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Coordinates: 30°26′22″N 48°10′54″E / 30.43944°N 48.18167°E / 30.43944; 48.18167
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{{Short description|City in Khuzestan province, Iran}}
{{Multiple issues|

{{Cleanup|date=March 2008}}
{{for multi|the administrative division of Khuzestan province|Khorramshahr County|the medium-range ballistic missile|Khorramshahr (missile){{!}}Khorramshahr}}
{{Refimprove|date=February 2016}}

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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}


{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name =Khorramshahr
|official_name =Khorramshahr
|native_name = {{lang|fa|خرَمشَهر}} ([[Persian language|Persian]])<br>{{lang|ar|الخرمشهر}} ([[Arabic language|Arabic]])
|native_name = {{lang|fa|خرَمشَهر}}
|settlement_type = city
|settlement_type = City
|image_skyline =
|image_skyline ={{Photomontage
| photo1a = Nowruz 2018 in Khorramshahr (13970109000585636579510470063573 33197).jpg
| photo2a = شهر خرمشهر.jpg
| spacing = 2
| size = 266
| foot_montage =
}}
|imagesize =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_caption =
|pushpin_map =Iran
|pushpin_map =Iran
|mapsize =150px
|mapsize =
|subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Iran}}
|subdivision_name = [[Iran]]
|subdivision_type1 =[[Provinces of Iran|Province]]
|subdivision_type1 =[[Provinces of Iran|Province]]
|subdivision_name1 =[[Khuzestan Province|Khuzestan]]
|subdivision_name1 =[[Khuzestan province|Khuzestan]]
|subdivision_type2 =[[Counties of Iran|County]]
|subdivision_type2 =[[Counties of Iran|County]]
|subdivision_name2 =[[Khorramshahr County|Khorramshahr]]
|subdivision_name2 =[[Khorramshahr County|Khorramshahr]]
|subdivision_type3 =[[Bakhsh]]
|subdivision_type3 =[[Bakhsh|District]]
|subdivision_name3 =[[Central District (Khorramshahr County)|Central]]
|subdivision_name3 =[[Central District (Khorramshahr County)|Central]]
|leader_title =
|leader_title =Mayor
|leader_name =
|leader_name =Kamyab Teymouri
|established_title =
|established_title =
|established_date =
|established_date =
|area_total_km2 =
|area_total_km2 =
|area_footnotes =
|area_footnotes =
|population_as_of = 2006
|population_as_of = 2016
|population_footnotes = <ref name="2016 Khuzestan Province"/>
|population_total =123866
|population_total = 133097
|population_est =
|population_est_as_of =
|population_density_km2 =auto
|population_density_km2 =auto
|timezone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]]
|timezone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]]
|utc_offset = +3:30
|utc_offset = +3:30
⚫
|coordinates = {{coord|30|26|22|N|48|10|54|E|dim:2km|display=inline,title}}
|timezone_DST = [[Iran Daylight Time|IRDT]]
|coordinates_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite map |author=((OpenStreetMap contributors)) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=30.439444&mlon=48.181667&zoom=14#map=14/30.43944/48.18167|website=[[OpenStreetMap]] |title=Khorramshahr, Khorramshahr County|date=21 December 2024|access-date=21 December 2024|lang=fa}}</ref>
|utc_offset_DST = +4:30
⚫
|coordinates = {{coord|30|26|23|N|48|09|59|E|region:IR|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_m =
|elevation_m =
|website =
|website =
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|footnotes =
|footnotes =
}}
}}
'''Khorramshahr''' ({{lang-fa|خرمشهر}} {{IPA-fa|xoræmˈʃæhɾ|}}, [[Arabic language|Arabic:]] {{lang|ar|الخرمشهر}}, also [[Romanization|romanized]] as ''Khurramshahr'' and slightly different spellings; formerly known as ''Mohammerah'' and also known as ''Khūnīn Shahr'')<ref>{{GEOnet3|-3071225}}</ref><ref>Khorramshahr entry in Encyclopædia Britannica http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/316878/Khorramshahr</ref> is a city in and the capital of [[Khorramshahr County]], [[Khuzestan Province]], [[Iran]]. At the 2006 census, its population was 123,866, in 26,385 families.<ref>{{IranCensus2006|06}}</ref>


