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{{Short description|Satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire (525-321 BC)}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
{{Infobox former subdivision
| native_name =
| native_name =
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| nation = [[Achaemenid Empire]]
| nation = [[Achaemenid Empire]]
| status_text = Satrapy of the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian Empire]]
| status_text = Satrapy of the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian Empire]]
⚫
| year_start = 525 BC
| common_languages = [[Phrygian language|Phrygian]], [[Old Persian language|Old Persian]]
⚫
| year_start = 477 BC
| year_end = 321 BC
| year_end = 321 BC
| empire = [[Achaemenid Empire]]
| image_map = Hellespontine Phrygia.jpg
⚫
| image_map_caption = The location of Hellespontine Phrygia, and the provincial capital of Dascylium, in the [[Achaemenid Empire]], c. 500 BC.
| image_map = Achaemenid Empire.jpg
| capital = [[Dascylium]]<br />(modern-day [[Ergili, Bandırma|Ergili]], [[Bandırma]], [[Balıkesir Province|Balıkesir]], [[Turkey]])
⚫
| image_map_caption = The location of the provincial capital of Hellespontine Phrygia, Dascylium, in the [[Achaemenid Empire]], c. 500 BC.
| capital = [[Dascylium]]
| p1 =
| p1 =
| flag_p1 =
| flag_p1 =
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| flag_s1 =Vergina_sun.svg
| flag_s1 =Vergina_sun.svg
}}
}}
[[File:Altikulac Sarcophagus Dynast of Hellespontine Phrygia attacking a Greek psiloi early 4th century BCE.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|An Achaemenid dynast of Hellespontine Phrygia attacking a Greek ''[[psiloi|psilos]]'', [[Altıkulaç Sarcophagus]], early 4th century BC.]]

'''Hellespontine Phrygia''' ({{lang-grc|Ἑλλησποντιακὴ Φρυγία}}, ''Hellēspontiakē Phrygia'') or '''Lesser Phrygia''' ({{lang|grc|μικρᾶ Φρυγία}}, ''mikra Phrygia'') was a [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian]] [[satrapy]] (province) in northwestern [[Anatolia]], directly southeast of the [[Hellespont]].<ref>{{cite web|author1=Jona Lendering|title=Hellespontine Phrygia|url=http://www.livius.org/articles/place/hellespontine-phrygia/|website=Livius|publisher=Livius.org|accessdate=28 December 2015}}</ref> Its capital was [[Dascylium]], and for most of its existence it was ruled by the hereditary Persian [[Pharnacid dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web|author1=Jona Lendering|title=Hellespontine Phrygia|url=http://www.livius.org/articles/place/hellespontine-phrygia/|website=Livius|publisher=Livius.org|accessdate=28 December 2015}}</ref> Together with Greater Phrygia, it made up the administrative provinces of the [[Phrygia]] region.{{sfn|Scott|1995|page=183}}
'''Hellespontine Phrygia''' ({{langx|grc|Ἑλλησποντιακὴ Φρυγία|Hellēspontiakē Phrygia}}) or '''Lesser Phrygia''' ({{langx|grc|μικρᾶ Φρυγία|mikra Phrygia}}) was a [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian]] [[satrapy]] (province) in northwestern [[Anatolia]], directly southeast of the [[Hellespont]].<ref>{{cite web|author1=Jona Lendering|title=Hellespontine Phrygia|url=https://www.livius.org/articles/place/hellespontine-phrygia/|website=Livius|publisher=Livius.org|access-date=28 December 2015}}</ref> Its capital was [[Dascylium]], and for most of its existence it was ruled by the hereditary Persian [[Pharnacid dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web|author1=Jona Lendering|title=Hellespontine Phrygia|url=https://www.livius.org/articles/place/hellespontine-phrygia/|website=Livius|publisher=Livius.org|access-date=28 December 2015}}</ref> Together with [[Greater Phrygia]], it made up the administrative provinces of the wider [[Phrygia]] region.{{sfn|Scott|1995|page=183}}


