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In climatology, the 8.2 kiloyear event was a rapid drop in global temperatures that occurred around 8,200 years ago, lasting between two and four centuries. This event marks the beginning of the Northgrippian Age within the Holocene epoch. While this cooling phase was not as intense as the earlier Younger Dryas period that occurred just before the Holocene began, it was still significant. During the 8.2 kiloyear event, atmospheric methane levels dropped by 80 parts per billion, a 15% reduction, suggesting a broad cooling and drying trend across the Northern Hemisphere.

Identification

A rapid cooling around 8,200 years ago was first identified by Swiss botanist Heinrich Zoller in 1960, who named the event the Misox oscillation for the Val Mesolcina^[2]. It is also known as the Finse event in Norway.^[3] Evidence for the 8.2 kiloyear event has been found in speleothem records across Eurasia, the Mediterranean, South America, and southern Africa, indicating the event was globally synchronous.^[4] The strongest evidence for the event comes from the North Atlantic region; the disruption in climate shows clearly in Greenland ice cores, sedimentary records, and other records of the temperate and tropical North Atlantic.^[5]^[6]^[7] There is less evidence in ice cores from Antarctica and South American records.^[8]^[9] The effects of the sudden temperature decrease were global, most notably sea level change.

Cooling event

The event may have been caused by a large meltwater pulse,^[10] which probably resulted from the final collapse of the Laurentide Ice Sheet of northeastern North America,^[11]^[12]^[13] most likely when the glacial lakes Ojibway and Agassiz suddenly drained into the North Atlantic Ocean.^[14] The same type of action produced the Missoula floods which formed the Channeled Scablands of the Columbia River basin. The meltwater pulse may have affected the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation,^[15]^[16]^[17] reducing northward heat transport in the Atlantic and causing significant North Atlantic cooling.^[18] The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) weakened by 55%^[12] or 62%.^[18] Estimates of the cooling vary and depend somewhat on the interpretation of the proxy data, but decreases of around 1 to 5 °C (1.8 to 9.0 °F) have been reported. In Greenland, the event started at 8175 BP, and the cooling was 3.3°C below the decadal average in less than 20 years. The coldest period lasted for about 60 years, and its total duration was about 150 years.^[19]^[20] The meltwater causation hypothesis is, however, considered to be speculation^{[by whom?]} because of inconsistencies with its onset and an unknown region of impact.^{[citation needed]}

Researchers suggest that the discharge was probably superimposed upon a longer episode of cooler climate lasting up to 600 years, and it was merely one contributing factor to the event as a whole.^[21]

Further afield from the Laurentide Ice Sheet, some tropical records report a 3 °C (5.4 °F) cooling, based on cores drilled into an ancient coral reef in Indonesia.^[22] The event also caused a global CO₂ decline of about 25 ppm over about 300 years.^[23] However, dating and interpretation of other tropical sites are more ambiguous than the North Atlantic sites. In addition, climate modeling shows that the amount of meltwater and the pathway of meltwater are both important in perturbing the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation.^[24]

The initial meltwater pulse caused between 0.5 and 4 m (1 ft 8 in and 13 ft 1 in) of sea-level rise. Based on estimates of lake volume and decaying ice cap size, values of 0.4–1.2 m (1 ft 4 in – 3 ft 11 in) circulate. Based on sea-level data from the Mississippi Delta, the end of the Lake Agassiz–Ojibway (LAO) drainage occurred at 8.31 to 8.18 ka and ranges from 0.8 to 2.2 m.^[25] The sea-level data from the Rhine–Meuse Delta indicate a 2–4 m (6 ft 7 in – 13 ft 1 in) of near-instantaneous rise at 8.54 to 8.2 ka, in addition to 'normal' post-glacial sea-level rise.^[26] Meltwater pulse sea-level rise was experienced fully at a great distance from the release area. Gravity and rebound effects associated with the shifting of water masses meant that the sea-level rise was smaller in areas closer to the Hudson Bay. The Mississippi Delta records around 20%, Northwestern Europe 70%, and Asia 105% of the globally averaged amount.^[27] The cooling of the 8.2-kiloyear event was a temporary feature, but the sea-level rise of the meltwater pulse was permanent.

In 2003, the Office of Net Assessment (ONA) at the United States Department of Defense was commissioned to produce a study on the likely and potential effects of modern climate change.^[28] The study, conducted under ONA head Andrew Marshall, modeled its prospective climate change on the 8.2 kiloyear event, precisely because it was the middle alternative between the Younger Dryas and the milder Little Ice Age.^[29]

Effects

Across much of the world, the 8.2 kiloyear event engendered drier environmental conditions.^[30] Northern Hemisphere monsoon precipitation declined by 12.4% for every °C of global mean temperature change, while Southern Hemisphere monsoon precipitation rose by 4.2%/°C.^[31] The 8.2 kiloyear event was also associated with an increase in ocean salinity and terrestrial dust flux.^[32]

North Africa and Mesopotamia

Drier conditions were notable in North Africa; the area around the Charef River in eastern Morocco records an episode of extreme aridity around 8,200 BP.^[33] East Africa was significantly affected by five centuries of general drought. In West Asia, especially Mesopotamia, the 8.2-kiloyear event was a 300-year aridification and cooling episode which may have provided the natural force for Mesopotamian irrigation agriculture and surplus production, which were essential for the earliest formation of classes and urban life.^{[citation needed]} However, changes taking place over centuries around the period are difficult to link specifically to the approximately 100-year abrupt event, as recorded most clearly in the Greenland ice cores.

In particular, in Tell Sabi Abyad, Syria, significant cultural changes were observed at c. 6200 BC; the settlement was not abandoned at the time.^[34]

Madagascar

In northwestern Madagascar, the 8.2 kiloyear event is associated with a negative δ¹⁸O excursion and calcite deposition, indicating wet, humid conditions caused by the southward migration of the ITCZ.^[35] Summer monsoons in the Southern Hemisphere likely became stronger, contributing to precipitation increases.^[36] Humidification was two-phased, with an 8.3 kiloyear sub-event preceding the 8.2 kiloyear sub-event by about 20 years.^[37]

Europe

The sediment core records of the Fram Strait show a short-lived cooling during the 8.2 kiloyear event superimposed on a broader interval of warm climate.^[38] In western Scotland, the 8.2 kiloyear event coincided with a dramatic reduction in the Mesolithic population.^[39] In the Iberian Peninsula, the 8.2 kiloyear event is linked to greater summer aridity that caused an increase in the frequency of fires and a consequent expansion of fire-resistant evergreen oak trees.^[40]

North Asia

Lacustrine sediment records show that Western Siberia underwent humidification during the 8.2 kiloyear event.^[41]

South Asia

Carbonates from the Riwasa Palaeolake show a weakening of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) synchronous with the 8.2 kiloyear event.^[42] Stalagmites from Kotumsar Cave^[43] and from Socotra and Oman further confirm the ISM precipitously diminished in strength.^[44]

East Asia

A sediment core from Lop Nur in the Tarim Basin shows a major dry spell occurred during the 8.2 kiloyear event.^[45] The impact of the 8.2 kiloyear event on forests in the Korean Peninsula was severe, shown by a sizeable reduction in pollen production. It took approximately 400 years for forest ecosystems to recover from the event to their state before the climatic perturbation.^[46]

Southeast Asia

Evidence from the Gulf of Thailand reveals that a sea level drop occurred concordantly with the 8.2 kiloyear event. Also detectable from palynological and sedimentological records is an increase in runoff.^[47]

