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{{short description|International art exhibition held in Indian city, Kochi}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}
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{{Infobox recurring event
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Kochi-Muziris Biennale
| name = Kochi-Muziris Biennale
| native_name = കൊച്ചി-മുസിരിസ്
| native_name = കൊച്ചി-മുസ്സിരിസ് ബിനാലെ /<br />കൊച്ചി-മുചിരി ദ്വൈവാര്‍ഷിക കലാപ്രദര്‍ശനം
ദ്വൈവാര്‍ഷിക കലാപ്രദര്‍ശനം
| native_name_lang = ml
| native_name_lang = ml
| logo = Kochi-Muziris Biennale Logo.jpg|logo_caption=Logo of Kochi-Muziris Biennale 2012
| begins = 12 December 2016
| logo = Kochi-Muziris Biennale 2018.png
| ends = 29 March 2017
| logo_caption = Logo of the Kochi-Muziris Biennale 2018
| logo_size = 200px
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| genre = International Art Exhibition ([[Contemporary art]])
| founded = {{Start date and age|2012||}}
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| location = [[Kochi]], India
| begins = 12 December 2022
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| website = {{url|http://www.kochimuzirisbiennale.org}}
| ends = 10 April 2023
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| genre = International Art Exhibition ([[Contemporary art]])
| people = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Shubigi Rao]]<br>{{small|(Curator)}}|[[Bose Krishnamachari]]<br>{{small|(Co-founder & President of KBF)}}}}
| attendance = 600,000 (2016–17)<ref name="attendance">{{cite news|title=LuLu Financial Group's Adeeb Ahamed pledges Rs 1 crore to 2018 Kochi-Muziris Biennale|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/lulu-financial-groups-adeeb-ahamed-pledges-rs-1-crore-to-2018-kochi-muziris-biennale-5290294/|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=3 August 2018}}</ref>
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| location = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], India
⚫
| website = {{url|http://www.kochimuzirisbiennale.org}}
}}
}}


The '''Kochi-Muziris Biennale''' is an international exhibition of contemporary art held in [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]. It was the first [[Biennale]] of its kind that was held in India.<ref name="1st Kochi-Muziris Biennale">{{cite news|title=Kochi becomes Biennale city|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/kochi-becomes-biennale-city/article4194320.ece|publisher=The Hindu|date=13 December 2012|accessdate=2013-01-17}}</ref> The Kochi-Muziris Biennale is an initiative of the [http://kochimuzirisbiennale.org/ Kochi-Biennale Foundation] with support from the [[Government of Kerala]] . The exhibition is set in spaces across [[Kochi]], [[Muziris]] and surrounding islands with shows being held in existing galleries, halls,and site-specific installations in public spaces, heritage buildings and disused structures.
The '''Kochi-Muziris Biennale''' is an international exhibition of [[contemporary art]] held in the city of [[Kochi]] in [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is the largest art exhibition in the country<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/apr/14/i-want-kochi-biennale-to-go-onsays-ex-ceo-manju-sara-rajan-1801232.html|title=I want Kochi Biennale to go on,says ex-CEO Manju Sara Rajan|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=14 April 2018}}</ref> and the biggest contemporary art festival in Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2018/08/03/kochi-muziris-biennale-2018-final-list-of-artists-to-be-out-august-15.html|title=Kochi-Muziris Biennale 2018: Final list of artists to be out on August 15|publisher=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|date=3 August 2018}}</ref> The Kochi-Muziris Biennale is an initiative of the Kochi Biennale Foundation with support from the [[Government of Kerala]]. The concept of the Kochi-Muziris Biennale was ideated and executed by Venu Vasudevan, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]], who was the Government of Kerala's cultural secretary. The exhibition is set across [[Kochi]], with shows being held in existing galleries, halls, and site-specific installations in public spaces, heritage buildings and vacant structures.


Indian and international artists exhibits artworks across a variety of mediums including film, installation, painting, sculpture, new media and performance art.Through the celebration of contemporary art from around the world, The Kochi-Muziris Biennale seeks to invoke the historic cosmopolitan legacy of the modern metropolis of [[Kochi]], and its mythical predecessor, the ancient port of [[Muziris]].
Indian and international artists exhibit artwork across a variety of mediums, including film, installation, painting, sculpture, new media and performance art. The Kochi-Muziris Biennale tried to invoke the legacy of the modern metropolis of [[Kochi]] and its mythical predecessor, the ancient port of [[Muziris]].


Alongside the exhibition the Biennale offers a rich programme of talks, seminars, screenings, music, workshops and educational activities for school children and students.<ref>http://www.kochimuzirisbiennale.org/#</ref>
Alongside the exhibition, the Biennale offers a program of talks, seminars, screenings, music, workshops and educational activities for schoolchildren and students.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.kochimuzirisbiennale.org/# | title=Kochi-Muziris Biennale 2018}}</ref>


== History ==
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The second edition of the biennale cost about Rs 17 crore, slightly up from the Rs 16.5 crore spent on the first edition. The Kerala government’s contribution fell to Rs 3 crore from Rs 9 crore despite pleas for financial assistance.The organisers relied on sponsorship and online crowd funding for meeting the expenses. The number of visitors grew to 5 lakh in the second edition, an increase of 1 lakh from the first edition.<ref name="cppr.in">http://www.cppr.in/innews/urban-space-dialogue-cppr-and-biennale/</ref>
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In May 2010, [[Mumbai]]-based contemporary artists of [[Kerala]] origin, [[Bose Krishnamachari]] and [[Riyas Komu]], were approached by the then culture minister of Kerala, [[M. A. Baby]], to start an international art project in the state. Acknowledging the lack of an international platform for contemporary art in India, Bose and Riyas proposed the idea of a Biennale (a large scale international exhibition) in [[Kochi]] on the lines of the [[Venice Biennale]].