'''Khorramshahr''' ({{langx|fa|خرمشهر}}; {{IPA|fa|xoræmˈʃæhɾ|}}){{efn|Also known as '''Khurramshahr'''; ({{langx|ar|المحمرة}}), [[romanize]]d as '''Al-Muhammerah'''<ref>{{GEOnet3|-3071225}}</ref><ref>Khorramshahr entry in ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/316878/Khorramshahr</ref>}} is a city in the [[Central District (Khorramshahr County)|Central District]] of [[Khorramshahr County]], [[Khuzestan province|Khuzestan]] province, [[Iran]], serving as capital of both the county and the district.<ref name="Khuzestan Province Structure">{{cite report|title=Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Khuzestan province, centered in the city of Ahvaz|language=fa|website=rc.majlis.ir|via=Islamic Parliament Research Center|url=https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113029|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717093724/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113029|publisher=Ministry of the Interior, Political and Defense Commission of the Government Board|last=Habibi|first=Hassan|archive-date=17 July 2014|date=26 July 2014|orig-date=Approved 21 June 1369|id=Proposal 3233.1.5.53; Letter 907-93808; Notification 82830/T126K|access-date=25 January 2024}}</ref> It is also known in Arabic by the local [[Ethnicity|ethnically]] Arab [[Khuzestani Arabs|population]] as Al-Muhammarah ({{Langx|ar|المحمرة}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=مدينة المحمرة |trans-title=Al-Muhammarrah City |url=https://al-ahwaz.com/arabic/2014/history/AhwazCities/cites/almohamara.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206212124/https://al-ahwaz.com/arabic/2014/history/AhwazCities/cites/almohamara.htm |archive-date=2024-12-06 |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=al-ahwaz.com |quote=تقع عند مصب نهر كارون في شط العرب ، شيدها يوسف بن مرداو ثاني امراء امارة المحمرة وذلك سنة 1229 هجـ - 1812 م وهو من شيوخ قبيلة البوكاسب الكعبية العربية ، ابدل الاحتلال الفارسي اسمها العربي بأسم فارسي فسميت ( خرمشهر ) . وتبعـد عن مد ينة الأحواز ( 120 كم ) ، وهى ميناء تجاري مهم . |trans-quote=It is located at the mouth of the Karun River on the Shatt al-Arab. It was built in 1229 AH / 1812 CE by Yusuf bin Mirdaw, the second ruler of the Emirate of Mohammerah, who was one of the sheikhs of the Arab Bukasib tribe of the Ka'b. The Persian occupation changed its Arabic name to a Persian one, calling it "Khorramshahr." It is 120 kilometers away from the city of Ahwaz and serves as an important commercial port.}}</ref>
⚫
Khorramshahr is an [[inland port]] city located approximately {{convert|10|km}} north of [[Abadan, Iran|Abadan]]. The city extends to the right bank of the [[Shatt Al Arab]] waterway near its confluence with the [[Haffar]] arm of the [[Karun]] river. The 1986 census proved that as a result of the Iran-Iraq War, the city was poorly-populated. However more recent censuses show that the population has returned to its approximate pre-war level.

⚫
Khorramshahr is an [[inland port]] city located approximately {{convert|10|km}} north of [[Abadan, Iran|Abadan]]. The city extends to the right bank of the [[Shatt Al Arab]] waterway near its confluence with the [[Haffar]] arm of the [[Karun]] river. The city was destroyed in the [[Iran–Iraq War]], with the 1986 census recording a population of zero. However, Khorramshahr was rebuilt after the war, and more recent censuses show that the population has returned to the pre-war level.


