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{{Short description|Protective electronics case for the Jupiter-orbiting probe}}
[[File:Installing Juno's Radiation Vault.jpg|thumb|300px|Juno Radiation Vault (the box being lowered onto the partially constructed spacecraft) in the process of being installed on Juno, 2010]]
[[File:Installing Juno's Radiation Vault.jpg|thumb|300px|Juno Radiation Vault (the box being lowered onto the partially constructed spacecraft) in the process of being installed on ''Juno'', 2010]]
[[File:Rotating Juno for Integrating Instruments.jpg|thumb|Juno Radiation Vault is shown attached, but with the top open and some of the electronics boxes inside the vault can be seen]]
[[File:Rotating Juno for Integrating Instruments.jpg|thumb|Juno Radiation Vault is shown attached, but with the top open and some of the electronics boxes inside the vault can be seen]]
[[File:PIA13934-Juno_Gets_Ready_to_Shake_It.tif|thumb|The cube shaped JRV can be seen in between the un-wrapped main dish and the larger hexagonal main spacecraft body. Juno shake testing in November 2010]]
[[File:PIA13934-Juno_Gets_Ready_to_Shake_It.tif|thumb|The cube shaped JRV can be seen in between the un-wrapped main dish and the larger hexagonal main spacecraft body. ''Juno'' shake testing in November 2010]]
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[[File:Jupiter radio.jpg|thumb|Jupiter's variable radiation belts are shown by these radio emissions from high-energy particles as detected by ''[[Cassini-Huygens]]'' when it coasted by Jupiter in 2000 on its way to Saturn]]
[[File:Hochreines Titan (99.999) mit sichtbarer Kristallstruktur.jpg|thumb|A chunk of processed titanium metal, the material of choice for the vault]]
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'''Juno Radiation Vault''' is a compartment inside the ''[[Juno (spacecraft)|Juno]]'' spacecraft that houses much of the probe's electronics and computers, and is intended to offer increased protection of radiation to the contents as the spacecraft endures the radiation environment at planet [[Jupiter]].<ref name="space.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.space.com/33331-juno-probe-jupiter-radiation-environment.html|title=Juno Probe Will Run Hellish Radiation Gauntlet at Jupiter Monday|newspaper=Space.com|access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref> The Juno Radiation Vault is roughly a cube, with walls made of 1&nbsp;cm thick (1/3 of an inch) [[titanium]] metal, and each side having an area of about a square meter (10 square feet).<ref name="nasa.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/news/juno20100712.html|title=NASA – Juno Armored Up to Go to Jupiter|website=www.nasa.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-01-06}}</ref> The vault weighs about 200&nbsp;kg (500&nbsp;lbs).<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/news/juno20100712.html|title=NASA – Juno Armored Up to Go to Jupiter|website=www.nasa.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref> Inside the vault are the main command and data handling and power control boxes, along with 20 other electronic boxes.<ref name="nasa.gov"/> The vault should reduce the [[radiation]] exposure by about 800 times, as the spacecraft is exposed to an anticipated 20 million [[Rad (radiation unit)|rads]] of radiation<ref name="space.com"/> It does not stop all radiation, but significantly reduces it in order to limit damage to the spacecraft's electronics.<ref name="nasa.gov"/>
[[File:Titan-crystal bar.JPG|thumb|Another depiction of titanium metal: a bar of titanium crystals]]
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[[File:Jupiter radio.jpg|thumb|Jupiter's variable radiation belts are shown by these radio emissions from high-energy particles as detected by the [[Cassini-Huygens]] mission when it coasted by Jupiter in 2000 on its way to planet Saturn]]
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'''Juno Radiation Vault''' is a compartment inside the [[Juno (spacecraft)|Juno]] spacecraft that houses much of the probe's electronics and computers, and is intended to offer increased protection of radiation to the contents as the spacecraft endures the radiation environment at planet [[Jupiter]].<ref name="space.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.space.com/33331-juno-probe-jupiter-radiation-environment.html|title=Juno Probe Will Run Hellish Radiation Gauntlet at Jupiter Monday|newspaper=Space.com|access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref> The Juno Radiation Vault is roughly a cube, with walls made of 1&nbsp;cm thick (1/3 of an inch) [[titanium]] metal, and each side having an area of about a square meter (10 square feet).<ref name="nasa.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/news/juno20100712.html|title=NASA – Juno Armored Up to Go to Jupiter|website=www.nasa.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-01-06}}</ref> The vault weights about 200&nbsp;kg (500&nbsp;lbs).<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/news/juno20100712.html|title=NASA – Juno Armored Up to Go to Jupiter|website=www.nasa.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref> Inside the vault are the main command and data handling and power control boxes, along with 20 other electronic boxes.<ref name="nasa.gov"/> The vault should reduce the radiation exposure by about 800 times, as the spacecraft is exposed to an anticipated 20 million rads of radiation<ref name="space.com"/> It does not stop all radiation, but significantly reduces it in order to limit damage to the spacecraft's electronics.<ref name="nasa.gov"/>