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== The Birth of Kochi-Muziris Biennale ==
⚫
In May 2010, Mumbai based contemporary artists of Kerala origin, [[Bose Krishnamachari]] and [[Riyaz Komu]], were approached by then culture minister of Kerala, [[M. A. Baby|M.A Baby]] to start an international art project in the state. Acknowledging the lack of an international platform for contemporary art in India, Bose and Riyas proposed the idea of a Biennale (a large scale international exhibition) in Kochi on the lines of the [[Venice Biennale]].


==Kochi Biennale Foundation ==
==Kochi Biennale Foundation ==
The Kochi Biennale Foundation (KBF) is a non-profit charitable trust engaged in promoting art & culture and educational activities in India; primary amongst them the hosting of the Kochi-Muziris Biennale. KBF works around the year to strengthen contemporary art infrastructure and to broaden public access to art across India.
The Kochi Biennale Foundation (KBF) is a nonprofit charitable trust engaged in promoting art and culture in India, with the Kochi-Muziris Biennale as its primary focus. KBF was founded in 2010 by artists [[Bose Krishnamachari]] and [[Riyas Komu]].

The Kochi Biennale Foundation is also engaged in the conservation of heritage properties and monuments and the upliftment of traditional forms of art and culture.

KBF was founded in 2010 by artists [[Bose Krishnamachari]] and [[Riyas Komu]] .


== First Kochi-Muziris Biennale ==
== The First Kochi-Muziris Biennale ==
[[File:Aspinwall House.jpg|thumb|Aspinwall House]]
[[File:Aspinwall House.jpg|thumb|Aspinwall House, one of the main venues of the biennale]]
The First Kochi-Muziris Biennale began on 12 December 2012.<ref name="1st Kochi-Muziris Biennale" /> The Biennale hosted 80 artists with nearly 50 percent foreign artists, site-specific works and a sustained education programme in the three months. As a run-up to the event, in April, the Durbar Hall Kochi will host German modern artist Eberhard Havekost's exhibition “Sightseeing Trip”, held in collaboration with Dresden State Art Collections. The Aspinwall House exhibits the art works of 44 artists spread across the premises.
The First Kochi-Muziris Biennale began on 12 December 2012.<ref name="1st Kochi-Muziris Biennale">{{cite news|title=Kochi becomes Biennale city|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/kochi-becomes-biennale-city/article4194320.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 December 2012|access-date=2013-01-17}}</ref> The Biennale hosted 80 artists, with nearly 50 percent foreign artists, site-specific works and an education programme in the three months. The Aspinwall House exhibits the works of 44 artists.


Entry was free till 23 December which was then replaced by ticketed entry at Rs.50 to help pay for daily running costs. According to artist and Kochi-Muziris Biennale artistic director [[Bose Krishnamachari]] support has come in many forms. Shalini and Sanjay Passi held a INR 25,000-per-head dinner in the [[Thiruvananthapuram|capital]] to raise funds, raising {{INRConvert|550000}}. [[Google]] met with the foundation and has offered help with the website, which received 7.5 million hits in the first month. The Jindals of [[Jindal Steel and Power Limited]], the late [[Kerala Congress (Jacob)|Kerala Congress]] leader [[T.M. Jacob]], R.K. Krishna Kumar of [[Tata group]], Jayanta Matthews of [[Malayala Manorama]] and the businessman Shibu Mathai have all donated.<ref name="Kochi’s gift">{{cite news|title=Kochi’s gift to the world|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/kochis-gift-to-the-world/article4448003.ece|publisher=The Hindu|date=24 February 2013|accessdate=2013-02-25}}</ref>
The entry was free until 23 December 2012, which was then replaced by a ticketed entry at ₹50. According to artistic director [[Bose Krishnamachari]], support has come in many forms. [[Shalini Passi|Shalini]] and Sanjay Passi held an {{Currency|25,000|INR}}-per-head dinner in the [[Thiruvananthapuram|capital]] to raise funds, raising {{INRConvert|550000}}. [[Google]] met with the foundation and has offered help with the website, which received 7.5 million hits in the first month. The Jindals of [[Jindal Steel and Power Limited]], the late [[Kerala Congress (Jacob)|Kerala Congress]] leader [[T.M. Jacob]], R. K. Krishna Kumar of [[Tata group]], Jayanta Matthews of [[Malayala Manorama]] and the businessman Shibu Mathai have all donated.<ref name="Kochi’s gift">{{cite news|title=Kochi's gift to the world|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/kochis-gift-to-the-world/article4448003.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=24 February 2013|access-date=2013-02-25}}</ref>


The sites for the Kochi-Muziris Biennale were:
The sites for the Kochi-Muziris Biennale were:
{{Div col|cols=3}}
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
# [https://kochimuzirisbiennale.org/aspinwallhouse/ Aspinwall House]
# Aspinwall House
# David Hall
# David Hall
# [https://kochimuzirisbiennale.org/pepper-house/ Pepper House]
# Pepper House
# Moidu's Heritage
# Moidu's Heritage
# Durbar Hall
# Durbar Hall
# Cabral Yard
# Cabral Yard
# Parade Ground
# [https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/parade-ground-kochi/449 Parade Ground]
# [[Fort Kochi beach]]
# [[Fort Kochi beach]]
# Kashi Art Gallery
# Kashi Art Gallery
# [https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/jew-town-mattancherry/416 Jew Town Road Godown]
# Jew Town Road Godown
# Rose Street Bungalow
# Rose Street Bungalow
# Cochin Club
# Cochin Club
# Gallery OED
# [[David Horvitz]]
# [[David Horvitz]]
{{Div col end}}
{{div col end}}