==History==
==History==
In ancient times, the area where the city exists today was under the waters of the [[Persian Gulf]], before becoming a part of the vast marshlands and the tidal flats at the mouth of the [[Karun River]]. The small town known as ''Piyan'', and later ''Bayan'' appeared in the area no sooner than the late [[Parthia]]n time in the 1st. Century AD. Whether or not this was located at the where Khurramshahr is today, is highly debatable.
The area where the city exists today was originally under the waters of the [[Persian Gulf]]. It later became part of the vast marshlands and the tidal flats at the mouth of the [[Karun River]]. The small town known as ''Piyan'', and later ''Bayan'' appeared in the area no sooner than the late [[Parthia]]n time in the first century AD. Whether or not this was located at the same spot where Khurramshahr is today, is highly debatable.


During the Islamic centuries, the [[Daylamite]] [[Buwayhid]] king, Panah Khusraw [[Adud ad-Dawlah]] ordered the digging of a canal to join Karun River (which at the time emptied independently into the Persian Gulf through the [[Bahmanshir]] channel, to the [[Shatt al-Arab]] (the joint estuary of the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] rivers, known in Iran as '''Arvand Rud'''). The extra water made the joint estuary more reliably navigable. The channel thus created was known as the [[Haffar]], [[Arabic]] for "excavated," "dugout," which exactly described what the channel was. The Haffar soon became the main channel of the [[Karun]], as it is in the present day.
During the Islamic centuries, the [[Daylamite]] [[Buwayhid]] king, Panah Khusraw [[Adud ad-Dawlah]] ordered the digging of a canal to join the Karun River (which at the time emptied independently into the Persian Gulf through the [[Bahmanshir]] channel) to the [[Shatt al-Arab]] (the joint estuary of the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] rivers, known in Iran as ''Arvand Rud''). The extra water made the joint estuary more reliably navigable. The channel thus created was known as the [[Haffar]], [[Arabic]] for "excavated," "dugout," which exactly described what the channel was. The Haffar soon became the main channel of the [[Karun]], as it is in the present day.


It was the capital of the [[Emirate of Muhammara|Sheikdom of Muhammara]], and until 1847, at which time it became Persian territory (according to Article II of the [[Treaty of Erzurum]]), Khorramshahr was alternately claimed and occupied by [[Iran|Persia]] and Turkey. Its [[Jabir Ibn Merdaw|ruler]] at the time was an Arab [[sheikh]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Muhamrah|volume=18|page=956}}</ref>
The name of the town was changed to Khorramshahr following [[Reza Khan]]'s rise to power.


===Iran–Iraq War===
===Iran–Iraq War===
{{Main|Battle of Khorramshahr}}
{{Main|Battle of Khorramshahr (1980)|Battle of Khorramshahr (1982)}}
⚫
Because of the war, the population of Khorramshahr dropped from 146,706 in the 1976 census to 0 in the 1986 census. The population reached 34,750 in the 1991 census and by the 2006 census it reached 123,866, and according to World Gazetteer its population as of 2012 is 138,398, making the population close to what it was before the war.<ref>{{IranCensus2006|06}}</ref>
During the [[Iran–Iraq War]] it was extensively ravaged by Iraqi forces as a result of [[Saddam Hussein]]'s [[scorched earth]] policy. Prior to the war, Khorramshahr had grown extensively to become Iran's primary non-oil port city, and home to some of the most sprawling neighborhoods in Iran. The population was predominantly wealthy and upper class, and along with Abadan, the prevalent culture was that of modern Iranian [[cosmopolitanism]].


