of the United States|popular music]].<ref name="Ellingham-1999" /> [[Rock music]] was introduced to Filipinos during the 1960s and developed into Filipino rock (or [[Pinoy rock]]), a term encompassing [[pop rock]], [[alternative rock]], [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]], [[punk rock|punk]], [[new wave music|new wave]], [[ska]], and [[reggae]]. Martial law in the 1970s produced [[Philippine folk music|Filipino folk rock]] bands and artists who [[Protest music against the Marcos dictatorship|were at the forefront]] of political demonstrations.<ref name="Murray-2016">{{cite book|editor-last1=Murray |editor-first1=Jeremy A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ot2uDAAAQBAJ |title=Pop Culture in Asia and Oceania |series=Entertainment and Society around the World |editor-last2=Nadeau |editor-first2=Kathleen |date=August 15, 2016 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-4408-3991-7 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ot2uDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38|name=38–41}}}} The decade also saw the birth of the [[Manila sound]] and [[Original Pilipino Music]] (OPM).<ref name="Shunwei-2022">{{cite journal|last1=Shunwei |first1=Liu |last2=Jia |first2=Li |title=Establishment of Philippine Popular Music Industry |journal=Multicultural Education |date=June 7, 2022 |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=60, 66–67 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.6618973 |doi-access=free |url=http://ijdri.com/me/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/6.pdf |access-date=April 30, 2023 |publisher=International Journal Documentation & Research Institute}}</ref><ref name="Woods-2006" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C&pg=PT196|name=171}}}} [[Filipino hip-hop]], which originated in 1979, entered the mainstream in 1990.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Goldsmith |editor-first1=Melissa Ursula Dawn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mR2DwAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=Hip Hop around the World: An Encyclopedia |edition=Illustrated |title=The Philippines |volume=I and II: A–Z |editor-last2=Fonseca |editor-first2=Anthony J. |date=December 2018 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-0-313-35759-6 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6mR2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA552 552–553]}}</ref><ref name="Murray-2016" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ot2uDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38|name=38–41}}}} [[Karaoke]] is also popular.<ref>{{cite book|last=Klempe |first=Sven Hroar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vaV0EAAAQBAJ |title=Sound and Reason: Synesthesia as Metacognition |series=Palgrave Studies in Sound |date=2022 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-19-2340-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vaV0EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 83] |language=en}}</ref> From 2010 to 2020, [[Pinoy pop]] (P-pop) was influenced by [[K-pop]] and [[J-pop]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Newbould |first=Chris |date=October 24, 2022 |title=A brief history of P-pop, from anti-Marcos messages to the mainstream and back |language=en |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/music/2022/10/24/a-brief-history-of-p-pop-from-anti-marcos-messages-to-the-mainstream-and-back/ |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205213311/https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/music/2022/10/24/a-brief-history-of-p-pop-from-anti-marcos-messages-to-the-mainstream-and-back/ |archive-date=December 5, 2022}}</ref>
===Dance===
{{Main article|Philippine Dance}}
[[File:Tinikling Dance.jpg|thumb|[[Tinikling]] as performed on stage.]]
Just like the evolution of Philippine music, dance as well has been in constant change. Prior to colonial rule, the Philippines has a wide array of ethnic dances from different tribal groups. This is due mainly to the fact that Philippines is an island thus the different varieties of dance developed. Both Luzon and Visayas, at first, were more akin to tribal movements until the Spanish came. Mindanao represents more of an array of Muslim inspired dances and Spanish influence was minimal in the region of [[Zamboanga City|Zamboanga]].


Locally produced theatrical drama became established during the late 1870s. Spanish influence around that time introduced {{lang|es|[[zarzuela]]}} plays (with music)<ref name="Liu-2016">{{cite book|editor-last1=Liu |editor-first1=Siyuan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1iFCwAAQBAJ |title=Routledge Handbook of Asian Theatre |series=Routledge Handbooks |date=2016 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-317-27886-3 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=H1iFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA372 372–373]}}</ref> and {{lang|es|[[Comedia (play)|comedia]]}}s, with dance. The plays became popular throughout the country,<ref name="Villaruz-2006" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C&pg=PA69|name=69–70}}}} and were written in a number of local languages.<ref name="Liu-2016" /> American influence introduced [[vaudeville]] and ballet.<ref name="Villaruz-2006" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C&pg=PA69|name=69–70}}}} [[Realism (theatre)|Realistic]] theatre became dominant during the 20th century, with plays focusing on contemporary political and social issues.<ref name="Liu-2016" />
Universal dances in the Philippines are found at societal functions such as rituals, mimicry, life cycle and parties. During the Spanish era, most dances are accompanied by Rondalya music usually with 14-string bandurrias that the Filipinos invented or by other type of stringed instruments that locally evolved in to the culture as well.


=== Literature ===
One famous dance that is well known is called the [[Tinikling]], where a band of Rondalya musicians play along with the percussive beat of the two bamboo poles. It usually starts with men and women acting a scene about "How rural townsfolk mingle". The dancers then graze thru the clashing of the bamboo poles held on opposite sides. The end displays the paired bamboo poles crossing each other. The Muslim version of this where bamboo poles are also used is called the [[Singkil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stringsofunity.com/rondalla-history.html|title=Strings of Unity|author=Marcus Felix|work=stringsofunity.com|accessdate=December 17, 2015}}</ref> Nowadays, in the Modern and Post-Modern time periods, dances vary from the delicate ballet up to the more street-oriented styles of breakdancing to name a few.<ref name=nccadance>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?igm=1&i=117|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724234241/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?igm=1&i=117 |archivedate=July 24, 2014|date=July 24, 2014 |title=Philippine Dance in the American Period|publisher=National Commission for Culture and the Arts|first=Basilio Esteban S.|last=Villacruz}}</ref>
{{Main|Philippine literature}}
[[File:Jose Rizal full.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|alt=photograph of José Rizal|José Rizal's writings inspired the [[Philippine Revolution]].]]


Philippine literature consists of [[Filipiniana|works]] usually written in Filipino, [[Philippine literature in Spanish|Spanish]], or [[Philippine literature in English|English]]. Some of the earliest well-known works were created from the 17th to the 19th&nbsp;centuries.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NbY3AAAAIAAJ |title=Literaturen |date=1976 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |location=Leiden, Netherlands |isbn=978-90-04-04331-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NbY3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA277 277] |language=en}}</ref> They include {{lang|fil|[[Ibong Adarna]]}}, an epic about an eponymous magical bird,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Eulogio Balan |title=The Adarna Bird: A Filipino Tale of Pre-Spanish Origin Incorporated in the Development of Philippine Literature, the Rapid Growth of Vernacular Belles-letters from Its Earliest Inception to the Present Day |date=1933 |publisher=General Printing Press |location=Manila, Philippines |isbn=<!-- ISBN unspecified --> |pages=[https://web.archive.org/web/20230725001129/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AJV4301.0001.001/56 51]–[https://web.archive.org/web/20230725001307/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/ajv4301.0001.001/57 52] |url=http://name.umdl.umich.edu/ajv4301.0001.001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725001440/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=philamer;idno=AJV4301.0001.001 |archive-date=July 25, 2023 |oclc=34358713 |via=[[University of Michigan Library]]}}</ref> and {{lang|fil|[[Florante at Laura]]}} by Tagalog author [[Francisco Balagtas]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lumbera |first1=Bienvenido |title='Florante at Laura' and the Formalization of Tradition in Tagalog Poetry |journal=[[Philippine Studies (journal)|Philippine Studies]] |date=1967 |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=545–575 |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]] |issn=0031-7837 |jstor=42720240}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Blanco |first=John D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNtM4sXUgCEC |title=Frontier Constitutions: Christianity and Colonial Empire in the Nineteenth-Century Philippines |date=February 24, 2009 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |location=Berkeley, Calif. |isbn=978-0-520-94369-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sNtM4sXUgCEC&pg=PA55 55] |language=en}}</ref> [[José Rizal]] wrote the novels {{lang|es|[[Noli Me Tángere (novel)|Noli Me Tángere]]}} (''Social Cancer'') and {{lang|es|[[El filibusterismo]]}} (''The Reign of Greed''),<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bernad |first1=Miguel A. |title=Rizal in Guerrero's Translation: El Filibusterismo |journal=[[Philippine Studies (journal)|Philippine Studies]] |date=1967 |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=204 |url=http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/2299/4425 |access-date=April 30, 2023 |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]] |issn=0031-7837 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108185224/http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/2299/4425 |archive-date=November 8, 2017}}</ref> both of which depict the injustices of Spanish colonial rule.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Tarver |editor-first1=H. Micheal |editor-last2=Slape |editor-first2=Emily |encyclopedia=The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia |series=Empires of the World |volume=I |edition=Illustrated |title=Philippine Revolution (1896–1898) |date=July 25, 2016 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-61069-422-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1LCJDAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA108 108] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LCJDAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>
===Cuisine===
{{Main article|Philippine cuisine}}
[[File:Lumpia from Lumpia Shack in New York, NY.jpg|thumb|[[Lumpia]] from Lumpia Shack in New York, NY]]
Philippine cuisine has evolved over several centuries from its [[Malayo-Polynesian]] origins to become a mixed cuisine with many [[Hispanic]], [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]], [[Cuisine of the United States|American]], and other [[Asian cuisine|Asian]] influences that have been adapted to local ingredients and the Filipino palate to create distinctively Filipino dishes. Dishes range from the very simple, like a meal of fried salted fish and rice, to the elaborate, such as the ''[[paella]]s'' and ''[[cozido|cocidos]]'' created for fiestas.<ref name=Jollibee2/><ref name=Zialcita/>


[[Philippine folk literature|Folk literature]] was relatively unaffected by colonial influence until the 19th century due to Spanish indifference. Most printed literary works during Spanish colonial rule were religious in nature, although [[Ilustrado|Filipino elites]] who later learned Spanish wrote nationalistic literature.<ref name="Rodell-2002" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA59|name=59–62}}}} The American arrival [[Education in the Philippines during American rule|began]] Filipino literary use of English<ref name="Rodell-2002" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA65|name=65–66}}}} and influenced the development of the [[Philippine comics]] industry that flourished from the 1920s through the 1970s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reyes |first1=Soledad S. |author1-link=Soledad Reyes |title=The Philippine 'Komiks': Text as Containment |journal=Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science |date=1997 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=81–81, 85–87 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |doi=10.1163/030382497X00059 |jstor=24492451 |issn=0303-8246 |oclc=9982710804}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reyes |first1=Soledad S. |author1-link=Soledad Reyes |title=The Komiks and Retelling the Lore of the Folk |journal=[[Philippine Studies (journal)|Philippine Studies]] |date=2009 |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=389–390 |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]] |jstor=42634017 |issn=0031-7837 |oclc=9975776944}}</ref> In the late 1960s, during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, Philippine literature was [[Student activism in the Philippines (1965–1972)|influenced by political activism]]; many poets began using Tagalog, in keeping with the country's oral traditions.<ref name="Rodell-2002" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA69|name=69–71}}}}
Popular dishes include ''[[lechon|lechón]]'', ''[[Adobo (Filipino cuisine)|adobo]]'', ''[[sinigang]]'', ''[[kare-kare]]'', ''[[Tapa (Filipino cuisine)|tapa]]'', [[Crispy pata|crispy ''pata'']], ''[[pancit]]'', ''[[lumpia]]'', and ''[[halo-halo]]''. Some common local ingredients used in cooking are [[calamondin]]s, coconuts, ''[[Saba banana|saba]]'' (a kind of short wide [[Plantain (cooking)|plantain]]), [[mangoes]], [[purple yam|ube]], [[milkfish]], and [[fish sauce]]. Filipino taste buds tend to favor robust flavors, but the cuisine is not as spicy as those of its neighbors.<ref name=Jollibee2/><ref name=Zialcita>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/?id=PEy9G-HLokwC&pg=PA281 |title = Authentic Though not Exotic: Essays on Filipino Identity
|author = Zialcita, Fernando Nakpil |publisher = Ateneo de Manila University Press |location = Quezon City |year = 2005 |page = 281 |isbn = 971-550-479-5}}</ref>


[[Philippine mythology]] has been handed down primarily through oral tradition;<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Fee |editor-first1=Christopher R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXnEDAAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=American Myths, Legends, and Tall Tales: An Encyclopedia of American Folklore |volume=I: A–F |title=Filipino American Folklore and Folktales |editor-last2=Webb |editor-first2=Jeffrey B. |date=August 29, 2016 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-61069-568-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kXnEDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA369 369] |language=en |author-link1=Christopher R. Fee}}</ref> popular [[List of Philippine mythological figures|figures]] are [[Maria Makiling]],<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Hardenberg |editor-first1=Wilko Graf von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gkqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT62 |title=The Nature State: Rethinking the History of Conservation |series=Routledge Environmental Humanities series |editor-last2=Kelly |editor-first2=Matthew |editor-last3=Leal |editor-first3=Claudia |editor-last4=Wakild |editor-first4=Emily |date=July 14, 2017 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-351-76463-6 |language=en}}</ref> [[Biag ni Lam-Ang|Lam-ang]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Villanueva |first1=Louie B. |title=Biag ni Lam-ang: An Ilokano Epic Analysis and Its Implication to Ilokano Folk Literature and Philippine Educational Development |journal=Journal of Tianjin University: Science and Technology |date=2022 |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=624–625, 631 |doi=10.17605/OSF.IO/RYXCN |url=https://tianjindaxuexuebao.com/dashboard/uploads/39.%20RYXCN.pdf |access-date=May 1, 2023 |publisher=[[Tianjin University]] |issn=0493-2137}}</ref> and the [[Sarimanok]].<ref name="Rodell-2002" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA61|name=61}}}}<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Bane |first=Theresa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PYWDAAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Beasts and Monsters in Myth, Legend and Folklore |title=Sarimanok |date=May 22, 2016 |publisher=[[McFarland & Company|McFarland]] |location=Jefferson, N.C. |isbn=978-1-4766-2268-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7PYWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA279 279] |language=en}}</ref> The country has a number of [[Philippine epic poetry|folk epics]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Lopez |first=Mellie Leandicho |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGssp-oJrT8C |title=A Handbook of Philippine Folklore |date=2006 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-542-514-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jGssp-oJrT8C&pg=PA147 147] |language=en}}</ref> Wealthy families could preserve transcriptions of the epics as family heirlooms, particularly in Mindanao; the [[Maranao language|Maranao-language]] ''[[Darangen]]'' is an example.<ref>{{cite book|last=Madale |first=Abdullah T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xr8_P6mJ-ZIC |title=The Maranaws, Dwellers of the Lake |date=1997 |publisher=[[REX Book Store, Inc.]] |location=Manila, Philippines |isbn=978-971-23-2174-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xr8_P6mJ-ZIC&pg=PA67 67] |language=en}}</ref>
Unlike many of their Asian counterparts, Filipinos do not eat with chopsticks; they use Western cutlery. However, possibly due to rice being the primary staple food and the popularity of a large number of stews and main dishes with broth in Philippine cuisine, the main pairing of utensils seen at the Filipino dining table is that of spoon and fork, not knife and fork.<ref name="lonelyplanet48">{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/?id=aaUR07G0yAcC&pg=PA48&dq=filipino+cuisine&q=filipino%20cuisine |title = Philippines |author1 = Rowthorn, Chris |author2 = Greg Bloom |lastauthoramp = yes |edition = 9th |publisher = [[Lonely Planet]] |year = 2006 |page = 48 |isbn = 1-74104-289-5}}</ref>


=== Media ===
The traditional way of eating with the hands known as ''kamayan'' (using the washed right hand for bringing food to the mouth<ref>{{cite web|url=http://traveldeepandwide.com/filipino-kamayan-style-the-proper-way-to-eat-with-your-hand/|title=Filipino Eating Etiquette, Kamayan Style: the proper way to eat with your hands|publisher=traveldeepandwide.com}}</ref>) was previously more often seen in the less urbanized areas.<ref name="Zibart">{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/?id=y6vTun3i4NQC&pg=PA266 |title = The Ethnic Food Lover's Companion: Understanding the Cuisines of the World |author = Zibart, Eve. |publisher = Menasha Ridge Press |year = 2001 |page = 277 |isbn = 0-89732-372-6}}</ref> However, due to the various Filipino restaurants that introduced Filipino food to people of other nationalities as well as to Filipino urbanites, kamayan fast became popular. This recent trend also sometimes incorporates the "Boodle Fight" concept (as popularized and coined by the Philippine Army), wherein banana leaves are used as giant plates on top of which rice portions and Filipino viands are placed all together for a filial, friendly and/or communal ''kamayan'' feasting.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141019154051/http://captain-as.com/what-is-boodle-fight/ Captain A's Seafood Grill] In Philippine usage, the boodle fight is a military academy terminology for "eating combat" or "attack the food."</ref>
{{main|Mass media in the Philippines|Cinema of the Philippines}}
[[File:People's Television Network Logo (2017-present).jpg|thumb|alt=TV network logo, a multicolored triangle|People's Television Network logo]]