== Summary ==
The vault has been compared being like "armor" or like a "tank", and the electronics within, like the spacecraft's "brain".<ref>[https://www.coloradospacenews.com/junos-armor/]</ref> The power systems have been described as a "heart".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/space/deep-space/a21549/how-juno-will-survive-its-death-defying-mission-to-jupiter/|title=How NASA's New Spacecraft Will Survive a Death-Defying Trip to Jupiter|date=2016-06-28|newspaper=Popular Mechanics|access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>
The vault has been compared being like "armor" or like a "tank", and the electronics within, like the spacecraft's "brain".<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.coloradospacenews.com/junos-armor/| title=Juno's Armor| date=2016-06-18| access-date=2017-01-06| archive-date=2017-01-07| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107100800/https://www.coloradospacenews.com/junos-armor/| url-status=dead}}</ref> The power systems have been described as a "heart".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/space/deep-space/a21549/how-juno-will-survive-its-death-defying-mission-to-jupiter/|title=How NASA's New Spacecraft Will Survive a Death-Defying Trip to Jupiter|date=2016-06-28|newspaper=Popular Mechanics|access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>


{{quote|Without its protective shield, or radiation vault, Juno’s brain would get fried on the very first pass near Jupiter|Juno's PI<ref>[https://www.coloradospacenews.com/junos-armor/ Colorado Space News – Juno’s Armor ]</ref>}}
{{blockquote|Without its protective shield, or radiation vault, Juno’s brain would get fried on the very first pass near Jupiter|''Juno''{{'}}s PI<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.coloradospacenews.com/junos-armor/ |title=Colorado Space News – Juno's Armor |access-date=2017-01-06 |archive-date=2017-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107100800/https://www.coloradospacenews.com/junos-armor/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}


The vault is one many features of the mission to help counter the high radiation levels near Jupiter, including an orbit that reduces time spent in the highest radiation regions, radiation-hardened electronics, and additional shielding on components.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> The wires that lead out from the vault also have increased protection, they have a sheath of braided [[copper]] and [[stainless steel]].<ref name="ReferenceB"/> Some other components used [[tantalum]] metal for shielding in Juno, and while [[lead]] is known for its shielding effect it was found to be too soft in this application.<ref name="coloradospacenews.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.coloradospacenews.com/junos-armor/|title=Juno’s Armor {{!}} Colorado Space News|website=www.coloradospacenews.com|access-date=2017-01-06}}</ref> One reason that titanium was chosen over lead in this application was because titanium was better at handling launch stresses.<ref name="coloradospacenews.com"/>
The vault is one of many features of the mission to help counter the high radiation levels near Jupiter, including an orbit that reduces time spent in the highest radiation regions, radiation-hardened electronics, and additional shielding on components.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> The [[Shielded cable|wires]] that lead out from the vault also have increased protection, they have a sheath of braided [[copper]] and [[stainless steel]].<ref name="ReferenceB"/> Some other components used [[tantalum]] metal for shielding in Juno, and while [[lead]] is known for its shielding effect it was found to be too soft in this application.<ref name="coloradospacenews.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.coloradospacenews.com/junos-armor/|title=Juno's Armor {{!}} Colorado Space News|website=www.coloradospacenews.com|access-date=2017-01-06|date=2016-06-18|archive-date=2017-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107100800/https://www.coloradospacenews.com/junos-armor/|url-status=dead}}</ref> One reason that titanium was chosen over lead in this application was because titanium was better at handling launch stresses.<ref name="coloradospacenews.com"/>