North America

In Greenland, the 8.2 kiloyear event is associated with a large negative spike in ice core δ¹⁸O values.^[48]^[49] The waters off Cape Hatteras experienced a major increase in salinity.^[50] Bat guano δ¹³C and δD values in the Grand Canyon declined.^[51] Southwestern Mexico became significantly drier, evidenced by the interruption of stalagmite growth.^[52] In the Gulf of Mexico, bay-head deltas back stepped as sea levels rose.^[53] Mustang Island was breached and ceased to be an effective salinity barrier.^[54] Gulf of Mexico δ¹⁸O_seawater values dropped by 0.8%.^[55]

South America

The South American Summer Monsoon (SASM) drastically intensified during the 8.2 kiloyear event as revealed by sediment records from Juréia Paleolagoon.^[56]

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^ Sallun, Alethéa E. M.; Filho, William Sallun; Suguio, Kenitiro; Babinski, Marly; Gioia, Simone M. C. L.; Harlow, Benjamin A.; Duleba, Wania; Oliveira, Paulo E. De; Garcia, Maria Judite; Weber, Cinthia Z.; Christofoletti, Sérgio R.; Santos, Camilla da S.; Medeiros, Vanda B. de; Silva, Juliana B.; Santiago-Hussein, Maria Cristina (20 January 2017). "Geochemical evidence of the 8.2 ka event and other Holocene environmental changes recorded in paleolagoon sediments, southeastern Brazil". Quaternary Research. 77 (1): 31–43. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2011.09.007. ISSN 0033-5894. S2CID 129641081. Retrieved 10 September 2023.