Philippine media primarily uses Filipino and English, although [[broadcasting]] has shifted to Filipino.<ref name="Brown-Ganguly-2003" /> [[List of Philippine television shows|Television shows]], commercials, and [[Lists of Philippine films|films]] are regulated by the [[Movie and Television Review and Classification Board]].<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Kitley |editor-first1=Philip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rb2AAgAAQBAJ |title=Television, Regulation and Civil Society in Asia |date=August 29, 2003 |publisher=[[RoutledgeCurzon]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-134-43194-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rb2AAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA140 140] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Deocampo |first=Nick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzaWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT510 |title=Film: American Influences on Philippine Cinema |date=November 9, 2017 |publisher=[[Anvil Publishing, Inc.]] |location=Mandaluyong, Philippines |isbn=978-971-27-2896-9 |language=en |author-link=Nick Deocampo}}</ref> Most Filipinos obtain news and information from television, the Internet,<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Lucas |first=Daxim L. |date=September 13, 2011 |title=Filipinos seek info on Web; rich prefer newspapers |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://technology.inquirer.net/4101/filipinos-seek-info-on-web-rich-prefer-newspapers |access-date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116070555/http://technology.inquirer.net/4101/filipinos-seek-info-on-web-rich-prefer-newspapers/ |archive-date=November 16, 2011}}</ref> and [[Social media use in the Philippines|social media]].<ref name="CNNPH-SWSFacebook">{{#invoke:cite news||date=June 30, 2019 |title=SWS: Facebook next to TV as Filipinos' top source of news |work=[[CNN Philippines]] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/6/30/facebook-news-source-filipino-adults.html |access-date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703110139/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/6/30/facebook-news-source-filipino-adults.html |archive-date=July 3, 2019}}</ref> The country's flagship state-owned broadcast-television network is the [[People's Television Network]] (PTV).<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=PTV 4 |url=https://philippines.mom-rsf.org/en/media/detail/outlet/ptv-4/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207200937/https://philippines.mom-rsf.org/en/media/detail/outlet/ptv-4/ |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |access-date=February 28, 2023 |website=Media Ownership Monitor |publisher=MOM Team, [[VERA Files]], [[Reporters Without Borders]], Global Media Registry}}</ref> [[ABS-CBN]] and [[GMA Network|GMA]], both [[free-to-air]], were the dominant TV networks;<ref name="BBC-Philippines-Profile">{{#invoke:cite web||date=July 4, 2022 |title=Philippines country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15521300 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209103826/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15521300 |archive-date=February 9, 2023 |access-date=February 9, 2023 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |at=Media}}</ref> before the May 2020 [[ABS-CBN franchise renewal controversy|expiration of ABS-CBN's franchise]], it was the country's largest network.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Gutierrez |first=Jason |date=July 10, 2020 |title=Philippine Congress officially shuts down leading broadcaster |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/10/world/asia/philippines-congress-media-duterte-abs-cbn.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710111029/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/10/world/asia/philippines-congress-media-duterte-abs-cbn.html |archive-date=July 10, 2020}}</ref> [[Philippine television drama]]s, known as {{lang|fil|teleserye}}s and mainly produced by [[List of ABS-CBN original drama series|ABS-CBN]] and [[List of GMA Network original drama series|GMA]], are also seen in several other countries.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Achenbach |editor-first1=Ruth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_b_DwAAQBAJ |title=Afrasian Transformations: Transregional Perspectives on Development Cooperation, Social Mobility, and Cultural Change |series=Africa-Europe Group for Interdisciplinary Studies |volume=20 |date=2020 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |location=Leiden, Netherlands|isbn=978-90-04-42526-2 |editor-last2=Beek |editor-first2=Jan |editor-last3=Karugia |editor-first3=John Njenga |editor-last4=Mageza-Barthel |editor-first4=Rirhandu |editor-last5=Schulze-Engler |editor-first5=Frank |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=g_b_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA256 256] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Soliman |first1=Michelle Anne P. |date=April 10, 2022 |title=Pinoy teleseryes gain global following amid coronavirus pandemic |work=[[BusinessWorld]] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2022/04/11/441537/pinoy-teleseryes-gain-global-following-amid-coronavirus-pandemic/ |access-date=February 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410182249/https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2022/04/11/441537/pinoy-teleseryes-gain-global-following-amid-coronavirus-pandemic/ |archive-date=April 10, 2022}}</ref>
===Literature===
{{Main article|Philippine literature|Philippine mythology|Deities of Philippine mythology}}
[[File:Jose rizal 01.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=[[Jose Rizal]], a pioneer of [[Philippine Revolution]] through his literary works.|[[José Rizal]], a pioneer of [[Philippine Revolution]] through his literary works in [[Spanish language]]]]


Local film-making [[List of Philippine films before 1940|began in 1919]] with the release of the first Filipino-produced [[feature film]]: {{lang|fil|[[Dalagang Bukid]]}} (''A Girl from the Country''), directed by [[José Nepomuceno|Jose Nepomuceno]].<ref name="Armes-1987" /><ref name="Tofighian-2006" />{{rp|page=8}} [[List of Philippine film studios|Production companies]] remained small during the [[silent film]] era, but sound films and larger productions emerged in 1933. The postwar 1940s to the early 1960s are considered a high point for Philippine cinema. The 1962–1971 decade saw a decline in quality films, although the commercial film industry expanded until the 1980s.<ref name="Armes-1987" /> Critically acclaimed Philippine films include {{lang|fil|[[Himala]]}} (''Miracle'') and {{lang|es|[[Oro, Plata, Mata]]}} (''Gold, Silver, Death''), both released in 1982.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=San Diego |first=Bayani Jr. |date=August 5, 2012 |title=Restoring Himala |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=http://entertainment.inquirer.net/52959/restoring-himala |access-date=October 29, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806083921/http://entertainment.inquirer.net/52959/restoring-himala |archive-date=August 6, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Plaza |first=Gerry |date=August 16, 2012 |title=May Himala! Restored film proves real global classic |work=[[Yahoo!|Yahoo! Philippines OMG!]] |url=http://ph.omg.yahoo.com/blogs/omgphnewsblog/may-himala-restored-film-proves-real-global-classic-013358351.html |access-date=October 29, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820024727/http://ph.omg.yahoo.com/blogs/omgphnewsblog/may-himala-restored-film-proves-real-global-classic-013358351.html |archive-date=August 20, 2012}}</ref> Since the turn of the 21st century, the country's film industry has struggled to compete with larger-budget foreign films<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=February 16, 2012 |title=Philippine film industry in decline |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/30455/philippine-film-industry-in-decline |access-date=November 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218044638/https://entertainment.inquirer.net/30455/philippine-film-industry-in-decline |archive-date=February 18, 2012}}</ref> (particularly [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood films]]).<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Conde |first=Carlos H. |date=February 11, 2007 |title=A bleak storyline for the Filipino film industry |work=[[International Herald Tribune]] |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/02/11/yourmoney/movies12.php |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213070634/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/02/11/yourmoney/movies12.php |archive-date=February 13, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Malasig |first=Jeline |date=February 8, 2019 |title='We need resuscitation': Erik Matti laments state of local film industry |work=[[InterAksyon]] |url=https://interaksyon.philstar.com/trends-spotlights/2019/02/08/143748/erik-matti-state-philippine-movie-industry-facebook-post/ |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028083919/https://interaksyon.philstar.com/trends-spotlights/2019/02/08/143748/erik-matti-state-philippine-movie-industry-facebook-post/ |archive-date=October 28, 2020}}</ref> [[Art film]]s have thrived, however, and several [[Philippine New Wave|indie film]]s have been successful domestically and abroad.<ref name="Forbes-CinemaGrowingFast">{{#invoke:cite news||last=Ramoran-Malasig |first=Carol |date=March 1, 2018 |title=Philippine Cinema Is Growing Fast, And Is Moving Away From Typical Themes Of Poverty And Violence |language=en |work=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/cmalasig/2018/03/01/philippine-cinema-more-than-poverty-porn-violence/?sh=726667123b5d |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230209153113/https://www.forbes.com/sites/cmalasig/2018/03/01/philippine-cinema-more-than-poverty-porn-violence/?sh=158d8b1a3b5d |archive-date=February 9, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Lim |editor-first1=David C. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2aLEAAAQBAJ |title=Film in Contemporary Southeast Asia: Cultural Interpretation and Social Intervention |editor-last2=Yamamoto |editor-first2=Hiroyuki |date=March 12, 2012 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon, Oxon, England |isbn=978-1-136-59247-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=s2aLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 16] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Endo |first=Jun |date=April 29, 2019 |title=Philippine film foundation flipped the script for a 'dead' industry |work=[[Nikkei Asia]] |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Nikkei-Asia-Prizes/Philippine-film-foundation-flipped-the-script-for-a-dead-industry |access-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428180208/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Nikkei-Asia-Prizes/Philippine-film-foundation-flipped-the-script-for-a-dead-industry |archive-date=April 28, 2019}}</ref>
Philippine mythology has been handed down primarily through the traditional oral folk literature of the Filipino people. While each unique ethnic group has its own stories and myths to tell, Hindu and Spanish influences can nonetheless be detected in many cases. Philippine mythology mostly consists of creation stories or stories about supernatural creatures, such as the ''[[aswang]]'', the ''[[manananggal]]'', the ''[[diwata]]/[[engkanto]]'', and nature. Some popular figures from Philippine mythologies are [[Maria Makiling]], [[Biag ni Lam-Ang|Lam-Ang]], and the [[Sarimanok]].<ref name=Lopez>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jGssp-oJrT8C&printsec=frontcover |title=A Handbook of Philippine Folklore |author=Lopez, Mellie Leandicho |publisher=University of the Philippines Press |year=2006 |isbn=971-542-514-3}}</ref>


The Philippines has a large number of [[List of radio stations in the Philippines|radio stations]] and [[List of newspapers in the Philippines|newspapers]].<ref name="BBC-Philippines-Profile" /> English [[broadsheet]]s are popular among executives, professionals and students.<ref name="Thompson-2003" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1h9oF9rj-MC&pg=PA233|name=233–251}}}} Less-expensive Tagalog [[tabloid (newspaper format)|tabloid]]s, which grew during the 1990s, are popular (particularly in Manila);<ref>{{cite book|last=Kusaka |first=Wataru |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hb7WDgAAQBAJ |title=Moral Politics in the Philippines: Inequality, Democracy and the Urban Poor |series=Kyoto-CSEAS Series on Asian Studies |date=2017 |publisher=[[NUS Press]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-4722-38-4 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hb7WDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA63 63–65]}}</ref> however, overall newspaper readership is declining in favor of [[Social media as a news source|online news]].<ref name="CNNPH-SWSFacebook" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Mirasol |first1=Patricia B. |title=More smartphone-dependent Filipinos seek news on social media — Reuters report |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/world/2021/06/30/379239/more-smartphone-dependent-filipinos-seek-news-on-social-media-reuters-report/ |access-date=December 21, 2023 |work=[[BusinessWorld]] |date=June 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524140112/https://www.bworldonline.com/world/2021/06/30/379239/more-smartphone-dependent-filipinos-seek-news-on-social-media-reuters-report/ |archive-date=May 24, 2022}}</ref> The top three newspapers, by nationwide readership and credibility,<ref name="Thompson-2003" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1VI9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA233|name=233}}}} are the ''[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]'', ''[[Manila Bulletin]]'', and ''[[The Philippine Star]]''.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Bautista |editor-first1=Ma. Lourdes S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YnUgBAAAQBAJ |title=Philippine English: Linguistic and Literary Perspectives |series=Asian Englishes Today |editor-last2=Bolton |editor-first2=Kingsley |date=November 2008 |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |location=Hong Kong, China |isbn=978-962-209-947-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YnUgBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 53]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Diaz |first1=Manuel O. Jr. |title=Sentiment Polarity Identification in Banner Headlines of Broadsheets in the Philippines |journal=Asian Journal of Media and Communication |date=December 2021 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=102, 108–109 |url=https://journal.uii.ac.id/AJMC/article/download/20642/11986/61543 |access-date=April 30, 2023 |publisher=[[Universitas Islam Indonesia]] |doi=10.20885/asjmc.vol5.iss2.art1 |s2cid=260224724 |issn=2579-6119 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430013654/https://journal.uii.ac.id/AJMC/article/download/20642/11986/61543 |archive-date=April 30, 2023|doi-access=free}}</ref> Although [[freedom of the press]] is protected by the constitution,<ref>{{Cite constitution| |article=III |section=4 |polity=the Philippines |date=1987 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-iii/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613221225/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-iii/ |archive-date=June 13, 2017 |access-date=February 27, 2023 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]}}</ref> the country was listed as the seventh-most-dangerous country for journalists in 2022 by the [[Committee to Protect Journalists]] due to 13 unsolved murders of journalists.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Subingsubing |first1=Krixia |last2=Santos |first2=Tina G. |date=November 4, 2022 |title=PH still among most dangerous countries for journalists |language=en |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1689131/ph-still-among-the-most-dangerous-countries-for-journalists |access-date=February 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103225817/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1689131/ph-still-among-the-most-dangerous-countries-for-journalists |archive-date=November 3, 2022}}</ref>
Philippine literature comprises works usually written in Filipino, Spanish, or English. Some of the most known were created from the 17th to 19th&nbsp;century. [[Ibong Adarna|Adarna]], for example, is a famous epic about an eponymous magical bird allegedly written by José de la Cruz or "Huseng Sisiw".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2014/06/16/1335290/ibong-adarna-year-2014|title=Ibong Adarna in the year 2014|work=philstar.com}}</ref> [[Francisco Balagtas]] the poet and playwright who wrote ''[[Florante at Laura]]'' is recognized as a preeminent writer in the Filipino language. [[José Rizal]] wrote the novels ''[[Noli Me Tángere (novel)|Noli Me Tángere]]'' (''Touch Me Not'') and ''[[El Filibusterismo]]'' (''The Filibustering'', also known as ''The Reign of Greed''). He is considered a national hero.<ref>{{cite book|last=Zaide|first=Gregorio and Sonia|title=Jose Rizal: Life, Works, and Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist and National Hero|year=1999|publisher=All Nations publishing Co. Inc.|location=Quezon City|isbn=971-642-070-6|url=http://www.allnationspublishing.com/articles/6/1/Jose-Rizal-Life-Works-and-Writings-of-a-Genius-Writer-Scientist-and-National-Hero/Page1.html}}</ref> His depiction of the injustices of Spanish rule, and his death by firing squad, inspired other Philippine revolutionaries to seek independence.<ref name=Artists>Republic of the Philippines. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080605085638/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca/org-awards/org-awards-national-artist-list.php The National Artists of the Philippines]. Retrieved December 26, 2009 from the National Commission for Culture and the Arts Website.</ref> Several Filipino writers were awarded [[National Artist of the Philippines]] such as [[N. V. M. Gonzalez]], [[Amado V. Hernandez]], [[Francisco Arcellana]], [[Nick Joaquín]], [[F. Sionil José]] and many more.