Another shield part of the spacecraft is the Stellar Reference Unit (SRU), which has six times the shielding to prevent static forming on images due to radiation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.space.com/42721-jupiter-lightning-auroras-rings-juno-camera-pictures.html|title=Auroras, Lightning and Rings of Jupiter Amaze in Surprising NASA Juno Photos|last1=Science|first1=Sarah Lewin 2018-12-13T12:08:08Z|last2=Astronomy|website=Space.com|date=13 December 2018 |language=en|access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref>
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The Ganymede orbiter proposal also included a design for a Juno-like radiation vault.<ref name="sites.nationalacademies.org">[http://sites.nationalacademies.org/cs/groups/ssbsite/documents/webpage/ssb_059315.pdf]</ref> However, because the radiation is less at Jupiter's moon Ganymede and the orbiter's path, the vault would not have to be as thick, all else being similar.<ref name="sites.nationalacademies.org"/> One reason the radiation is strong at Jupiter, but confined to certain belts, is because it is generated by ions and [[electron]]s trapped in areas as a result of Jupiter's magnetic field.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/space/deep-space/a21549/how-juno-will-survive-its-death-defying-mission-to-jupiter/|title=How NASA's New Spacecraft Will Survive a Death-Defying Trip to Jupiter|date=2016-06-28|newspaper=Popular Mechanics|access-date=2017-01-06}}</ref> Jupiter's magnetosphere is about 20,000 times as strong as Earth's and is one of the items of study by Juno.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.popsci.com/how-juno-spacecraft-will-survive-jupiters-devastating-radiation|title=How The Juno Spacecraft Will Survive Jupiter's Devastating Radiation|newspaper=Popular Science|access-date=2017-01-06}}</ref> (see also Juno's [[Magnetometer (Juno)|Magnetometer]](MAG) instrument)
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''Juno'' is a space probe sent to Jupiter in 2011 and it entered orbit the night of July 4, 2016.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite news|url=http://www.space.com/35127-top-spaceflight-stories-2016.html|title=The 10 Biggest Spaceflight Stories of 2016|newspaper=Space.com|access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref> ''Juno'' is part of the [[New Frontiers program]] of NASA and was also built with some contributions by the Italian Space Agency (ASI).<ref name="ReferenceC" /> After arriving at Jupiter in July 2016, the mission went into a 53-day orbit around the planet, and collected data using its suite of instrumentation in the late 2010s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7509|title=NASA's Juno Prepares to Jump Jupiter's Shadow|website=NASA/JPL|access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref>

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Another spacecraft with radiation shields was [[Skylab]], which needed a radiation shield over a borosilicate glass window to stop it darkening, and several film vaults.<ref name="ntrs.nasa.gov">[https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19720010052]</ref> There were five vaults for photographic film aboard the Skylab space station, and the largest weighed 2398&nbsp;lb (1088&nbsp;kg, 171.3 stones).<ref>[https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19720010052.pdf]</ref><ref name="ntrs.nasa.gov"/> Juno is the first time a spacecraft has a titanium vault for its electronics however.<ref name="blogs.scientificamerican.com">{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/life-unbounded/the-jupiter-vault/|title=The Jupiter Vault|last=Scharf|first=Caleb A.|newspaper=Scientific American Blog Network|access-date=2017-01-06}}</ref> Radiation hardening in general is an important part of spacecraft design when it is required, and the main processor of the Juno, the RAD750, has been used on other spacecraft where there are elevated radiation levels, and it is a radiation-hardened microprocessor.<ref name="blogs.scientificamerican.com"/> For example, the RAD750 was also used on the [[Curiosity rover|''Curiosity'' rover]], launched November 26, 2011<ref>[http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2011-362 NASA Launches Most Capable and Robust Rover to Mars]</ref>