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+{{Short description|Rapid global cooling about 8,200 years ago}}
-[[Image:Greenland Gisp2 Temperature.svg|thumb|250px|Central Greenland reconstructed temperature]]
+[[File:Evolution of temperature in the Post-Glacial period according to Greenland ice cores.jpg|thumb|upright=2.2|The 8.2 kiloyear event appears as a dent in the warm [[Holocene]] period. Evolution of temperatures in the Post-Glacial period following the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] (LGM), according to [[Greenland ice core project|Greenland ice cores]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zalloua |first1=Pierre A. |last2=Matisoo-Smith |first2=Elizabeth |title=Mapping Post-Glacial expansions: The Peopling of Southwest Asia |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |date=6 January 2017 |volume=7 |pages=40338 |doi=10.1038/srep40338 |pmid=28059138 |pmc=5216412 |language=en |issn=2045-2322|bibcode=2017NatSR...740338P }}</ref>]]
-In [[climatology]], the '''8.2 kiloyear event''' was a sudden decrease in global temperatures that occurred approximately 8,200 years [[Before Present|before the present]], or c. 6,200 [[Common Era|BC]], and which lasted for the next two to four centuries. Milder than the [[Younger Dryas]] cold spell before it but more severe than the [[Little Ice Age]] after it, the 8.2 kiloyear cooling was a significant exception to general trends of the [[Holocene climatic optimum]]. During the event, atmospheric [[methane]] concentration decreased by 80 ppb, an emission reduction of 15%, by cooling and drying at a hemispheric scale.<ref name="Kobashi">{{cite journal |last=Kobashi |first=T. |year=2007 |title=Precise timing and characterization of abrupt climate change 8,200 years ago from air trapped in polar ice|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=26 |pages=1212–1222 |bibcode = 2007QSRv...26.1212K |doi = 10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.01.009 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>
+[[Image:Greenland Gisp2 Temperature.svg|thumb|upright=2.2|The warm [[Holocene]] period with the 8.2 kiloyear event. Central Greenland [[ice core]] reconstructed temperature up to mid-19th century.]]
+In [[climatology]], the '''8.2 kiloyear event''' was a rapid drop in global temperatures that occurred around 8,200 years ago, lasting between two and four centuries. This event marks the beginning of the [[Northgrippian]] Age within the [[Holocene epoch]]. While this cooling phase was not as intense as the earlier [[Younger Dryas]] period that occurred just before the [[Holocene]] began, it was still significant. During the 8.2 [[Year|kiloyear]] event, [[atmospheric methane]] levels dropped by 80 [[Parts-per notation|parts per billion]], a 15% reduction, suggesting a broad cooling and drying trend across the [[Northern Hemisphere]].
 ==Identification==
-A rapid cooling around 6200 BC was first identified by [[Switzerland|Swiss]] botanist Heinrich Zoller in 1960, who named the event ''Misox oscillation'' (for the [[Val Mesolcina]]).<ref name="Zoller1960">{{ cite journal | last = Zoller | first = Heinrich | year = 1960 | title = Pollenanalytische Untersuchungen zur Vegetationsgeschichte der insubrischen Schweiz | journal = Denkschriften der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft | volume = 83 | pages = 45–156 | issn = 0366-970X |language= German }}</ref> It is also known as ''Finse event'' in [[Norway]].<ref name="Nesje2001">{{ cite journal | last = Nesje | first = Atle |author2= Dahl, Svein Olaf | year = 2001 | title = The Greenland 8200 cal. yr BP event detected in loss-on-ignition profiles in Norwegian lacustrine sediment sequences | journal = Journal of Quaternary Science | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = 155–166 | doi = 10.1002/jqs.567 |bibcode = 2001JQS....16..155N }}</ref> Bond ''et al.'' argued that the origin of the 8.2 kiloyear event is linked to a 1,500-year [[climate cycle]]; it correlates with [[Bond event]] 5.<ref name="Bond1997">{{cite journal|author=Bond, G. |url=http://rivernet.ncsu.edu/courselocker/PaleoClimate/Bond%20et%20al.,%201997%20Millenial%20Scale%20Holocene%20Change.pdf |year=1997 |title=A Pervasive Millennial-Scale Cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and Glacial Climates |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=278 |issue=5341 |pages=1257–66 |doi=10.1126/science.278.5341.1257 |bibcode=1997Sci...278.1257B |display-authors=etal |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227192411/http://rivernet.ncsu.edu/courselocker/PaleoClimate/Bond%20et%20al.%2C%201997%20Millenial%20Scale%20Holocene%20Change.pdf |archivedate=2008-02-27}}</ref>
+A rapid cooling around 8,200 years ago was first identified by Swiss [[Botany|botanist]] [[Heinrich Zoller]] in 1960, who named the event the ''Misox oscillation'' for the [[Val Mesolcina]]<ref name="Zoller1960">{{cite journal | last = Zoller | first = Heinrich | year = 1960 | title = Pollenanalytische Untersuchungen zur Vegetationsgeschichte der insubrischen Schweiz | journal = Denkschriften der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft | volume = 83 | pages = 45–156 | issn = 0366-970X |language= de }}</ref>. It is also known as the ''Finse event'' in [[Norway]].<ref name="Nesje2001">{{ cite journal | last = Nesje | first = Atle |author2= Dahl, Svein Olaf | year = 2001 | title = The Greenland 8200 cal. yr BP event detected in loss-on-ignition profiles in Norwegian lacustrine sediment sequences | journal = [[Journal of Quaternary Science]] | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = 155–166 | doi = 10.1002/jqs.567 |bibcode = 2001JQS....16..155N | s2cid = 130276390 }}</ref> Evidence for the 8.2 kiloyear event has been found in [[speleothem]] records across [[Eurasia]], the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]], [[South America]], and [[southern Africa]], indicating the event was globally [[synchronous]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Parker |first1=Sarah E. |last2=Harrison |first2=Sandy P. |date=22 June 2022 |title=The timing, duration and magnitude of the 8.2 ka event in global speleothem records |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=10542 |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-14684-y |pmid=35732793 |pmc=9217811 |bibcode=2022NatSR..1210542P }}</ref> The strongest evidence for the event comes from the [[North Atlantic]] region; the disruption in climate shows clearly in [[Greenland]] [[ice core]]s, [[sediment]]ary records, and other records of the temperate and tropical North Atlantic.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Alley |first=R. B. |display-authors=etal |year=1997 |title=Holocene climatic instability; a prominent, widespread event 8,200 yr ago |journal=[[Geology (journal)|Geology]] |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=483–486 |bibcode=1997Geo....25..483A |doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0483:HCIAPW>2.3.CO;2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alley |first1=Richard B. |last2=Ágústsdóttir |first2=Anna Maria |year=2005 |title=The 8k event: cause and consequences of a major Holocene abrupt climate change |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379105000314 |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |volume=24 |issue=10–11 |pages=1123–1149 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1123A |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.12.004 |access-date=18 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sarmaja-Korjonen |first1=Kaarina |year=2007 |title=Abrupt and consistent responses of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems to the 8200 cal. yr cold event: a lacustrine record from Lake Arapisto, Finland |journal=[[The Holocene]] |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=457–467 |doi=10.1177/0959683607077020 |last2=Seppa |first2=H. |bibcode=2007Holoc..17..457S |s2cid=129281579 }}</ref> There is less evidence in ice cores from [[Antarctica]] and South American records.<ref>{{cite book |title=Climate: Into the 21st Century |editor-last=Burroughs |editor-first=William J. |year=2003 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-79202-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/climate00will }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.5194/cp-4-35-2008 |last=Ljung |first=K. |year=2007 |title=South Atlantic island record reveals a South Atlantic response to the 8.2kyr event |journal=[[Climate of the Past]] |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=35–45 |display-authors=etal|doi-access=free }}</ref> The effects of the sudden temperature decrease were global, most notably sea level change.