==History==
==History==
[[File:Çanakkale Archaeological Museum Polyxena Sarcophagus.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Polyxena sarcophagus]] from Hellespontine Phrygia, in [[Archaic Greece|Late Greek Archaic]] style, 520-500 BC. [[Çanakkale Archaeological Museum]].]]
⚫
The satrapy was created in the beginning of the fifth century BC, during the time of administrative reorganisations of the territories in western [[Asia Minor]],{{sfn|Kinzl|2008|page=551}} which were amongst the most important Achaemenid territories. It was ruled by a hereditary [[Iran]]ian dynasty, that of the [[Pharnacid dynasty|Pharnacids]], who were a branch of the [[Achaemenid dynasty]] itself.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Jona Lendering|title=Hellespontine Phrygia|url=http://www.livius.org/articles/place/hellespontine-phrygia/|website=Livius|publisher=Livius.org|accessdate=28 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Jona Lendering|title=Pharnabazus (2)|url=http://www.livius.org/articles/person/pharnabazus-2/|website=Livius|publisher=Livius.org|accessdate=28 December 2015}}</ref>
The satrapy was created in the beginning of the fifth century BC, during the time of administrative reorganisations of the territories in western [[Asia Minor]],{{sfn|Kinzl|2008|page=551}} which were amongst the most important Achaemenid territories.

The first Achaemenid ruler of Hellespontine Phrygia was [[Mitrobates]] (ca. 525–522 BC), who was appointed by [[Cyrus the Great]] and continued under [[Cambises]]. He was killed and his territory absorbed by the satrap of neighbouring [[Lydia]], [[Oroetes]]. Following the reorganization of [[Darius I]], Mitrobates was succeeded by [[Oebares II]] (c.493), son of [[Megabazus]].

⚫
[[Artabazos I of Phrygia|Artabazus]] then became satrap circa 479 BC and started the [[Pharnacid dynasty]], which would rule Hellespontine Phrygia until the conquests of [[Alexander the Great]] (338 BC).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Briant |first1=Pierre |title=From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire |date=2002 |publisher=Eisenbrauns |isbn=9781575061207 |page=351 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxQ9W6F1oSYC&pg=PA351 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Jona Lendering|title=Hellespontine Phrygia|url=https://www.livius.org/articles/place/hellespontine-phrygia/|website=Livius|publisher=Livius.org|access-date=28 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Jona Lendering|title=Pharnabazus (2)|url=https://www.livius.org/articles/person/pharnabazus-2/|website=Livius|publisher=Livius.org|access-date=28 December 2015}}</ref>


As [[Alexander the Great]] was conquering and incorporating the [[Achaemenid Empire]], he appointed [[Calas (general)|Calas]], a [[Macedon]]ian General to govern Hellespontine Phrygia in 334 BC, after he had sent Parmenio to secure [[Dascylium]], the provincial capital.{{sfn|Lyons|2015|page=30}} Calas, being the very first non-Achaemenid ruler of the province, was awarded the Persian title of "satrap", rather than a Macedonian title, and Alexander instructed him to collect the same tribute from his subjects that had been paid to [[Darius III]].{{sfn|Lyons|2015|page=30}} After [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]'s death in 323, the satrapy was awarded to [[Leonnatus]], who was killed in action in the [[Lamian War]]. The region was seized by [[Lysimachus]], was added to the [[Seleucid Empire]] after the [[Battle of Corupedium]] (281 BC), and was finally integrated in the [[Bithynia#Kingdom of Bithynia|Bithynian kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web|author1=Jona Lendering|title=Hellespontine Phrygia|url=http://www.livius.org/articles/place/hellespontine-phrygia/|website=Livius|publisher=Livius.org|accessdate=28 December 2015}}</ref>
As [[Alexander the Great]] was conquering and incorporating the [[Achaemenid Empire]], he appointed [[Calas (general)|Calas]], a [[Macedon]]ian General to govern Hellespontine Phrygia in 334 BC, after he had sent [[Parmenion]] to secure [[Dascylium]], the provincial capital.{{sfn|Lyons|2015|page=30}} Calas, being the very first non-Achaemenid ruler of the province, was awarded the Persian title of "satrap", rather than a Macedonian title, and Alexander instructed him to collect the same tribute from his subjects that had been paid to [[Darius III]].{{sfn|Lyons|2015|page=30}} After [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]'s death in 323, the satrapy was awarded to [[Leonnatus]], who was killed in action in the [[Lamian War]]. The region was seized by [[Lysimachus]], was added to the [[Seleucid Empire]] after the [[Battle of Corupedium]] (281 BC), and was finally integrated in the [[Bithynia#Kingdom of Bithynia|Bithynian kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web|author1=Jona Lendering|title=Hellespontine Phrygia|url=https://www.livius.org/articles/place/hellespontine-phrygia/|website=Livius|publisher=Livius.org|access-date=28 December 2015}}</ref>