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== The Second Kochi-Muziris Biennale ==
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==Reactions and Controversies==
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The second edition of the biennale cost about ₹17 crore, slightly up from the ₹16.5 crore spent on the first edition. The Kerala government's contribution fell to ₹3 crore from ₹9 crore despite pleas for financial assistance. The organisers relied on sponsorship and online crowd funding to meet the expenses. The number of visitors grew to five lakhs in the second edition, an increase of one lakh from the first edition.<ref name="cppr.in">{{Cite web |date=April 2015 |title=Urban Space Dialogue- CPPR and Biennale |url=http://www.cppr.in/innews/urban-space-dialogue-cppr-and-biennale/}}</ref>
According to [[Tate Modern]], Kochi-Muziris Biennale was the best biennale they had ever seen. The biennale accrued 150,000 visitors in its first month and 250,000 visitors in its second, averaging a thousand visitors a day (as high as 5,000 daily and 10,000 on weekends, early January). Local people have stepped up, on an individual level, realising what the biennale has done for them, socio-economically and culturally, and in terms of putting Kochi on the international culture map, something that does not go unappreciated in [[Kerala]]. [[McKinsey & Company|McKinsey and companies]] have expressed their interest in studying the Biennale to know its economic effects.<ref name="Kochi’s gift"/>


==Partnerships==
According to Karthyayani G. Menon, director of [[Jehangir Art Gallery]] in [[Mumbai]], Kerala — unlike Mumbai, [[Baroda]] or [[Kolkata]] had not been in the forefront in encouraging artists and giving them good platforms but now she hoped that the biennale would mark a change to that situation.<ref>{{cite news|title=‘Biennale reflects changing Indian art scene in a decade’|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/biennale-reflects-changing-indian-art-scene-in-a-decade/article4422823.ece|publisher=The Hindu|date=17 February 2013|accessdate=2013-02-26}}</ref>
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In March 2015, the Kochi Muziris Biennale Foundation partnered with [[Centre for Public Policy Research]], Cochin, for the first Urban Space Dialogue in Kochi to advocate for the need for creating urban spaces in Kochi.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.cppr.in/article/urban-space-dialogue-a-fusion-of-creativity-and-reality/ | title=Urban Space Dialogue| date=2015-03-24}}</ref> The Dialogue featured Nuru Karim, Raj Cherubal, Dhanuraj, Jitish Kallat, Bose Krishnamachary and Riyas Komu.<ref name="cppr.in" />


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== The Third Kochi-Muziris Biennale ==
⚫
Many eminent artists in Kerala raised concern over the alleged lack of transparency in the way the funds were spent by Kochi-Muziris Biennale foundation. At the same time many known contemporary artists of the state of Kerala had come out in support of the event as it could help in enhancing the image of Kochi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Biennale will enhance Kochi's image: artist|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/article2798367.ece|publisher=The Hindu|date=13 January 2012|accessdate=2012-12-14}}</ref>
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The third edition of the Kochi Muziris Biennale opened on 12 December 2016 and was curated by [[Sudarshan Shetty]].<ref name="Kochi-Muziris Biennale Announces The Curatorial Vision">{{Cite web |url=http://www.biennialfoundation.org/2016/10/kochi-muziris-biennale-curatorial/ |title=Kochi-Muziris Biennale Announces The Curatorial Vision |date=1 October 2016 |publisher=Biennial Foundation}}</ref> The Biennale was visited by more than six lakh people in its third edition.<ref name="attendance" /> The exhibition was concurrently staged at 12 venues<ref name="Biennale 2016: Kochi all set to open its heart for art lovers">{{cite news |date=11 December 2016 |title=Biennale 2016: Kochi all set to open its heart for art lovers |newspaper=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2016/dec/11/biennale-2016-kochi-all-set-to-open-its-heart-for-art-lovers-1547818.html}}</ref> and featured 97 works as well as 20 events.<ref name="12 MUST-SEE WORKS FROM KOCHI-MUZIRIS BIENNALE 2016">{{Cite web |date=8 January 2017 |title=12 MUST-SEE WORKS FROM KOCHI-MUZIRIS BIENNALE 2016 |url=http://www.vervemagazine.in/arts-and-culture/12-must-see-works-from-kochi-muziris-biennale-2016 |publisher=Verve}}</ref> Sudarshan was declared curator of the 2016 Kochi-Muzirs Biennale by the Minister for Culture, [[K. C. Joseph (Irikkur politician)|K. C. Joseph]], at an event in the state capital, [[Thiruvananthapuram]], on 15 July 2015.<ref name="Kochi Biennale Foundation Announced Sudarshan Shetty As The Artistic Director And Curator of the Third Edition of Kochi-Muziris Biennale">{{Cite web |url=http://www.biennialfoundation.org/2015/07/kochi-biennale-foundation-announced-sudarshan-shetty-as-the-artistic-director-and-curator-of-the-third-edition-of-kochi-muziris-biennale/ |title=Kochi Biennale Foundation Announced Sudarshan Shetty As The Artistic Director And Curator of the Third Edition of Kochi-Muziris Biennale |date=15 July 2015 |publisher=Biennial Foundation}}</ref> He was unanimously chosen as curator by an Artistic Advisory Committee appointed by the Kochi Biennale Foundation for the third edition. The Committee comprised artists [[Amar Kanwar]], [[Atul Dodiya]], [[Bharti Kher]] and Jyothi Basu, art critic [[Ranjit Hoskote]], patron [[Kiran Nadar]], gallerist Shireen Gandhy along with KBF trustees Sunil V, [[Riyas Komu]] and [[Bose Krishnamachari]].<ref name="A People’s Biennale: A Conversation With Kochi-Muziris Biennale Co-Founders Bose Krishnamachari And Riyas Komu">{{Cite web |url=http://www.biennialfoundation.org/2016/03/a-peoples-biennale-a-conversation-with-kochi-muziris-biennale-co-founders-bose-krishnamachari-and-riyas-komu/ |title=A People's Biennale: A Conversation With Kochi-Muziris Biennale Co-Founders Bose Krishnamachari And Riyas Komu |date=9 March 2016 |publisher=Biennial Foundation}}</ref>