-The strongest evidence for the event comes from the [[North Atlantic]] region; the disruption in climate shows clearly in [[Greenland]] [[ice cores]] and in sedimentary and other records of the temperate and the tropical North Atlantic.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Alley |first=R. B. |year=1997 |title=Holocene climatic instability; a prominent, widespread event 8,200 yr ago |journal=Geology |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=483–6 |url=http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/25/6/483 |doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0483:HCIAPW>2.3.CO;2 |bibcode=1997Geo....25..483A|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Alley |first=Richard B. |author2=Ágústsdóttir, Anna Maria |year=2005 |title=The 8k event: cause and consequences of a major Holocene abrupt climate change |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=10-11 |pages=1123–49 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.12.004 |bibcode = 2005QSRv...24.1123A }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sarmaja-Korjonen |first=Kaarina |year=2007 |title=Abrupt and consistent responses of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems to the 8200 cal. yr cold event: a lacustrine record from Lake Arapisto, Finland |journal=The Holocene |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=457–467 |doi=10.1177/0959683607077020 |last2=Seppa |first2=H. }}</ref> It is less evident in ice cores from [[Antarctica]] and in South American indices.<ref>{{cite book |title=Climate: Into the 21st Century |last=Burroughs |first=William J. [ed.] |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-79202-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.5194/cp-4-35-2008 |last=Ljung |first=K. |year=2007 |title=South Atlantic island record reveals a South Atlantic response to the 8.2kyr event |journal=Climate of the Past |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=35–45 |url=http://www.clim-past.net/4/35/2008/cp-4-35-2008.html |display-authors=etal}}</ref> The effects of the cold snap were global, however, most notably in its changes in [[sea level]].
 ==Cooling event==
-The event may have been caused by a large meltwater pulse from the final collapse of the [[Laurentide ice sheet]] of northeastern North America, most likely when the glacial lakes [[glacial Lake Ojibway|Ojibway]] and [[Lake Agassiz|Agassiz]] suddenly drained into the North Atlantic Ocean.<ref>{{cite book |title=Quaternary Glaciations – Extent and Chronology. Part II: North America |last=Ehlers |first=Jürgen |author2=Gibbard, Philip L. |year=2004 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Amsterdam |isbn=0-444-51592-5 |pages=257–262}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Barber |first=D. C. |year=1999 |title=Forcing of the cold event 8,200 years ago by catastrophic drainage of Laurentide Lakes |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=400 |issue=6742 |pages=344–8 |doi=10.1038/22504 |bibcode = 1999Natur.400..344B |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Ellison |first=Christopher R. W. |author2=Chapman, Mark R. |author3=Hall, Ian R. |year=2006 |title=Surface and Deep Ocean Interactions During the Cold Climate Event 8200 Years Ago |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=312 |issue=5782 |pages=1929–32 |doi=10.1126/science.1127213 |pmid=16809535 |bibcode = 2006Sci...312.1929E }}</ref> The same type of action produced the [[Missoula floods]] that created the [[Channeled scablands]] of the [[Columbia River]] basin. The melt-water pulse may have [[shutdown of thermohaline circulation|affected]] the North Atlantic [[thermohaline circulation]], reducing northward heat transport in the Atlantic and causing significant North Atlantic cooling. Estimates of the cooling vary and depend somewhat on the interpretation of the proxy data, but drops of around {{convert|1|to|5|C-change|F-change}} have been reported. In Greenland, the event started at 8175 BP, and the cooling was 3.3&nbsp;°C (decadal average) in less than 20 years. The coldest period lasted for about 60 years, and its total duration was about 150 years.<ref name="Kobashi"/> The meltwater causation theory is, however, thrown into speculation because of inconstencies with its onset and an unknown region of impact.
+The event may have been caused by a large [[meltwater pulse 1A|meltwater pulse]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=You |first1=Defang |last2=Stein |first2=Ruediger |last3=Fahl |first3=Kirsten |last4=Williams |first4=Maricel C. |last5=Schmidt |first5=Daniela N. |last6=McCave |first6=Ian Nicholas |last7=Barker |first7=Stephen |last8=Schefuß |first8=Enno |last9=Niu |first9=Lu |last10=Kuhn |first10=Gerhard |last11=Niessen |first11=Frank |date=17 March 2023 |title=Last deglacial abrupt climate changes caused by meltwater pulses in the Labrador Sea |journal=[[Communications Earth & Environment]] |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=81 |doi=10.1038/s43247-023-00743-3 |issn=2662-4435 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023ComEE...4...81Y }}</ref> which probably resulted from the final collapse of the [[Laurentide Ice Sheet]] of northeastern North America,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ellison |first1=Christopher R. W. |last2=Chapman |first2=Mark R. |last3=Hall |first3=Ian R. |year=2006 |title=Surface and Deep Ocean Interactions During the Cold Climate Event 8200 Years Ago |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=312 |issue=5782 |pages=1929–1932 |bibcode=2006Sci...312.1929E |doi=10.1126/science.1127213 |pmid=16809535 |s2cid=42283806}}</ref><ref name="MateroEtAl2017LaurentideIceSaddleCollapse">{{cite journal |last1=Matero |first1=I. S. O. |last2=Gregoire |first2=L. J. |last3=Ivanovic |first3=R. F. |year=2017 |title=The 8.2 ka Cooling event caused by Laurentide Ice Saddle Collapse |journal=[[Earth and Planetary Science Letters]] |volume=473 |issue=5782 |pages=205–214 |bibcode=2017E&PSL.473..205M |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2017.06.011 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ehlers |first1=Jürgen |title=Quaternary Glaciations – Extent and Chronology. Part II: North America |last2=Gibbard |first2=Philip L. |publisher=Elsevier |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-444-51592-6 |location=Amsterdam, The Netherlands |pages=257–262}}</ref> most likely when the [[glacial lake]]s [[Lake Ojibway|Ojibway]] and [[Lake Agassiz|Agassiz]] suddenly drained into the North Atlantic Ocean.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Barber |first=D. C. |display-authors=etal |year=1999 |title=Forcing of the cold event 8,200 years ago by catastrophic drainage of Laurentide Lakes |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=400 |issue=6742 |pages=344–348 |bibcode=1999Natur.400..344B |doi=10.1038/22504 |s2cid=4426918}}</ref> The same type of action produced the [[Missoula floods]] which formed the [[Channeled Scablands]] of the [[Columbia River]] basin. The meltwater pulse may have [[shutdown of thermohaline circulation|affected]] the North Atlantic [[thermohaline circulation]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kleiven |first1=Helga (Kikki) Flesche |last2=Kissel |first2=Catherine |last3=Laj |first3=Carlo |last4=Ninnemann |first4=Ulysses S. |last5=Richter |first5=Thomas O. |last6=Cortijo |first6=Elsa |date=4 January 2008 |title=Reduced North Atlantic Deep Water Coeval with the Glacial Lake Agassiz Freshwater Outburst |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |language=en |volume=319 |issue=5859 |pages=60–64 |doi=10.1126/science.1148924 |pmid=18063758 |s2cid=38294981 |issn=0036-8075 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2008Sci...319...60K }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wiersma |first1=A. P. |last2=Renssen |first2=H. |date=January 2006 |title=Model–data comparison for the 8.2kaBP event: confirmation of a forcing mechanism by catastrophic drainage of Laurentide Lakes |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379105002076 |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |language=en |volume=25 |issue=1–2 |pages=63–88 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.07.009 |bibcode=2006QSRv...25...63W |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wanner |first1=H. |last2=Mercolli |first2=L. |last3=Grosjean |first3=M. |last4=Ritz |first4=S. P. |date=17 October 2014 |title=Holocene climate variability and change; a data-based review |url=https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/abs/10.1144/jgs2013-101 |journal=[[Journal of the Geological Society]] |language=en |volume=172 |issue=2 |pages=254–263 |doi=10.1144/jgs2013-101 |s2cid=73548216 |issn=0016-7649 |access-date=18 September 2023}}</ref> reducing northward heat transport in the Atlantic and causing significant North Atlantic cooling.<ref name="AguiarEtAl2021">{{cite journal |last1=Aguiar |first1=Wilton |last2=Meissner |first2=Katrin J. |last3=Montenegro |first3=Alvaro |last4=Prado |first4=Luciana |last5=Wainer |first5=Ilana |last6=Carlson |first6=Anders E. |last7=Mata |first7=Mauricio M. |date=9 March 2021 |title=Magnitude of the 8.2 ka event freshwater forcing based on stable isotope modelling and comparison to future Greenland melting |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5473 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-84709-5 |pmid=33750824 |pmc=7943769 |bibcode=2021NatSR..11.5473A }}</ref> The [[Atlantic meridional overturning circulation]] (AMOC) weakened by 55%<ref name="MateroEtAl2017LaurentideIceSaddleCollapse" /> or 62%.<ref name="AguiarEtAl2021" /> Estimates of the cooling vary and depend somewhat on the interpretation of the proxy data, but decreases of around {{convert|1|to|5|C-change}} have been reported. In Greenland, the event started at 8175 BP, and the cooling was 3.3°C below the decadal average in less than 20 years. The coldest period lasted for about 60 years, and its total duration was about 150 years.<ref name="Kobashi">{{cite journal |last=Kobashi |first=T. |display-authors=etal |year=2007 |title=Precise timing and characterization of abrupt climate change 8,200 years ago from air trapped in polar ice |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |volume=26 |issue=9–10 |pages=1212–1222 |bibcode=2007QSRv...26.1212K |citeseerx=10.1.1.462.9271 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.01.009}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=LeGrande |first1=Allegra N. |title=The 8,200-Year BP Event |date=2009 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments |pages=938–943 |editor-last=Gornitz |editor-first=Vivien |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4411-3_219 |access-date=2024-03-03 |series=Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-4411-3_219 |isbn=978-1-4020-4411-3}}</ref> The meltwater causation hypothesis is, however, considered to be speculation{{by whom|date=October 2021}} because of inconsistencies with its onset and an unknown region of impact.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}