The Philippine population are the world's top Internet users.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Lamb |first=Kate |date=February 1, 2019 |title=Philippines tops world internet usage index with an average 10 hours a day |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/feb/01/world-internet-usage-index-philippines-10-hours-a-day |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201095445/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/feb/01/world-internet-usage-index-philippines-10-hours-a-day |archive-date=February 1, 2019}}</ref> In early 2021, 67 percent of Filipinos (73.91&nbsp;million) had Internet access; the overwhelming majority used [[smartphone]]s.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Magahis |first1=Coleen |last2=Santua |first2=James |date=June 18, 2021 |title=Filipinos' reliance on internet at an all-time high |work=[[Manila Standard]] |url=https://manilastandard.net/spotlight/ph-best-communication-service-providers/357427/filipinos-reliance-on-internet-at-an-all-time-high.html |access-date=November 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618192106/https://manilastandard.net/spotlight/ph-best-communication-service-providers/357427/filipinos-reliance-on-internet-at-an-all-time-high.html |archive-date=June 18, 2021}}</ref> The Philippines ranked 53rd on the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite book |author=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2024 |title=Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=www.wipo.int |page=18 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.50062 |isbn=978-92-805-3681-2}}</ref>
===Media===
{{Main article|Cinema of the Philippines|Television in the Philippines|Radio in the Philippines|Philippine drama}}


=== Cuisine ===
[[Media in the Philippines|Philippine media]] uses mainly Filipino and English. Other Philippine languages, including various Visayan languages are also used, especially in radio due to its ability to reach remote rural locations that might otherwise not be serviced by other kinds of media. The dominant [[Television in the Philippines|television]] networks [[ABS-CBN]], [[GMA Network|GMA]] and [[TV5 (Philippines)|TV5]] also have extensive radio presence.<ref name = "BBC Pilipinas" >[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1262783.stm Country profile: The Philippines]. (December 8, 2009). ''BBC News''. Retrieved December 20, 2009.</ref>
{{main|Filipino cuisine}}
[[File:Fish sinigang.jpg|thumb|alt=Chunky soup in a white bowl|A bowl of fish ''[[sinigang]]'']]


From its Malayo-Polynesian origins, traditional Philippine cuisine has evolved since the 16th century. It was primarily influenced by Hispanic, [[Filipino Chinese cuisine|Chinese]], and [[American cuisine|American]] cuisines, which were adapted to the Filipino palate.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Roufs |first1=Timothy G. |last2=Roufs |first2=Kathleen Smyth |encyclopedia=Sweet Treats around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture |title=The Philippines |date=July 29, 2014 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-61069-221-2 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=M_eCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA267 267–268] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_eCBAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Alejandro |first=Reynaldo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUaDoUF0tRwC |title=The Philippine Cookbook |date=1985 |publisher=[[Perigee Books]] |location=New York, N.Y. |isbn=978-0-399-51144-8 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HUaDoUF0tRwC&pg=PA12 12–14] |language=en}}</ref> Filipinos tend to prefer robust flavors,<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=De Meester |editor-first1=Fabien |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kPXurhDHsT4C |title=Wild-type Food in Health Promotion and Disease Prevention: The Columbus Concept |date=January 23, 2008 |publisher=[[Humana Press]] |location=Totowa, N.J. |isbn=978-1-59745-330-1 |editor-last2=Watson |editor-first2=Ronald Ross |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kPXurhDHsT4C&pg=PA530 530]}}</ref> centered on sweet, salty, and sour combinations.<ref name="Aquino-Porter-2022">{{cite book|editor-last1=Aquino |editor-first1=Richard S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldCPEAAAQBAJ |title=Tourism in the Philippines: Applied Management Perspectives |series=Perspectives on Asian Tourism |editor-last2=Porter |editor-first2=Brooke A. |date=2022 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-19-4497-0}}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldCPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|name=88}}}} Regional variations exist throughout the country; rice is the general staple [[Starch#Food|starch]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Narvaez-Soriano |first=Nora |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pqBX_CDwVKsC |title=A Guide to Food Selection, Preparation and Preservation |edition=Revised |date=1994 |publisher=[[REX Book Store, Inc.]] |location=Manila, Philippines |isbn=978-971-23-0114-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pqBX_CDwVKsC&pg=PA120 120] |language=en}}</ref> but [[Cassava-based dishes|cassava]] is more common in parts of Mindanao.<ref>{{cite report|type=Conference proceeding |editor-last1=Howeler |editor-first=R. H. |editor-last2=Kawano |editor-first2=K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JlrDyj0LRgQC |title=Cassava Breeding and Agronomy Research in Asia: Proceedings of a Regional Workshop Held in Rayong, Thailand, Oct. 26–28, 1987 |date=1988 |publisher=[[International Center for Tropical Agriculture|CIAT]] |location=Cali, Colombia |oclc=19544717 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JlrDyj0LRgQC&pg=PA261 261] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |type=Conference proceeding |last1=Bacusmo |first1=Jose L. |editor-last1=Howeler |editor-first1=Reinhardt H. |editor-last2=Tan |editor-first2=Swee Lian |title=Cassava's Potential in Asia in the 21st Century: Present Situation and Future Research and Development Needs: Proceedings of the Sixth Regional Workshop held in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam. Feb. 21–25, 2000 |date=2001 |publisher=[[International Center for Tropical Agriculture|CIAT Cassava Office for Asia]] |location=Bangkok, Thailand |isbn=<!-- ISBN unspecified --> |oclc=49746198 |page=87 |url=https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/56519/cassavas_potential_in_asia.pdf?sequence=1#page=92 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811055627/https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/56519/cassavas_potential_in_asia.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=August 11, 2017 |chapter=Status and Potentials of the Philippines Cassava Industry |via=CGSpace}}</ref> [[Philippine adobo|Adobo]] is the unofficial national dish.<ref>{{cite book|last=Zibart |first=Eve |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9MEfv2p2JP4C&pg=PT313 |title=The Ethnic Food Lover's Companion: Understanding the Cuisines of the World |date=February 1, 2010 |publisher=Menasha Ridge Press |location=Birmingham, Ala. |isbn=978-0-89732-775-6 |language=en}}</ref> Other [[List of Philippine dishes|popular dishes]] include ''[[lechón]]'', ''[[kare-kare]]'', ''[[sinigang]]'',<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Cator |first=Currie |date=January 29, 2022 |title=Sinigang is world's best soup again; Lumpia among top side dishes |work=[[CNN Philippines]] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/lifestyle/2022/1/29/Sinigang-Lumpia-Taste-Atlas-Awards-2021.html |access-date=February 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129105341/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/lifestyle/2022/1/29/Sinigang-Lumpia-Taste-Atlas-Awards-2021.html |archive-date=January 29, 2022}}</ref> ''[[pancit]]'', ''[[lumpia]]'', and ''[[arroz caldo]]''.<ref name="Anderson-2018">{{cite book|last1=Anderson |first1=E. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A5C8DwAAQBAJ |title=Asian Cuisines: Food Culture from East Asia to Turkey and Afghanistan |last2=Buell |first2=Paul D. |last3=Goldstein |first3=Darra |editor-last1=Christensen |editor-first1=Karen |date=2018 |publisher=[[Berkshire Publishing Group]] |location=Great Barrington, Mass. |isbn=978-1-61472-846-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=A5C8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80 80] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Zhao |editor-first1=Xiaojian |editor-last2=Park |editor-first2=Edward J. W. |encyclopedia=Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History |volume=I: A–F |title=Filipino Cuisine in the United States |date=November 26, 2013 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-59884-240-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3AxIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA409 409] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3AxIAgAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Cheung |editor-first1=Sidney |editor-last2=Wu |editor-first2=David Y. H. |title=Globalization of Chinese Food |date= 2012 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-136-00294-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3qrfsWaV5j0C&pg=PA186 186] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3qrfsWaV5j0C|language=en}}</ref> [[List of Philippine desserts|Traditional desserts]] are {{lang|fil|kakanin}} ([[rice cake]]s), which include ''[[puto (food)|puto]]'', ''[[suman (food)|suman]]'', and ''[[bibingka]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=De Villa |first1=Bianca Denise M. |last2=Domingo |first2=Thea Mari M. |last3=Ramirez |first3=Rhema Jenica C. |last4=Mercado |first4=Jame Monren T. |title=Explicating the culinary heritage significance of Filipino kakanin using bibliometrics (1934–2018) |journal=International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science |date=June 2022 |volume=28 |doi=10.1016/j.ijgfs.2022.100522 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Ang |editor-first1=Catharina Y. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C4cTXJYTE4QC |title=Asian Foods: Science and Technology |editor-last2=Liu |editor-first2=Keshun |editor-last3=Huang |editor-first3=Yao-Wen |date=April 5, 1999 |publisher=Technomic Publishing Co. |location=Lancaster, Pa. |isbn=978-1-56676-736-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=C4cTXJYTE4QC&pg=PA474 474] |language=en}}</ref> Ingredients such as [[calamansi]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Ling |editor-first1=Huping |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0PFnBwAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=Asian American History and Culture: An Encyclopedia |title=Restaurants and Cuisine, Filipino American |editor-last2=Austin |editor-first2=Allan W. |date=2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon, Oxon, England |isbn=978-1-317-47645-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0PFnBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA303 303] |language=en |editor-link1=Huping Ling}}</ref> ''[[Ube halaya|ube]]'',<ref>{{cite book|last=Manabat |first=Rudolf Vincent T. |title=Baking Secrets |date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=[[Anvil Publishing, Inc.]] |location=Mandaluyong, Philippines |isbn=978-971-27-3623-0 |language=en |chapter=Filipino Desserts |access-date=March 10, 2023 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ub9DwAAQBAJ |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ub9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT68}}</ref> and ''[[Canarium ovatum|pili]]'' are used in Filipino desserts.<ref>{{cite book|last=Duke |first=James A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Va3ED4zwXGIC |title=Handbook of Nuts |series=Herbal Reference Library |date=November 10, 2000 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |location=Boca Raton, Fla. |isbn=978-0-8493-3637-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Va3ED4zwXGIC&pg=PA67 67] |language=en |author-link1=James A. Duke}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=July 13, 2017 |title=Pili—The Delicious, Healthy Nut You've Never Heard Of |work=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/pili-nuts-what-you-need-to-know |access-date=March 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714040519/https://www.vogue.com/article/pili-nuts-what-you-need-to-know |archive-date=July 14, 2017}}</ref> The generous use of [[Philippine condiments|condiments]] such as ''[[patis (sauce)|patis]]'', ''[[bagoong]]'', and ''[[Soy sauce#Filipino|toyo]]'' impart a distinctive Philippine flavor.<ref name="Anderson-2018" /><ref name="Aquino-Porter-2022" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldCPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA73|name=73}}}}
The entertainment industry is vibrant and feeds [[Newspapers in the Philippines|broadsheets and tabloids]] with an unending supply of details about [[List of Filipino actors|celebrities]] and sensationalist daily scandals. [[Philippine drama|Drama]] and [[Fantaserye|fantasy shows]] are anticipated as are Latin [[telenovelas]], [[Asianovela]]s, and [[anime]]. Daytime television is dominated by game shows, variety shows, and talk shows such as ''[[Eat Bulaga]]'' and ''[[It's Showtime (variety show)|It's Showtime]]''.<ref name=Ratings>Santiago, Erwin (April 12, 2010). {{cite web|url=http://www.pep.ph/news/25288/AGB-Mega-Manila-TV-Ratings-%28April-7-11%29%3A-Agua-Bendita-pulls-away |title=AGB Mega Manila TV Ratings (April 7–11): ''Agua Bendita'' pulls away |accessdate=2017-06-12 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623102641/http://www.pep.ph/news/25288/AGB-Mega-Manila-TV-Ratings-%28April-7-11%29%3A-Agua-Bendita-pulls-away |archivedate=June 23, 2011 |df= }}. Retrieved May 23, 2010 from the Philippine Entertainment Portal Website.</ref> [[Cinema of the Philippines|Philippine cinema]] has a long history and is popular domestically, but has faced increasing competition from [[Cinema of the United States|American]], [[Cinema of Asia|Asian]] and [[Cinema of Europe|European films]]. Critically acclaimed directors and actors include [[Lino Brocka]] and [[Nora Aunor]] for films like ''[[Maynila: Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag]]'' (''Manila: In the Claws of Light'') and ''[[Himala]]'' (''Miracle'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.inquirer.net/52959/restoring-himala|title=Restoring Himala|date=August 5, 2012|publisher=''[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]''|accessdate=October 29, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ph.omg.yahoo.com/blogs/omgphnewsblog/may-himala-restored-film-proves-real-global-classic-013358351.html |title=May Himala! Restored film proves real global classic |date=August 16, 2012 |publisher=''[[Yahoo!]]'' |accessdate=October 29, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820024727/http://ph.omg.yahoo.com/blogs/omgphnewsblog/may-himala-restored-film-proves-real-global-classic-013358351.html |archivedate=August 20, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pep.ph/guide/indie/10686/restored-version-of-himala-will-premiere-at-the-69th-venice-film-festival|title=Restored version of Himala will premiere at the 69th Venice Film Festival|date=August 13, 2012|publisher=pep.ph|accessdate=September 21, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screendaily.com/news/cannes-classics-2013-line-up/5054402.article?blocktitle=Latest-News&contentID=1846|title=Cannes Classics 2013 line-up unveiled |work=Screen Daily|accessdate=April 30, 2013}}</ref> In recent years it has become common to see celebrities flitting between television and movies and then moving into politics provoking concerns.<ref name=Celebrity>[http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9084791 "The Philippines' celebrity-obsessed elections"]. (April 26, 2007). ''[[The Economist]]''. Retrieved January 15, 2010.</ref>


Unlike other East or Southeast Asian countries, most Filipinos do not eat with [[chopsticks]]; they use spoons and forks.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cruz |first1=Gemma Tulud |title=An Intercultural Theology of Migration: Pilgrims in the Wilderness |date=2010 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-90-04-19367-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NOF5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 22–23] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NOF5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |language=en |location=Leiden, Netherlands}}</ref> Traditional eating with the fingers<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Lowry |first=Dave |date=January 6, 2016 |title=Hand-to-Mouth Combat: Experiencing a Kamayan Dinner at Hiro Asian Kitchen |work=[[St. Louis Magazine]] |url=https://www.stlmag.com/dining/hand-to-mouth-combat-experiencing-a-kamayan-dinner-at-hiro-asian-kitchen/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107011949/https://www.stlmag.com/dining/hand-to-mouth-combat-experiencing-a-kamayan-dinner-at-hiro-asian-kitchen/ |archive-date=November 7, 2017}}</ref> (known as {{lang|fil|[[kamayan]]}}) had been used in less urbanized areas,<ref>{{cite book|last=Zibart |first=Eve |url=https://archive.org/details/ethnicfoodlovers0000ziba |title=The Ethnic Food Lover's Companion: Understanding the Cuisines of the World |publisher=Menasha Ridge Press |location=Birmingham, Ala. |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-89732-372-7 |url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y6vTun3i4NQC&pg=PA266|name=266–268, <!--Estimate--> 277}}}} but has been popularized with the introduction of Filipino food to foreigners and city residents.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bender |first1=Daniel E. |last2=De Leon |first2=Adrian |title=Everybody was boodle fighting: military histories, culinary tourism, and diasporic dining |journal=[[Food, Culture & Society]] |publisher=[[Taylor and Francis]] |date=January 2018 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=36–37 |doi=10.1080/15528014.2017.1398469 |s2cid=158465429 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Alejandro |first=Reynaldo G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IzXRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT35 |title=Authentic Recipes from the Philippines: 81 Easy and Delicious Recipes from the Pearl of the Orient |date=March 13, 2012 |publisher=[[Periplus Editions]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-1-4629-0533-1}}</ref>
=== Cinema ===
{{Main article|Cinema of the Philippines}}
[[File:Iza Calzado latest 017.jpg|upright=.80|thumb|[[Iza Calzado]] is one of the prominent faces of Philippine cinema today.]]
Salón de Pertierra in Manila first introduced the moving picture on January 1, 1897 in the Philippines. All films were all in spanish since Philippine cinema was first introduced during the Spanish colonization of the country. [[Antonio Ramos]] was the first known movie producer. He used the [[Lumiere Cinematograph]] when he filmed Panorama de Manila (Manila landscape), Fiesta de Quiapo (Quiapo Fiesta), Puente de España (Bridge of Spain), and Escenas Callejeras (Street scenes). MeanWhile, [[Jose Nepomuceno]] was dubbed as the "Father of Philippine Cinema". His first film produced was entitled [[Dalagang Bukid]] (Country Maiden) in 1919. During the American period, film showing resumed in 1900. Walgrah, a British entrepreneur, opened the Cine Walgrah at No.60 Calle Santa Rosa in Intramuros. It was also during this time that a movie market was formally created in the country along with the arrival of silent movies. These silent films were always accompanied by gramophone, a piano, a quartet, or a 200-man choir. During the Japanese occupation, filmaking was put on hold. Nonetheless, it was continued on 1930s up until 1945 replacing the Hollywood
market with Japanese films but met with little success. Postwar 1940s and the 1950s were known as the first golden age of Philippine cinema with the resurgence of mostly Visayan films through Lapu-Lapu Pictures. During the 1960s, [[James Bond]] movies, bomba (soft porn) pictures and an era of musical films, produced mostly by Sampaguita Pictures, dominated the cinema. The second golden age occured from 1970s to early 1980s. It was during this era that filmmakers ceased to produce pictures in black and white. A rise in Hollywood films dominated theater sales during the late 1980s until the 2000s. The dawn of this era saw a dramatic decline of the mainstream Philippine movie industry. In the year 2009, however, presence of box-office films in the Philippine Box Office has surged. The mid 2010s also saw broader commercial success of films produced by independent studios.