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Sudarshan Shetty's works have been exhibited in solo and group shows in India and abroad, including at the [[Gwangju Biennale]] (2000), [[Tate Modern]], London (2001), Fukuoka Asian Art Museum (2001), [[Centre Pompidou]], Paris (2011), [[Guggenheim Museum]], New York (2010) and Kochi-Muziris Biennale (2012).
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With the 2016 [[Indian 500 and 1000 rupee note demonetisation|demonetization of the Indian economy]], several artists and the organizers of the Biennale had to overcome a struggle to get things in place for the opening of the exhibition. However, the Biennale received a boost when at the official opening, the government of the southern state of Kerala promised $1.1m funding and support for a permanent venue to cement its place as the Venice Biennale of South Asia. Chief Minister [[Pinarayi Vijayan]], who is the leader of the Left Democratic Front government and long-time secretary of the [[Indian Communist Party]] in the state, said the Biennale matched Kochi’s multi-layered history of settlement by Arabs, Chinese, Jews, Portuguese, Dutch, English and different migrant communities from India. Vijayan announced 75m rupees in funding for the Biennale, the highest sum a state government in India had given an arts event. His government would support a permanent venue for the “mega-prestigious” event that had been the key to the success of the Kochi Muziris Biennale, he said.


==The Fourth Kochi-Muziris Biennale==
==First Urban Space Dialogue in Kochi==
{{Main|Kochi-Muziris Biennale 2018}}
The fourth edition of the Kochi-Muziris Biennale opened on 12 December 2018 and was curated by Indian artist [[Anita Dube]].


== The Fifth Kochi-Muziris Biennale ==
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In March 2015, the Kochi Muziris Biennale Foundation partnered with Center for Public Policy Research, Cochin for the first Urban Space Dialogue in Kochi to advocate for the need for creating urban spaces in Kochi.<ref>http://www.cppr.in/article/urban-space-dialogue-a-fusion-of-creativity-and-reality/</ref> The Dialogue featured Nuru Karim of Nu.De; Raj Cherubal of Chennai City Connect Foundation and Advisor to CPPR; Dr Dhanuraj, Chairman, CPPR; Jitish Kallat, Curator of Biennale 2014-15; Bose Krishnamachary and Riyas Komu founders of the Biennale.<ref name="cppr.in"/>
In May 2019, it was announced that [[Singaporeans|Singaporean]] artist and writer [[Shubigi Rao]] would curate the fifth edition of the Kochi-Muziris Biennale from December 2020 to April 2021.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=9 May 2019|title=Shubigi Rao to Curate Fifth Kochi-Muziris Biennale|work=Artforum International|url=https://www.artforum.com/news/shubigi-rao-to-curate-fifth-kochi-muziris-biennale-79764|url-status=live|access-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200726045926/https://www.artforum.com/news/shubigi-rao-to-curate-fifth-kochi-muziris-biennale-79764|archive-date=26 July 2020}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=10 May 2019|title=Artist Shubigi Rao to curate Kochi-Muziris Biennale|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/artist-shubigi-rao-to-curate-biennale/articleshow/69258502.cms|url-status=live|access-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726045900/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/artist-shubigi-rao-to-curate-biennale/articleshow/69258502.cms|archive-date=26 July 2020}}</ref> Rao had previously exhibited at the fourth Kochi-Muziris Biennale in 2018, the sole Singaporean representative.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|last=Nanda|first=Akshita|date=10 May 2019|title=Singapore artist Shubigi Rao to helm South Asia's largest visual art biennale in 2020|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/arts/singapore-artist-shubigi-rao-to-helm-south-asias-largest-visual-art-biennale-in-2020|url-status=live|access-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726044437/https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/arts/singapore-artist-shubigi-rao-to-helm-south-asias-largest-visual-art-biennale-in-2020|archive-date=26 July 2020}}</ref> Titled "In our Veins Flow Ink and Fire", the first announced artist list involved 25 participating artists and collectives, featuring names such as [[Arpita Singh]], [[Decolonizing Architecture Art Residency]], [[Iman Issa]], [[Joan Jonas]], [[Melati Suryodarmo]], [[Samson Young]], [[Slavs and Tatars]], [[Thảo Nguyên Phan]] and [[Yinka Shonibare]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tse|first=Fion|date=22 July 2020|title=Kochi-Muziris Biennale 2020 Reveals First Artist List|work=ArtAsiaPacific|url=http://www.artasiapacific.com/News/KochiMuzirisBiennale2020RevealsFirstArtistList?fbclid=IwAR2TBgrZwTNUgbZjKvFl-l3pTHIJ-D9GHXyDdcGNrhqk2j1P4_diVaCuNVM|url-status=live|access-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726142718/http://www.artasiapacific.com/News/KochiMuzirisBiennale2020RevealsFirstArtistList|archive-date=26 July 2020}}</ref>


Both Kochi-Muziris Biennale founder [[Bose Krishnamachari]] and Shubigi Rao would be jointly featured on the 2019 edition of the ''[[ArtReview]]'' Power 100 list for their work on the Biennale.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2019|title=Power 100: Most influential people in 2019 in the contemporary artworld: Bose Krishnamachari & Shubigi Rao|url=https://artreview.com/artist/bose-krishnamachari-shubigi-rao/?year=2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200726050705/https://artreview.com/artist/bose-krishnamachari-shubigi-rao/?year=2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|access-date=26 July 2020|website=ArtReview}}</ref>
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== The Third Kochi-Muziris Biennale ==