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Juno is a space probe sent to Jupiter in 2011 and it entered orbit the night of July 4, 2016.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite news|url=http://www.space.com/35127-top-spaceflight-stories-2016.html|title=The 10 Biggest Spaceflight Stories of 2016|newspaper=Space.com|access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref> Juno is part of the [[New Frontiers program]] of NASA and was also built with some contributions by the Italian Space Agency (ASI).<ref name="ReferenceC"/>

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It was suggested by the publication [[Popular Science]] that the [[Europa Lander (NASA)]] may use a radiation vault like the Juno Jupiter orbiter.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.popsci.com/heres-what-nasas-europa-lander-could-look-like|title=Here's what NASA's Europa lander could look like|newspaper=Popular Science|access-date=2017-02-15|language=en}}</ref>


==Inside the vault==
==Inside the vault==
There are least 20 different electronics boxes inside the vault, which is intended to reduce the amount of radiation they receive.<ref>[https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/multimedia/pia13260.html]</ref>
There are at least 20 different electronics boxes inside the vault, which is intended to reduce the amount of radiation they receive.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/multimedia/pia13260.html | title=Setting up Juno's Radiation Vault| date=2016-06-24}}</ref>


Examples of components inside the vault:
Examples of components inside the vault:
*Command and data handling box<ref name="nasa.gov"/>
*Command and data handling box<ref name="nasa.gov"/>
*[[RAD750]] microprocessor<ref name="blogs.scientificamerican.com"/>
*[[RAD750]] microprocessor<ref name="blogs.scientificamerican.com">{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/life-unbounded/the-jupiter-vault/|title=The Jupiter Vault|last=Scharf|first=Caleb A.|newspaper=Scientific American Blog Network|access-date=2017-01-06}}</ref>
*Power and data distribution unit<ref name="nasa.gov"/>
*Power and data distribution unit<ref name="nasa.gov"/>
*[[Thermistor]] temperature sensors<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
*[[Thermistor]] temperature sensors<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
*UVS instrument electronics box<ref>[http://personal.linkline.com/dodger/AIAA-2007-6111.pdf]</ref>
*UVS instrument electronics box<ref name="2007-6111">Key and Driving Requirements for the Juno Payload Suite of Instruments. AIAA SPACE 2007 Conference & Exposition 18–20 September 2007, Long Beach, California. AIAA 2007-6111. http://personal.linkline.com/dodger/AIAA-2007-6111.pdf</ref>
*Waves instrument receivers and electronics box<ref>[http://personal.linkline.com/dodger/AIAA-2007-6111.pdf]</ref>
*Waves instrument receivers and electronics box<ref name="2007-6111"/>
*Microwave Radiometer electronics<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pingree|first=P.|last2=Janssen|first2=M.|last3=Oswald|first3=J.|last4=Brown|first4=S.|last5=Chen|first5=J.|last6=Hurst|first6=K.|last7=Kitiyakara|first7=A.|last8=Maiwald|first8=F.|last9=Smith|first9=S.|date=2008-03-01|title=Microwave Radiometers from 0.6 to 22 GHz for Juno, A Polar Orbiter around Jupiter|url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4526403/|journal=2008 IEEE Aerospace Conference|pages=1–15|doi=10.1109/AERO.2008.4526403}}</ref><ref name="personal.linkline.com">[http://personal.linkline.com/dodger/AIAA-2007-6111.pdf Key and Driving Requirements for the Juno Payload Suite of Instruments ]</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=http://spaceflight101.com/juno/instrument-overview/|title=Instrument Overview – Juno|website=spaceflight101.com|access-date=2017-01-06}}</ref>
*Microwave Radiometer electronics<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Pingree|first1=P.|last2=Janssen|first2=M.|last3=Oswald|first3=J.|last4=Brown|first4=S.|last5=Chen|first5=J.|last6=Hurst|first6=K.|last7=Kitiyakara|first7=A.|last8=Maiwald|first8=F.|last9=Smith|first9=S.|title=2008 IEEE Aerospace Conference |chapter=Microwave Radiometers from 0.6 to 22 GHZ for Juno, A Polar Orbiter around Jupiter |date=2008-03-01|pages=1–15|doi=10.1109/AERO.2008.4526403|isbn=978-1-4244-1487-1|citeseerx=10.1.1.473.3408|s2cid=41709045 }}</ref><ref name="2007-6111"/><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=http://spaceflight101.com/juno/instrument-overview/|title=Instrument Overview – Juno|website=spaceflight101.com|access-date=2017-01-06}}</ref>
*JADE instrument Ebox (or E-Box)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McComas|first=D. J.|last2=Alexander|first2=N.|last3=Allegrini|first3=F.|last4=Bagenal|first4=F.|last5=Beebe|first5=C.|last6=Clark|first6=G.|last7=Crary|first7=F.|last8=Desai|first8=M. I.|last9=Santos|first9=A. De Los|date=2013-05-25|title=The Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment (JADE) on the Juno Mission to Jupiter|url=http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11214-013-9990-9|journal=Space Science Reviews|language=en|pages=1–97|doi=10.1007/s11214-013-9990-9|issn=0038-6308}}</ref>
*JADE instrument Ebox (or E-Box)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=McComas|first1=D. J.|last2=Alexander|first2=N.|last3=Allegrini|first3=F.|last4=Bagenal|first4=F.|last5=Beebe|first5=C.|last6=Clark|first6=G.|last7=Crary|first7=F.|last8=Desai|first8=M. I.|last9=Santos|first9=A. De Los|date=2013-05-25|title=The Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment (JADE) on the Juno Mission to Jupiter|journal=Space Science Reviews|volume=213|issue=1–4|language=en|pages=547–643|doi=10.1007/s11214-013-9990-9|issn=0038-6308|bibcode=2017SSRv..213..547M|doi-access=free}}</ref>
**Low-Voltage Power Supply Module<ref name="sf101juno">{{Cite web|url=http://spaceflight101.com/juno/instrument-overview/|title=Instrument Overview – Juno|website=spaceflight101.com|access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>
**Low-Voltage Power Supply Module<ref name="sf101juno">{{Cite web|url=http://spaceflight101.com/juno/instrument-overview/|title=Instrument Overview – Juno|website=spaceflight101.com|access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>
** Instrument Processing Board<ref name=sf101juno/>
** Instrument Processing Board<ref name=sf101juno/>
Line 39: Line 34:


JEDI and JunoCam do not have electronic boxes inside the vault.<ref name="sf101juno"/>
JEDI and JunoCam do not have electronic boxes inside the vault.<ref name="sf101juno"/>

== Technological relations ==
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A Ganymede orbiter proposal also included a design for a Juno-like radiation vault.<ref name="sites.nationalacademies.org">{{cite web|title= Mission Concept Study, Planetary Science Decadal Survey, Ganymede Orbiter|url=http://sites.nationalacademies.org/cs/groups/ssbsite/documents/webpage/ssb_059315.pdf|date=May 2010|access-date=November 5, 2022}}</ref> However, because the radiation is less at Jupiter's moon Ganymede and the orbiter's path, the vault would not have to be as thick, all else being similar.<ref name="sites.nationalacademies.org" /> One reason the radiation is strong at Jupiter, but confined to [[Van Allen radiation belt|certain belts]], is because it is generated by ions and [[electron]]s trapped in areas as a result of Jupiter's magnetic field.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/space/deep-space/a21549/how-juno-will-survive-its-death-defying-mission-to-jupiter/|title=How NASA's New Spacecraft Will Survive a Death-Defying Trip to Jupiter|date=2016-06-28|newspaper=Popular Mechanics|access-date=2017-01-06}}</ref> Jupiter's magnetosphere is about 20,000 times as strong as Earth's and is one of the items of study by ''Juno''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.popsci.com/how-juno-spacecraft-will-survive-jupiters-devastating-radiation|title=How The Juno Spacecraft Will Survive Jupiter's Devastating Radiation|newspaper=Popular Science|access-date=2017-01-06}}</ref> (see also ''Juno''{{'}}s [[Magnetometer (Juno)|Magnetometer]] (MAG) instrument)