===Sports===
=== Sports and recreation ===
{{Main article|Sports in the Philippines}}
{{Main|Sports in the Philippines|Traditional games in the Philippines}}
[[File:Gilas Cadets 2015 SEA Games.jpg|thumb|alt=Team photo, with each blue-uniformed member wearing a gold medal|The [[Philippines men's national basketball team]] celebrating their [[Basketball at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games|2015 Southeast Asian Games]] championship]]
[[File:Mall of Asia Arena Basketball 2012.jpg|thumb|alt=A [[Philippine Basketball Association|PBA]] basketball game at the [[Mall of Asia Arena]].|A [[Philippine Basketball Association|PBA]] basketball game at the [[Mall of Asia Arena]].]]


[[Basketball in the Philippines|Basketball]], played at the amateur and professional levels, is considered the country's most popular sport.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Cho |editor-first1=Younghan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DYz7CwAAQBAJ |title=Modern Sports in Asia: Cultural Perspectives |series=Sport in the Global Society – Contemporary Perspectives |editor-last2=Leary |editor-first2=Charles |date=2016 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-317-58638-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DYz7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87 87]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Grasso |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZUarsZyzokC |encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Basketball |series=Historical Dictionaries of Sports |volume=2 |title=Philippines |date=November 15, 2010 |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=978-0-8108-7506-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nZUarsZyzokC&pg=PA291 291] |language=en}}</ref> Other popular sports include [[History of boxing in the Philippines|boxing]] and billiards, boosted by the achievements of [[Manny Pacquiao]] and [[Efren Reyes]].<ref name="Rood-2019" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmmtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA142|name=142}}}}<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Himmer |first=Alastair |date=June 5, 2010 |title=Pacquiao named fighter of the decade |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6541BX20100605 |access-date=July 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605173159/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6541BX20100605 |archive-date=June 5, 2010}}</ref> The national [[Filipino martial arts|martial art]] is [[Arnis]].<ref>{{Cite PH act |title=An Act Declaring Arnis as the National Martial Art and Sport of the Philippines |chamber=RA |number=9850 |date=December 11, 2009 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2009/12/11/republic-act-no-9850/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810035837/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2009/12/11/republic-act-no-9850/ |archive-date=August 10, 2017 |access-date=February 9, 2023 |publisher=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |location=Metro Manila, Philippines}}</ref> {{lang|fil|Sabong}} ([[cockfight]]ing) is popular entertainment, especially among Filipino men, and was documented by the [[Magellan expedition]].<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Dundes |editor-first1=Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy5VqKSYt8IC |title=The Cockfight: A Casebook |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]] |location=Madison, Wis. |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-299-14054-0 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy5VqKSYt8IC&pg=PA136 136–137] |author-link1=Alan Dundes}}</ref> [[Video games in the Philippines|Video gaming]] and [[Esports in the Philippines|esports]] are emerging pastimes,<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Lojo |first1=Michelle |title=Philippine esports gains traction in 2022 |url=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2022/12/29/2234051/philippine-esports-gains-traction-2022 |access-date=April 15, 2023 |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |date=December 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410070659/https://www.philstar.com/sports/2022/12/29/2234051/philippine-esports-gains-traction-2022 |archive-date=April 10, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Booc-2019">{{cite journal|last1=Booc |first1=Rahmat P. |last2=Rafaela |first2=Kimberson B. |last3=Torres |first3=Mae J. |last4=Bulawan |first4=Rina P. |last5=Jabonero |first5=Louis C. Ii |last6=Cortuna |first6=Ian Jay M. |last7=Asuncion |first7=Joel E. |title=The Traditional Filipino Games: Status Check Among Generation Z |journal=Theoretical & Applied Science |publisher=International Academy of Theoretical and Applied Sciences |date=October 30, 2019 |volume=78 |issue=10 |pages=150–152 |doi=10.15863/TAS.2019.10.78.25 |doi-access=free }}</ref> with the popularity of [[Traditional games in the Philippines|indigenous games]] such as ''[[patintero]]'', ''[[tumbang preso]]'', ''[[luksong tinik]]'', and ''[[Piko (Filipino game)|piko]]'' declining among young people;<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gutierrez |first1=Ariel |last2=Guzman |first2=Neriza G. |last3=Ramos |first3=Ramilet |last4=Uylengco |first4=Jan Katherine A. |title=The Empirical Change of Playing Habits among Children |journal=International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research |publisher=Future Science |date=February 25, 2022 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=306–309, 311–315 |doi=10.11594/ijmaber.03.02.15 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Booc-2019" /> several bills have been filed to preserve and promote traditional games.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Crisostomo |first1=Sheila |title=Lawmaker files bill on preserving 'indigenous' games |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/02/05/2242685/lawmaker-files-bill-preserving-indigenous-games |access-date=April 15, 2023 |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204165326/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/02/05/2242685/lawmaker-files-bill-preserving-indigenous-games |archive-date=February 4, 2023}}</ref>
Various [[Sport in the Philippines|sports]] and pastimes are popular in the Philippines including [[Basketball in the Philippines|basketball]], [[boxing]], [[cockfighting]], [[volleyball]], [[Association football|football]] (soccer), [[American football]], both codes of [[Rugby football]], [[badminton]], [[karate]], [[taekwondo]], [[billiards]], [[ten-pin bowling]], [[chess]], and [[sipa]]. [[Motocross]], [[cycling]], and [[mountaineering]] are also becoming popular. Basketball is played at both amateur and professional levels and is considered to be the most popular sport in the Philippines.<ref>[http://home.bca-pool.com/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=30 "Billiard Congress of America: Hall of Fame Inductees"]. (2009). Retrieved December 20, 2009 from the Billiard Congress of America Website.</ref><ref name=kilala>[http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/modules_in_Tagalog/mga_kilalang_pilipino.htm Mga Kilalang Pilipino] [Known Filipinos]. (n.d.) (in Filipino). ''Tagalog at NIU''. Retrieved April 25, 2010 from the Northern Illinois University, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, SEAsite Project.</ref> In 2010, [[Manny Pacquiao]] was named [[Edward J. Neil Trophy#2000s|"Fighter of the Decade"]] for the 2000s (decade) by the [[Boxing Writers Association of America]] (BWAA), [[World Boxing Council]] (WBC), and [[World Boxing Organization]] (WBO).<ref name="Pacquiao named Fighter of the Decade">{{cite news |title = Pacquiao named fighter of the decade |work = [[Reuters]] |date = June 5, 2010 |url = https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6541BX20100605 |first=Alastair |last=Himmer}}</ref> The national [[Filipino martial arts|martial art]] and sport of the country is [[Arnis de Mano|Arnis]], [[Eskrima]] or [[Arnis|Kali]] in some regions<ref>Republic of the Philippines. (Approved: December 11, 2009). [http://www.senate.gov.ph/republic_acts/ra%209850.pdf An Act Declaring [[Arnis]] as the National Martial Art and Sport of the Philippines]. Retrieved February 18, 2010 from the Senate of the Philippines Website.</ref>


The [[Philippines national football team|men's national football team]] has participated in one [[2019 AFC Asian Cup|Asian Cup]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Leongson |first=Randolph B. |date=March 27, 2018 |title=History made as PH Azkals advance to 2019 AFC Asian Cup after beating Tajiks |language=en |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://sports.inquirer.net/290641/ph-azkals-advance-2019-afc-asia-cup-beating-tajiks |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109034121/https://sports.inquirer.net/290641/ph-azkals-advance-2019-afc-asia-cup-beating-tajiks |archive-date=November 9, 2020}}</ref> The [[Philippines women's national football team|women's national football team]] qualified for the [[2023 FIFA Women's World Cup]], their first [[FIFA Women's World Cup|World Cup]], in January 2022.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Morales |first=Luisa |date=January 31, 2022 |title=Herstory: Filipinas outlast Chinese Taipei to seize historic Women's World Cup berth |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |url=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2022/01/31/2157582/herstory-filipinas-outlast-chinese-taipei-seize-historic-womens-world-cup-berth |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130170703/https://www.philstar.com/sports/2022/01/31/2157582/herstory-filipinas-outlast-chinese-taipei-seize-historic-womens-world-cup-berth |archive-date=January 30, 2022}}</ref> The Philippines has participated in every [[Summer Olympic Games]] since [[Philippines at the 1924 Summer Olympics|1924]], except when they supported the [[1980 Summer Olympics boycott|American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last1=Grasso |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uCN1CQAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement |edition=Fifth |title=Philippines, The (PHI) |last2=Mallon |first2=Bill |last3=Heijmans |first3=Jeroen |date=May 14, 2015 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=978-1-4422-4860-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uCN1CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA473 473] |author-link2=Bill Mallon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |type=Periodical |publisher=[[United States Department of State]], [[Bureau of African Affairs]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DAFJAQAAIAAJ |magazine=AF Press Clips |title=U.S. says 60 nations will join boycott |date=1980 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DAFJAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA19-PA24 24]}}</ref> It was the first [[Tropical nations at the Winter Olympics|tropical nation]] to compete at the [[Winter Olympic Games]], [[Philippines at the 1972 Winter Olympics|debuting in 1972]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Chia |first=Nicole |date=February 19, 2018 |title=Winter Olympics: Even outsiders can break the ice |work=[[The Straits Times]] |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/even-outsiders-can-break-the-ice |access-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224080645/https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/even-outsiders-can-break-the-ice |archive-date=February 24, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1972/orw1972.pdf |title=The XI Olympic Winter Games; Les XI Jeux Olympiques d'hiver; Sapporo, 1972 |type=Official report |publisher=The Organizing Committee for the XIth Olympic Winter Games |year=1973 |pages=32, 145, 447 |oclc=842416 |access-date=January 31, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226202605/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1972/orw1972.pdf |archive-date=February 26, 2008 |via=[[LA84 Foundation]]}}</ref> In 2021, the Philippines received its first-ever Olympic gold medal with [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifter]] [[Hidilyn Diaz]]'s victory in [[2020 Summer Olympics|Tokyo]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Araullo |first1=Atom |author-link1=Atom Araullo |date=November 4, 2021 |title=Anatomy of Philippines' first Olympic gold medal |url=https://pcij.org/article/7371/anatomy-of-philippines-first-olympic-gold-medal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104071057/https://pcij.org/article/7371/anatomy-of-philippines-first-olympic-gold-medal |archive-date=November 4, 2021 |publisher=[[Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism]] |access-date=April 23, 2023}}</ref>
The Philippines has participated in the [[Summer Olympic Games]] since [[1924 Summer Olympics|1924]] and was the first country in [[Southeast Asia]] to compete and win a medal.<ref name=athletes>{{cite web|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1924/1924part1.pdf |title=The Games of the VIII Olympiad: Official Report (part 1, page 91) |language=French |date=July 28, 2012 |work=la84foundation.org |publisher=French Olympic Committee |accessdate=July 28, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505163114/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1924/1924part1.pdf |archivedate=May 5, 2011 |df= }}</ref> The country had competed in every [[Summer Olympic Games]] since then, except when they participated in the [[American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/19/sports/olympics-bitterness-lingering-over-carter-s-boycott.html |work=The New York Times |first=Ronald |last=Smothers |title=OLYMPICS;Bitterness Lingering Over Carter's Boycott |date=July 19, 1996}}</ref> The Philippines is also the first [[Tropical nations at the Winter Olympics|tropical nation]] to compete at the [[Winter Olympic Games]] debuting in the [[1972 Winter Olympics|1972]] edition.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Official Report of XIth Winter Olympic Games, Sapporo 1972 |publisher=The Organizing Committee for the Sapporo Olympic Winter Games |year=1973 |pages=32, 145, 447 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1972/orw1972.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=January 31, 2008}}</ref>


===Games===
== See also ==
{{#invoke:Portal|portal|Philippines|Asia|Islands}}
[[File:Cock Fight Arina Davao.jpg|thumb|[[Sabong]] or Cock Derby in [[Davao City]].]]
* [[Outline of the Philippines]]{{Clear}}
[[Traditional games in the Philippines|Traditional Philippine games]] such as ''luksung baka'', ''patintero'', ''piko'', and ''tumbang preso'' are still played primarily as [[children's games]] among the youth.<ref name=Hagonoy>{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106053308/http://www.hagonoy.com/lbcorpus/halbc010.html |date=November 6, 2007 |title=Mga Larong Kinagisnan }} [Games One Grows Up With]. Hagonoy.com. (archived from [http://www.hagonoy.com/lbcorpus/halbc010.html the original] on November 6, 2007)</ref><ref name=Seasite>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140628125706/http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Filipino_Games/mga_larong_pilipino.htm Mga Larong Pilipino] [Philippine Games]. (2009). ''Tagalog at NIU''. Retrieved December 19, 2009 from the Northern Illinois University, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, SEAsite Project. (archived from [http://www.seasite.niu.edu./Tagalog/Filipino_Games/mga_larong_pilipino.htm the original] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827113637/https://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Filipino_Games/mga_larong_pilipino.htm |date=August 27, 2007 }} on June 28, 2014)</ref> ''[[Sungka]]'' is a traditional native Philippine board game. [[Card games]] are popular during festivities, with some, including ''pusoy'' and ''tong-its'', being used as a form of [[illegal gambling]]. [[Mahjong]] is played in some Philippine communities.


== Notes ==
[[Sabong]] or cockfighting is another popular entertainment especially among Filipino men, and existed prior to the arrival of the Spanish. [[Antonio Pigafetta]], Magellan's chronicler, first documented this pastime in the kingdom of Taytay.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dundes|first=Alan|title=The Cockfight: A Casebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy5VqKSYt8IC|year=1994|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-14054-0|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy5VqKSYt8IC&pg=PA136 136–137]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.top-destination-choice-the-philippines.com/sabong.html|title=Sabong: An Enduring Hallmark of Philippines History|work=Top Destination Choice The Philippines.com}}</ref> The [[yo-yo]], a popular toy in the Philippines, was introduced in its modern form by [[Pedro Flores (yo-yo manufacture)|Pedro Flores]] with its name coming from the [[Ilokano language]].<ref name=mw>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/yo-yo Yo-yo]. (2010). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved January 10, 2010.</ref>
{{notelist}}
<references group="lower-alpha" />


==See also==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
* [[List of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines]]
* [[Outline of the Philippines]]
{{Portal bar|Philippines|Asia}}


==Notes==
==Further reading==
{{Main|Bibliography of the Philippines}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}


== External links ==
==References==

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
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* {{cite book
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* {{cite book
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* {{cite book
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}}
* {{cite book
|title = The Report: Philippines 2009
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* {{cite book
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}}
* {{cite book
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}}
* {{cite book
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* {{cite book
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* {{cite book
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}}
* {{cite book
|title = The Spanish Lake – The Pacific since Magellan
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|chapter = Magellan's Successors: Loaysa to Urdaneta. Two failures: Grijalva and Villalobos
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* {{cite book
|title = The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia
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* {{cite book
|title = The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia
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* {{cite book
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* {{cite book
|title = Authentic Though not Exotic: Essays on Filipino Identity
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|ref = {{SfnRef|Philippine Statistics Authority|2014}}
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Philippines}}
{{Sister project links|voy=Philippines}}
* [https://www.gov.ph/ Government of the Philippines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609185330/http://www.op.gov.ph/ |date=June 9, 2007}}

* [https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/ Official Gazette] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114130536/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/ |date=January 14, 2022 }}
{{fake heading|sub=4|Government}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15521300 "Philippines"] profile at BBC News
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930195314/http://www.gov.ph/ Official website of the Republic of the Philippines (Official Gazette online)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110521230339/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/philippines.htm "Philippines"] at UCB Libraries (archived May 21, 2011)
* [https://www.senate.gov.ph/ Official website of the Senate of the Philippines]
* [http://www.congress.gov.ph/ Official website of the House of Representatives of the Philippines]
* [http://www.judiciary.gov.ph/ Official website of the Supreme Court of the Philippines]
* [http://www.bsp.gov.ph/ Official website of Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (Central Bank of the Philippines)]
* [http://www.neda.gov.ph/ Official website of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA)]
* [http://www.bas.gov.ph/ Official website of the Bureau of Agricultural Statistics]
* [http://www.pnp.gov.ph/ Official website of the Philippine National Police (PNP)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060613011440/http://www.tourism.gov.ph/ Official website of the Department of Tourism]
* [http://www.thephilippines.com/ The Philippines Online Tourism Guide]

{{fake heading|sub=4|Trade}}
* [http://wits.worldbank.org/countrysnapshot/en/PHL World Bank summary of trade statistics: Philippines]

{{fake heading|sub=4|General information}}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15521300 Philippines profile] from the [[BBC News]]
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521230339/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/philippines.htm |date=May 21, 2011 |title=Philippines }} at UCB Libraries GovPubs
* {{CIA World Factbook link|rp|Philippines}}
* {{dmoz|Regional/Oceania/Philippines}}
* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/456399/Philippines Philippines] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
* {{OSM relation|443174}}
* {{OSM relation|443174}}
* [http://www.noypi.ph/ Philippine News and Current Events]
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=PH Key Development Forecasts for the Philippines] from [[International Futures]]