⚫
The third edition of the Kochi Muziris Biennale opened on 12 December 2016 and is curated by [[Sudarshan Shetty]].<ref name="Kochi-Muziris Biennale Announces The Curatorial Vision">{{Cite web |url=http://www.biennialfoundation.org/2016/10/kochi-muziris-biennale-curatorial/ |title=Kochi-Muziris Biennale Announces The Curatorial Vision |date=October 1, 2016 |publisher=Biennial Foundation}}</ref> Sudarshan was declared curator of the 2016 Kochi-Muzirs Biennale by the Minister for Culture, [[K. C. Joseph (Irikkur politician)|K. C. Joseph]] at an event in the State capital Thiruvananthapuram on July 15, 2015.<ref name="Kochi Biennale Foundation Announced Sudarshan Shetty As The Artistic Director And Curator Of The Third Edition Of Kochi-Muziris Biennale">{{Cite web |url=http://www.biennialfoundation.org/2015/07/kochi-biennale-foundation-announced-sudarshan-shetty-as-the-artistic-director-and-curator-of-the-third-edition-of-kochi-muziris-biennale/ |title=Kochi Biennale Foundation Announced Sudarshan Shetty As The Artistic Director And Curator Of The Third Edition Of Kochi-Muziris Biennale |date=July 15, 2015 |publisher=Biennial Foundation}}</ref> He was unanimously chosen as curator by an Artistic Advisory Committee appointed by the Kochi Biennale Foundation for the third edition. The Committee comprised artists [[Amar Kanwar]], [[Atul Dodiya]], [[Bharti Kher]] and Jyothi Basu, art critic [[Ranjit Hoskote]], patron [[Kiran Nadar]], gallerist Shireen Gandhy along with KBF trustees Sunil V, [[Riyas Komu]] and [[Bose Krishnamachari]].<ref name="A People’s Biennale: A Conversation With Kochi-Muziris Biennale Co-Founders Bose Krishnamachari And Riyas Komu">{{Cite web |url=http://www.biennialfoundation.org/2016/03/a-peoples-biennale-a-conversation-with-kochi-muziris-biennale-co-founders-bose-krishnamachari-and-riyas-komu/ |title=A People’s Biennale: A Conversation With Kochi-Muziris Biennale Co-Founders Bose Krishnamachari And Riyas Komu |date=March 9, 2016 |publisher=Biennial Foundation}}</ref> The exhibition is concurrently staged at 12 venues<ref name="Biennale 2016: Kochi all set to open its heart for art lovers">{{Cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2016/dec/11/biennale-2016-kochi-all-set-to-open-its-heart-for-art-lovers-1547818.html |title=Biennale 2016: Kochi all set to open its heart for art lovers |date=December 11, 2016 |publisher=New Indian Express}}</ref> and featured 97 works as well as 20 events.<ref name="12 MUST-SEE WORKS FROM KOCHI-MUZIRIS BIENNALE 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.vervemagazine.in/arts-and-culture/12-must-see-works-from-kochi-muziris-biennale-2016 |title=12 MUST-SEE WORKS FROM KOCHI-MUZIRIS BIENNALE 2016 |date=January 8, 2017 |publisher=Verve}}</ref>
"In Our Veins Flow Ink and Fire" finally opened on 23 December 2022 after being postponed twice due to [[COVID-19]] and then again the night before the opening on 11 December 2022 due to "organisational challenges."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/kochi-muziris-biennale-2022-shubigi-rao-exhibition-1234651000/|author=Pallavi Surana|date=December 22, 2022|title=India's Kochi-Muziris Biennale Return After Two Years of Delays, Full of Hope and Sound|work=ARTNews}}</ref> 53 artists signed an open letter to the Biennale Foundation detailing the organisational shortcomings and exhorting the Board and Advisors to make structural changes later.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Open Letter from the Artists of the Kochi-Muziris Biennale 2022–23 - Notes - e-flux |url=https://www.e-flux.com/notes/510681/open-letter-from-the-artists-of-the-kochi-muziris-biennale-2022-23 |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=www.e-flux.com |language=en}}</ref>

⚫
==Reactions and controversies==
According to [[Tate Modern]], Kochi-Muziris Biennale was the best biennale they had ever seen. The biennale accrued 150,000 visitors in its first month and 250,000 visitors in its second, averaging a thousand visitors a day (as high as 5,000 daily and 10,000 on weekends, early January). [[McKinsey & Company|McKinsey and companies]] have expressed their interest in studying the Biennale to know its economic effects.<ref name="Kochi’s gift" /> According to Karthyayani G. Menon, director of [[Jehangir Art Gallery]]—Mumbai, [[Baroda]] or [[Kolkata]] had not been at the forefront of artists—she hoped that the biennale would make a change to that situation.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 February 2013 |title=Biennale reflects changing Indian art scene in a decade |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/biennale-reflects-changing-indian-art-scene-in-a-decade/article4422823.ece |access-date=2013-02-26}}</ref>

⚫
Many eminent artists in Kerala raised concern over the alleged lack of transparency in the way the funds were spent by the Kochi-Muziris Biennale foundation. Many contemporary artists from the state of Kerala had come out in support of the event, as it could help preserve the image of Kochi.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 January 2012 |title=Biennale will enhance Kochi's image: artist |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/article2798367.ece |access-date=2012-12-14}}</ref>


⚫
During the 2016 [[Indian 500 and 1000 rupee note demonetisation|demonetization of the Indian economy]], during the official opening, the [[government of Kerala]] promised $1.1{{Nbsp}}million in funding and support for a permanent venue for the biennale. Chief Minister [[Pinarayi Vijayan]], who is the leader of the [[Left Democratic Front]] government and long-time secretary of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] in the state, said that the Biennale matched Kochi's multi-layered history of settlement by Arabs, Chinese, Jews, Portuguese, Dutch, English and different migrant communities from India. Vijayan announced ₹7.5 crore in funding for the Biennale, the highest sum a state government in India had ever given an art event. The government would support a permanent venue for the "mega-prestigious" event.
⚫
Sudarshan Shetty was born in Mangalore in 1961, with his family moving to Bombay within a few months of his birth. He has since been based in Bombay. His works have been exhibited in solo and group shows in India and abroad, including at the [[Gwangju Biennale]] (2000), [[Tate Modern]], London (2001), Fukuoka Asian Art Museum (2001), [[Centre Pompidou]], Paris (2011), [[Guggenheim Museum]], New York (2010), and Kochi-Muziris Biennale (2012).