-Researchers suggest that the discharge was probably superimposed upon a longer episode of cooler climate lasting up to 600 years, and it was merely one contributing factor to the event as a whole.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Rohling |first1 = E.J |year = 2005 |title = Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden event around 8,200 years ago. |url = http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v434/n7036/full/nature03421.pdf |format = PDF |journal = Nature |volume = 434 |issue = 7036 |pages = 975–979 |doi = 10.1038/nature03421 }}</ref>
+Researchers suggest that the discharge was probably superimposed upon a longer episode of cooler climate lasting up to 600 years, and it was merely one contributing factor to the event as a whole.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rohling |first1=E. J. |year=2005 |title=Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden event around 8,200 years ago. |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=434 |issue=7036 |pages=975–979 |bibcode=2005Natur.434..975R |doi=10.1038/nature03421 |pmid=15846336 |s2cid=4394638}}</ref>
-Further afield, some tropical records report a {{convert|3|C-change|F-change}} cooling from cores drilled into an ancient [[coral reef]] in [[Indonesia]].
+Further afield from the Laurentide Ice Sheet, some tropical records report a {{convert|3|C-change}} cooling, based on cores drilled into an ancient [[coral reef]] in [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Long Summer: How Climate Changed Civilization |last=Fagan |first=Brian |year=2004 |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-465-02281-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/longsummerhowcli00faga/page/107 107–108] |url=https://archive.org/details/longsummerhowcli00faga/page/107 }}
+</ref> The event also caused a global CO<sub>2</sub> decline of about 25 ppm over about 300 years.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wagner |first=Friederike |display-authors=etal |year=2002 |title=Rapid atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> changes associated with the 8,200-years-B.P. cooling event |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=99 |issue=19 |pages=12011–12014 |bibcode=2002PNAS...9912011W |doi=10.1073/pnas.182420699 |pmc=129389 |pmid=12202744 |doi-access=free}}</ref> However, dating and interpretation of other tropical sites are more ambiguous than the North Atlantic sites. In addition, climate modeling shows that the amount of meltwater and the pathway of meltwater are both important in perturbing the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Yong-Xiang |last2=Renssen |first2=H. |last3=Wiersma |first3=A. P. |last4=Törnqvist |first4=T. E. |date=28 August 2009 |title=Investigating the impact of Lake Agassiz drainage routes on the 8.2 ka cold event with a climate model |journal=[[Climate of the Past]] |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=471–480 |bibcode=2009CliPa...5..471L |doi=10.5194/cp-5-471-2009 |issn=1814-9332 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
-<ref>{{cite book |title=The Long Summer: How Climate Changed Civilization |last=Fagan |first=Brian |year=2004 |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |isbn=0-465-02281-2 |pages=107–108}}
-</ref> The event also caused a global CO<sub>2</sub> decline of about 25 ppm over about 300 years.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wagner |first=Friederike |year=2002 |title=Rapid atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> changes associated with the 8,200-years-B.P. cooling event |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.]] |volume=99 |issue=19 |pages=12011–4 |doi=10.1073/pnas.182420699 |pmid=12202744 |pmc=129389 |bibcode = 2002PNAS...9912011W |display-authors=etal}}</ref> However, dating and interpretation other tropical sites are more ambiguous than the North Atlantic sites. In addition, climate modeling work shows that the amount of meltwater and the pathway of meltwater are both important in perturbing the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li|first=Y.-X.|last2=Renssen|first2=H.|last3=Wiersma|first3=A. P.|last4=Törnqvist|first4=T. E.|date=2009-08-28|title=Investigating the impact of Lake Agassiz drainage routes on the 8.2 ka cold event with a climate model|url=http://www.clim-past.net/5/471/2009/|journal=Clim. Past|volume=5|issue=3|pages=471–480|doi=10.5194/cp-5-471-2009|issn=1814-9332}}</ref>
+The initial meltwater pulse caused between {{convert|0.5|and|4|m|abbr=on}} of [[Sea level rise|sea-level rise]]. Based on estimates of lake volume and decaying ice cap size, values of {{convert|0.4|–|1.2|m|abbr=on}} circulate. Based on sea-level data from the Mississippi Delta, the end of the Lake Agassiz–Ojibway (LAO) drainage occurred at 8.31 to 8.18 ka and ranges from 0.8 to 2.2 m.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Yong-Xiang |last2=Törnqvist |first2=Torbjörn E. |last3=Nevitt |first3=Johanna M. |last4=Kohl |first4=Barry |year=2012 |title=Synchronizing rapid sea-level rise, final LakeAgassiz drainage, and abrupt cooling 8,200 years ago |journal=[[Earth and Planetary Science Letters]] |volume=315-316 |pages=41–50 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2011.05.034 |bibcode=2012E&PSL.315...41L}}</ref> The sea-level data from the Rhine–Meuse Delta indicate a 2–4 m (6 ft 7 in – 13 ft 1 in) of near-instantaneous rise at 8.54 to 8.2 ka, in addition to 'normal' post-glacial sea-level rise.<ref name="Hijma2010">{{cite journal |last1=Hijma |first1=Marc P. |last2=Cohen |first2=Kim M. |date=March 2010 |title=Timing and magnitude of the sea-level jump preluding the 8.2 kiloyear event |journal=[[Geology (journal)|Geology]] |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=275–278 |bibcode=2010Geo....38..275H |doi=10.1130/G30439.1}}</ref> Meltwater pulse sea-level rise was experienced fully at a great distance from the release area. Gravity and rebound effects associated with the shifting of water masses meant that the sea-level rise was smaller in areas closer to the [[Hudson Bay]]. The [[Mississippi Delta]] records around 20%, Northwestern Europe 70%, and Asia 105% of the globally averaged amount.<ref name="Kendall2008">{{cite journal |last1=Kendall |first1=Roblyn A. |last2=Mitrovica |first2=J. X. |last3=Milne |first3=G.A. |last4=Törnqvist |first4=T. E. |last5=Li |first5=Yong-Xiang |date=May 2008 |title=The sea-level fingerprint of the 8.2 ka climate event |journal=[[Geology (journal)|Geology]] |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=423–426 |bibcode=2008Geo....36..423K |doi=10.1130/G24550A.1 |s2cid=36428838}}</ref> The cooling of the 8.2-kiloyear event was a temporary feature, but the sea-level rise of the meltwater pulse was permanent.
-Drier conditions were notable in [[North Africa]], and [[East Africa]] suffered five centuries of general [[drought]]. In [[West Asia]], especially [[Mesopotamia]], the 8.2 kiloyear event was a 300-year [[aridification]] and cooling episode, which may have provided the natural force for Mesopotamian irrigation agriculture and surplus production, which were essential for the earliest formation of classes and urban life.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} However, changes taking place over centuries around the period are difficult to link specifically to the approximately 100-year abrupt event, as recorded most clearly in the Greenland ice cores.