==Persian satraps of Hellespontine Phrygia==
==Persian satraps of Hellespontine Phrygia==
===Achaemenid satraps===
⚫
* [[Artabazos I of Phrygia]] - r. 477 - 455 (?)
⚫
{{Pharnacid dynasty}}
* [[Mitrobates]] (circa 520 BC)
* [[Megabazus]] (circa 500 BC)
* [[Oebares II]] (circa 493 BC)
⚫
* [[Artabazos I of Phrygia]] - r. 477–455 (?)
* [[Pharnabazus I]] - r. 455 (?) - before 430
* [[Pharnabazus I]] - r. 455 (?) - before 430
* [[Pharnaces II of Phrygia|Pharnaces II]] - r. before 430 - after 422
* [[Pharnaces II of Phrygia|Pharnaces II]] - r. before 430 - after 422
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==Sources==
==Sources==
* {{cite book | last = Kinzl | first = Konrad H. | title = A Companion to the Classical Greek World | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-1405172011 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last = Kinzl | first = Konrad H. | title = A Companion to the Classical Greek World | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-1405172011 }}
* {{cite book | last = Lyons | first = Justin D. | title = Alexander the Great and Hernán Cortés: Ambiguous Legacies of Leadership | publisher = Lexington Books | year = 2015 | isbn = 978-1498505284 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last = Lyons | first = Justin D. | title = Alexander the Great and Hernán Cortés: Ambiguous Legacies of Leadership | publisher = Lexington Books | year = 2015 | isbn = 978-1498505284 }}
* {{cite book | last = Scott | first = James M. | title = Paul and the Nations: The Old Testament and Jewish Background of Paul's Mission to the Nations with Special Reference to the Destination of Galatians | publisher = Mohr Siebeck | year = 1995 | isbn = 978-3161463778 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last = Scott | first = James M. | title = Paul and the Nations: The Old Testament and Jewish Background of Paul's Mission to the Nations with Special Reference to the Destination of Galatians | publisher = Mohr Siebeck | year = 1995 | isbn = 978-3161463778 }}


==External links==
==External links==
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = DASCYLIUM | last = Weiskopf | first = Michael | authorlink = | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dascylium | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor-link = | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VII, Fasc. 1 | pages = 85-90 | location = | publisher = | year = 1994 | isbn = |ref=harv}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = DASCYLIUM | last = Weiskopf | first = Michael | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dascylium | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VII, Fasc. 1 | pages = 85–90 | year = 1994 }}


{{Achaemenid Provinces}}
{{Achaemenid Provinces}}


[[Category:Achaemenid Phrygia]]
[[Category:Hellespontine Phrygia| ]]
⚫
[[Category:Pharnacid dynasty]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 5th century BC]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 5th century BC]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 4th century BC]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 4th century BC]]
[[Category:Achaemenid satrapies]]
[[Category:Achaemenid satrapies in Anatolia]]

Latest revision as of 20:10, 28 October 2024

Hellespontine Phrygia
Satrapy of the Persian Empire
525 BC–321 BC

The location of Hellespontine Phrygia, and the provincial capital of Dascylium, in the Achaemenid Empire, c. 500 BC.
CapitalDascylium
(modern-day Ergili, Bandırma, Balıkesir, Turkey)
History 
• Established
525 BC
• Disestablished
321 BC
 Succeeded by
Macedonian Empire
An Achaemenid dynast of Hellespontine Phrygia attacking a Greek psilos, Altıkulaç Sarcophagus, early 4th century BC.