{{fake heading|sub=4|Books and articles}}
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/b#a2296 History of the Philippine Islands] in many volumes, from [[Project Gutenberg]] (indexed under [[Emma Helen Blair]], the general editor)

{{fake heading|sub=4|Wikimedia}}
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* [[meta:Wikimedia Philippines|Wikimedia Philippines]]
* {{Wikiatlas|Philippines}}
* {{Wikiatlas|Philippines}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217085143/http://filipiniana.net/ Filipiniana.net – Free digital library and a research portal] (archived December 17, 2008)

{{fake heading|sub=4|Other}}
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Latest revision as of 06:09, 27 December 2024

Republic of the Philippines
Republika ng Pilipinas (Filipino)
Motto: 
Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa[1]
"For God, People, Nature, and Country"
Anthem: "Lupang Hinirang"
"Chosen Land"
Location of Philippines (green)

in ASEAN (dark grey)  –  [Legend]

CapitalManila (de jure)
Metro Manila[b] (de facto)
Largest cityQuezon City
Official languages
Recognized regional languages19 languages[4]
National sign language
Filipino Sign Language
Other recognized languages[c]
Spanish and Arabic
Ethnic groups
(2020[6])
Religion
(2020)[7]
  • 6.4% Islam
  • 8.2% other / none
Demonym(s)Filipino
(neutral)
Filipina
(feminine)

Pinoy
(colloquial neutral)
Pinay
(colloquial feminine)

Philippine
(adjective for certain common nouns)
GovernmentUnitary presidential republic
• President
Bongbong Marcos
Sara Duterte
Francis Escudero
Martin Romualdez
Alexander Gesmundo
LegislatureCongress
Senate
House of Representatives
Independence 
from Spain and the United States
June 12, 1898
• Cession
April 11, 1899
November 15, 1935
July 4, 1946
February 2, 1987
Area
• Total
300,000[8][9][e] km2 (120,000 sq mi) (72nd)
• Water (%)
0.61[10] (inland waters)
Population
• 2024 estimate
Neutral increase 114,163,719[11] (12th)
• 2020 census
Neutral increase 109,035,343[12]
• Density
363.45/km2 (941.3/sq mi) (36th)
GDP (PPP)2024 estimate
• Total
Increase $1.392 trillion[13] (28th)
• Per capita
Increase $12,192[13] (116th)
GDP (nominal)2024 estimate
• Total
Increase $471.516 billion[13] (32nd)
• Per capita
Increase $4,130[13] (124th)
Gini (2021)Positive decrease 41.2[14]
medium inequality
HDI (2022)Increase 0.710[15]
high (113th)
CurrencyPhilippine peso () (PHP)
Time zoneUTC+8 (PhST)
Date formatMM/DD/YYYY
DD/MM/YYYY[f]
Drives onRight[16]
Calling code+63
ISO 3166 codePH
Internet TLD.ph

The Philippines,[g] officially the Republic of the Philippines,[h] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. In the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of 7,641 islands, with a total area of roughly 300,000 square kilometers, which are broadly categorized in three main geographical divisions from north to south: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The Philippines is bounded by the South China Sea to the west, the Philippine Sea to the east, and the Celebes Sea to the south. It shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north, Japan to the northeast, Palau to the east and southeast, Indonesia to the south, Malaysia to the southwest, Vietnam to the west, and China to the northwest. It is the world's twelfth-most-populous country, with diverse ethnicities and cultures. Manila is the country's capital, and its most populated city is Quezon City. Both are within Metro Manila.

Negritos, the archipelago's earliest inhabitants, were followed by waves of Austronesian peoples. The adoption of animism, Hinduism with Buddhist influence, and Islam established island-kingdoms ruled by datus, rajas, and sultans. Extensive overseas trade with neighbors such as the late Tang or Song empire brought Chinese people to the archipelago as well, which would also gradually settle in and intermix over the centuries.

The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer leading a fleet for Castile, marked the beginning of Spanish colonization. In 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of King Philip II of Castile. Spanish colonization via New Spain, beginning in 1565, led to the Philippines becoming ruled by the Crown of Castile, as part of the Spanish Empire, for more than 300 years. Catholic Christianity became the dominant religion, and Manila became the western hub of trans-Pacific trade. Hispanic immigrants from Latin America and Iberia would also selectively colonize. The Philippine Revolution began in 1896, and became entwined with the 1898 Spanish–American War. Spain ceded the territory to the United States, and Filipino revolutionaries declared the First Philippine Republic. The ensuing Philippine–American War ended with the United States controlling the territory until the Japanese invasion of the islands during World War II. After the United States retook the Philippines from the Japanese, the Philippines became independent in 1946. The country has had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a decades-long dictatorship in a nonviolent revolution.

The Philippines is an emerging market and a developing and newly industrialized country, whose economy is transitioning from being agricultural to service- and manufacturing-centered. It is a founding member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, ASEAN, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, and the East Asia Summit; it is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement and a major non-NATO ally of the United States. Its location as an island country on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes it prone to earthquakes and typhoons. The Philippines has a variety of natural resources and a globally-significant level of biodiversity.

Etymology

During his 1542 expedition, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the islands of Leyte and Samar "Felipinas" after the Prince of Asturias, later Philip II of Castile. Eventually, the name "Las Islas Filipinas" would be used for the archipelago's Spanish possessions.[17]: 6 Other names, such as "Islas del Poniente" (Western Islands), "Islas del Oriente" (Eastern Islands), Ferdinand Magellan's name, and "San Lázaro" (Islands of St. Lazarus), were used by the Spanish to refer to islands in the region before Spanish rule was established.[18][19][20]

During the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed it the República Filipina (the Philippine Republic).[21] American colonial authorities referred to the country as the Philippine Islands (a translation of the Spanish name).[22] The United States began changing its nomenclature from "the Philippine Islands" to "the Philippines" in the Philippine Autonomy Act and the Jones Law.[23] The official title "Republic of the Philippines" was included in the 1935 constitution as the name of the future independent state,[24] and in all succeeding constitutional revisions.[25][26]

History

Prehistory (pre–900)

A burial jar with its lid decorated with two people on a boat
The Manunggul burial jar, one of the numerous burial jars found on the cave system

There is evidence of early hominins living in what is now the Philippines as early as 709,000 years ago.[27] A small number of bones from Callao Cave potentially represent an otherwise unknown species, Homo luzonensis, who lived 50,000 to 67,000 years ago.[28][29] The oldest modern human remains on the islands are from the Tabon Caves of Palawan, U/Th-dated to 47,000 ± 11–10,000 years ago.[30] Tabon Man is presumably a Negrito, among the archipelago's earliest inhabitants descended from the first human migrations out of Africa via the coastal route along southern Asia to the now-sunken landmasses of Sundaland and Sahul.[31]

The first Austronesians reached the Philippines from Taiwan around 2200 BC, settling the Batanes Islands (where they built stone fortresses known as ijangs)[32] and northern Luzon. Jade artifacts have been dated to 2000 BC,[33][34] with lingling-o jade items made in Luzon with raw materials from Taiwan.[35] By 1000 BC, the inhabitants of the archipelago had developed into four societies: hunter-gatherer tribes, warrior societies, highland plutocracies, and port principalities.[36]

Early states (900–1565)

A couple portrayed in 1590's Early Spanish colonial period of the Philippines draped in gold

The earliest known surviving written record in the Philippines is the 900 AD Laguna Copperplate Inscription, which was written in Old Malay using the early Kawi script with a number of technical Sanskrit words and Old Javanese or Old Tagalog honorifics.[37] By the 14th century, several large coastal settlements emerged as trading centers and became the focus of societal changes.[38] Some polities had exchanges with other states throughout Asia.[39]: 3 [40] Trade with China began during the late Tang dynasty,[41][42] and expanded during the Song dynasty.[43][44][42] Throughout the second millennium AD, some polities were also part of the tributary system of China.[17]: 177–178 [39]: 3  With extensive trade and diplomacy, this brought Southern Chinese merchants and migrants from Southern Fujian, known as "Langlang"[45] and "Sangley" in later years,[46][47] who would gradually settle and intermix in the Philippines. Indian cultural traits such as linguistic terms and religious practices began to spread in the Philippines during the 14th century, via the Indianized Hindu Majapahit Empire.[48][49] By the 15th century, Islam was established in the Sulu Archipelago and spread from there.[38]

Polities founded in the Philippines between the 10th and 16th centuries include Maynila,[50] Tondo, Namayan, Pangasinan, Caboloan, Cebu, Butuan, Maguindanao, Lanao, Sulu, and Ma-i.[51] The early polities typically had a three-tier social structure: nobility, freemen, and dependent debtor-bondsmen.[39]: 3 [52]: 672 Among the nobility were leaders known as datus, who were responsible for ruling autonomous groups (barangays or dulohan).[53] When the barangays banded together to form a larger settlement or a geographically looser alliance,[39]: 3 [54] their more-esteemed members would be recognized as a "paramount datu",[55]: 58[36] rajah or sultan,[56] and would rule the community.[57] Population density is thought to have been low during the 14th to 16th centuries[55]: 18 due to the frequency of typhoons and the Philippines' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire.[58] Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan arrived in 1521, claimed the islands for Spain, and was killed by Lapulapu's men in the Battle of Mactan.[59]: 21[60]: 261

Spanish and American colonial rule (1565–1934)

See caption
Manila, 1847

Unification and colonization by the Crown of Castile began when Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi arrived from New Spain (Spanish: Nueva España) in 1565.[61][62][63]: 20–23  Many Filipinos were brought to New Spain as slaves and forced crew,[64]whereas many Latin Americans were brought to the Philippines as soldiers and colonists.[65] Spanish Manila became the capital of the Captaincy General of the Philippines and the Spanish East Indies in 1571,[66][67] Spanish territories in Asia and the Pacific.[68] The Spanish invaded local states using the principle of divide and conquer,[60]: 374 bringing most of what is the present-day Philippines under one unified administration.[69][70] Disparate barangays were deliberately consolidated into towns, where Catholic missionaries could more easily convert their inhabitants to Christianity,[71]: 53, 68[72] which was initially Syncretist.[73] Christianization by the Spanish friars occurred mostly across the settled lowlands over the course of time. From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governed as a territory of the Mexico City-based Viceroyalty of New Spain; it was then administered from Madrid after the Mexican War of Independence.[74]: 81 Manila became the western hub of trans-Pacific trade[75] by Manila galleons built in Bicol and Cavite.[76][77]

During its rule, Spain nearly bankrupted its treasury quelling indigenous revolts[74]: 111–122 and defending against external military attacks,[78]: 1077[79] including Moro piracy,[80] a 17th-century war against the Dutch, 18th-century British occupation of Manila, and conflict with Muslims in the south.[81]: 4[undue weight?discuss]

Administration of the Philippines was considered a drain on the economy of New Spain,[78]: 1077 and abandoning it or trading it for other territory was debated. This course of action was opposed because of the islands' economic potential, security, and the desire to continue religious conversion in the region.[55]: 7–8[82] The colony survived on an annual subsidy from the Spanish crown[78]: 1077 averaging 250,000 pesos,[55]: 8 usually paid as 75 tons of silver bullion from the Americas.[83] British forces occupied Manila from 1762 to 1764 during the Seven Years' War, and Spanish rule was restored with the 1763 Treaty of Paris.[63]: 81–83  The Spanish considered their war with the Muslims in Southeast Asia an extension of the Reconquista.[84][85] The Spanish–Moro conflict lasted for several hundred years; Spain conquered portions of Mindanao and Jolo during the last quarter of the 19th century,[86] and the Muslim Moro in the Sultanate of Sulu acknowledged Spanish sovereignty.[87][88]

Photo of a large group of men on steps. Some are seated, and others are standing; several are wearing top hats.
Ilustrados in Madrid around 1890

Philippine ports opened to world trade during the 19th century, and Filipino society began to change.[89][90] Social identity changed, with the term Filipino encompassing all residents of the archipelago instead of solely referring to Spaniards born in the Philippines.[91][92]

Revolutionary sentiment grew in 1872 after 200 locally recruited colonial troops and laborers alongside three activist Catholic priests were executed on questionable grounds.[93][94] This inspired the Propaganda Movement, organized by Marcelo H. del Pilar, José Rizal, Graciano López Jaena, and Mariano Ponce, which advocated political reform in the Philippines.[95] Rizal was executed on December 30, 1896, for rebellion, and his death radicalized many who had been loyal to Spain.[96] Attempts at reform met with resistance; Andrés Bonifacio founded the Katipunan secret society, which sought independence from Spain through armed revolt, in 1892.[74]: 137

The Katipunan Cry of Pugad Lawin began the Philippine Revolution in 1896.[97] Internal disputes led to the Tejeros Convention, at which Bonifacio lost his position and Emilio Aguinaldo was elected the new leader of the revolution.[98]: 145–147 The 1897 Pact of Biak-na-Bato resulted in the Hong Kong Junta government in exile. The Spanish–American War began the following year, and reached the Philippines; Aguinaldo returned, resumed the revolution, and declared independence from Spain on June 12, 1898.[99]: 26 In December 1898, the islands were ceded by Spain to the United States with Puerto Rico and Guam after the Spanish–American War.[100][101]

The First Philippine Republic was promulgated on January 21, 1899.[102] Lack of recognition by the United States led to an outbreak of hostilities that, after refusal by the U.S. on-scene military commander of a cease-fire proposal and a declaration of war by the nascent Republic,[i] escalated into the Philippine–American War.[103][104][105][106]

Filipino General Gregorio del Pilar and his troops in Pampanga around 1898, during the Philippine-American War

The war resulted in the deaths of 250,000 to 1 million civilians, primarily due to famine and disease.[107] Many Filipinos were transported by the Americans to concentration camps, where thousands died.[108][109] After the fall of the First Philippine Republic in 1902, an American civilian government was established with the Philippine Organic Act.[110] American forces continued to secure and extend their control of the islands, suppressing an attempted extension of the Philippine Republic,[98]: 200–202[107] securing the Sultanate of Sulu,[111][112] establishing control of interior mountainous areas which had resisted Spanish conquest,[113] and encouraging large-scale resettlement of Christians in once-predominantly-Muslim Mindanao.[114][115]

Commonwealth and World War II (1935–1946)

Cultural developments in the Philippines strengthened a national identity,[116][117]: 12  and Tagalog began to take precedence over other local languages.[71]: 121 Governmental functions were gradually given to Filipinos by the Taft Commission;[78]: 1081, 1117 the 1934 Tydings–McDuffie Act granted a ten-year transition to independence through the creation of the Commonwealth of the Philippines the following year,[118] with Manuel Quezon president and Sergio Osmeña vice president.[119] Quezon's priorities were defence, social justice, inequality, economic diversification, and national character.[78]: 1081, 1117 Filipino (a standardized variety of Tagalog) became the national language,[120]: 27–29 women's suffrage was introduced,[121][60]: 416 and land reform was considered.[122][123][124]

Douglas MacArthur, Sergio Osmeña, and Osmeña's staff wading ashore in knee-deep water
General Douglas MacArthur and Sergio Osmeña (left) coming ashore during the Battle of Leyte on October 20, 1944

The Empire of Japan invaded the Philippines in December 1941 during World War II,[125] and the Second Philippine Republic was established as a puppet state governed by Jose P. Laurel.[126][127] Beginning in 1942, the Japanese occupation of the Philippines was opposed by large-scale underground guerrilla activity.[128][129][130] Atrocities and war crimes were committed during the war, including the Bataan Death March and the Manila massacre.[131][132] The Philippine resistance and Allied troops defeated the Japanese in 1944 and 1945. Over one million Filipinos were estimated to have died by the end of the war.[133][134] On October 11, 1945, the Philippines became a founding member of the United Nations.[135][136]: 38–41 On July 4, 1946, during the presidency of Manuel Roxas, the country's independence was recognized by the United States with the Treaty of Manila.[136]: 38–41[137]

Independence (1946–present)

The raising of the Flag of the Philippines during the declaration of Philippine Independence on July 4, 1946

Efforts at post-war reconstruction and ending the Hukbalahap Rebellion succeeded during Ramon Magsaysay's presidency,[138] but sporadic communist insurgency continued to flare up long afterward.[139] Under Magsaysay's successor, Carlos P. Garcia, the government initiated a Filipino First policy which promoted Filipino-owned businesses.[71]: 182 Succeeding Garcia, Diosdado Macapagal moved Independence Day from July 4 to June 12—the date of Emilio Aguinaldo's declaration—[140] and pursued a claim on eastern North Borneo.[141][142]