⚫
Another spacecraft with radiation shields was [[Skylab]], which needed a radiation shield over a borosilicate glass window to stop it darkening, and several film vaults.<ref name="ntrs.nasa.gov">{{Cite journal|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19720010052|title=Radiation problems associated with Skylab|journal=Nasa, Washington Proc. of the Natl. Symp. On Nat. And Manmade Radiation in Space |date=January 1972|last1=Braly |first1=J. E. |last2=Heaton |first2=T. R. }}</ref> There were five vaults for photographic film aboard the Skylab space station, and the largest weighed 1088&nbsp;kg (2398&nbsp;lb).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Braley|first1=John|last2=Heaton |first2=Thomas|title= Radiation Problems Associated with Skylab|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19720010052.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the National Symposium on Natural and Manmade Radiation in Space|date=January 1, 1972|access-date=November 7, 2022|publisher=NASA}}</ref><ref name="ntrs.nasa.gov" /> ''Juno'' is the spacecraft with a titanium vault for its electronics, however.<ref name="blogs.scientificamerican.com" /> Radiation hardening in general is an important part of spacecraft design when it is required, and the main processor of ''Juno'', the [[RAD750]], has been used on other spacecraft where there are elevated radiation levels, and it is a [[Radiation hardening|radiation-hardened]] microprocessor.<ref name="blogs.scientificamerican.com" /> For example, the RAD750 was also used on the [[Curiosity rover|''Curiosity'' rover]], launched November 26, 2011<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2011-362 |title=NASA Launches Most Capable and Robust Rover to Mars |website=[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] |access-date=2017-01-06 |archive-date=2021-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303033018/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2011-362 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

⚫
It was suggested by the publication ''[[Popular Science]]'' that the [[Europa Lander (NASA)|Europa Lander]] may use a radiation vault like the Juno Jupiter orbiter.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.popsci.com/heres-what-nasas-europa-lander-could-look-like|title=Here's what NASA's Europa lander could look like|newspaper=Popular Science|access-date=2017-02-15|language=en}}</ref>


==Radiation infographic==
==Radiation infographic==
Line 47: Line 49:
*[[Galileo (spacecraft)|''Galileo'' (spacecraft)]], NASA space probe to Jupiter 1989–2003 also endured high radiation
*[[Galileo (spacecraft)|''Galileo'' (spacecraft)]], NASA space probe to Jupiter 1989–2003 also endured high radiation
*[[Van Allen radiation belt]] (Earth's radiation belt)
*[[Van Allen radiation belt]] (Earth's radiation belt)
*[[Europa Clipper]] (the next Jupiter mission under study during the 2010s)
*''[[Europa Clipper]]'' (the next Jupiter mission under study during the 2010s)
*[[Radiation protection]]


==References==
==References==
Line 53: Line 56:


==External links==
==External links==
{{commonscat|Juno (spacecraft)}}
{{commons category|Juno (spacecraft)}}
*[https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/multimedia/pia13260.html NASA – Setting up Juno's Radiation Vault – July 2010]
*[https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/multimedia/pia13260.html NASA – Setting up Juno's Radiation Vault – July 2010]
*[https://descanso.jpl.nasa.gov/DPSummary/Juno_DESCANSO_Post121106H--Compact.pdf Juno Telecommunications (2012)] (.pdf)


{{Juno spacecraft}}
{{Juno spacecraft}}


[[Category:Juno (spacecraft)]]
[[Category:Radiation protection]]
[[Category:Juno (spacecraft)|Radiation Vault]]
[[Category:Spacecraft components]]
[[Category:Titanium]]

Latest revision as of 06:50, 29 October 2023

Juno Radiation Vault (the box being lowered onto the partially constructed spacecraft) in the process of being installed on Juno, 2010
Juno Radiation Vault is shown attached, but with the top open and some of the electronics boxes inside the vault can be seen
The cube shaped JRV can be seen in between the un-wrapped main dish and the larger hexagonal main spacecraft body. Juno shake testing in November 2010
Jupiter's variable radiation belts are shown by these radio emissions from high-energy particles as detected by Cassini-Huygens when it coasted by Jupiter in 2000 on its way to Saturn