The fifth edition of the Biennale was mismanaged by the organisers, leading to a last-minute postponement that left visitors stranded.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. Anandan & Surya Praphulla |date=2022-12-12 |title=Art world dismayed over last-minute postponement of Kochi Biennale's main show |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/art-world-dismayed-over-last-minute-postponement-of-kochi-biennales-main-show/article66255575.ece |access-date=2022-12-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Biennale has also faced accusations of [[modern slavery]], including non-payment of wages and non-attribution of workers' contributions to artworks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sudeep |first=Theres |date=2022-11-16 |title=Kochi-Muziris Biennale is back again. So is its dirty war with angry, unpaid contractors |url=https://theprint.in/features/kochi-biennale-is-back-again-so-is-its-dirty-war-with-angry-unpaid-contractors/1217872/ |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
The list of artists at the 2016 KMB can be found on the [http://kochimuzirisbiennale.org/kmb_2016_artists/ Kochi Muziris Biennale website]. <gallery caption="Kochi Muziris Biennale">

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File:What does the vessel contain, that the river does not.JPG
==Gallery from past editions==
⚫
File:Viewers seeing the ship of tarship by prasad raghavan3.JPG
<gallery class="center">
File:Ernesto nettos life is a river.JPG
Image:Kochi-Muziris Biennale.jpg|"Fish cemetery" by the [[Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute]]
File:Live painting.jpg
⚫
Image:What does the vessel contain, that the river does not.JPG|"What does the vessel contain, that the river does not" by [[Subodh Gupta]]
File:Curatorial Note.jpg
⚫
Image:Viewers seeing the ship of tarship by prasad raghavan3.JPG|"The ship of Tarshish" by Prasad Raghavan
File:Pyramid - an exhibit.jpg
Image:Curatorial Note.jpg|Curatorial note from [[Sudarshan Shetty]]
Image:Pyramid - an exhibit.jpg|"The Pyramid of Exiled Poets" by [[Aleš Šteger]]
Image:Stop over.JPG|"Stop over" by [[Sheela Gowda]]
Image:Francesco Clementes peper tent at kochi muziris bienelle2014.JPG|"Pepper Tent" by [[Francesco Clemente]]
Image:Pk sadanandan in KM biennale 2016.jpg|[[P. K. Sadanandan]] working on his [[mural]]
Image:Visitors at Backbone by Santha muddaya.jpeg|"Backbone" by [[Shanthamani Muddaiah]]
Image:Visitors at Logics of disappearence by KM Madusudanan.JPG|"Logics of disappearance" by [[K. M. Madhusudhanan]]
Image:Black gold.JPG|"Black gold" by [[Vivan Sundaram]]
</gallery>
</gallery>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
* {{Cite web |url=http://openart.in/2016/10/get-ready-kochi-muziris-biennale-2016/ |title=Get Ready for Kochi-Muziris Biennale 2016 |last=Malavika Byju |date=October 20, 2016 |publisher=Open Art |work=News report}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://openart.in/2016/10/get-ready-kochi-muziris-biennale-2016/ |title=Get Ready for Kochi-Muziris Biennale 2016 |last=Malavika Byju |date=20 October 2016 |publisher=Open Art |work=News report}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/dipin-damodharan/3-must-see-artworks-from-the-kochi-muziris-biennale-2016/ |title=3 Must-See Artworks From The Kochi-Muziris Biennale 2016 |date=December 17, 2016 |publisher=The Huffington Post}}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/dipin-damodharan/3-must-see-artworks-from-the-kochi-muziris-biennale-2016/ |title=3 Must-See Artworks From The Kochi-Muziris Biennale 2016 |date=17 December 2016 |work=HuffPost}}
* https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/no-plans-of-postponing-the-kochi-muziris-biennale-at-the-moment-bose-krishnamachari/article31268689.ece


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.biennialfoundation.org/2017/01/timely-provocations-the-3rd-kochi-muziris-biennale/ |title=Timely Provocations: The 3rd Kochi-Muziris Biennale |last=Robert E. D’Souza and Sunil Manghani |date=January 10, 2017 |publisher=Biennial Foundation |page=Feature}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.biennialfoundation.org/2017/01/timely-provocations-the-3rd-kochi-muziris-biennale/ |title=Timely Provocations: The 3rd Kochi-Muziris Biennale |last=Robert E. D’Souza and Sunil Manghani |date=10 January 2017 |publisher=Biennial Foundation |page=Feature}}
⚫
* Rachel A. Varghese, 2017. "[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-47623-0_9 Past as a Metaphor in the New Utopian Imaginations of Heritage in Kerala]", in Tereza Kuldova and Mathew A Varghese (Eds.). ''Urban Utopias: Excess and Expulsion in Neoliberal South Asia'', New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp.&nbsp;169–180.{{ISBN|978-3-319-47622-3}}.

⚫
* Rachel A. Varghese, 2017. "[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-47623-0_9 Past as a Metaphor in the New Utopian Imaginations of Heritage in Kerala]", in [[Tereza Kuldova]] and Mathew A Varghese (Eds.). ''Urban Utopias: Excess and Expulsion in Neoliberal South Asia'', New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 169-180.ISBN 978-3-319-47622-3.