The Declaration of Martial Law in the headlines of the Sunday Express

In 1965, Macapagal lost the presidential election to Ferdinand Marcos. Early in his presidency, Marcos began infrastructure projects funded mostly by foreign loans; this improved the economy, and contributed to his reelection in 1969.[143]: 58[144] Near the end of his last constitutionally-permitted term, Marcos declared martial law on September 21, 1972[145] using the specter of communism[146][147][148] and began to rule by decree;[149] the period was characterized by political repression, censorship, and human rights violations.[150][151] Monopolies controlled by Marcos's cronies were established in key industries,[152][153][154] including logging[155] and broadcasting;[60]: 120 a sugar monopoly led to a famine on the island of Negros.[156] With his wife, Imelda, Marcos was accused of corruption and embezzling billions of dollars of public funds.[157][158] Marcos's heavy borrowing early in his presidency resulted in economic crashes, exacerbated by an early 1980s recession where the economy contracted by 7.3 percent annually in 1984 and 1985.[159]: 212[160]

On August 21, 1983, opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. (Marcos's chief rival) was assassinated on the tarmac at Manila International Airport.[161] Marcos called a snap presidential election in 1986[162] which proclaimed him the winner, but the results were widely regarded as fraudulent.[163] The resulting protests led to the People Power Revolution,[164][165] which forced Marcos and his allies to flee to Hawaii. Aquino's widow, Corazon, was installed as president[164] and a new constitution was promulgated.[166]

A huge ash cloud, seen from a distance
The June 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo was the second-largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century.[167]

The return of democracy and government reforms which began in 1986 were hampered by national debt, government corruption, and coup attempts.[168][143]: xii, xiii  A communist insurgency[169][170] and military conflict with Moro separatists persisted;[171] the administration also faced a series of disasters, including the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991.[167] Aquino was succeeded by Fidel V. Ramos, who liberalized the national economy with privatization and deregulation.[172][173] Ramos's economic gains were overshadowed by the onset of the 1997 Asian financial crisis.[174][175] His successor, Joseph Estrada, prioritized public housing[176] but faced corruption allegations[177] which led to his overthrow by the 2001 EDSA Revolution and the succession of Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on January 20, 2001.[178] Arroyo's nine-year administration was marked by economic growth,[10] but was tainted by corruption and political scandals,[179][180] including electoral fraud allegations during the 2004 presidential election.[181] Economic growth continued during Benigno Aquino III's administration, which advocated good governance and transparency.[182]: 1, 3 [183] Aquino III signed a peace agreement with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) resulting in the Bangsamoro Organic Law establishing an autonomous Bangsamoro region, but a shootout with MILF rebels in Mamasapano delayed passage of the law.[184][185]

Growing public frustration with post-EDSA governance led to the 2016 election[186] of populist Rodrigo Duterte,[187][188] whose presidency saw the decline of liberalism in the country albeit largely retaining liberal economic policies.[189][190] Among Duterte's priorities was aggressively increasing infrastructure spending to spur economic growth;[191][192] the enactment of the Bangsamoro Organic Law;[193] an intensified crackdown on crime and communist insurgencies;[194] and an anti-drug campaign that reduced drug proliferation[195] but that has also led to extrajudicial killings.[196][197] In early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic reached the Philippines,[198][199] necessitating nationwide lockdowns that caused a brief but severe economic recession.[200][201] Under a promise of continuing Duterte's policies,[190] Marcos's son, Bongbong Marcos, ran with Duterte's daughter, Sara, and won the 2022 election.[202] Marcos's renewal of a pro-US foreign policy, however, has been viewed as a reversal of Duterte's cordiality with China, and territorial disputes in the South China Sea have since escalated.[203]

Geography

Map of the Philippines, color-coded by elevation
The Philippines is generally mountainous; uplands make up 65 percent of the country's total land area.[52]: 38[204]

The Philippines is an archipelago of about 7,641 islands,[205][206] covering a total area (including inland bodies of water) of about 300,000 square kilometers (115,831 sq mi).[207][208]: 15 [10][e] Stretching 1,850 kilometers (1,150 mi) north to south,[210] from the South China Sea to the Celebes Sea,[211] the Philippines is bordered by the Philippine Sea to the east,[212][213] and the Sulu Sea to the southwest.[214] The country's 11 largest islands are Luzon, Mindanao, Samar, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Mindoro, Leyte, Cebu, Bohol and Masbate, about 95 percent of its total land area.[215] The Philippines' coastline measures 36,289 kilometers (22,549 mi), the world's fifth-longest,[216] and the country's exclusive economic zone covers 2,263,816 km2 (874,064 sq mi).[217]

Its highest mountain is Mount Apo on Mindanao, with an altitude of 2,954 meters (9,692 ft) above sea level.[10] The Philippines' longest river is the Cagayan River in northern Luzon, which flows for about 520 kilometers (320 mi).[218] Manila Bay, on which is the capital city of Manila,[219] is connected to Laguna de Bay[220] (the country's largest lake) by the Pasig River.[221]

On the western fringes of the Pacific Ring of Fire, the Philippines has frequent seismic and volcanic activity.[222]: 4 The region is seismically active, and has been constructed by plates converging towards each other from multiple directions.[223][224] About five earthquakes are recorded daily, although most are too weak to be felt.[225] The last major earthquakes were in 1976 in the Moro Gulf and in 1990 on Luzon.[226] The Philippines has 23 active volcanoes; of them, Mayon, Taal, Canlaon, and Bulusan have the largest number of recorded eruptions.[227][208]: 26

The country has valuable[228] mineral deposits as a result of its complex geologic structure and high level of seismic activity.[229][230] It is thought to have the world's second-largest gold deposits (after South Africa), large copper deposits,[231] and the world's largest deposits of palladium.[232] The country's gold production in 2015 is 21 metric tonnes.[233] Other minerals include chromium, nickel, molybdenum, platinum, and zinc.[234] However, poor management and law enforcement, opposition from indigenous communities, and past environmental damage have left these resources largely untapped.[231][235]

Biodiversity

Water buffalo with large, curved horns, seen from above
The carabao is the national animal of the Philippines. It symbolizes, strength, power, efficiency, perseverance and hard work.[236]

The Philippines is a megadiverse country,[237][238] with some of the world's highest rates of discovery and endemism (67 percent).[239][240] With an estimated 13,500 plant species in the country (3,500 of which are endemic),[241] Philippine rain forests have an array of flora:[242][243] about 3,500 species of trees,[244] 8,000 flowering plant species, 1,100 ferns, and 998 orchid species[245] have been identified.[246] The Philippines has 167 terrestrial mammals (102 endemic species), 235 reptiles (160 endemic species), 99 amphibians (74 endemic species), 686 birds (224 endemic species),[247] and over 20,000 insect species.[246]

As an important part of the Coral Triangle ecoregion,[248][249] Philippine waters have unique, diverse marine life[250] and the world's greatest diversity of shore-fish species.[251] The country has over 3,200 fish species (121 endemic).[252] Philippine waters sustain the cultivation of fish, crustaceans, oysters, and seaweeds.[253][254]

Eight major types of forests are distributed throughout the Philippines: dipterocarp, beach forest,[255] pine forest, molave forest, lower montane forest, upper montane (or mossy forest), mangroves, and ultrabasic forest.[256] According to official estimates, the Philippines had 7,000,000 hectares (27,000 sq mi) of forest cover in 2023.[257] Logging had been systemized during the American colonial period[258] and deforestation continued after independence, accelerating during the Marcos presidency due to unregulated logging concessions.[259][260] Forest cover declined from 70 percent of the Philippines' total land area in 1900 to about 18.3 percent in 1999.[261] Rehabilitation efforts have had marginal success.[262]

The Philippines is a priority hotspot for biodiversity conservation;[263][237] it has more than 200 protected areas,[264] which was expanded to 7,790,000 hectares (30,100 sq mi) as of 2023.[265] Three sites in the Philippines have been included on the UNESCO World Heritage List: the Tubbataha Reef in the Sulu Sea,[266] the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River,[267] and the Mount Hamiguitan Wildlife Sanctuary.[268]

Climate

Evening thunderstorms bringing rain over the Philippines is common from June to November.

The Philippines has a tropical maritime climate which is usually hot and humid. There are three seasons: a hot dry season from March to May, a rainy season from June to November, and a cool dry season from December to February.[269] The southwest monsoon (known as the habagat) lasts from May to October, and the northeast monsoon (amihan) lasts from November to April.[270]: 24–25 The coolest month is January, and the warmest is May. Temperatures at sea level across the Philippines tend to be in the same range, regardless of latitude; average annual temperature is around 26.6 °C (79.9 °F) but is 18.3 °C (64.9 °F) in Baguio, 1,500 meters (4,900 ft) above sea level.[271] The country's average humidity is 82 percent.[270]: 24–25 Annual rainfall is as high as 5,000 millimeters (200 in) on the mountainous east coast, but less than 1,000 millimeters (39 in) in some sheltered valleys.[269]

The Philippine Area of Responsibility has 19 typhoons in a typical year,[272] usually from July to October;[269] eight or nine of them make landfall.[273][274] The wettest recorded typhoon to hit the Philippines dropped 2,210 millimeters (87 in) in Baguio from July 14 to 18, 1911.[275] The country is among the world's ten most vulnerable to climate change.[276][277]

Government and politics

Large white-and-red building on a river
Malacañang Palace is the president's official residence.

The Philippines has a democratic government, a constitutional republic with a presidential system.[278] The president is head of state and head of government,[279] and is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces.[278] The president is elected through direct election by the citizens of the Philippines for a six-year term.[280] The president appoints and presides over the cabinet and officials of various national government agencies and institutions.[281]: 213–214 The bicameral Congress is composed of the Senate (the upper house, with members elected to a six-year term) and the House of Representatives, the lower house, with members elected to a three-year term.[282]

Senators are elected at-large,[282] and representatives are elected from legislative districts and party lists.[281]: 162–163 Judicial authority is vested in the Supreme Court, composed of a chief justice and fourteen associate justices,[283] who are appointed by the president from nominations submitted by the Judicial and Bar Council.[278]

Attempts to change the government to a federal, unicameral, or parliamentary government have been made since the Ramos administration.[284] Philippine politics tends to be dominated by well-known families, such as political dynasties or celebrities,[285][286] and party switching is widely practiced.[287] Corruption is significant,[288][289][290] attributed by some historians to the Spanish colonial period's padrino system.[291][292] The Roman Catholic church exerts considerable but waning[293] influence in political affairs, although a constitutional provision for the separation of Church and State exists.[294]

Foreign relations

Color-coded world map
Philippine diplomatic missions worldwide

A founding and active member of the United Nations,[136]: 37–38 the Philippines has been a non-permanent member of the Security Council.[295] The country participates in peacekeeping missions, particularly in East Timor.[296][297] The Philippines is a founding and active member of ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)[298][299] and a member of the East Asia Summit,[300] the Group of 24,[301] and the Non-Aligned Movement.[302] The country has sought to obtain observer status in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation since 2003,[303][304] and was a member of SEATO.[305][306] Over 10 million Filipinos live and work in 200 countries,[307][308] giving the Philippines soft power.[159]: 207

During the 1990s, the Philippines began to seek economic liberalization and free trade[309]: 7–8  to help spur foreign direct investment.[310] It is a member of the World Trade Organization[309]: 8  and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.[311] The Philippines entered into the ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement in 2010[312] and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership free trade agreement (FTA) in 2023.[313][314] Through ASEAN, the Philippines has signed FTAs with China, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand.[309]: 15  The country has bilateral FTAs with Japan, South Korea,[315] and four European states: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland.[309]: 9–10, 15 

Filipino soldiers painting a U.S. and Philippine flag

The Philippines has a long relationship with the United States, involving economics, security, and interpersonal relations.[316] The Philippines' location serves an important role in the United States' island chain strategy in the West Pacific;[317][318] a Mutual Defense Treaty between the two countries was signed in 1951, and was supplemented with the 1999 Visiting Forces Agreement and the 2016 Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement.[319] The country supported American policies during the Cold War and participated in the Korean and Vietnam wars.[320][321] In 2003, the Philippines was designated a major non-NATO ally.[322] Under President Duterte, ties with the United States weakened in favor of improved relations with China and Russia.[323][324][325] The Philippines relies heavily on the United States for its external defense;[182]: 11  the U.S. has made regular assurances to defend the Philippines,[326] including the South China Sea.[327]

Since 1975, the Philippines has valued its relations with China[328]—its top trading partner,[329] and cooperates significantly with the country.[330][323] Japan is the biggest bilateral contributor of official development assistance to the Philippines;[331][332] although some tension exists because of World War II, much animosity has faded.[81]: 93 Historical and cultural ties continue to affect relations with Spain.[333][334] Relations with Middle Eastern countries are shaped by the high number of Filipinos working in those countries,[335] and by issues related to the Muslim minority in the Philippines;[336] concerns have been raised about domestic abuse and war affecting the approximately 2.5 million overseas Filipino workers in the region.[337][338]

The Philippines has claims in the Spratly Islands which overlap with claims by China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam.[339] The largest of its controlled islands is Thitu Island, which contains the Philippines' smallest town.[340] The 2012 Scarborough Shoal standoff, after China seized the shoal from the Philippines, led to an international arbitration case[341] which the Philippines eventually won;[342] China rejected the result,[343] and made the shoal a prominent symbol of the broader dispute.[344]

China has rejected new Philippine maritime laws aimed at strengthening sovereignty in the South China Sea, stating they infringe on Chinese territorial claims and vowing to defend its interests in contested areas.[345]

Military

Gray ship
BRP Jose Rizal (FF-150) is the lead ship of her class of Philippine Navy guided missile frigates.

The volunteer Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) consist of three branches: the Philippine Air Force, the Philippine Army, and the Philippine Navy.[346][347] Civilian security is handled by the Philippine National Police under the Department of the Interior and Local Government.[348] The AFP had a total manpower of around 280,000 as of 2022, of which 130,000 were active military personnel, 100,000 were reserves, and 50,000 were paramilitaries.[349]

In 2023, US$477 million (1.4 percent of GDP) was spent on the Philippine military.[350][351] Most of the country's defense spending is on the Philippine Army, which leads operations against internal threats such as communist and Muslim separatist insurgencies; its preoccupation with internal security contributed to the decline of Philippine naval capability which began during the 1970s.[352] A military modernization program began in 1995[353] and expanded in 2012 to build a more capable defense system.[354]

The Philippines has long struggled against local insurgencies, separatism, and terrorism.[355][356][357] Bangsamoro's largest separatist organizations, the Moro National Liberation Front and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, signed final peace agreements with the government in 1996 and 2014 respectively.[358][359] Other, more-militant groups such as Abu Sayyaf and Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters[360] have kidnapped foreigners for ransom, particularly in the Sulu Archipelago[361][362] and Maguindanao,[360] but their presence has been reduced.[363][364] The Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) and its military wing, the New People's Army (NPA), have been waging guerrilla warfare against the government since the 1970s and have engaged in ambushes, bombings, and assassinations of government officials and security forces;[365] although shrinking militarily and politically after the return of democracy in 1986,[356][366] the CPP-NPA, through the National Democratic Front of the Philippines, continues to gather public support in urban areas by setting up communist fronts, infiltrating sectoral organizations, and rallying public discontent and increased militancy against the government.[367] The Philippines ranked 104th out of 163 countries in the 2024 Global Peace Index.[368]

Administrative divisions

Color-coded political map of the Philippines
The Philippines' regions and provinces

The Philippines is divided into 18 regions, 82 provinces, 146 cities, 1,488 municipalities, and 42,036 barangays.[369] Regions other than Bangsamoro are divided for administrative convenience.[370] Calabarzon was the region with the greatest population as of 2020, and the National Capital Region (NCR) was the most densely populated.[371]

The Philippines is a unitary state, with the exception of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM),[372] although there have been steps towards decentralization;[373][374] a 1991 law devolved some powers to local governments.[375]

Economy

The Philippine economy is the world's 34th largest, with an estimated 2023 nominal gross domestic product of US$435.7 billion.[13] As a newly industrialized country,[376][377] the Philippine economy has been transitioning from an agricultural base to one with more emphasis on services and manufacturing.[376][378] The country's labor force was around 50 million as of 2023, and its unemployment rate was 3.1 percent.[379] Gross international reserves totaled US$103.406 billion as of January 2024.[380] Debt-to-GDP ratio decreased to 60.2 percent at the end of 2023 from a 17-year high 63.7 percent at the end of the third quarter of that year, and indicated resiliency during the COVID-19 pandemic.[381] The country's unit of currency is the Philippine peso (₱[382] or PHP[383]).[384]