==Demographics==
The battle of Khorramshahr was the first major engagement between Iraqi and Iranians forces in the war. After occupying the city on October 26, the city remained in Iraqi hands until April 1982, when the Iranians launched [[Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas]] (Persian: بیت المقدس) to recapture the Khuzestan province. The first attack (April 30 to May 12) consisted of 70,000 Revolutionary Guard troops and succeeded in pushing the Iraqis out of the Ahvaz-Susangerd area. The Iraqis withdrew back to Khorramshahr and, on May 20, launched a large counter-attack against the Iranians, which was repulsed. The Iranians then launched an all-out assault on Khorramshahr, capturing two of the defense lines in the Pol-e No and Shalamcheh region. The Iranians gathered near the Shatt al-Arab (known as Arvand Rud in Iran) waterway, surrounding the city and, thus, beginning the second siege. The Iranians finally recaptured the city on May 24 after two days of bitter fighting and heavy losses, capturing 19,000 soldiers from a demoralized Iraqi Army after the fighting was over.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}. As a result, the Iraqis now know May 24 as “bad lucky Day”, although the Iranians celebrate the day as the [[Liberation of Khorramshahr]].
===Mandaean community===
[[File:Parwanaya 2015 Ahvaz 26.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mandaeans]] in Khorramshahr in 2015]]
Khorramshahr is home to a [[Mandaeans|Mandaean community]]. It is one of the last remaining locations in the world where [[Neo-Mandaic]] is still spoken. There are only a few hundred speakers of the Khorramshahr dialect of Neo-Mandaic.<ref name="Häberl 2009">{{cite book|last=Häberl|first=Charles|title=The neo-Mandaic dialect of Khorramshahr|publisher=Harrassowitz|publication-place=Wiesbaden|year=2009|isbn=978-3-447-05874-2|oclc=377787551|page=}}</ref>


===Population===
⚫
By the end of the war, Khorramshahr had been completely devastated, with very few buildings left intact. Other major urban centres such as Abadan and [[Ahvaz]] were also left in ruins, though nowhere nearly as bad as Khorramshahr. The city of Khorramshahr was one of the primary and most important frontlines of the war and has thus achieved mythic status amongst the Iranian population.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} Because of the war, the population of Khorramshahr dropped from 146,706 in the 1976 census to 0 in the 1986 census. The population reached 34,750 in the 1991 census and by the 2006 census it reached 123,866, and according to World Gazetteer its population as of 2012 is 138,398, making the population close to what it was before the war.
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 123,866 in 26,385 households.<ref name="2006 Khuzestan Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): Khuzestan Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=amar.org.ir|url=http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/06.xls|access-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920093911/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/06.xls|format=Excel|archive-date=20 September 2011}}</ref> The following census in 2011 counted 129,418 people in 33,623 households.<ref name="2011 Khuzestan Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): Khuzestan Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=irandataportal.syr.edu|via=Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University|url=https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Khuzestan.xls|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118191739/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Khuzestan.xls|archive-date=18 January 2023|access-date=19 December 2022|format=Excel}}</ref> The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 133,097 people in 37,124 households.<ref name="2016 Khuzestan Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): Khuzestan Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=amar.org.ir|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_06.xlsx|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021081917/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_06.xlsx|format=Excel|archive-date=21 October 2020}}</ref>


==Economy==
==Notable people==
*[[Majid Bishkar]] (b. 1956), Iranian football legend, played at the [[1978 FIFA World Cup]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/majid-bishkar-the-prince-of-persia-who-cast-a-spell-with-his-magic|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509131534/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/majid-bishkar-the-prince-of-persia-who-cast-a-spell-with-his-magic|url-status=usurped|archive-date=9 May 2021|title=Majid Bishkar: The 'Prince of Persia' who cast a spell with his magic|website=East Bengal Football Club official website|date=May 2021|access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref>