+In 2003, the [[Office of Net Assessment]] (ONA) at the [[United States Department of Defense]] was commissioned to produce a study on the likely and potential effects of modern climate change.<ref name="Schwartz2003">{{cite report|last=Schwartz |first=Peter |author2=Randall, Doug |title=An Abrupt Climate Change Scenario and Its Implications for United States National Security |date=October 2003 | url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA469325 |website=DTIC }}</ref> The study, conducted under ONA head [[Andrew Marshall (foreign policy strategist)|Andrew Marshall]], modeled its prospective climate change on the 8.2 kiloyear event, precisely because it was the middle alternative between the Younger Dryas and the milder Little Ice Age.<ref>{{cite news |first=David |last=Stripp |title=The Pentagon's Weather Nightmare |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2004/02/09/360120/index.htm |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |date=February 9, 2004 }}</ref>
-The initial meltwater pulse caused between {{convert|0.5|and|4|m|abbr=on}} of [[sea-level rise]]. Based on estimates of lake volume and decaying ice cap size, values of {{convert|0.4|–|1.2|m|abbr=on}} circulate. Based on sea-level data from the Mississippi Delta, the end of the Lake Agassiz–Ojibway (LAO) drainage occurred at 8.31 to 8.18 ka and ranges from 0.8 to 2.2 m.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li|first=Yong-Xiang|last2=Törnqvist|first2=Torbjörn E.|last3=Nevitt|first3=Johanna M.|last4=Kohl|first4=Barry|year=2012|title=Synchronizing rapid sea-level rise, final LakeAgassiz drainage, and abrupt cooling 8,200 years ago|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.05.034|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|volume=315-316|pages=41–50|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2011.05.034|via=}}</ref> The sea-level data from the Rhine–Meuse Delta indicate a {{convert|2|–|4|m|abbr=on}} of near-instantaneous rise at 8.54 to 8.2 ka, in addition to 'normal' post-glacial sea-level rise.<ref name="Hijma2010">{{ cite journal | last = Hijma | first = Marc P. |author2= Cohen, Kim M. |date=March 2010 | title = Timing and magnitude of the sea-level jump preluding the 8.2 kiloyear event | journal = Geology | volume = 38 | issue = 3 | pages = 275–8 | url = http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/38/3/275.abstract | doi = 10.1130/G30439.1 |bibcode = 2010Geo....38..275H }}</ref> Meltwater pulse sea-level rise was experienced fully at great distance from the release area. Gravity and rebound effects associated with the shifting of water masses meant that the sea-level fingerprint was smaller in areas closer to the [[Hudson Bay]]. The [[Mississippi Delta]] records around 20%, Northwestern Europe 70% and Asia records 105% of the globally averaged amount.<ref name="Kendall2008">{{ cite journal | last1 = Kendall | first1 = Roblyn A. |last2 = Mitrovica | first2 = J.X. | last3 = Milne | first3 = G.A. | last4 = Törnqvist | first4 = T.E. | last5 = Li | first5 = Y. |date=May 2008 | title = The sea-level fingerprint of the 8.2 ka climate event | journal = Geology | volume = 36 | issue = 5 | pages = 423–6 | url = http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/36/5/423.abstract | doi = 10.1130/G24550A.1 |bibcode = 2008Geo....36..423K }}</ref> The cooling of the 8.2 kiloyear event was a temporary feature; but the sea-level rise of the meltwater pulse was permanent.
+==Effects==
-In 2003, the [[Office of Net Assessment]] (ONA) at the [[United States Department of Defense]] was commissioned to produce a study on the likely and potential effects of a modern climate change.<ref name="Schwartz2003">{{cite journal|last=Schwartz |first=Peter |author2=Randall, Doug |title=An Abrupt Climate Change Scenario and Its Implications for United States National Security |date=October 2003 |url=http://www.climate.org/PDF/clim_change_scenario.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320054750/http://www.climate.org/PDF/clim_change_scenario.pdf |archivedate=2009-03-20 |df= }}</ref> The study, conducted under ONA head [[Andrew Marshall (foreign policy strategist)|Andrew Marshall]], modeled its prospective climate change on the 8.2 kiloyear event, precisely because it was the middle alternative between the Younger Dryas and the milder Little Ice Age.<ref>{{cite news |first=David |last=Stripp |title=The Pentagon's Weather Nightmare |url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2004/02/09/360120/index.htm |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |date=February 9, 2004 }}</ref>
+[[File:Hans J.J.G. Holm , Climate Relapse around 6250 BC.png|thumb|This is the most prominent temperature fallback (regression) of the Holocene immediately preceding the Atlantic temperature peak.]]
+Across much of the world, the 8.2 kiloyear event engendered drier environmental conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pratap |first1=Shailendra |last2=Markonis |first2=Yannis |date=31 May 2022 |title=The response of the hydrological cycle to temperature changes in recent and distant climatic history |journal=Progress in Earth and Planetary Science |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=30 |doi=10.1186/s40645-022-00489-0 |issn=2197-4284 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022PEPS....9...30P }}</ref> Northern Hemisphere monsoon precipitation declined by 12.4% for every °C of global mean temperature change, while Southern Hemisphere monsoon precipitation rose by 4.2%/°C.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=He |first1=Peng |last2=Liu |first2=Jian |last3=Wang |first3=Bin |last4=Sun |first4=Weiyi |date=15 January 2022 |title=Understanding global monsoon precipitation changes during the 8.2 ka event and the current warm period |journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]] |language=en |volume=586 |pages=110757 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110757 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022PPP...58610757H }}</ref> The 8.2 kiloyear event was also associated with an increase in ocean salinity and terrestrial dust flux.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=O'Brien |first1=S. R. |last2=Mayewski |first2=P. A. |last3=Meeker |first3=L. D. |last4=Meese |first4=D. A. |last5=Twickler |first5=M. S. |last6=Whitlow |first6=S. I. |date=22 December 1995 |title=Complexity of Holocene Climate as Reconstructed from a Greenland Ice Core |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.270.5244.1962 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |language=en |volume=270 |issue=5244 |pages=1962–1964 |doi=10.1126/science.270.5244.1962 |bibcode=1995Sci...270.1962O |s2cid=129199142 |issn=0036-8075 |access-date=11 September 2023}}</ref>
+=== North Africa and Mesopotamia ===
+Drier conditions were notable in [[North Africa]]; the area around the Charef River in eastern Morocco records an episode of extreme aridity around 8,200 BP.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Depreux |first1=Bruno |last2=Berger |first2=Jean-François |last3=Lefèvre |first3=David |last4=Wackenheim |first4=Quentin |last5=Andrieu-Ponel |first5=Valérie |last6=Vinai |first6=Sylvia |last7=Degeai |first7=Jean-Philippe |last8=El Harradji |first8=Abderrahmane |last9=Boudad |first9=Larbi |last10=Sanz-Laliberté |first10=Séverine |last11=Michel |first11=Kristel |last12=Limondin-Lozouet |first12=Nicole |date=12 May 2022 |title=First fluvial archive of the 8.2 and 7.6–7.3 ka events in North Africa (Charef River, High Plateaus, NE Morocco) |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=7710 |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-11353-y |pmid=35562177 |pmc=9095645 |bibcode=2022NatSR..12.7710D }}</ref> [[East Africa]] was significantly affected by five centuries of general [[drought]]. In [[Western Asia|West Asia]], especially [[Mesopotamia]], the 8.2-kiloyear event was a 300-year [[aridification]] and cooling episode which may have provided the natural force for Mesopotamian irrigation agriculture and surplus production, which were essential for the earliest formation of classes and urban life.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} However, changes taking place over centuries around the period are difficult to link specifically to the approximately 100-year abrupt event, as recorded most clearly in the Greenland ice cores.
+In particular, in [[Tell Sabi Abyad]], Syria, significant cultural changes were observed at c. 6200 BC; the settlement was not abandoned at the time.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=J. |last1=van der Plicht |first2=P. G. |last2=Akkermans |first3=O. |last3=Nieuwenhuyse |first4=A. |last4=Kaneda |first5=A. |last5=Russell |url=https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/view/3458/3740 |title=Tell Sabi Abyad, Syria: Radiocarbon Chronology, Cultural Change, and the 8.2 ka Event |journal=[[Radiocarbon (journal)|Radiocarbon]] |volume=53 |issue=2 |year=2011 |pages=229–243 |doi= 10.1017/S0033822200056514|bibcode=2011Radcb..53..229V |doi-access=free }}</ref>
+=== Madagascar ===