The Philippines is a net importer,[309]: 55–56, 61–65, 77, 83, 111 [385] and a debtor nation.[386] As of 2020, the country's main export markets were China, the United States, Japan, Hong Kong, and Singapore;[387] primary exports included integrated circuits, office machinery and parts, electrical transformers, insulated wiring, and semiconductors.[387] Its primary import markets that year were China, Japan, South Korea, the United States, and Indonesia.[387] Major export crops include coconuts, bananas, and pineapples; it is the world's largest producer of abaca,[208]: 226–242 and was the world's second biggest exporter of nickel ore in 2022,[388] as well as the biggest exporter of gold-clad metals and the biggest importer of copra in 2020.[387]

Two people planting rice plants in water
Filipinos planting rice. Agriculture employed 24 percent of the Filipino workforce as of 2022.[389]

With an average annual growth rate of six to seven percent since around 2010, the Philippines has emerged as one of the world's fastest-growing economies,[390] driven primarily by its increasing reliance on the service sector.[391] Regional development is uneven, however, with Manila (in particular) gaining most of the new economic growth.[392][393] Remittances from overseas Filipinos contribute significantly to the country's economy;[394][391] they reached a record US$37.20 billion in 2023, accounting for 8.5 percent of GDP.[395] The Philippines is the world's primary business process outsourcing (BPO) center.[396][397] About 1.3 million Filipinos work in the BPO sector, primarily in customer service.[398]

Science and technology

Modern, landscaped office building
Headquarters of the International Rice Research Institute in Los Baños, Laguna

The Philippines has one of the largest agricultural-research systems in Asia, despite relatively low spending on agricultural research and development.[399][400] The country has developed new varieties of crops, including rice,[401][402] coconuts,[403] and bananas.[404] Research organizations include the Philippine Rice Research Institute[405] and the International Rice Research Institute.[406]

The Philippine Space Agency maintains the country's space program,[407][408] and the country bought its first satellite in 1996.[409] Diwata-1, its first micro-satellite, was launched on the United States' Cygnus spacecraft in 2016.[410]

The Philippines has a high concentration of cellular-phone users,[411] and a high level of mobile commerce.[412] Text messaging is a popular form of communication, and the nation sent an average of one billion SMS messages per day in 2007.[413] The Philippine telecommunications industry had been dominated by the PLDT-Globe Telecom duopoly for more than two decades,[414] and the 2021 entry of Dito Telecommunity improved the country's telecommunications service.[415]

Tourism

People on an observation deck overlooking hills
Tourists at Chocolate Hills, conical karst hills in Bohol

The Philippines is a popular retirement destination for foreigners because of its climate and low cost of living.[416] The country's main tourist attractions are its numerous beaches;[59]: 109[417] the Philippines is also a top destination for diving enthusiasts.[418][419] Tourist spots include Boracay, called the best island in the world by Travel + Leisure in 2012;[420] Coron and El Nido in Palawan; Cebu; Siargao, and Bohol.[421]

Tourism contributed 5.2 percent to the Philippine GDP in 2021 (lower than 12.7 percent in 2019, before the COVID-19 pandemic),[422] and provided 5.7 million jobs in 2019.[423] The Philippines attracted 5.45 million international visitors in 2023, 30 percent lower than the 8.26 million record in pre-pandemic 2019; most tourists came from South Korea (26.4 percent), United States (16.5 percent), Japan (5.6 percent), Australia (4.89 percent), and China (4.84 percent).[424]

Infrastructure

Transportation

Two white buses side by side, one larger than the other
Traditional (left) and modern jeepneys in Quezon City. Public utility vehicles older than 15 years are gradually being phased out in favor of eco-friendly Euro 4-compliant vehicles.[425]

Transportation in the Philippines is by road, air, rail and water. Roads are the dominant form of transport, carrying 98 percent of people and 58 percent of cargo.[426] In December 2018, there were 210,528 kilometers (130,816 mi) of roads in the country.[427] The backbone of land-based transportation in the country is the Pan-Philippine Highway, which connects the islands of Luzon, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao.[428] Inter-island transport is by the 919-kilometer (571 mi) Strong Republic Nautical Highway, an integrated set of highways and ferry routes linking 17 cities.[429][430] Jeepneys are a popular, iconic public utility vehicle;[208]: 496–497 other public land transport includes buses, UV Express, TNVS, Filcab, taxis, and tricycles.[431][432] Traffic is a significant issue in Manila and on arterial roads to the capital.[433][434]

Despite wider historical use,[435] rail transportation in the Philippines is limited[208]: 491 to transporting passengers within Metro Manila and the provinces of Laguna[436] and Quezon,[437] with a short track in the Bicol Region.[208]: 491 The country had a railway footprint of only 79 kilometers (49 mi) as of 2019, which it planned to expand to 244 kilometers (152 mi).[438] A revival of freight rail is planned to reduce road congestion.[439][440]

The Philippines had 90 national government-owned airports as of 2022, of which eight are international.[441] Ninoy Aquino International Airport, formerly known as Manila International Airport, has the greatest number of passengers.[441] The 2017 air domestic market was dominated by Philippine Airlines, the country's flag carrier and Asia's oldest commercial airline,[442][443] and Cebu Pacific (the country's leading low-cost carrier).[444][445]

A variety of boats are used throughout the Philippines;[446] most are double-outrigger vessels known as banca[447] or bangka.[448] Modern ships use plywood instead of logs, and motor engines instead of sails;[447] they are used for fishing and inter-island travel.[448] The Philippines has over 1,800 seaports;[449] of these, the principal seaports of Manila (the country's chief, and busiest, port),[450] Batangas, Subic Bay, Cebu, Iloilo, Davao, Cagayan de Oro, General Santos, and Zamboanga are part of the ASEAN Transport Network.[451][452]

Energy

A large dam, seen from above
The Ambuklao Dam on the Agno River in Bokod, Benguet

The Philippines had a total installed power capacity of 26,882 MW in 2021; 43 percent was generated from coal, 14 percent from oil, 14 percent hydropower, 12 percent from natural gas, and seven percent from geothermal sources.[453] It is the world's third-biggest geothermal-energy producer, behind the United States and Indonesia.[454] The country's largest dam is the 1.2-kilometer-long (0.75 mi) San Roque Dam on the Agno River in Pangasinan.[455] The Malampaya gas field, discovered in the early 1990s off the coast of Palawan, reduced the Philippines' reliance on imported oil; it provides about 40 percent of Luzon's energy requirements, and 30 percent of the country's energy needs.[208]: 347[456]

The Philippines has three electrical grids, one each for Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.[457] The National Grid Corporation of the Philippines manages the country's power grid since 2009[458] and provides overhead transmission lines across the country's islands. Electric distribution to consumers is provided by privately owned distribution utilities and government-owned electric cooperatives.[457] As of end-2021, the Philippines' household electrification level was about 95.41%.[459]

Plans to harness nuclear energy began during the early 1970s during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos in response to the 1973 oil crisis.[460] The Philippines completed Southeast Asia's first nuclear power plant in Bataan in 1984.[461] Political issues following Marcos' ouster and safety concerns after the 1986 Chernobyl disaster prevented the plant from being commissioned,[462][460] and plans to operate it remain controversial.[461][463]

Water supply and sanitation

A low, blue building
A water-district office in Banate, Iloilo

Water supply and sanitation outside Metro Manila is provided by the government through local water districts in cities or towns.[464][465][466] Metro Manila is served by Manila Water and Maynilad Water Services. Except for shallow wells for domestic use, groundwater users are required to obtain a permit from the National Water Resources Board.[465] In 2022, the total water withdrawals increased to 91 billion cubic meters (3.2×10^12 cu ft) from 89 billion cubic meters (3.1×10^12 cu ft) in 2021 and the total expenditures on water were amounted to ₱144.81 billion.[467]

Most sewage in the Philippines flows into septic tanks.[465] In 2015, the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation noted that 74 percent of the Philippine population had access to improved sanitation and "good progress" had been made between 1990 and 2015.[468] Ninety-six percent of Filipino households had an improved source of drinking water and 92 percent of households had sanitary toilet facilities as of 2016; connections of toilet facilities to appropriate sewerage systems remain largely insufficient, however, especially in rural and urban poor communities.[469]: 46 

Demographics

As of May 1, 2020, the Philippines had a population of 109,035,343.[12] More than 60 percent of the country's population live in the coastal zone[470] and in 2020, 54 percent lived in urban areas.[471] Manila, its capital, and Quezon City (the country's most populous city) are in Metro Manila. About 13.48 million people (12 percent of the Philippines' population) live in Metro Manila,[471] the country's most populous metropolitan area[472] and the world's fifth most populous.[473] Between 1948 and 2010, the population of the Philippines increased almost fivefold from 19 million to 92 million.[474]

The country's median age is 25.3, and 63.9 percent of its population is between 15 and 64 years old.[475] The Philippines' average annual population growth rate is decreasing,[476] although government attempts to further reduce population growth have been contentious.[477] The country reduced its poverty rate from 49.2 percent in 1985[478] to 18.1 percent in 2021,[479] and its income inequality began to decline in 2012.[478]

 
Largest cities in the Philippines
Rank Name Region Pop. Rank Name Region Pop.
Quezon City
Quezon City
Manila
Manila
1 Quezon City National Capital Region 2,960,048 11 Valenzuela National Capital Region 714,978 Davao City
Davao City
Caloocan
Caloocan
2 Manila National Capital Region 1,846,513 12 Dasmariñas Calabarzon 703,141
3 Davao City Davao Region 1,776,949 13 General Santos Soccsksargen 697,315
4 Caloocan National Capital Region 1,661,584 14 Parañaque National Capital Region 689,992
5 Taguig National Capital Region 1,261,738 15 Bacoor Calabarzon 664,625
6 Zamboanga City Zamboanga Peninsula 977,234 16 San Jose del Monte Central Luzon 651,813
7 Cebu City Central Visayas 964,169 17 Las Piñas National Capital Region 606,293
8 Antipolo Calabarzon 887,399 18 Bacolod Negros Island Region 600,783
9 Pasig National Capital Region 803,159 19 Muntinlupa National Capital Region 543,445
10 Cagayan de Oro Northern Mindanao 728,402 20 Calamba Calabarzon 539,671

Ethnicity

Another color-coded map
Dominant ethnic groups by province

The country has substantial ethnic diversity, due to foreign influence and the archipelago's division by water and topography.[279] According to the 2020 census, the Philippines' largest ethnic groups were Tagalog (26.0 percent), Visayans [excluding the Cebuano, Hiligaynon, and Waray] (14.3 percent), Ilocano and Cebuano (both eight percent), Hiligaynon (7.9 percent), Bikol (6.5 percent), and Waray (3.8 percent).[6] The country's indigenous peoples consisted of 110 enthnolinguistic groups,[480] with a combined population of 15.56 million, in 2020;[6] they include the Igorot, Lumad, Mangyan, and the indigenous peoples of Palawan.[481]

Negritos are thought to be among the islands' earliest inhabitants.[81]: 35 These minority aboriginal settlers are an Australoid group, a remnant of the first human migration from Africa to Australia who were probably displaced by later waves of migration.[482] Some Philippine Negritos have a Denisovan admixture in their genome.[483][484] Ethnic Filipinos generally belong to several Southeast Asian ethnic groups, classified linguistically as Austronesians speaking Malayo-Polynesian languages.[485] The Austronesian population's origin is uncertain, but relatives of Taiwanese aborigines probably brought their language and mixed with the region's existing population.[486][487] The Lumad and Sama-Bajau ethnic groups have an ancestral affinity with the Austroasiatic- and Mlabri-speaking Htin peoples of mainland Southeast Asia. Westward expansion from Papua New Guinea to eastern Indonesia and Mindanao has been detected in the Blaan people and the Sangir language.[488]

Immigrants arrived in the Philippines from elsewhere in the Spanish Empire, especially from the Spanish Americas.[489][490]: Chpt. 6[491] A 2016 National Geographic project concluded that people living in the Philippine archipelago carried genetic markers in the following percentages: 53 percent Southeast Asia and Oceania, 36 percent Eastern Asia, 5 percent Southern Europe, 3 percent Southern Asia, and 2 percent Native American (from Latin America).[490]: Chpt. 6[492]

Descendants of mixed-race couples are known as Mestizos or tisoy,[493] which during the Spanish colonial times, were mostly composed of Chinese mestizos (Mestizos de Sangley), Spanish mestizos (Mestizos de Español) and the mix thereof (tornatrás).[494][495][496] The modern Chinese Filipinos are well-integrated into Filipino society.[279][497] Primarily the descendants of immigrants from Fujian,[498] the pure ethnic Chinese Filipinos during the American colonial era (early 1900s) purportedly numbered about 1.35 million; while an estimated 22.8 million (around 20 percent) of Filipinos have half or partial Chinese ancestry from precolonial, colonial, and 20th century Chinese migrants.[499][500] During the Hispanic era (late 1700s), the tribute-census showed mixed Spanish Filipinos made up a moderate ratio (around 5 percent) of all citizens.[501]: 539 [502]: 31, 54, 113  Meanwhile, a smaller proportion (2.33 percent) of the population were Mexican Filipinos.[491]: 100  Almost 300,000 American citizens live in the country as of 2023,[503] and up to 250,000 Amerasians are scattered across the cities of Angeles, Manila, and Olongapo.[504][505] Other significant non-indigenous minorities include Indians[506] and Arabs.[507] Japanese Filipinos include escaped Christians (Kirishitan) who fled persecutions by Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu.[508]

Languages

Ethnologue lists 186 languages for the Philippines, 182 of which are living languages; the other four no longer have any known speakers. Most native languages are part of the Philippine branch of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, which is a branch of the Austronesian language family.[485] Spanish-based creole varieties, collectively known as Chavacano, are also spoken.[509] Many Philippine Negrito languages have unique vocabularies which survived Austronesian acculturation.[510]

Filipino and English are the country's official languages.[5] Filipino, a standardized version of Tagalog, is spoken primarily in Metro Manila.[511] Filipino and English are used in government, education, print, broadcast media, and business, often with a third local language;[512] code-switching between English and other local languages, notably Tagalog, is common.[513] The Philippine constitution provides for Spanish and Arabic on a voluntary, optional basis.[5] Spanish, a widely used lingua franca during the late nineteenth century, has declined greatly in use,[514][515] although Spanish loanwords are still present in Philippine languages.[516][517][518] Arabic is primarily taught in Mindanao Islamic schools.[519]

The top languages generally spoken at home as of 2020 are Tagalog, Binisaya, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Cebuano, and Bikol.[520] Nineteen regional languages are auxiliary official languages as media of instruction:[4]

Other indigenous languages, including Cuyonon, Ifugao, Itbayat, Kalinga, Kamayo, Kankanaey, Masbateño, Romblomanon, Manobo, and several Visayan languages, are used in their respective provinces.[485] Filipino Sign Language is the national sign language, and the language of deaf education.[521]

Religion

Large crowd outside a colorfully-decorated church
Catholics attend Mass at Basilica del Santo Niño during the annual Sinulog festival in Cebu.