* [[Mohsen Chavoshi]] (b. 1979) is an Iranian musician, singer, record producer and songwriter, based in Tehran. He has released ten albums including a soundtrack to the 2007 film [[Santouri (film)|Santouri]].
The economy of Khorramshahr is still largely affected by the destruction and depopulation of the city's residents in the 1980s during the first years of the Iran–Iraq War. The main activities are, however, essentially the same as before the war, [[petroleum]] production and exports and imports through the city port, though on a much smaller scale as restoration is not yet totally complete, even though three decades have passed since the end of the war. Residents originally from Khorramshahr have also slowly been returning to the city, rebuilding their houses and businesses.
* [[Meguertitch Khan Davidkhanian]] (b. 1902), former [[Governor]]

* [[Abdolreza Helali]] (b. 1981), Iranian Maddah<ref>{{Cite web |title=رابطه عاشقانه دختر رضا هلالی با پدرش / هلالی: دخترم دانشجوی پزشکی است + فیلم |url=https://snn.ir/fa/news/1158643/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%87-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7-%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D9%BE%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B4-%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AC%D9%88%DB%8C-%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85 |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=snn.ir |language=fa}}</ref>
==Climate==
* [[Mohsen Rastani]] (b. 1958), Iranian photographer, [[photojournalist]]<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.qoqnoos.com/body/photography/m-rastani/resume.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622024927/http://www.qoqnoos.com/body/photography/m-rastani/resume.htm |title=Mohsen Rastani |publisher=Qoqnoos |date= |archive-date=22 June 2013}}</ref>
* [[Siamak Yassemi]] (b. 1959) is an Iranian Mathematician. In 2018 he was elected by [[The World Academy of Sciences]] as a fellow member. That would make him the first Iranian mathematician who's ever been a member of [[TWAS]]. In 2019 he was named Chevalier of the [[Ordre des Palmes Académiques]] for distinguished effort on extended multi-dimensional cooperation, including scientific research projects (Jundi-Shapur), student-and professor- exchanges, and several schools and conferences.


==See also==
Khorramshahr has long, hot summers and mild, short winters. The mean temperature in summer is 42 degrees Celsius(108 Fahrenheit), maximum temperature in summer could soar up to 55 degrees Celsius (118 Fahrenheit) while in winters the minimum temperature could fall around 1 degrees Celsius(34 Fahrenheit). The annual rainfall is about 140&nbsp;mm(5.5 inches). Khorramshahr experiences many sandstorms.
{{Commons category-inline}}


⚫
{{Portal-inline|Iran}}
==Marine Science & Technology University of Khorramshahr==
{{clear}}
In 1976, in Filieh, an area bordering the port city of Khorramshahr, the Persian Gulf
Southern Branch of Jondi Shahpour University, Ahvaz (Shahid Chamran University), was established comprising two colleges: the College of Marine Sciences and the College of Maritime Management and Economics. But this newly established center was closed soon after due to the war imposed on Iran. This college recommenced academically in 1993, admitting 10 MS students in the fields of physical oceanography and marine biology on Shahid Chamran’s campus. With the start of the postwar reconstruction of the war torn cities of Abadan and Khorramshahr in 1998, the Southern Branch was moved back to Khorramshahr, expanding its academic scope by admitting undergraduate students in the fields of marine biology, environmental sciences and fisheries.


== Notes ==
In 2003, this institute separated from Shahid Chamran University and became Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology (KMSU), with access to open waters, the Shatt al-Arab and Bahmanshir rivers, and adjacency to the Shadegan and Hor Swamps, situated in the Arvand Free Zone.
{{notelist}}