Juno Radiation Vault is a compartment inside the Juno spacecraft that houses much of the probe's electronics and computers, and is intended to offer increased protection of radiation to the contents as the spacecraft endures the radiation environment at planet Jupiter.[1] The Juno Radiation Vault is roughly a cube, with walls made of 1 cm thick (1/3 of an inch) titanium metal, and each side having an area of about a square meter (10 square feet).[2] The vault weighs about 200 kg (500 lbs).[3] Inside the vault are the main command and data handling and power control boxes, along with 20 other electronic boxes.[2] The vault should reduce the radiation exposure by about 800 times, as the spacecraft is exposed to an anticipated 20 million rads of radiation[1] It does not stop all radiation, but significantly reduces it in order to limit damage to the spacecraft's electronics.[2]

Summary

[edit]

The vault has been compared being like "armor" or like a "tank", and the electronics within, like the spacecraft's "brain".[4] The power systems have been described as a "heart".[5]

Without its protective shield, or radiation vault, Juno’s brain would get fried on the very first pass near Jupiter

— Juno's PI[6]

The vault is one of many features of the mission to help counter the high radiation levels near Jupiter, including an orbit that reduces time spent in the highest radiation regions, radiation-hardened electronics, and additional shielding on components.[3] The wires that lead out from the vault also have increased protection, they have a sheath of braided copper and stainless steel.[3] Some other components used tantalum metal for shielding in Juno, and while lead is known for its shielding effect it was found to be too soft in this application.[7] One reason that titanium was chosen over lead in this application was because titanium was better at handling launch stresses.[7]

Another shield part of the spacecraft is the Stellar Reference Unit (SRU), which has six times the shielding to prevent static forming on images due to radiation.[8] Juno is a space probe sent to Jupiter in 2011 and it entered orbit the night of July 4, 2016.[9] Juno is part of the New Frontiers program of NASA and was also built with some contributions by the Italian Space Agency (ASI).[9] After arriving at Jupiter in July 2016, the mission went into a 53-day orbit around the planet, and collected data using its suite of instrumentation in the late 2010s.[10]

Inside the vault

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There are at least 20 different electronics boxes inside the vault, which is intended to reduce the amount of radiation they receive.[11]

Examples of components inside the vault:

  • Command and data handling box[2]
  • RAD750 microprocessor[12]
  • Power and data distribution unit[2]
  • Thermistor temperature sensors[13]
  • UVS instrument electronics box[14]
  • Waves instrument receivers and electronics box[14]
  • Microwave Radiometer electronics[15][14][13]
  • JADE instrument Ebox (or E-Box)[16]
    • Low-Voltage Power Supply Module[17]
    • Instrument Processing Board[17]
    • Sensor Interface Board[17]
    • High-Voltage Power Supplies (two)[17]

JEDI and JunoCam do not have electronic boxes inside the vault.[17]

Technological relations

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A Ganymede orbiter proposal also included a design for a Juno-like radiation vault.[18] However, because the radiation is less at Jupiter's moon Ganymede and the orbiter's path, the vault would not have to be as thick, all else being similar.[18] One reason the radiation is strong at Jupiter, but confined to certain belts, is because it is generated by ions and electrons trapped in areas as a result of Jupiter's magnetic field.[19] Jupiter's magnetosphere is about 20,000 times as strong as Earth's and is one of the items of study by Juno.[20] (see also Juno's Magnetometer (MAG) instrument)

Another spacecraft with radiation shields was Skylab, which needed a radiation shield over a borosilicate glass window to stop it darkening, and several film vaults.[21] There were five vaults for photographic film aboard the Skylab space station, and the largest weighed 1088 kg (2398 lb).[22][21] Juno is the spacecraft with a titanium vault for its electronics, however.[12] Radiation hardening in general is an important part of spacecraft design when it is required, and the main processor of Juno, the RAD750, has been used on other spacecraft where there are elevated radiation levels, and it is a radiation-hardened microprocessor.[12] For example, the RAD750 was also used on the Curiosity rover, launched November 26, 2011[23]

It was suggested by the publication Popular Science that the Europa Lander may use a radiation vault like the Juno Jupiter orbiter.[24]

Radiation infographic

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Infographic on radiation at Jupiter