Although the Philippines is a secular state with freedom of religion, an overwhelming majority of Filipinos consider religion very important[522] and irreligion is very low.[523][524][525] Christianity is the dominant religion[526][527] followed by about 89 percent of the population.[528] The country had the world's third-largest Roman Catholic population as of 2013, and was Asia's largest Christian nation.[529] Census data from 2020 found that 78.8 percent of the population professed Roman Catholicism;[d] other Christian denominations include Iglesia ni Cristo, the Philippine Independent Church, and Seventh-day Adventism.[530] Protestants made up about 5% to 7% of the population in 2010.[531][532] The Philippines sends many Christian missionaries around the world, and is a training center for foreign priests and nuns.[533][534]

Islam is the country's second-largest religion, with 6.4 percent of the population in the 2020 census.[530] Most Muslims live in Mindanao and nearby islands,[527] and most adhere to the Shafi'i school of Sunni Islam.[535]

About 0.2 percent of the population follow indigenous religions,[530] whose practices and folk beliefs are often syncretized with Christianity and Islam.[222]: 29–30[536] Buddhism is practiced by about 0.04% of the population,[530] primarily by Filipinos of Chinese descent.[537]

Health

A steadily-rising graph until the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020
Life expectancy in the Philippines, 1938–2021

Health care in the Philippines is provided by the national and local governments, although private payments account for most healthcare spending.[469]: 25–27 [538] Per-capita health expenditure in 2022 was 10,059.49 and health expenditures were 5.5 percent of the country's GDP.[539] The 2023 budget allocation for healthcare was ₱334.9 billion.[540] The 2019 enactment of the Universal Health Care Act by President Duterte facilitated the automatic enrollment of all Filipinos in the national health insurance program.[541][542] Since 2018, Malasakit Centers (one-stop shops) have been set up in several government-operated hospitals to provide medical and financial assistance to indigent patients.[543]

Average life expectancy in the Philippines as of 2023 is 70.48 years (66.97 years for males, and 74.15 years for females).[10] Access to medicine has improved due to increasing Filipino acceptance of generic drugs.[469]: 58  The country's leading causes of death in 2021 were ischaemic heart diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, COVID-19, neoplasms, and diabetes.[544] Communicable diseases are correlated with natural disasters, primarily floods.[545] One million Filipinos have active tuberculosis, the fourth highest global prevalence rate.[546]

The Philippines has 1,387 hospitals, 33 percent of which are government-run; 23,281 barangay health stations, 2,592 rural health units, 2,411 birthing homes, and 659 infirmaries provide primary care throughout the country.[547] Since 1967, the Philippines had become the largest global supplier of nurses;[548] seventy percent of nursing graduates go overseas to work, causing problems in retaining skilled practitioners.[549]

Education

Front of a very old building
Founded in 1611, the University of Santo Tomas is Asia's oldest extant university.[550]

Primary and secondary schooling in the Philippines consists of six years of elementary period, four years of junior high school, and two years of senior high school.[551] Public education, provided by the government, is free at the elementary and secondary levels and at most public higher-education institutions.[552][553] Science high schools for talented students were established in 1963.[554] The government provides technical-vocational training and development through the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority.[555] In 2004, the government began offering alternative education to out-of-school children, youth, and adults to improve literacy;[556][557] madaris were mainstreamed in 16 regions that year, primarily in Mindanao Muslim areas under the Department of Education.[558] Catholic schools, which number more than 1,500,[559] and higher education institutions are an integral part of the educational system.[560]

The Philippines has 1,975 higher education institutions as of 2019, of which 246 are public and 1,729 are private.[561] Public universities are non-sectarian, and are primarily classified as state-administered or local government-funded.[562][563] The national university is the eight-school University of the Philippines (UP) system.[564] The country's top-ranked universities are the University of the Philippines Diliman, Ateneo de Manila University, De La Salle University, and University of Santo Tomas.[565][566][567]

In 2019, the Philippines had a basic literacy rate of 93.8 percent of those five years old or older,[568] and a functional literacy rate of 91.6 percent of those aged 10 to 64.[569] Education, a significant proportion of the national budget, was allocated ₱900.9 billion from the ₱5.268 trillion 2023 budget.[540] As of 2023, the country has 1,640 public libraries affiliated with the National Library of the Philippines.[570]

Culture

A terraced hillside, seen from above
The Banaue Rice Terraces, carved by ancestors of the Ifugao people

The Philippines has significant cultural diversity, reinforced by the country's fragmented geography.[39]: 61[571] Spanish and American cultures profoundly influenced Filipino culture as a result of long colonization.[572][279] The cultures of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago developed distinctly, since they had limited Spanish influence and more influence from nearby Islamic regions.[52]: 503 Indigenous groups such as the Igorots have preserved their precolonial customs and traditions by resisting the Spanish.[573][574] A national identity emerged during the 19th century, however, with shared national symbols and cultural and historical touchstones.[571]

Hispanic legacies include the dominance of Catholicism[60]: 5[572] and the prevalence of Spanish names and surnames, which resulted from an 1849 edict ordering the systematic distribution of family names and the implementation of Spanish naming customs;[208]: 75[59]: 237 the names of many locations also have Spanish origins.[575] American influence on modern Filipino culture[279] is evident in the use of English[576]: 12 and Filipino consumption of fast food and American films and music.[572]

Public holidays in the Philippines are classified as regular or special.[577] Festivals are primarily religious, and most towns and villages have such a festival (usually to honor a patron saint).[578][579] Better-known festivals include Ati-Atihan,[580] Dinagyang,[581] Moriones,[582] Sinulog,[583] and Flores de Mayo—a month-long devotion to the Virgin Mary held in May.[584] The country's Christmas season begins as early as September 1,[585]: 149 and Holy Week is a solemn religious observance for its Christian population.[586][585]: 149

Values

Colored outdoor statue of a child pressing their forehead on the hand of a seated elder
Statue in Iriga commemorating mano po

Filipino values are rooted primarily in personal alliances based in kinship, obligation, friendship, religion (particularly Christianity), and commerce.[81]: 41 They center around social harmony through pakikisama,[587]: 74 motivated primarily by the desire for acceptance by a group.[588][589][576]: 47 Reciprocity through utang na loob (a debt of gratitude) is a significant Filipino cultural trait, and an internalized debt can never be fully repaid.[587]: 76[590] The main sanction for divergence from these values are the concepts of hiya (shame)[591] and loss of amor propio (self-esteem).[589]

The family is central to Philippine society; norms such as loyalty, maintaining close relationships and care for elderly parents are ingrained in Philippine society.[592][593] Respect for authority and the elderly is valued, and is shown with gestures such as mano and the honorifics po and opo and kuya (older brother) or ate (older sister).[594][595] Other Filipino values are optimism about the future, pessimism about the present, concern about other people, friendship and friendliness, hospitality, religiosity, respect for oneself and others (particularly women), and integrity.[596]

Art and architecture

Painting of dying gladiators
Juan Luna's Spoliarium (1884) at the National Museum of the Philippines

Philippine art combines indigenous folk art and foreign influences, primarily Spain and the United States.[597][598] During the Spanish colonial period, art was used to spread Catholicism and support the concept of racially-superior groups.[598] Classical paintings were mainly religious;[599] prominent artists during Spanish colonial rule included Juan Luna and Félix Resurrección Hidalgo, whose works drew attention to the Philippines.[600] Modernism was introduced to the Philippines during the 1920s and 1930s by Victorio Edades and popular pastoral scenes by Fernando Amorsolo.[601]

Old, mossy church with a lawn in front
The early-18th-century Earthquake Baroque Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte, a National Cultural Treasure and a UNESCO World Heritage Site as one of four Baroque Churches of the Philippines[602]

Traditional Philippine architecture has two main models: the indigenous bahay kubo and the bahay na bato, which developed under Spanish rule.[208]: 438–444 Some regions, such as Batanes, differ slightly due to climate; limestone was used as a building material, and houses were built to withstand typhoons.[603][604]

Spanish architecture left an imprint in town designs around a central square or plaza mayor, but many of its buildings were damaged or destroyed during World War II.[605][50] Several Philippine churches adapted baroque architecture to withstand earthquakes, leading to the development of Earthquake Baroque;[606][607] four baroque churches have been listed as a collective UNESCO World Heritage Site.[602] Spanish colonial fortifications (fuerzas) in several parts of the Philippines were primarily designed by missionary architects and built by Filipino stonemasons.[608] Vigan, in Ilocos Sur, is known for its Hispanic-style houses and buildings.[609]

American rule introduced new architectural styles in the construction of government buildings and Art Deco theaters.[610] During the American period, construction of Gabaldon school buildings began,[611] and some city planning using architectural designs and master plans by Daniel Burnham was done in portions of Manila and Baguio.[612][613] Part of the Burnham plan was the construction of government buildings reminiscent of Greek or Neoclassical architecture.[610][607] Buildings from the Spanish and American periods can be seen in Iloilo, especially in Calle Real.[614]

Music and dance

Female dancers in colorful dresses
Tinikling, a dance depicting the swift leg movements of a tikling bird eluding a farmer's traps[615]

There are two types of Philippine folk dance, stemming from traditional indigenous influences and Spanish influence.[222]: 173 Although native dances had become less popular,[616]: 77 folk dancing began to revive during the 1920s.[616]: 82 The Cariñosa, a Hispanic Filipino dance, is unofficially considered the country's national dance.[617] Popular indigenous dances include the Tinikling and Singkil, which include the rhythmic clapping of bamboo poles.[618][619] Present-day dances vary from delicate ballet[620] to street-oriented breakdancing.[621][622]

Rondalya music, with traditional mandolin-type instruments, was popular during the Spanish era.[159]: 327[623] Spanish-influenced musicians are primarily bandurria-based bands with 14-string guitars.[624][623] Kundiman developed during the 1920s and 1930s.[625] The American colonial period exposed many Filipinos to U.S. culture and popular music.[625] Rock music was introduced to Filipinos during the 1960s and developed into Filipino rock (or Pinoy rock), a term encompassing pop rock, alternative rock, heavy metal, punk, new wave, ska, and reggae. Martial law in the 1970s produced Filipino folk rock bands and artists who were at the forefront of political demonstrations.[626]: 38–41 The decade also saw the birth of the Manila sound and Original Pilipino Music (OPM).[627][59]: 171 Filipino hip-hop, which originated in 1979, entered the mainstream in 1990.[628][626]: 38–41 Karaoke is also popular.[629] From 2010 to 2020, Pinoy pop (P-pop) was influenced by K-pop and J-pop.[630]

Locally produced theatrical drama became established during the late 1870s. Spanish influence around that time introduced zarzuela plays (with music)[631] and comedias, with dance. The plays became popular throughout the country,[616]: 69–70 and were written in a number of local languages.[631] American influence introduced vaudeville and ballet.[616]: 69–70 Realistic theatre became dominant during the 20th century, with plays focusing on contemporary political and social issues.[631]

Literature

photograph of José Rizal
José Rizal's writings inspired the Philippine Revolution.

Philippine literature consists of works usually written in Filipino, Spanish, or English. Some of the earliest well-known works were created from the 17th to the 19th centuries.[632] They include Ibong Adarna, an epic about an eponymous magical bird,[633] and Florante at Laura by Tagalog author Francisco Balagtas.[634][635] José Rizal wrote the novels Noli Me Tángere (Social Cancer) and El filibusterismo (The Reign of Greed),[636] both of which depict the injustices of Spanish colonial rule.[637]

Folk literature was relatively unaffected by colonial influence until the 19th century due to Spanish indifference. Most printed literary works during Spanish colonial rule were religious in nature, although Filipino elites who later learned Spanish wrote nationalistic literature.[222]: 59–62 The American arrival began Filipino literary use of English[222]: 65–66 and influenced the development of the Philippine comics industry that flourished from the 1920s through the 1970s.[638][639] In the late 1960s, during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, Philippine literature was influenced by political activism; many poets began using Tagalog, in keeping with the country's oral traditions.[222]: 69–71

Philippine mythology has been handed down primarily through oral tradition;[640] popular figures are Maria Makiling,[641] Lam-ang,[642] and the Sarimanok.[222]: 61[643] The country has a number of folk epics.[644] Wealthy families could preserve transcriptions of the epics as family heirlooms, particularly in Mindanao; the Maranao-language Darangen is an example.[645]

Media

TV network logo, a multicolored triangle
People's Television Network logo

Philippine media primarily uses Filipino and English, although broadcasting has shifted to Filipino.[512] Television shows, commercials, and films are regulated by the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board.[646][647] Most Filipinos obtain news and information from television, the Internet,[648] and social media.[649] The country's flagship state-owned broadcast-television network is the People's Television Network (PTV).[650] ABS-CBN and GMA, both free-to-air, were the dominant TV networks;[651] before the May 2020 expiration of ABS-CBN's franchise, it was the country's largest network.[652] Philippine television dramas, known as teleseryes and mainly produced by ABS-CBN and GMA, are also seen in several other countries.[653][654]

Local film-making began in 1919 with the release of the first Filipino-produced feature film: Dalagang Bukid (A Girl from the Country), directed by Jose Nepomuceno.[116][117]: 8  Production companies remained small during the silent film era, but sound films and larger productions emerged in 1933. The postwar 1940s to the early 1960s are considered a high point for Philippine cinema. The 1962–1971 decade saw a decline in quality films, although the commercial film industry expanded until the 1980s.[116] Critically acclaimed Philippine films include Himala (Miracle) and Oro, Plata, Mata (Gold, Silver, Death), both released in 1982.[655][656] Since the turn of the 21st century, the country's film industry has struggled to compete with larger-budget foreign films[657] (particularly Hollywood films).[658][659] Art films have thrived, however, and several indie films have been successful domestically and abroad.[660][661][662]

The Philippines has a large number of radio stations and newspapers.[651] English broadsheets are popular among executives, professionals and students.[120]: 233–251 Less-expensive Tagalog tabloids, which grew during the 1990s, are popular (particularly in Manila);[663] however, overall newspaper readership is declining in favor of online news.[649][664] The top three newspapers, by nationwide readership and credibility,[120]: 233 are the Philippine Daily Inquirer, Manila Bulletin, and The Philippine Star.[665][666] Although freedom of the press is protected by the constitution,[667] the country was listed as the seventh-most-dangerous country for journalists in 2022 by the Committee to Protect Journalists due to 13 unsolved murders of journalists.[668]

The Philippine population are the world's top Internet users.[669] In early 2021, 67 percent of Filipinos (73.91 million) had Internet access; the overwhelming majority used smartphones.[670] The Philippines ranked 53rd on the Global Innovation Index in 2024.[671]

Cuisine

Chunky soup in a white bowl
A bowl of fish sinigang

From its Malayo-Polynesian origins, traditional Philippine cuisine has evolved since the 16th century. It was primarily influenced by Hispanic, Chinese, and American cuisines, which were adapted to the Filipino palate.[672][673] Filipinos tend to prefer robust flavors,[674] centered on sweet, salty, and sour combinations.[675]: 88 Regional variations exist throughout the country; rice is the general staple starch[676] but cassava is more common in parts of Mindanao.[677][678] Adobo is the unofficial national dish.[679] Other popular dishes include lechón, kare-kare, sinigang,[680] pancit, lumpia, and arroz caldo.[681][682][683] Traditional desserts are kakanin (rice cakes), which include puto, suman, and bibingka.[684][685] Ingredients such as calamansi,[686] ube,[687] and pili are used in Filipino desserts.[688][689] The generous use of condiments such as patis, bagoong, and toyo impart a distinctive Philippine flavor.[681][675]: 73

Unlike other East or Southeast Asian countries, most Filipinos do not eat with chopsticks; they use spoons and forks.[690] Traditional eating with the fingers[691] (known as kamayan) had been used in less urbanized areas,[692]: 266–268, 277 but has been popularized with the introduction of Filipino food to foreigners and city residents.[693][694]

Sports and recreation

Team photo, with each blue-uniformed member wearing a gold medal
The Philippines men's national basketball team celebrating their 2015 Southeast Asian Games championship

Basketball, played at the amateur and professional levels, is considered the country's most popular sport.[695][696] Other popular sports include boxing and billiards, boosted by the achievements of Manny Pacquiao and Efren Reyes.[585]: 142[697] The national martial art is Arnis.[698] Sabong (cockfighting) is popular entertainment, especially among Filipino men, and was documented by the Magellan expedition.[699] Video gaming and esports are emerging pastimes,[700][701] with the popularity of indigenous games such as patintero, tumbang preso, luksong tinik, and piko declining among young people;[702][701] several bills have been filed to preserve and promote traditional games.[703]

The men's national football team has participated in one Asian Cup.[704] The women's national football team qualified for the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup, their first World Cup, in January 2022.[705] The Philippines has participated in every Summer Olympic Games since 1924, except when they supported the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics.[706][707] It was the first tropical nation to compete at the Winter Olympic Games, debuting in 1972.[708][709] In 2021, the Philippines received its first-ever Olympic gold medal with weightlifter Hidilyn Diaz's victory in Tokyo.[710]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Although the Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines (Republic Act 8491) passed in 1998 defined modifications to the coat of arms that removed the colonial charges, a referendum legally required to ratify the changes has not yet been called.
  2. ^ While Manila is designated as the nation's capital, the seat of government is the National Capital Region, commonly known as "Metro Manila", of which the city of Manila is a part.[2][3] Many national government institutions are located on various parts of Metro Manila, aside from Malacañang Palace and other institutions/agencies that are located within the Manila capital city.
  3. ^ As per the 1987 Constitution: "Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis."[5]
  4. ^ a b Excludes Catholic Charismatics numbering 74,096 persons (0.07% of the Philippine household population in 2020)[7]
  5. ^ a b The actual area of the Philippines is 343,448 km2 (132,606 sq mi) according to some sources.[209]
  6. ^ See Date and time notation in the Philippines.
  7. ^ /ˈfilɪpnz/ ; Filipino: Pilipinas, Tagalog pronunciation: [pɪ.lɪˈpiː.nɐs]
  8. ^ Filipino: Republika ng Pilipinas.
    In the recognized regional languages of the Philippines:

    In the recognized optional languages of the Philippines:

    • Spanish: República de las Filipinas
    • Arabic: جمهورية الفلبين, romanizedJumhūriyyat al-Filibbīn
  9. ^ This is a summary, omitting significant detail. For more detail, see Schurman Commission § Survey visit to the Philippines.


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Further reading

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