==Notable people==
* [[Mohsen Rastani]] (b. 1958), photographer


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
⚫
{{Portal|Iran}}
* [http://www.khorramshahr.net/ Khorramshahr.net]
* [http://www.khorramshahr.net/ Khorramshahr.net]
* [http://www.ostan-kz.ir/en/albumdetail_aen_i_11.html Khorramshahr Photo Gallery from the Khuzestan Governorship]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050427111155/http://www.ostan-kz.ir/en/albumdetail_aen_i_11.html Khorramshahr Photo Gallery from the Khuzestan Governorship]
* [http://www.academia.edu/2609751/George_Grigore._Le_systeme_consonantique_de_larabe_parle_a_Khorramshahr_Iran_Romano-Arabica_VIII-XI._Bucarest_Editura_Universitatii_din_Bucuresti_2011_93-102 About Spoken Arabic of Khoramshahr]
* [https://www.academia.edu/2609751/George_Grigore._Le_systeme_consonantique_de_larabe_parle_a_Khorramshahr_Iran_Romano-Arabica_VIII-XI._Bucarest_Editura_Universitatii_din_Bucuresti_2011_93-102 About Spoken Arabic of Khoramshahr]
* [http://www.iranian.com/SiamakNamazi/2001/November/South/k1.html Khorramshahr Post-War Photo Slideshow]
* [http://www.iranian.com/SiamakNamazi/2001/November/South/k1.html Khorramshahr Post-War Photo Slideshow]
* [http://www.mehrnews.com/en/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=3584 Liberation of Khorramshahr, Triumph of True Faith]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050906152847/http://www.mehrnews.com/en/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=3584 Liberation of Khorramshahr, Triumph of True Faith]
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=khoramshahr}}


{{Khuzestan Province}}
{{Authority control}}

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{{Khorramshahr County}}
{{Khuzestan Province|state=collapsed}}

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{{Khorramshahr County|state=collapsed}}


[[Category:Populated places in Khorramshahr County]]
[[Category:Populated places in Khorramshahr County]]

[[Category:Cities in Iran]]
[[Category:Cities in Khuzestan Province]]
[[Category:Cities in Khuzestan province]]

[[Category:Port cities and towns in Iran]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in Iran]]

[[Category:Former ghost towns]]
[[Category:Former ghost towns]]

[[Category:Arab settlements in Khuzestan province]]

Latest revision as of 01:46, 22 December 2024

For the administrative division of Khuzestan province, see Khorramshahr County. For the medium-range ballistic missile, see Khorramshahr.

Khorramshahr
خرَمشَهر
City
Khorramshahr is located in Iran
Khorramshahr
Khorramshahr
Coordinates: 30°26′22″N 48°10′54″E / 30.43944°N 48.18167°E / 30.43944; 48.18167[1]
CountryIran
ProvinceKhuzestan
CountyKhorramshahr
DistrictCentral
Government
 • MayorKamyab Teymouri
Population
 (2016)[2]
 • Total
133,097
Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST)

Khorramshahr (Persian: خرمشهر; [xoræmˈʃæhɾ])[a] is a city in the Central District of Khorramshahr County, Khuzestan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.[5] It is also known in Arabic by the local ethnically Arab population as Al-Muhammarah (Arabic: المحمرة).[6]

Khorramshahr is an inland port city located approximately 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of Abadan. The city extends to the right bank of the Shatt Al Arab waterway near its confluence with the Haffar arm of the Karun river. The city was destroyed in the Iran–Iraq War, with the 1986 census recording a population of zero. However, Khorramshahr was rebuilt after the war, and more recent censuses show that the population has returned to the pre-war level.

History

[edit]

The area where the city exists today was originally under the waters of the Persian Gulf. It later became part of the vast marshlands and the tidal flats at the mouth of the Karun River. The small town known as Piyan, and later Bayan appeared in the area no sooner than the late Parthian time in the first century AD. Whether or not this was located at the same spot where Khurramshahr is today, is highly debatable.

During the Islamic centuries, the Daylamite Buwayhid king, Panah Khusraw Adud ad-Dawlah ordered the digging of a canal to join the Karun River (which at the time emptied independently into the Persian Gulf through the Bahmanshir channel) to the Shatt al-Arab (the joint estuary of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, known in Iran as Arvand Rud). The extra water made the joint estuary more reliably navigable. The channel thus created was known as the Haffar, Arabic for "excavated," "dugout," which exactly described what the channel was. The Haffar soon became the main channel of the Karun, as it is in the present day.