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[[Category:Art exhibitions in India]]
[[Category:Art exhibitions in India]]
[[Category:Art biennials]]
[[Category:Art biennials]]
[[Category:Kochi-Muziris Biennale|*]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Culture of Kochi]]
[[Category:Culture of Kochi]]
[[Category:History of Kerala (1947–present)]]

Latest revision as of 21:26, 29 June 2024

Kochi-Muziris Biennale
കൊച്ചി-മുസിരിസ് ദ്വൈവാര്‍ഷിക കലാപ്രദര്‍ശനം
Logo of the Kochi-Muziris Biennale 2018
GenreInternational Art Exhibition (Contemporary art)
Begins12 December 2022
Ends10 April 2023
Location(s)Kochi, Kerala, India
Founded2012; 12 years ago (2012)
Attendance600,000 (2016–17)[1]
People
Websitewww.kochimuzirisbiennale.org

The Kochi-Muziris Biennale is an international exhibition of contemporary art held in the city of Kochi in Kerala, India. It is the largest art exhibition in the country[2] and the biggest contemporary art festival in Asia.[3] The Kochi-Muziris Biennale is an initiative of the Kochi Biennale Foundation with support from the Government of Kerala. The concept of the Kochi-Muziris Biennale was ideated and executed by Venu Vasudevan, IAS, who was the Government of Kerala's cultural secretary. The exhibition is set across Kochi, with shows being held in existing galleries, halls, and site-specific installations in public spaces, heritage buildings and vacant structures.

Indian and international artists exhibit artwork across a variety of mediums, including film, installation, painting, sculpture, new media and performance art. The Kochi-Muziris Biennale tried to invoke the legacy of the modern metropolis of Kochi and its mythical predecessor, the ancient port of Muziris.

Alongside the exhibition, the Biennale offers a program of talks, seminars, screenings, music, workshops and educational activities for schoolchildren and students.[4]

History

[edit]

In May 2010, Mumbai-based contemporary artists of Kerala origin, Bose Krishnamachari and Riyas Komu, were approached by the then culture minister of Kerala, M. A. Baby, to start an international art project in the state. Acknowledging the lack of an international platform for contemporary art in India, Bose and Riyas proposed the idea of a Biennale (a large scale international exhibition) in Kochi on the lines of the Venice Biennale.

Kochi Biennale Foundation

[edit]

The Kochi Biennale Foundation (KBF) is a nonprofit charitable trust engaged in promoting art and culture in India, with the Kochi-Muziris Biennale as its primary focus. KBF was founded in 2010 by artists Bose Krishnamachari and Riyas Komu.

The First Kochi-Muziris Biennale

[edit]
Aspinwall House, one of the main venues of the biennale

The First Kochi-Muziris Biennale began on 12 December 2012.[5] The Biennale hosted 80 artists, with nearly 50 percent foreign artists, site-specific works and an education programme in the three months. The Aspinwall House exhibits the works of 44 artists.

The entry was free until 23 December 2012, which was then replaced by a ticketed entry at ₹50. According to artistic director Bose Krishnamachari, support has come in many forms. Shalini and Sanjay Passi held an ₹25,000-per-head dinner in the capital to raise funds, raising ₹550,000 (US$6,400). Google met with the foundation and has offered help with the website, which received 7.5 million hits in the first month. The Jindals of Jindal Steel and Power Limited, the late Kerala Congress leader T.M. Jacob, R. K. Krishna Kumar of Tata group, Jayanta Matthews of Malayala Manorama and the businessman Shibu Mathai have all donated.[6]

The sites for the Kochi-Muziris Biennale were:

  1. Aspinwall House
  2. David Hall
  3. Pepper House
  4. Moidu's Heritage
  5. Durbar Hall
  6. Cabral Yard
  7. Parade Ground
  8. Fort Kochi beach
  9. Kashi Art Gallery
  10. Jew Town Road Godown
  11. Rose Street Bungalow
  12. Cochin Club
  13. Gallery OED
  14. David Horvitz

The Second Kochi-Muziris Biennale

[edit]

The second edition of the biennale cost about ₹17 crore, slightly up from the ₹16.5 crore spent on the first edition. The Kerala government's contribution fell to ₹3 crore from ₹9 crore despite pleas for financial assistance. The organisers relied on sponsorship and online crowd funding to meet the expenses. The number of visitors grew to five lakhs in the second edition, an increase of one lakh from the first edition.[7]

Partnerships

[edit]

In March 2015, the Kochi Muziris Biennale Foundation partnered with Centre for Public Policy Research, Cochin, for the first Urban Space Dialogue in Kochi to advocate for the need for creating urban spaces in Kochi.[8] The Dialogue featured Nuru Karim, Raj Cherubal, Dhanuraj, Jitish Kallat, Bose Krishnamachary and Riyas Komu.[7]

The Third Kochi-Muziris Biennale

[edit]

The third edition of the Kochi Muziris Biennale opened on 12 December 2016 and was curated by Sudarshan Shetty.[9] The Biennale was visited by more than six lakh people in its third edition.[1] The exhibition was concurrently staged at 12 venues[10] and featured 97 works as well as 20 events.[11] Sudarshan was declared curator of the 2016 Kochi-Muzirs Biennale by the Minister for Culture, K. C. Joseph, at an event in the state capital, Thiruvananthapuram, on 15 July 2015.[12] He was unanimously chosen as curator by an Artistic Advisory Committee appointed by the Kochi Biennale Foundation for the third edition. The Committee comprised artists Amar Kanwar, Atul Dodiya, Bharti Kher and Jyothi Basu, art critic Ranjit Hoskote, patron Kiran Nadar, gallerist Shireen Gandhy along with KBF trustees Sunil V, Riyas Komu and Bose Krishnamachari.[13]

Sudarshan Shetty's works have been exhibited in solo and group shows in India and abroad, including at the Gwangju Biennale (2000), Tate Modern, London (2001), Fukuoka Asian Art Museum (2001), Centre Pompidou, Paris (2011), Guggenheim Museum, New York (2010) and Kochi-Muziris Biennale (2012).

The Fourth Kochi-Muziris Biennale

[edit]
Main article: Kochi-Muziris Biennale 2018

The fourth edition of the Kochi-Muziris Biennale opened on 12 December 2018 and was curated by Indian artist Anita Dube.