+In northwestern [[Madagascar]], the 8.2 kiloyear event is associated with a negative δ<sup>18</sup>O excursion and [[calcite]] deposition, indicating wet, humid conditions caused by the southward migration of the ITCZ.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Duan |first1=Pengzhen |last2=Li |first2=Hanying |last3=Sinha |first3=Ashish |last4=Voarintsoa |first4=Ny Riavo Gilbertinie |last5=Kathayat |first5=Gayatri |last6=Hu |first6=Peng |last7=Zhang |first7=Haiwei |last8=Ning |first8=Youfeng |last9=Cheng |first9=Hai |date=15 September 2021 |title=The timing and structure of the 8.2 ka event revealed through high-resolution speleothem records from northwestern Madagascar |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379121003115 |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |language=en |volume=268 |pages=107104 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107104 |bibcode=2021QSRv..26807104D |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref> Summer monsoons in the Southern Hemisphere likely became stronger, contributing to precipitation increases.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Voarintsoa |first=Ny Riavo Gilbertinie |date=Spring 2017 |title=Investigating stalagmites from NE Namibia and NW Madagascar as a key to better understand local paleoenvironmental changes and implications for inter-tropical convergence zone (itcz) dynamics |url=https://esploro.libs.uga.edu/esploro/outputs/doctoral/Investigating-stalagmites-from-NE-Namibia-and-NW-Madagascar-as-a-key-to-better-understand-local-paleoenvironmental-changes-and-implications-for-inter-tropical-convergence-zone-itcz-dynamics/9949334139502959 |type=PhD |chapter=4 |publisher=[[University of Georgia]] |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref> Humidification was two-phased, with an 8.3 kiloyear sub-event preceding the 8.2 kiloyear sub-event by about 20 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Voarintsoa |first1=Ny Riavo Gilbertinie |last2=Matero |first2=Ilkka S.O. |last3=Railsback |first3=L. Bruce |last4=Gregoire |first4=Lauren J. |last5=Tindall |first5=Julia |last6=Sime |first6=Louise |last7=Cheng |first7=Hai |last8=Edwards |first8=R. Lawrence |last9=Brook |first9=George A. |last10=Kathayat |first10=Gayatri |last11=Li |first11=Xianglei |last12=Michel Rakotondrazafy |first12=Amos Fety |last13=Madison Razanatseheno |first13=Marie Olga |date=15 January 2019 |title=Investigating the 8.2 ka event in northwestern Madagascar: Insight from data–model comparisons |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S027737911830355X |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |language=en |volume=204 |pages=172–186 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.11.030 |bibcode=2019QSRv..204..172V |s2cid=135225331 |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref>
+=== Europe ===
+The sediment core records of the [[Fram Strait]] show a short-lived cooling during the 8.2 kiloyear event superimposed on a broader interval of warm climate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Werner |first1=Kirstin |last2=Spielhagen |first2=Robert F. |last3=Bauch |first3=Dorothea |last4=Hass |first4=H. Christian |last5=Kandiano |first5=Evgeniya |date=28 March 2013 |title=Atlantic Water advection versus sea-ice advances in the eastern Fram Strait during the last 9 ka: Multiproxy evidence for a two-phase Holocene: HOLOCENE IN EASTERN FRAM STRAIT |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/palo.20028 |journal=[[Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology]] |language=en |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=283–295 |doi=10.1002/palo.20028 |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref> In western [[Scotland]], the 8.2 kiloyear event coincided with a dramatic reduction in the Mesolithic population.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Wicks | first1=Karen | last2=Mithen | first2=Steven | title=The impact of the abrupt 8.2 ka cold event on the Mesolithic population of western Scotland: a Bayesian chronological analysis using 'activity events' as a population proxy | journal=[[Journal of Archaeological Science]] | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=45 | year=2014 | issn=0305-4403 | doi=10.1016/j.jas.2014.02.003 | pages=240–269| bibcode=2014JArSc..45..240W }}</ref> In the Iberian Peninsula, the 8.2 kiloyear event is linked to greater summer aridity that caused an increase in the frequency of fires and a consequent expansion of fire-resistant evergreen oak trees.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=Basil A. S. |last2=Stevenson |first2=Anthony C. |date=10 April 2007 |title=The 8.2ka event and Early–Mid Holocene forests, fires and flooding in the Central Ebro Desert, NE Spain |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379107001047 |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |volume=26 |issue=13 |pages=1695–1712 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.04.007 |bibcode=2007QSRv...26.1695D |issn=0277-3791 |access-date=18 September 2023}}</ref>
+=== North Asia ===
+Lacustrine sediment records show that Western Siberia underwent humidification during the 8.2 kiloyear event.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ryabogina |first1=Natalia E. |last2=Afonin |first2=Alexey S. |last3=Ivanov |first3=Sergey N. |last4=Li |first4=Hong-Chun |last5=Kalinin |first5=Pavel A. |last6=Udaltsov |first6=Sergey N. |last7=Nikolaenko |first7=Svetlana A. |date=10 September 2019 |title=Holocene paleoenvironmental changes reflected in peat and lake sediment records of Western Siberia: Geochemical and plant macrofossil proxies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1040618218309388 |journal=[[Quaternary International]] |language=en |volume=528 |pages=73–87 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2019.04.006 |bibcode=2019QuInt.528...73R |s2cid=146146964 |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref>
+=== South Asia ===
+Carbonates from the Riwasa Palaeolake show a weakening of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) synchronous with the 8.2 kiloyear event.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dixit |first1=Yama |last2=Hodell |first2=David A. |last3=Sinha |first3=Rajiv |last4=Petrie |first4=Cameron A. |date=1 April 2014 |title=Abrupt weakening of the Indian summer monsoon at 8.2 kyr B.P. |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X14000363 |journal=[[Earth and Planetary Science Letters]] |volume=391 |pages=16–23 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2014.01.026 |bibcode=2014E&PSL.391...16D |issn=0012-821X |access-date=10 September 2023}}</ref> Stalagmites from Kotumsar Cave<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Band |first1=Shraddha |last2=Yadava |first2=M. G. |last3=Lone |first3=Mahjoor Ahmad |last4=Shen |first4=Chuan-Chou |last5=Sree |first5=Kaushik |last6=Ramesh |first6=R. |date=20 June 2018 |title=High-resolution mid-Holocene Indian Summer Monsoon recorded in a stalagmite from the Kotumsar Cave, Central India |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1040618216312794 |journal=[[Quaternary International]] |language=en |volume=479 |pages=19–24 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2018.01.026 |bibcode=2018QuInt.479...19B |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref> and from Socotra and Oman further confirm the ISM precipitously diminished in strength.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fleitmann |first1=Dominik |last2=Burns |first2=Stephen J. |last3=Mangini |first3=Augusto |last4=Mudelsee |first4=Manfred |last5=Kramers |first5=Jan |last6=Villa |first6=Igor |last7=Neff |first7=Ulrich |last8=Al-Subbary |first8=Abdulkarim A. |last9=Buettner |first9=Annett |last10=Hippler |first10=Dorothea |last11=Matter |first11=Albert |date=1 January 2007 |title=Holocene ITCZ and Indian monsoon dynamics recorded in stalagmites from Oman and Yemen (Socotra) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379106002265 |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=170–188 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.04.012 |bibcode=2007QSRv...26..170F |issn=0277-3791 |access-date=10 September 2023}}</ref>
+=== East Asia ===
+A sediment core from [[Lop Nur]] in the [[Tarim Basin]] shows a major dry spell occurred during the 8.2 kiloyear event.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Jingzhong |last2=Jia |first2=Hongjuan |date=29 September 2016 |title=Sediment record of environmental change at Lake Lop Nur (Xinjiang, NW China) from 13.0 to 5.6 cal ka BP |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00343-017-6079-4 |journal=Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1070–1078 |doi=10.1007/s00343-017-6079-4 |s2cid=133423910 |issn=0254-4059 |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref> The impact of the 8.2 kiloyear event on [[Forest|forests]] in the [[Korean Peninsula]] was severe, shown by a sizeable reduction in [[pollen]] production. It took approximately 400 years for forest [[Ecosystem|ecosystems]] to recover from the event to their state before the climatic perturbation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Park |first1=Jungjae |last2=Park |first2=Jinheum |last3=Yi |first3=Sangheon |last4=Kim |first4=Jin Cheul |last5=Lee |first5=Eunmi |last6=Choi |first6=Jieun |date=25 July 2019 |title=Abrupt Holocene climate shifts in coastal East Asia, including the 8.2 ka, 4.2 ka, and 2.8 ka BP events, and societal responses on the Korean peninsula |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=10806 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-47264-8 |pmid=31346228 |bibcode=2019NatSR...910806P |s2cid=256996341 |pmc=6658530 }}</ref>
+=== Southeast Asia ===