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Juno Probe Will Run Hellish Radiation Gauntlet at Jupiter Monday". Space.com. Retrieved 2017-01-08.
  2. ^ a b c d e "NASA – Juno Armored Up to Go to Jupiter". www.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2017-01-06.
  3. ^ a b c "NASA – Juno Armored Up to Go to Jupiter". www.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2017-01-08.
  4. ^ "Juno's Armor". 2016-06-18. Archived from the original on 2017-01-07. Retrieved 2017-01-06.
  5. ^ "How NASA's New Spacecraft Will Survive a Death-Defying Trip to Jupiter". Popular Mechanics. 2016-06-28. Retrieved 2017-01-08.
  6. ^ "Colorado Space News – Juno's Armor". Archived from the original on 2017-01-07. Retrieved 2017-01-06.
  7. ^ a b "Juno's Armor | Colorado Space News". www.coloradospacenews.com. 2016-06-18. Archived from the original on 2017-01-07. Retrieved 2017-01-06.
  8. ^ Science, Sarah Lewin 2018-12-13T12:08:08Z; Astronomy (13 December 2018). "Auroras, Lightning and Rings of Jupiter Amaze in Surprising NASA Juno Photos". Space.com. Retrieved 2019-12-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ a b "The 10 Biggest Spaceflight Stories of 2016". Space.com. Retrieved 2017-01-08.
  10. ^ "NASA's Juno Prepares to Jump Jupiter's Shadow". NASA/JPL. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  11. ^ "Setting up Juno's Radiation Vault". 2016-06-24.
  12. ^ a b c Scharf, Caleb A. "The Jupiter Vault". Scientific American Blog Network. Retrieved 2017-01-06.
  13. ^ a b "Instrument Overview – Juno". spaceflight101.com. Retrieved 2017-01-06.
  14. ^ a b c Key and Driving Requirements for the Juno Payload Suite of Instruments. AIAA SPACE 2007 Conference & Exposition 18–20 September 2007, Long Beach, California. AIAA 2007-6111. http://personal.linkline.com/dodger/AIAA-2007-6111.pdf
  15. ^ Pingree, P.; Janssen, M.; Oswald, J.; Brown, S.; Chen, J.; Hurst, K.; Kitiyakara, A.; Maiwald, F.; Smith, S. (2008-03-01). "Microwave Radiometers from 0.6 to 22 GHZ for Juno, A Polar Orbiter around Jupiter". 2008 IEEE Aerospace Conference. pp. 1–15. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.473.3408. doi:10.1109/AERO.2008.4526403. ISBN 978-1-4244-1487-1. S2CID 41709045.
  16. ^ McComas, D. J.; Alexander, N.; Allegrini, F.; Bagenal, F.; Beebe, C.; Clark, G.; Crary, F.; Desai, M. I.; Santos, A. De Los (2013-05-25). "The Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment (JADE) on the Juno Mission to Jupiter". Space Science Reviews. 213 (1–4): 547–643. Bibcode:2017SSRv..213..547M. doi:10.1007/s11214-013-9990-9. ISSN 0038-6308.
  17. ^ a b c d e "Instrument Overview – Juno". spaceflight101.com. Retrieved 2017-01-08.
  18. ^ a b "Mission Concept Study, Planetary Science Decadal Survey, Ganymede Orbiter" (PDF). May 2010. Retrieved November 5, 2022.
  19. ^ "How NASA's New Spacecraft Will Survive a Death-Defying Trip to Jupiter". Popular Mechanics. 2016-06-28. Retrieved 2017-01-06.
  20. ^ "How The Juno Spacecraft Will Survive Jupiter's Devastating Radiation". Popular Science. Retrieved 2017-01-06.
  21. ^ a b Braly, J. E.; Heaton, T. R. (January 1972). "Radiation problems associated with Skylab". Nasa, Washington Proc. of the Natl. Symp. On Nat. And Manmade Radiation in Space.
  22. ^ Braley, John; Heaton, Thomas (January 1, 1972). "Radiation Problems Associated with Skylab" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Symposium on Natural and Manmade Radiation in Space. NASA. Retrieved November 7, 2022.
  23. ^ "NASA Launches Most Capable and Robust Rover to Mars". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2021-03-03. Retrieved 2017-01-06.
  24. ^ "Here's what NASA's Europa lander could look like". Popular Science. Retrieved 2017-02-15.
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