It was the capital of the Sheikdom of Muhammara, and until 1847, at which time it became Persian territory (according to Article II of the Treaty of Erzurum), Khorramshahr was alternately claimed and occupied by Persia and Turkey. Its ruler at the time was an Arab sheikh.[7]

Iran–Iraq War

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Main articles: Battle of Khorramshahr (1980) and Battle of Khorramshahr (1982)

Because of the war, the population of Khorramshahr dropped from 146,706 in the 1976 census to 0 in the 1986 census. The population reached 34,750 in the 1991 census and by the 2006 census it reached 123,866, and according to World Gazetteer its population as of 2012 is 138,398, making the population close to what it was before the war.[8]

Demographics

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Mandaean community

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Mandaeans in Khorramshahr in 2015

Khorramshahr is home to a Mandaean community. It is one of the last remaining locations in the world where Neo-Mandaic is still spoken. There are only a few hundred speakers of the Khorramshahr dialect of Neo-Mandaic.[9]

Population

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At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 123,866 in 26,385 households.[10] The following census in 2011 counted 129,418 people in 33,623 households.[11] The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 133,097 people in 37,124 households.[2]

Notable people

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See also

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Media related to Khorramshahr at Wikimedia Commons

flag Iran portal

Notes

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  1. ^ Also known as Khurramshahr; (Arabic: المحمرة), romanized as Al-Muhammerah[3][4]

References

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  1. ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (21 December 2024). "Khorramshahr, Khorramshahr County" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 21 December 2024.
  2. ^ a b Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): Khuzestan Province. amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  3. ^ Khorramshahr can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3071225" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
  4. ^ Khorramshahr entry in Encyclopædia Britannica http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/316878/Khorramshahr
  5. ^ Habibi, Hassan (26 July 2014) [Approved 21 June 1369]. Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Khuzestan province, centered in the city of Ahvaz. rc.majlis.ir (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Political and Defense Commission of the Government Board. Proposal 3233.1.5.53; Letter 907-93808; Notification 82830/T126K. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2024 – via Islamic Parliament Research Center.
  6. ^ "مدينة المحمرة" [Al-Muhammarrah City]. al-ahwaz.com. Archived from the original on 6 December 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2024. تقع عند مصب نهر كارون في شط العرب ، شيدها يوسف بن مرداو ثاني امراء امارة المحمرة وذلك سنة 1229 هجـ - 1812 م وهو من شيوخ قبيلة البوكاسب الكعبية العربية ، ابدل الاحتلال الفارسي اسمها العربي بأسم فارسي فسميت ( خرمشهر ) . وتبعـد عن مد ينة الأحواز ( 120 كم ) ، وهى ميناء تجاري مهم . [It is located at the mouth of the Karun River on the Shatt al-Arab. It was built in 1229 AH / 1812 CE by Yusuf bin Mirdaw, the second ruler of the Emirate of Mohammerah, who was one of the sheikhs of the Arab Bukasib tribe of the Ka'b. The Persian occupation changed its Arabic name to a Persian one, calling it "Khorramshahr." It is 120 kilometers away from the city of Ahwaz and serves as an important commercial port.]
  7. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Muhamrah". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 956.
  8. ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 20 September 2011.
  9. ^ Häberl, Charles (2009). The neo-Mandaic dialect of Khorramshahr. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3-447-05874-2. OCLC 377787551.
  10. ^ Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): Khuzestan Province. amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  11. ^ Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): Khuzestan Province. irandataportal.syr.edu (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022 – via Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University.
  12. ^ "Majid Bishkar: The 'Prince of Persia' who cast a spell with his magic". East Bengal Football Club official website. May 2021. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  13. ^ "رابطه عاشقانه دختر رضا هلالی با پدرش / هلالی: دخترم دانشجوی پزشکی است + فیلم". snn.ir (in Persian). Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  14. ^ "Mohsen Rastani". Qoqnoos. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013.
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