Hellespontine Phrygia (Ancient Greek: Ἑλλησποντιακὴ Φρυγία, romanized: Hellēspontiakē Phrygia) or Lesser Phrygia (Ancient Greek: μικρᾶ Φρυγία, romanized: mikra Phrygia) was a Persian satrapy (province) in northwestern Anatolia, directly southeast of the Hellespont.[1] Its capital was Dascylium, and for most of its existence it was ruled by the hereditary Persian Pharnacid dynasty.[2] Together with Greater Phrygia, it made up the administrative provinces of the wider Phrygia region.[3]

History

[edit]
The Polyxena sarcophagus from Hellespontine Phrygia, in Late Greek Archaic style, 520-500 BC. Çanakkale Archaeological Museum.

The satrapy was created in the beginning of the fifth century BC, during the time of administrative reorganisations of the territories in western Asia Minor,[4] which were amongst the most important Achaemenid territories.

The first Achaemenid ruler of Hellespontine Phrygia was Mitrobates (ca. 525–522 BC), who was appointed by Cyrus the Great and continued under Cambises. He was killed and his territory absorbed by the satrap of neighbouring Lydia, Oroetes. Following the reorganization of Darius I, Mitrobates was succeeded by Oebares II (c.493), son of Megabazus.

Artabazus then became satrap circa 479 BC and started the Pharnacid dynasty, which would rule Hellespontine Phrygia until the conquests of Alexander the Great (338 BC).[5][6][7]

As Alexander the Great was conquering and incorporating the Achaemenid Empire, he appointed Calas, a Macedonian General to govern Hellespontine Phrygia in 334 BC, after he had sent Parmenion to secure Dascylium, the provincial capital.[8] Calas, being the very first non-Achaemenid ruler of the province, was awarded the Persian title of "satrap", rather than a Macedonian title, and Alexander instructed him to collect the same tribute from his subjects that had been paid to Darius III.[8] After Alexander's death in 323, the satrapy was awarded to Leonnatus, who was killed in action in the Lamian War. The region was seized by Lysimachus, was added to the Seleucid Empire after the Battle of Corupedium (281 BC), and was finally integrated in the Bithynian kingdom.[9]

Persian satraps of Hellespontine Phrygia

[edit]

Achaemenid satraps

[edit]
Pharnacid dynasty
(Satraps of Hellespontine Phrygia)
c.550–497 BCE (Pharnaces)
c.480–455 BCE Artabazus I
c.455–430 BCE Pharnabazus I
c.430–420 BCE Pharnaces II
c.413–374 BCE Pharnabazus II
c.407–362 BCE Ariobarzanes
c.389–329 BCE Artabazus II
c.370–320 BCE Pharnabazus III

Alexandrian satraps

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Jona Lendering. "Hellespontine Phrygia". Livius. Livius.org. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
  2. ^ Jona Lendering. "Hellespontine Phrygia". Livius. Livius.org. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
  3. ^ Scott 1995, p. 183.
  4. ^ Kinzl 2008, p. 551.
  5. ^ Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Eisenbrauns. p. 351. ISBN 9781575061207.
  6. ^ Jona Lendering. "Hellespontine Phrygia". Livius. Livius.org. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
  7. ^ Jona Lendering. "Pharnabazus (2)". Livius. Livius.org. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
  8. ^ a b Lyons 2015, p. 30.
  9. ^ Jona Lendering. "Hellespontine Phrygia". Livius. Livius.org. Retrieved 28 December 2015.

Sources

[edit]
  • Kinzl, Konrad H. (2008). A Companion to the Classical Greek World. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1405172011.
  • Lyons, Justin D. (2015). Alexander the Great and Hernán Cortés: Ambiguous Legacies of Leadership. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-1498505284.
  • Scott, James M. (1995). Paul and the Nations: The Old Testament and Jewish Background of Paul's Mission to the Nations with Special Reference to the Destination of Galatians. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3161463778.
[edit]
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