+Evidence from the [[Gulf of Thailand]] reveals that a sea level drop occurred concordantly with the 8.2 kiloyear event. Also detectable from [[Palynology|palynological]] and [[Sedimentology|sedimentological]] records is an increase in runoff.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chabangborn |first1=Akkaneewut |last2=Punwong |first2=Paramita |last3=Phountong |first3=Karn |last4=Nudnara |first4=Worakamon |last5=Yoojam |first5=Noppadon |last6=Sainakum |first6=Assuma |last7=Won-In |first7=Krit |last8=Sompongchaiyakul |first8=Penjai |date=20 January 2020 |title=Environmental changes on the west coast of the Gulf of Thailand during the 8.2 ka event |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1040618219309450 |journal=[[Quaternary International]] |language=en |volume=536 |pages=103–113 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2019.12.020 |bibcode=2020QuInt.536..103C |s2cid=214310640 |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref>
+=== North America ===
+In Greenland, the 8.2 kiloyear event is associated with a large negative spike in ice core δ<sup>18</sup>O values.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Masson-Delmotte |first1=V. |last2=Landais |first2=A. |last3=Stievenard |first3=M. |last4=Cattani |first4=O. |last5=Falourd |first5=S. |last6=Jouzel |first6=J. |last7=Johnsen |first7=S. J. |last8=Dahl-Jensen |first8=D. |last9=Sveinsbjornsdottir |first9=A. |last10=White |first10=J. W. C. |last11=Popp |first11=T. |last12=Fischer |first12=H. |date=20 July 2005 |title=Holocene climatic changes in Greenland: Different deuterium excess signals at Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) and NorthGRIP: GREENLAND HOLOCENE DEUTERIUM EXCESS |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres]] |language=en |volume=110 |issue=D14 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1029/2004JD005575 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rasmussen |first1=S. O. |last2=Vinther |first2=B. M. |last3=Clausen |first3=H. B. |last4=Andersen |first4=K. K. |date=1 August 2008 |title=Early Holocene climate oscillations recorded in three Greenland ice cores |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379107001680 |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |series=Early Holocene climate oscillations - causes and consequences |volume=26 |issue=15 |pages=1907–1914 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.06.015 |s2cid=218535658 |issn=0277-3791}}</ref> The waters off [[Cape Hatteras]] experienced a major increase in [[salinity]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cléroux |first1=Caroline |last2=Debret |first2=Maxime |last3=Cortijo |first3=Elsa |last4=Duplessy |first4=Jean-Claude |last5=Dewilde |first5=Fabien |last6=Reijmer |first6=John |last7=Massei |first7=Nicolas |date=9 February 2012 |title=High-resolution sea surface reconstructions off Cape Hatteras over the last 10 ka: OFF CAPE HATTERAS VARIABILITY, 10 KA |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2011PA002184 |journal=[[Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology]] |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1029/2011PA002184 |s2cid=14736021 |access-date=10 September 2023}}</ref> [[Bat]] [[guano]] δ<sup>13</sup>C and [[δD]] values in the [[Grand Canyon]] declined.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wurster |first1=Christopher M. |last2=Patterson |first2=William P. |last3=McFarlane |first3=Donald A. |last4=Wassenaar |first4=Leonard I. |last5=Hobson |first5=Keith A. |last6=Athfield |first6=Nancy Beavan |last7=Bird |first7=Michael I. |date=1 September 2008 |title=Stable carbon and hydrogen isotopes from bat guano in the Grand Canyon, USA, reveal Younger Dryas and 8.2 ka events |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology/article/36/9/683-686/29804 |journal=[[Geology (journal)|Geology]] |language=en |volume=36 |issue=9 |pages=683 |doi=10.1130/G24938A.1 |bibcode=2008Geo....36..683W |issn=0091-7613 |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref> Southwestern Mexico became significantly drier, evidenced by the interruption of stalagmite growth.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bernal |first1=Juan Pablo |last2=Lachniet |first2=Matthew |last3=McCulloch |first3=Malcolm |last4=Mortimer |first4=Graham |last5=Morales |first5=Pedro |last6=Cienfuegos |first6=Edith |date=January 2011 |title=A speleothem record of Holocene climate variability from southwestern Mexico |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033589400006876/type/journal_article |journal=[[Quaternary Research]] |language=en |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=104–113 |doi=10.1016/j.yqres.2010.09.002 |bibcode=2011QuRes..75..104B |s2cid=128740037 |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref> In the [[Gulf of Mexico]], bay-head deltas back stepped as sea levels rose.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Antonio B. |last2=Simms |first2=Alexander R. |last3=Anderson |first3=John B. |date=December 2010 |title=Bay-head deltas across the northern Gulf of Mexico back step in response to the 8.2ka cooling event |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379110003586 |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |language=en |volume=29 |issue=27–28 |pages=3983–3993 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.10.004|bibcode=2010QSRv...29.3983R }}</ref> [[Mustang Island]] was breached and ceased to be an effective salinity barrier.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ferguson |first1=Shannon |last2=Warny |first2=Sophie |last3=Anderson |first3=John B |last4=Simms |first4=Alexander R |last5=White |first5=Crawford |date=7 July 2017 |title=Breaching of Mustang Island in response to the 8.2 ka sea-level event and impact on Corpus Christi Bay, Gulf of Mexico: Implications for future coastal change |journal=[[The Holocene]] |language=en |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=166–172 |doi=10.1177/0959683617715697 |issn=0959-6836 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Gulf of Mexico δ<sup>18</sup>O<sub>seawater</sub> values dropped by 0.8%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=LoDico |first1=Jenna M. |last2=Flower |first2=Benjamin P. |last3=Quinn |first3=Terrence M. |date=29 September 2006 |title=Subcentennial-scale climatic and hydrologic variability in the Gulf of Mexico during the early Holocene: HOLOCENE CLIMATE CHANGE |journal=[[Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology]] |language=en |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1029/2005PA001243 |s2cid=13816000 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
+=== South America ===
+The South American Summer Monsoon (SASM) drastically intensified during the 8.2 kiloyear event as revealed by sediment records from Juréia Paleolagoon.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sallun |first1=Alethéa E. M. |last2=Filho |first2=William Sallun |last3=Suguio |first3=Kenitiro |last4=Babinski |first4=Marly |last5=Gioia |first5=Simone M. C. L. |last6=Harlow |first6=Benjamin A. |last7=Duleba |first7=Wania |last8=Oliveira |first8=Paulo E. De |last9=Garcia |first9=Maria Judite |last10=Weber |first10=Cinthia Z. |last11=Christofoletti |first11=Sérgio R. |last12=Santos |first12=Camilla da S. |last13=Medeiros |first13=Vanda B. de |last14=Silva |first14=Juliana B. |last15=Santiago-Hussein |first15=Maria Cristina |date=20 January 2017 |title=Geochemical evidence of the 8.2 ka event and other Holocene environmental changes recorded in paleolagoon sediments, southeastern Brazil |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/quaternary-research/article/abs/geochemical-evidence-of-the-82-ka-event-and-other-holocene-environmental-changes-recorded-in-paleolagoon-sediments-southeastern-brazil/582600716CF793DB0140C005AB8E3FF2 |journal=[[Quaternary Research]] |language=en |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=31–43 |doi=10.1016/j.yqres.2011.09.007 |s2cid=129641081 |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=10 September 2023}}</ref>
 == See also ==
+{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
-* [[Bond event]]
+* [[4.2-kiloyear event]]
+* [[African humid period]]
 * [[Antarctic Cold Reversal]]
+* [[Bond event]]
 * [[Little Ice Age]]
 * [[Older Peron]]
 * [[Piora Oscillation]]
 * [[Sahara pump theory]]
-* [[Younger Dryas]]
+* [[Sea level rise]]
-* [[Current sea level rise]]
-* [[5.9 kiloyear event]]
-* [[4.2 kiloyear event]]
 * [[Storegga Slide]]
+* [[Younger Dryas]]
+{{Div col end}}
 == References ==
 {{Reflist|30em}}
+== External links ==
-{{Climate oscillations}}
+*{{cite journal |last1=Acosta |last2=Beramendi |last3=González |last4=Rivera |last5=Eudave |last6=Hernández |last7=Sánchez |last8=Morales |last9=Cienfuegos |last10=Otero |display-authors=1 |year=2018 |title=Climate change and peopling of the Neotropics during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition |journal=Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=1‒19 |doi=10.18268/BSGM2018v70n1a1 |doi-access=free }}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:8.2 Kiloyear Event}}
-[[Category:Climatology]]
+[[Category:History of climate variability and change]]
-[[Category:Climate history]]
 [[Category:7th millennium BC]]