The Fifth Kochi-Muziris Biennale

[edit]

In May 2019, it was announced that Singaporean artist and writer Shubigi Rao would curate the fifth edition of the Kochi-Muziris Biennale from December 2020 to April 2021.[14][15] Rao had previously exhibited at the fourth Kochi-Muziris Biennale in 2018, the sole Singaporean representative.[16] Titled "In our Veins Flow Ink and Fire", the first announced artist list involved 25 participating artists and collectives, featuring names such as Arpita Singh, Decolonizing Architecture Art Residency, Iman Issa, Joan Jonas, Melati Suryodarmo, Samson Young, Slavs and Tatars, Thảo Nguyên Phan and Yinka Shonibare.[17]

Both Kochi-Muziris Biennale founder Bose Krishnamachari and Shubigi Rao would be jointly featured on the 2019 edition of the ArtReview Power 100 list for their work on the Biennale.[18]

"In Our Veins Flow Ink and Fire" finally opened on 23 December 2022 after being postponed twice due to COVID-19 and then again the night before the opening on 11 December 2022 due to "organisational challenges."[19] 53 artists signed an open letter to the Biennale Foundation detailing the organisational shortcomings and exhorting the Board and Advisors to make structural changes later.[20]

Reactions and controversies

[edit]

According to Tate Modern, Kochi-Muziris Biennale was the best biennale they had ever seen. The biennale accrued 150,000 visitors in its first month and 250,000 visitors in its second, averaging a thousand visitors a day (as high as 5,000 daily and 10,000 on weekends, early January). McKinsey and companies have expressed their interest in studying the Biennale to know its economic effects.[6] According to Karthyayani G. Menon, director of Jehangir Art Gallery—Mumbai, Baroda or Kolkata had not been at the forefront of artists—she hoped that the biennale would make a change to that situation.[21]

Many eminent artists in Kerala raised concern over the alleged lack of transparency in the way the funds were spent by the Kochi-Muziris Biennale foundation. Many contemporary artists from the state of Kerala had come out in support of the event, as it could help preserve the image of Kochi.[22]

During the 2016 demonetization of the Indian economy, during the official opening, the government of Kerala promised $1.1 million in funding and support for a permanent venue for the biennale. Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan, who is the leader of the Left Democratic Front government and long-time secretary of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) in the state, said that the Biennale matched Kochi's multi-layered history of settlement by Arabs, Chinese, Jews, Portuguese, Dutch, English and different migrant communities from India. Vijayan announced ₹7.5 crore in funding for the Biennale, the highest sum a state government in India had ever given an art event. The government would support a permanent venue for the "mega-prestigious" event.

The fifth edition of the Biennale was mismanaged by the organisers, leading to a last-minute postponement that left visitors stranded.[23] The Biennale has also faced accusations of modern slavery, including non-payment of wages and non-attribution of workers' contributions to artworks.[24]

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "LuLu Financial Group's Adeeb Ahamed pledges Rs 1 crore to 2018 Kochi-Muziris Biennale". The New Indian Express. 3 August 2018.
  2. ^ "I want Kochi Biennale to go on,says ex-CEO Manju Sara Rajan". The New Indian Express. 14 April 2018.
  3. ^ "Kochi-Muziris Biennale 2018: Final list of artists to be out on August 15". The Week. 3 August 2018.
  4. ^ "Kochi-Muziris Biennale 2018".
  5. ^ "Kochi becomes Biennale city". The Hindu. 13 December 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  6. ^ a b "Kochi's gift to the world". The Hindu. 24 February 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
  7. ^ a b "Urban Space Dialogue- CPPR and Biennale". April 2015.
  8. ^ "Urban Space Dialogue". 24 March 2015.
  9. ^ "Kochi-Muziris Biennale Announces The Curatorial Vision". Biennial Foundation. 1 October 2016.
  10. ^ "Biennale 2016: Kochi all set to open its heart for art lovers". The New Indian Express. 11 December 2016.
  11. ^ "12 MUST-SEE WORKS FROM KOCHI-MUZIRIS BIENNALE 2016". Verve. 8 January 2017.
  12. ^ "Kochi Biennale Foundation Announced Sudarshan Shetty As The Artistic Director And Curator of the Third Edition of Kochi-Muziris Biennale". Biennial Foundation. 15 July 2015.
  13. ^ "A People's Biennale: A Conversation With Kochi-Muziris Biennale Co-Founders Bose Krishnamachari And Riyas Komu". Biennial Foundation. 9 March 2016.
  14. ^ "Shubigi Rao to Curate Fifth Kochi-Muziris Biennale". Artforum International. 9 May 2019. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  15. ^ "Artist Shubigi Rao to curate Kochi-Muziris Biennale". The Times of India. 10 May 2019. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  16. ^ Nanda, Akshita (10 May 2019). "Singapore artist Shubigi Rao to helm South Asia's largest visual art biennale in 2020". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  17. ^ Tse, Fion (22 July 2020). "Kochi-Muziris Biennale 2020 Reveals First Artist List". ArtAsiaPacific. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  18. ^ "Power 100: Most influential people in 2019 in the contemporary artworld: Bose Krishnamachari & Shubigi Rao". ArtReview. 2019. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  19. ^ Pallavi Surana (22 December 2022). "India's Kochi-Muziris Biennale Return After Two Years of Delays, Full of Hope and Sound". ARTNews.
  20. ^ "Open Letter from the Artists of the Kochi-Muziris Biennale 2022–23 - Notes - e-flux". www.e-flux.com. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  21. ^ "Biennale reflects changing Indian art scene in a decade". The Hindu. 17 February 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  22. ^ "Biennale will enhance Kochi's image: artist". The Hindu. 13 January 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  23. ^ Kumar, S. Anandan & Surya Praphulla (12 December 2022). "Art world dismayed over last-minute postponement of Kochi Biennale's main show". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  24. ^ Sudeep, Theres (16 November 2022). "Kochi-Muziris Biennale is back again. So is its dirty war with angry, unpaid contractors". ThePrint. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
[edit]

Further reading

[edit]

Media related to Kochi-Muziris Biennale at Wikimedia Commons

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